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class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生平</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生平-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关生平子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-在麥加" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在麥加"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>在麥加</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在麥加-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-與赫蒂徹的婚姻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#與赫蒂徹的婚姻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>與赫蒂徹的婚姻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-與赫蒂徹的婚姻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-伊斯蘭的開端" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伊斯蘭的開端"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>伊斯蘭的開端</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-伊斯蘭的開端-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关伊斯蘭的開端子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-伊斯蘭的開端-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-迫害" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#迫害"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>迫害</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-迫害-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-夜行登霄" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#夜行登霄"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>夜行登霄</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-夜行登霄-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-遷移麥地那" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遷移麥地那"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>遷移麥地那</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-遷移麥地那-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关遷移麥地那子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-遷移麥地那-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-希吉拉" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#希吉拉"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>希吉拉</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-希吉拉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-衝突的開始" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#衝突的開始"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>衝突的開始</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-衝突的開始-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攻克麥加" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攻克麥加"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>攻克麥加</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攻克麥加-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-征服阿拉伯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#征服阿拉伯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>征服阿拉伯</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-征服阿拉伯-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关征服阿拉伯子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-征服阿拉伯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-阿拉伯的統一" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#阿拉伯的統一"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>阿拉伯的統一</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-阿拉伯的統一-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-辞别朝覲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#辞别朝覲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>辞别朝覲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-辞别朝覲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-逝世" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#逝世"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>逝世</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-逝世-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-穆罕默德與古蘭經" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#穆罕默德與古蘭經"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>穆罕默德與古蘭經</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-穆罕默德與古蘭經-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有關穆罕默德的評論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有關穆罕默德的評論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>有關穆罕默德的評論</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-有關穆罕默德的評論-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关有關穆罕默德的評論子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-有關穆罕默德的評論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-对穆罕默德的批评" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对穆罕默德的批评"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>对穆罕默德的批评</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对穆罕默德的批评-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-腳註" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腳註"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>腳註</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腳註-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">穆罕默德</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。216种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-216" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">216种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%BB%D3%8F%D1%8B%D0%BA%D3%8F%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Тхьэлӏыкӏо Мыхьэмэт – 阿迪格语" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тхьэлӏыкӏо Мыхьэмэт" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="阿迪格语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mohammed" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mohammed" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%90%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B5" title="መሐመድ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መሐመድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mahoma" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomet" title="Mahomet – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mahomet" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6" title="मुहम्मद – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मुहम्मद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="محمد – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%9A%DC%A1%DC%95" title="ܡܘܚܡܕ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܚܡܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="محمد – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="محمد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="محمد – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="মুহাম্মাদ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মুহাম্মাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mahoma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="МухӀаммад – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="МухӀаммад" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d" title="Məhəmməd – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məhəmməd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="حضرت محمد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حضرت محمد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_(%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%B9%D2%93%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80)" title="Мөхәммәт (Пәйғәмбәр) – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мөхәммәт (Пәйғәмбәр)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahuomets" title="Mahuomets – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mahuomets" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mahoma" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Магамет – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Магамет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Мухамад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мухамад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мохамед – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мохамед" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6" title="मुहम्मद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मुहम्मद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed – 比斯拉马语" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉马语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed – 班巴拉语" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="মুহাম্মাদ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুহাম্মাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="མུ་ཧ་མད། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མུ་ཧ་མད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomed" title="Mahomed – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mahomed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мухаммед – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мухаммед" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mahoma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Мухьаммад – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мухьаммад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mahoma" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%85%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF" title="محەممەد – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="محەممەد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magumetu" title="Magumetu – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Magumetu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed" title="Mohamed – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mohamed" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мухаммет пихампар – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мухаммет пихампар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mohammed" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet_Mohammed" title="Prophet Mohammed – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Prophet Mohammed" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1hemmed" title="Mıhemmed – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mıhemmed" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabi_Muhammad_SAW" title="Nabi Muhammad SAW – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Nabi Muhammad SAW" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AA%DE%99%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%AA%DE%8E%DE%AC%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%AA" title="މުޙައްމަދުގެފާނު – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މުޙައްމަދުގެފާނު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B8" title="Μωάμεθ – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μωάμεθ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamedo" title="Mohamedo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mohamedo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mahoma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A9ammad" title="Muḩammad – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muḩammad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mahoma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mahoma" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="محمد – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محمد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelaa%C9%97o_Muhammadu" title="Nelaaɗo Muhammadu – 富拉语" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Nelaaɗo Muhammadu" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="富拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamed" title="Muhamed – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Muhamed" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomet" title="Mahomet – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mahomet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed" title="Mohamed – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mohamed" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mohammed" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamad" title="Mahamad – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mahamad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed – 加告兹语" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="加告兹语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="穆罕默德 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="穆罕默德" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomet" title="Mahomet – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mahomet" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mohammed" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mahoma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%B3ma" title="Maóma – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Maóma" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌼𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌼𐌰𐌳 – 哥特语" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌼𐌰𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6" title="મુહમ્મદ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મુહમ્મદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahommad" title="Mahommad – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mahommad" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohameka" title="Mohameka – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mohameka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93" title="מוחמד – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוחמד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6" title="मुहम्मद – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुहम्मद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mohammed" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamed" title="Muhamed – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Muhamed" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomet" title="Mahomet – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mahomet" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_pr%C3%B3f%C3%A9ta" title="Mohamed próféta – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mohamed próféta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Մուհամմադ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուհամմադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomet" title="Mahomet – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mahomet" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamad" title="Muhamad – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Muhamad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mahoma" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мухьаммад Пайхамар – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Мухьаммад Пайхамар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamad" title="Muhamad – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Muhamad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAhame%C3%B0" title="Múhameð – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Múhameð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maometto" title="Maometto – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maometto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%83%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95" title="ムハンマド・イブン＝アブドゥッラーフ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムハンマド・イブン＝アブドゥッラーフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukamad" title="Mukamad – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mukamad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="მაჰმადი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაჰმადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muxammed" title="Muxammed – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Muxammed" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5emmed" title="Muḥemmed – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Muḥemmed" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%BB%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%83%D1%8D_%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4" title="ТхьэлӀыкӀуэ Мыхьэмэд – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ТхьэлӀыкӀуэ Мыхьэмэд" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomet" title="Mahomet – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mahomet" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muwamet" title="Muwamet – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Muwamet" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мұхаммед – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұхаммед" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8A" title="មហាម៉េដ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មហាម៉េដ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮುಹಮ್ಮದ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುಹಮ್ಮದ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%ED%95%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C" title="무함마드 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무함마드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%AD%D9%8E%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%91%D8%AF" title="مُحَمَّد – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مُحَمَّد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhemmed" title="Muhemmed – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Muhemmed" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomm" title="Mahomm – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mahomm" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мухаммед пайгамбар – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мухаммед пайгамбар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahometus" title="Mahometus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mahometus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamad" title="Muhamad – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Muhamad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mohammed" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81" title="МухӀаммад идавс – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="МухӀаммад идавс" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Мугьаммад – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мугьаммад" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moeamed" title="Moeamed – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Moeamed" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maomet" title="Maomet – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Maomet" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maomet" title="Maomet – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Maomet" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahometas" title="Mahometas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mahometas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhameds" title="Muhameds – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Muhameds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamady" title="Mohamady – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mohamady" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Мохаммад – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мохаммад" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мухамед – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мухамед" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="മുഹമ്മദ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുഹമ്മദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мухаммед – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мухаммед" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6" title="मोहम्मद – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोहम्मद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%A7ammed" title="Muħammed – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Muħammed" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maom%C3%A9" title="Maomé – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Maomé" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="မိုဟာမက် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိုဟာမက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="محمد – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="محمد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Mahoma" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mametto" title="Mametto – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mametto" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mohammed" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mohammed" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6" title="मोहम्मद – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मोहम्मद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6" title="मुहम्मद – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मुहम्मद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mohammed" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%98%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߡߊ߬ߡߊߘߌ߫ – 