COVID-19 Update [July '22]

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<a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Programmes & Resources </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2541" class="level2 level2_22 has_child node_images_dropdown dropdown_second_column_no_image zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities">Programmes</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2541_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_2541', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3710" class="level2 level2_23 menu_l2_divider zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/downloads">Promotional Resources [Downloads]</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3545" class="level2 level2_24 level2_on level2_24_on has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/spotlight-on-current-global-neuro-infections">Spotlight on Covid & Current Global Neuroinfections</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3545_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_3545', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3265" class="level2 level2_25 has_child menu_l2_divider zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/wfn-and-who">WFN and WHO</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3265_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_3265', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3595" class="level2 level2_26 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/wfn-and-ecosoc">WFN and ECOSOC</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3595_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_3595', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1322" class="level2 level2_27 has_child node_images_dropdown zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/news-events">News</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1322_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_1322', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_94" class="level2 level2_28 menu_l2_divider zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/calendar">Neurology Events Calendar</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1678" class="level2 level2_29 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/meetings-endorsement">WFN Meeting Endorsement</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_37" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_node_1224', 'zz_child_of_node_37', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Publications </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_67" class="level2 level2_30 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/world-neurology">World Neurology</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_67_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_37', 'zz_child_of_node_67', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_68" class="level2 level2_31 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/journal-of-the-neurological-sciences">Journal of the Neurological Sciences</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_68_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_37', 'zz_child_of_node_68', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1042" class="level2 level2_32 node_min_height zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/eneurologicalsci">eNeurologicalSci</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2698" class="level2 level2_33 menu_l2_divider zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/featured-articles">WFN Featured articles</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3639" class="level2 level2_34 node_min_height zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications#anchor_bookshelf">Bookshelf</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4204" class="level2 level2_35 menu_l2_divider zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/journals-of-the-wfn-member-societies">Journals of the WFN Member Societies</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3446" class="level2 level2_36 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/journals-of-the-wfn-regional-neurological-associations">Journals of the WFN Regional Neurological Associations</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_2544" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_node_1224', 'zz_child_of_node_2544', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Membership </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2333" class="level2 level2_37 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies">WFN Member Societies</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3041" class="level2 level2_38 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies/wfn-member-societies-asian-oceanian-region">Asian-Oceanian Region</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3042" class="level2 level2_39 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies/wfn-member-societies-european-region">European Region</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3236" class="level2 level2_40 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies/wfn-member-societies-latin-american-region">Latin American Region</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3043" class="level2 level2_41 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies/wfn-member-societies-north-american-region">North American Region</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3044" class="level2 level2_42 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies/wfn-member-societies-pan-african-region">Pan-African Region</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3045" class="level2 level2_43 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies/wfn-member-societies-pan-arab-region">Pan-Arab Region</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2195" class="level2 level2_44 link_external zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://www.wfneurology.org/public/downloads/8MtJt/WFN%20Membership%20Welcome%20Pack.pdf" target="_blank">Becoming a Member Society ⧉</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2196" class="level2 