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</div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prussian Academy of Sciences</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>The <b>Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences </b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften</i>) was an <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">academy</a> established in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany on 11 July 1700, four years after the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Arts" title="Prussian Academy of Arts">Prussian Academy of Arts</a>, or "Arts Academy," to which "Berlin Academy" may also refer.<sup id="cite_ref-Mactutor_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mactutor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-akademienunion_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akademienunion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbaw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbaw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, when French was the language of science and culture, it was a <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>-language institution. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Stabi_UdL_Eingang_Preussische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Berlin_Stabi_UdL_Eingang_Preussische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften.jpg/220px-Berlin_Stabi_UdL_Eingang_Preussische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Berlin_Stabi_UdL_Eingang_Preussische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften.jpg/330px-Berlin_Stabi_UdL_Eingang_Preussische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Berlin_Stabi_UdL_Eingang_Preussische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften.jpg/440px-Berlin_Stabi_UdL_Eingang_Preussische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="3190"></a><figcaption>Entrance to the former Prussian Academy of Sciences on <a href="/wiki/Unter_Den_Linden" class="mw-redirect" title="Unter Den Linden">Unter Den Linden</a> 8. Today it houses the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Library" title="Berlin State Library">Berlin State Library</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Frederick_the_Great"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Frederick the Great</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#19th_century"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">19th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#20th_century"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">20th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Notable_members"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notable members</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, Germany founded the Academy under the name of <i>Kurfürstlich Brandenburgische Societät der Wissenschaften</i> ("Electoral Brandenburg Society of Sciences") upon the advice of <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>, who was appointed president. Unlike other Academies, the Prussian Academy was not directly funded out of the state treasury. Frederick granted it the <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on producing and selling <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendars</a> in Brandenburg, a suggestion from Leibniz. As Frederick was crowned "<a href="/wiki/King_in_Prussia" title="King in Prussia">King in Prussia</a>" in 1701, creating the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, the Academy was renamed <i>Königlich Preußische Sozietät der Wissenschaften</i> ("Royal Prussian Society of Sciences"). While other Academies focused on a few topics, the Prussian Academy was the first to teach both sciences and humanities. In 1710, the Academy statute was set, dividing the Academy into two sciences and two humanities classes. This was not changed until 1830, when the physics-mathematics and the philosophy-history classes replaced the four old classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mactutor_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mactutor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-akademienunion_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akademienunion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Frederick_the_Great">Frederick the Great</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Frederick the Great" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The reign of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">King Frederick II of Prussia</a> ("Frederick the Great") saw major changes to the Academy. In 1744, the <i>Nouvelle Société Littéraire</i> and the Society of Sciences were merged into the <i>Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften</i> ("Royal Academy of Sciences"). An obligation from the new statute were public calls for ideas on unsolved scientific questions with a monetary reward for solutions. The Academy acquired its own research facilities in the 18th century, including an <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a> in 1709; an <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical theater">anatomical theater</a> in 1717; a <i>Collegium medico-chirurgicum</i> in 1723; a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> in 1718; and a <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> in 1753. However, those were later taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>. </p><p>As a French-language institution its publications were in French such as the <i>Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences et belles lettres de Berlin</i> which was published between 1745 and 1796. </p><p>A linguistics historian from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Aarsleff" title="Hans Aarsleff">Hans Aarsleff</a>, notes that before Frederick ascended the throne in 1740, the academy was overshadowed by similar bodies in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Frederick made French the official language and speculative philosophy the most important topic of study. The membership was strong in mathematics and philosophy, and included notable philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_D%27Alembert" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean D'Alembert">Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Louis_de_Maupertuis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis">Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etienne_de_Condillac" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne de Condillac">Etienne de Condillac</a>. However, the academy was in a crisis for two decades at mid-century, due to scandals and internal rivalries such as the debates between <a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leibnizian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibnizian">Leibnizian</a> views, and the personality conflicts between the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis">Maupertuis</a>. At a higher level, Maupertuis, the director from 1746 to 1759 and a <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchist</a>, argued that the action of individuals was shaped by the character of the institution that contained them, and they worked for the glory of the state. By contrast, d'Alembert took a <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> rather than monarchical approach and emphasized the international <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Letters" title="Republic of Letters">Republic of Letters</a> as the vehicle for scientific advance.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1789, however, the academy had gained an international repute while making major contributions to German culture and thought. Frederick invited <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> as director; both were world-class mathematicians. Other intellectuals attracted to the philosopher's kingdom were <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Algarotti" title="Francesco Algarotti">Francesco Algarotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Boyer,_Marquis_d%27Argens" title="Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens">Jean-Baptiste de Boyer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">Julien Offray de La Mettrie</a>. <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> published religious writings in Berlin which would have been censored elsewhere in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Mactutor_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mactutor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-akademienunion_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akademienunion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Beginning in 1815, research businesses led by Academy committees (such as the Greek-Roman Archeology Committee or the Oriental Committee) were founded at the Academy. They employed mostly scientists to work alongside the corresponding committee's members. University departments emanated from some of these businesses after 1945. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>On 25 November 1915 <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> presented his field equations of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> to the Academy. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">the rule of Nazi Germany</a> from 1933 to 1945, the Academy was subject to the <i><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a>,</i> a "Nazification" process that was established to take <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> control over various aspects of society. However, compared with other institutions, such as the universities where <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> employees and members were expelled starting in 1933, Jewish Academy members were not expelled until 1938, following a direct request by the Ministry of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Academy statute went into effect on 8 June 1939, reorganizing the Academy according to the Nazi leadership principle (the <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i>). </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany" title="Soviet Military Administration in Germany">Soviet Military Administration in Germany</a>, or SMAD<i>,</i> reorganized the Academy under the name of <i>Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin</i> (English: <span lang="en"><a href="/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_at_Berlin" title="German Academy of Sciences at Berlin">German Academy of Sciences at Berlin</a></span>) on 1 July 1946. In 1972, it was renamed <i>Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR</i> or <i>AdW</i> (English: <span lang="en"><a href="/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="German Academy of Sciences Berlin">Academy of Sciences of the GDR</a></span>). At its height, the AdW had 400 researchers and 24,000 employees in locations across <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/German_Reunification" class="mw-redirect" title="German Reunification">German Reunification</a>, the Academy was disbanded and the <i>Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Berlin-Brandenburg_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a>") was founded in its place, in compliance with a 1992 treaty between the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State Parliaments</a> of Berlin and Brandenburg. Sixty of the AdW members broke off and created the private Leibniz Society in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable members" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ludwig_von_Stille" title="Christoph Ludwig von Stille">Christoph Ludwig von Stille</a> 1696–1752, curator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>, founding president 1700</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Paul_von_Gundling" title="Jacob Paul von Gundling">Jacob Paul von Gundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a>, foreign member 1714</li> <li>Gassen von Stein, Vice President, Doctor and member; 1732</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> 1741–1766</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_baron_de_Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, foreign member 1746</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, c. 1750</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a>, foreign member 1751</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmus_Ehrenreich_von_Bredow" title="Asmus Ehrenreich von Bredow">Asmus Ehrenreich von Bredow</a>, Lieutenant General, 30 November 1753<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a>, c. 1763</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a> 1766–1786</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a>, foreign member 1769</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, foreign member 1786</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_von_Diez" title="Heinrich Friedrich von Diez">Heinrich Friedrich von Diez</a>, honorary member 1814</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a>, proper member 1810</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>, corresponding member 1857; foreign member 1870; proper member 1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Wild" title="Heinrich von Wild">Heinrich von Wild</a>, corresponding member, 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Georg_Frobenius" title="Ferdinand Georg Frobenius">Ferdinand Georg Frobenius</a>, proper member 1893</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, proper member 1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin</a>, foreign member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)<sup id="cite_ref-TT20031900_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT20031900-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Max Müller">Friedrich Max Müller</a>, foreign member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)<sup id="cite_ref-TT20031900_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT20031900-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a>, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)<sup id="cite_ref-TT20031900_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT20031900-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland" title="Henry Augustus Rowland">Henry Augustus Rowland</a>, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)<sup id="cite_ref-TT20031900_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT20031900-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burdon-Sanderson" title="John Burdon-Sanderson">Sir John Burdon-Sanderson</a>, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)<sup id="cite_ref-TT20031900_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT20031900-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)<sup id="cite_ref-TT20031900_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT20031900-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pentland_Mahaffy" title="John Pentland Mahaffy">Sir John Pentland Mahaffy</a>, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)<sup id="cite_ref-TT20031900_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT20031900-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stuart_Murray" title="Alexander Stuart Murray">Alexander Stuart Murray</a>, corresponding member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)<sup id="cite_ref-TT20031900_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT20031900-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Llewellyn_Griffith" title="Francis Llewellyn Griffith">Francis Llewellyn Griffith</a>, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)<sup