level2_45 link_external zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://www.wfneurology.org/public/downloads/IbopA/Data_Protection_and%20_Privacy_Statement.pdf" target="_blank">Data Protection & Privacy ⧉</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_3046" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_97', 'zz_child_of_node_3046', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Organisation </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_98" class="level3 level3_46 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/officers">Trustees</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_99" class="level3 level3_47 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/committees">Committees</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3039" class="level3 level3_48 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/secretariat">Secretariat</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_3286" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_97', 'zz_child_of_node_3286', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> WFN AGM and Elections </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4063" class="level3 level3_49 private has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a class="unlinked_menu_item">WFN 2024 Election - Candidates</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4063_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3286', 'zz_child_of_node_4063', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3624" class="level3 level3_50 private has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a class="unlinked_menu_item">x_2023 Elections: Candidates</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3624_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3286', 'zz_child_of_node_3624', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_40" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_97', 'zz_child_of_node_40', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Global Networks </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1558" class="level3 level3_51 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/global-networks/wfn-regional-neurological-associations">WFN Regional Neurological Associations</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_63" class="level3 level3_52 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/global-networks/wfn-specialty-groups">WFN Specialty Groups</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_214" class="level3 level3_53 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/global-networks/global-neurology-alliance">Global Neurology Alliance</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_4014" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_131', 'zz_child_of_node_4014', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> e-Learning Hub </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4106" class="level3 level3_54 link_external zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/e-learning-hub-v3?slideId=28922">World Congress of Neurology [WCN]</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4176" class="level3 level3_55 link_external zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/e-learning-hub?slideId=28923">WFN Digital Neurology Update [WNU]</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4175" class="level3 level3_56 link_external has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/e-learning-hub?slideId=30006">WFN Regional Association Webinars</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4175_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_4014', 'zz_child_of_node_4175', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4172" class="level3 level3_57 link_external has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/e-learning-hub?slideId=29997">WFN Specialty Group Webinars</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4172_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_4014', 'zz_child_of_node_4172', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4148" class="level3 level3_58 link_external zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/e-learning-hub?slideId=29654">External e-Learning Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_1393" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_131', 'zz_child_of_node_1393', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Training Centres </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2337" class="level3 level3_59 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/training-centres/training-centre-fellowship-recipients">Neurology Fellowship Recipients</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_1587" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_131', 'zz_child_of_node_1587', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Neurological Department Visits </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3680" class="level3 level3_60 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/neurological-department-visits/neurological-department-visits-alumni">Alumni</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_2541" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_2541', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Programmes </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2558" class="level3 level3_61 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wcn-meetings">World Congress of Neurology</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2558_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_2541', 'zz_child_of_node_2558', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li 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<a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/brain-health-initiative">Brain Health Initiative</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3597_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_2541', 'zz_child_of_node_3597', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1398" class="level3 level3_66 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/education-grants-and-awards">WFN Grants and