id="cite_ref-TT20031900_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT20031900-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Frederic William Maitland</a>, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)<sup id="cite_ref-TT20031900_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT20031900-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a>, proper member 1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, proper member 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Heinrich_Sethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt Heinrich Sethe">Kurt Sethe</a>, corresponding member 1920; proper member 1930</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Grapow" title="Hermann Grapow">Hermann Grapow</a>, proper member 1938</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mactutor-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mactutor_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mactutor_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mactutor_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Societies/Berlin.html">"The Berlin Academy of Science"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a>. August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Berlin+Academy+of+Science&rft.pub=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk%2FSocieties%2FBerlin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-akademienunion-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-akademienunion_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-akademienunion_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-akademienunion_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627102805/http://www.akademienunion.de/bbaw/english.html">"Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities"</a>. Akademienunion.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akademienunion.de/bbaw/english.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berlin-Brandenburg+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Humanities&rft.pub=Akademienunion.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akademienunion.de%2Fbbaw%2Fenglish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbaw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbaw_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbaw.de/en/academy/history">"History of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities"</a>. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Berlin-Brandenburg+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Humanities&rft.pub=Berlin-Brandenburgische+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbaw.de%2Fen%2Facademy%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Terrall, "The Culture of Science in Frederick the Great's Berlin," <i>History of Science,</i> Dec 1990, Vol. 28 Issue 4, pp 333–364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Aarsleff, "The Berlin Academy under Frederick the Great," <i>History of the Human Sciences,</i> May 1989, Vol. 2 Issue 2, pp 193–206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">President of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (Pub.) <i>A History of more than 300 Years. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Formerly the Prussian Academy of Sciences.</i> BBAW, Berlin 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-939818-14-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-939818-14-4">978-3-939818-14-4</a> (English and German), p. 59-69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotzoldt,_PeterWalther,_Peter_Th.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Notzoldt, Peter; Walther, Peter Th. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ797122&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ797122">"The Prussian Academy of Sciences during the Third Reich"</a>. <i>Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy</i>. <b>42</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">421–</span>444<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerva%3A+A+Review+of+Science%2C+Learning+and+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Prussian+Academy+of+Sciences+during+the+Third+Reich&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E444&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Notzoldt%2C+Peter&rft.au=Walther%2C+Peter+Th.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eric.ed.gov%2FERICWebPortal%2Fsearch%2Fdetailmini.jsp%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_%26ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0%3DEJ797122%26ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0%3Dno%26accno%3DEJ797122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">30. November 1753 Ehrenmitglied der <i>Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften</i>. See Werner Hartkopf: <i>Die Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften: ihre Mitglieder und Preisträger.</i> Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-05-002153-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-05-002153-5">3-05-002153-5</a>, S. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbaw.de/die-akademie/akademie-historische-aspekte/mitglieder-historisch/historisches-mitglied-heinrich-wild-3007">"Heinrich Wild – Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften"</a>. <i>www.bbaw.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbaw.de&rft.atitle=Heinrich+Wild+%E2%80%93+Berlin-Brandenburgische+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbaw.de%2Fdie-akademie%2Fakademie-historische-aspekte%2Fmitglieder-historisch%2Fhistorisches-mitglied-heinrich-wild-3007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT20031900-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TT20031900_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT20031900_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT20031900_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT20031900_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT20031900_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT20031900_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT20031900_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT20031900_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT20031900_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT20031900_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Latest intelligence – The Berlin Academy of Sciences". <i>The Times</i>. No. 36094. London. 20 March 1900. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Latest+intelligence+%E2%80%93+The+Berlin+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.issue=36094&rft.pages=p.-6&rft.date=1900-03-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbaw.de/service/publikationen-bestellen/historische-broschuere">President of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (Pub.) <i>A History of more than 300 Years. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Formerly the Prussian Academy of Sciences.</i> BBAW, Berlin 2009</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-939818-14-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-939818-14-4">978-3-939818-14-4</a> (English and German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbaw.de/publikationen/dokumentationen-tagungsbaende/ausstellung-vertrieben-aus">Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Hrsg.): <i>Vertrieben aus rassistischen Gründen. Ausstellung im Rahmen des Berliner Themenjahres 2013 „Zerstörte Vielfalt. Berlin 1933–1938–1945“</i>, BBAW, Berlin 2013</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-939818-48-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-939818-48-9">978-3-939818-48-9</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>MacTutor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Societies/Berlin.html">The Berlin Academy of Science</a>, University of St. Andrews, Scotland.