Awards</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1398_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_2541', 'zz_child_of_node_1398', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li 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zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3286', 'zz_child_of_node_3624', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> x_2023 Elections: Candidates </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3755" class="level4 level4_88 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/AGM/wfn-2023-elections-candidate-statements/wfn-2023-elections-wcn-2027-host-candidate-cape-town">WCN 2027 Host Candidate: Cape Town, South Africa</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_4175" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_4014', 'zz_child_of_node_4175', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> WFN Regional Association Webinars </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4107" class="level4 level4_89 link_external zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/e-learning-hub-v3?slideId=28930">WFN-AFAN eLD</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4108" class="level4 level4_90 link_external zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/e-learning-hub-v3?slideId=28932">WFN-AOAN eLD</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4109" class="level4 level4_91 link_external zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/e-learning-hub-v3?slideId=28936">EHHPA</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_4172" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_4014', 'zz_child_of_node_4172', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> WFN Specialty Group Webinars </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4110" class="level4 level4_92 link_external zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/e-learning-hub-v3?slideId=28934">ICNMD</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_2558" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_2541', 'zz_child_of_node_2558', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> World Congress of Neurology </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2560" class="level4 level4_93 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/future-congresses">Future Congresses</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2561" class="level4 level4_94 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wcn-meetings">Archived Meetings</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_2554" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_2541', 'zz_child_of_node_2554', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> World Brain Day </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2555" class="level4 level4_95 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/world-brain-day-past-years">Past Years</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4178" class="level4 level4_96 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/world-brain-day-2024/wbd-2024-sri-lanka-report.download" onclick="if (window.gtag) gtag('event', 'pageview', {'page_path' : 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href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/spotlight-on-current-global-neuro-infections/neuro-covid-updates/covid-19-july-2022-update">COVID-19 Update [July '22]</a> <span class="end"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid_clear"></div> <div class="span span9 span3_4 Grouping_Main omega"> <div class="span span9 span1_1 alpha omega slot Main_1_1"> <div id="plgslt_Main_1_1" class="zenario_slot zenario_meta_data zenario_meta_data__2 zenario_meta_data_43700 zenario_slot_in_body"> <div class="sticky_image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://wfneurology.org/public/images/ale10/iStock-1287251323_covid-baby.webp" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://wfneurology.org/public/images/ale10/iStock-1287251323_covid-baby.jpg" style="width: 980px; height: 653px;" type="image/jpeg" alt="iStock 1287251323 covid baby" /> </picture> </div> <div class="page_title"> <h1 > COVID-19 Update [July '22] </h1> </div> <div class="release_date"> <h2 > 7 Jul 2022 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid_clear"></div> <div class="span span9 span1_1 alpha omega slot Main_1_2"> <div id="plgslt_Main_1_2" class="zenario_slot zenario_html_snippet zenario_html_snippet__default_style blog_14_Main_1_2_zenario_html_snippet zenario_slot_in_body"> <div class="zenario_wysiwyg"> <p><em>By B. Jeanne Billioux, MD and Avindra Nath, MD</em></p> <p>In this month's Neurology and COVID-19 review, we've included several topics that have arisen in the literature and news, including new updates regarding long COVID/PASC and neurologic outcomes of infants born to mothers with COVID-19.</p> <p>Post-acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) or long COVID continues to be a puzzling entity; however, numerous new studies are underway to help better understand the nature of this syndrome and the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis, including neurologic aspects. This month, the initial findings from the University of San Diego NeuCOVID longitudinal cohort study was published, describing the neurologic manifestations in two cohorts: patients referred to the  Neurology department after recovering from COVID-19, and patients with pre-existing neurologic disorders who subsequently were diagnosed with COVID-19. </p> <p>In this cohort of 56 patients, fatigue was the most commonly reported symptom at baseline (89.3%), followed by headache (80.4%), insomnia (66.1%), and memory impairment (64.3%). Almost all patients had a baseline assessment at least 28 days after onset of neurological symptoms, with a median of 16 weeks from infection.  In those who were able to follow up 6 months later, a small number (n=9) noted resolution of their symptoms, but others reported persistent fatigue (52.2%), memory complaints (68.8%), insomnia (51.3%), headache (45%), and difficulty concentrating (47.6%); however, many of these symptoms had lessened in severity.  