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbaw.de/die-akademie/akademiegeschichte/akademiesiegel">History of the Academy of the Sciences</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Sitzungsberichte_der_K%C3%B6niglich_Preu%C3%9Fischen_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_zu_Berlin">Conference Reports of the Prussian Academy of Sciences</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> at wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/article/view/60773/56993">Scholars and Literati at the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (1700–1800)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/index">Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae – RETE</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="الأكاديمية البروسية للعلوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأكاديمية البروسية للعلوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Prusiana_de_les_Ciencies" title="Academia Prusiana de les Ciencies – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Academia Prusiana de les Ciencies" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Пруская акадэмія навук – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пруская акадэмія навук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Пруска академия на науките – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пруска академия на науките" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Prussiana_de_les_Ci%C3%A8ncies" title="Acadèmia Prussiana de les Ciències – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acadèmia Prussiana de les Ciències" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusk%C3%A1_akademie_v%C4%9Bd" title="Pruská akademie věd – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pruská akademie věd" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Preussiske_Videnskabsakademi" title="Det Preussiske Videnskabsakademi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Preussiske Videnskabsakademi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften" title="Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preisi_Teaduste_Akadeemia" title="Preisi Teaduste Akadeemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Preisi Teaduste Akadeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Πρωσική Ακαδημία Επιστημών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωσική Ακαδημία Επιστημών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Prusiana_de_las_Ciencias" title="Academia Prusiana de las Ciencias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Academia Prusiana de las Ciencias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusa_Akademio_de_Sciencoj" title="Prusa Akademio de Sciencoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prusa Akademio de Sciencoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zientzien_Prusiar_Akademia" title="Zientzien Prusiar Akademia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zientzien Prusiar Akademia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فرهنگستان علوم پروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگستان علوم پروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_des_sciences_de_Prusse" title="Académie royale des sciences de Prusse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Académie royale des sciences de Prusse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%BC_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99_%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B4%EB%8D%B0%EB%AF%B8" title="프로이센 과학 아카데미 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로이센 과학 아카데미" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պրուսիայի գիտությունների ակադեմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրուսիայի գիտությունների ակադեմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi_Ilmu_Pengetahuan_Prusia" title="Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Prusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Prusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Пруссийы зонæдты академи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пруссийы зонæдты академи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_Reale_Prussiana_delle_Scienze" title="Accademia Reale Prussiana delle Scienze – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accademia Reale Prussiana delle Scienze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პრუსიის მეცნიერებათა აკადემია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრუსიის მეცნიერებათა აკადემია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Scientiarum_Borussica" title="Academia Scientiarum Borussica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Academia Scientiarum Borussica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="الاكاديميه البروسيه للعلوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاكاديميه البروسيه للعلوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruisische_Academie_van_Wetenschappen" title="Pruisische Academie van Wetenschappen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pruisische Academie van Wetenschappen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC" title="プロイセン科学アカデミー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロイセン科学アカデミー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_pr%C3%B8yssiske_vitenskapsakademiet" title="Det prøyssiske vitenskapsakademiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det prøyssiske vitenskapsakademiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussiya_Fanlar_akademiyasi" title="Prussiya Fanlar akademiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Prussiya Fanlar akademiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="پرشیائی سائینس اکیڈیمی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرشیائی سائینس اکیڈیمی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_de_Ci%C3%AAncias_da_Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Academia de Ciências da Prússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Academia de Ciências da Prússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Regal%C4%83_Prusac%C4%83_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be" title="Academia Regală Prusacă de Științe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Academia Regală Prusacă de Științe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Прусская академия наук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прусская академия наук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusk%C3%A1_akad%C3%A9mia_vied" title="Pruská akadémia vied – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pruská akadémia vied" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruska_akademija_znanosti" title="Pruska akademija znanosti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pruska akademija znanosti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preussin_tiedeakatemia" title="Preussin tiedeakatemia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Preussin tiedeakatemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preussiska_vetenskapsakademien" title="Preussiska vetenskapsakademien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Preussiska vetenskapsakademien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Прусська академія наук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прусська академія наук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="سائنس کی پروشیائی اکیڈمی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سائنس کی پروشیائی اکیڈمی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_H%C3%A0n_l%C3%A2m_Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Ph%E1%BB%95" title="Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Phổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Phổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="普鲁士科学院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="普鲁士科学院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 October 2024, at 18:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li 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