MOCA scores generally improved over time in patients who were able to follow up (from average score of 26 to 28/30), although MOCA scores declined in about one quarter or these patients.  Interestingly, a small subset of patients (7.1%) displayed a triad of symptoms including tremor, ataxia, and cognitive dysfunction (Shanley 2022). Another neurologic post-COVID study from Italy found that PASC patients could usually be grouped into two cohorts of PASC/long-COVID based on their neurologic symptoms. </p> <p>The first cohort typically presented with a constellation of memory issues, headache, psychological issues, anosmia, and ageusia; the second cohort presented with symptoms referrable to the peripheral nervous system (PNS).  Upon analysis of risk factors for either cohort, the cohort with PNS-related symptoms was found to be more likely to have had a larger number of comorbidities at onset, a more severe course of COVID-19, as well as a higher number of non-neurologic COVID complications (Grisanti 2022). Longitudinal cohorts such as these will be very informative for the natural history of PASC and its neurologic manifestations, as well as the potential long-term socioeconomic impact, and will help guide modes of intervention. </p> <p>Several studies are ongoing to elucidate the pathogenesis of the neurologic sequelae of COVID-19.  A paper published in Cell this month described diffuse microglial cell activation in the brain of patients who had died despite a mild respiratory infection with SARS-CoV-2. This was replicated in a humanized mice model of a mild form of SARS-CoV-2 infection.  There was no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasiveness (as evidenced by lack of virus in the CNS), however the mice displayed very elevated levels of cytokines in both the serum and CSF at 7 days post-infection.  Moreover, these mice were found to have increased levels of microglial/macrophage reactivity in the subcortical white matter, as well as upregulation of inflammatory gene expression in these microglia.  They also found that the hippocampi of these mice had microglial/macrophage activation with impairment of neurogenesis that persisted several weeks post infection. This was accompanied by decreased levels of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the subcortical white matter. These findings suggest that even mild infections with SARS-CoV-2 may lead to persistent neurologic inflammation, myelin dysregulation, and decreased hippocampal neurogenesis, which may lead to the neurologic symptoms currently seen in long COVID/PASC such as memory impairment and "brain fog" (Fernández-Castañeda 2022).</p> <p>Another interesting topic in the news this month is on the outcome of infants born to mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2.  A cohort study of 7772 infants, with 222 infants born to mothers who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy, found that infants born to mothers with COVID-19 during pregnancy had a higher risk of being diagnosed with neurodevelopmental abnormalities over a 12-month time period (OR 2.17), with a higher risk (OR 2.34) associated with infections during the third trimester.  This risk was present after adjusting for a variety of factors, including preterm labor (which can be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Edlow 2022).  These findings warrant further evaluation, but could reflect potential detrimental effects of SARS-CoV-2-related inflammation on fetal brain development, similar to other known maternal infections.</p> <p> </p> <hr> <h3>References</h3> <ul> <li><em>Shanley JE, Valenciano AF, Timmons G, Miner AE, Kakarla V, Rempe T, Yang JH, Gooding A, Norman MA, Banks SJ, Ritter ML, Ellis RJ, Horton L, Graves JS.</em> <strong>Longitudinal evaluation of neurologic-post acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 infection symptoms. </strong>Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2022 Jun 15. doi: 10.1002/acn3.51578. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35702954. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51578" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1002/acn3.51578 ⧉</a></li> <li><em>Grisanti SG, Garbarino S, Barisione E, Aloè T, Grosso M, Schenone C, Pardini M, Biassoni E, Zaottini F, Picasso R, Morbelli S, Campi C, Pesce G, Massa F, Girtler N, Battaglini D, Cabona C, Bassetti M, Uccelli A, Schenone A, Piana M, Benedetti L. </em><strong>Neurological long-COVID in the outpatient clinic: Two subtypes, two courses.</strong> J Neurol Sci. 2022 Jun 3;439:120315. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120315. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35717880; PMCID: PMC9212262. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2022.120315" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1016/j.jns.2022.120315 ⧉</a></li> <li><em>Fernández-Castañeda A, Lu P, Geraghty AC, Song E, Lee MH, Wood J, O'Dea MR, Dutton S, Shamardani K, Nwangwu K, Mancusi R, Yalçın B, Taylor KR, Acosta-Alvarez L, Malacon K, Keough MB, Ni L, Woo PJ, Contreras-Esquivel D, Toland AMS, Gehlhausen JR, Klein J, Takahashi T, Silva J, Israelow B, Lucas C, Mao T, Peña-Hernández MA, Tabachnikova A, Homer RJ, Tabacof L, Tosto-Mancuso J, Breyman E, Kontorovich A, McCarthy D, Quezado M, Vogel H, Hefti MM, Perl DP, Liddelow S, Folkerth R, Putrino D, Nath A, Iwasaki A, Monje M.</em> <strong>Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation.</strong> Cell. 2022 Jun 13:S0092-8674(22)00713-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.008. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35768006; PMCID: PMC9189143. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.008" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.008 ⧉</a></li> <li><em>Edlow AG, Castro VM, Shook LL, Kaimal AJ, Perlis RH.</em> <strong>Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 1 Year in Infants of Mothers Who Tested Positive for SARS-CoV-2 During Pregnancy.</strong> JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jun 1;5(6):e2215787. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.15787. PMID: 35679048; PMCID: PMC9185175. 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