西非书面文字" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߊ߬ߡߊߘߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="西非书面文字" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 齐切瓦语" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="齐切瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maomet" title="Maomet – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maomet" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6" title="ମହମ୍ମଦ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମହମ୍ମଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਮੁਹੰਮਦ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਹੰਮਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma – 邦阿西南语" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Mahoma" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="邦阿西南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroumet" title="Maroumet – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Maroumet" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomet" title="Mahomet – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mahomet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maomet" title="Maomet – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Maomet" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="محمد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محمد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="محمد – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="محمد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maom%C3%A9" title="Maomé – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maomé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamad" title="Muhamad – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muhamad" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomed" title="Mahomed – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mahomed" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мухаммед – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мухаммед" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Могамед – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Могамед" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="मुहम्मद् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मुहम्मद्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83h%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Муhаммед – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Муhаммед" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoma" title="Maoma – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Maoma" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maumettu" title="Maumettu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Maumettu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="محمد – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="محمد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamed" title="Muhamed – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Muhamed" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad" title="Muḥammad – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Muḥammad" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F" title="මහම්මද්තුමා – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මහම්මද්තුමා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed" title="Mohamed – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mohamed" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81_%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85" title="محمد رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ و سلم – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="محمد رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ و سلم" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed" title="Mohamed – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mohamed" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebi_Maxamed_c.s" title="Nebi Maxamed c.s – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nebi Maxamed c.s" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammedi" title="Muhammedi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muhammedi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мухамед – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мухамед" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="முகம்மது நபி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முகம்மது நபி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4" title="ముహమ్మద్ ప్రవక్త – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ముహమ్మద్ ప్రవక్త" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Муҳаммад – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳаммад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94" title="มุฮัมมัด – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มุฮัมมัด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%BF%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80" title="Мөхәммәт пәйгамбәр – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мөхәммәт пәйгамбәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%87%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D9%8A%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مۇھەممەد ئەلەيھىسسالام – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مۇھەممەد ئەلەيھىسسالام" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Магомет – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Магомет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="محمد بن عبد اللہ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محمد بن عبد اللہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maometo" title="Maometo – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Maometo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamed" title="Muhamed – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Muhamed" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawoumet" title="Mawoumet – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mawoumet" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mohammed" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mohammed" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="穆罕默德 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="穆罕默德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="მაჰმადი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაჰმადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93" title="מוכאמאד – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מוכאמאד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9h%E1%BB%8D%CC%81m%C3%A1d%C3%B9" title="Mùhọ́mádù – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mùhọ́mádù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamed" title="Muhamed – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Muhamed" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27ammed" title="Mo'ammed – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Mo'ammed" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7" title="ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="穆罕默德 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="穆罕默德" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="模罕默德 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="模罕默德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Muhammad" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9458#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是伊斯蘭教先知。关于其他相關用法，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="穆罕默德 (消歧义)">穆罕默德 (消歧義)</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emblem-scales.svg/40px-Emblem-scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emblem-scales.svg/60px-Emblem-scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emblem-scales.svg/80px-Emblem-scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目之<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%B8%AD%E7%AB%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%82%E7%82%B9" title="Wikipedia:中立的观点">中立性</a>有争议</b>。其內容、語調可能<b>帶有明顯的個人觀點或<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="Wikipedia:避免地域中心">地方色彩</a>。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2014年9月1日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>加上此模板的編輯者需在<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="Talk:穆罕默德">討論頁</a>說明此文中立性有爭議的原因，以便讓各編輯者討論和改善。在編輯之前請務必察看讨论页。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-75446358" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:安拉; zh-hk:安拉; zh-sg:阿拉; zh-tw:阿拉"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:阿拉伯; zh-hk:阿拉伯; zh-sg:阿拉伯; zh-tw:阿拉伯"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:古兰经 zh-hk:可蘭經; zh-tw:可蘭經;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:为; zh-tw:為; zh-hk:爲;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教先知">使者</a></span><br /><span class="fn">穆罕默德<br />محمّد</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calligraphic_representation_of_Muhammad%27s_name.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Calligraphic_representation_of_Muhammad%27s_name.jpg/300px-Calligraphic_representation_of_Muhammad%27s_name.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Calligraphic_representation_of_Muhammad%27s_name.jpg/450px-Calligraphic_representation_of_Muhammad%27s_name.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Calligraphic_representation_of_Muhammad%27s_name.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="524" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">阿拉伯書法書寫的穆罕默德之名</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B7" title="号">号</a></th><td class="infobox-data additional-name" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%97%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%81%E5%8D%B0" title="众先知的封印">众先知的封印</a>（别号）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">本名</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="">穆罕默德 مُحَمَّد（个人名）<br />伊本·阿卜杜拉·伊本·阿布德·穆阿哈卜·伊本·哈希姆·伊本·阿布德·马纳夫·伊本·库赛·伊本·基拉布 ٱبْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب بْن هَاشِم بْن عَبْد مَنَاف بْن قُصَيّ بْن كِلَاب（父名）<br />阿布·卡西姆أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم（昵称名）<br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">伊斯蘭紀元前53年3月12日<br /> 儒略曆570年5月4日<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="birthplace">麥加邦<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加">麥加</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">伊斯蘭紀元11年3月12日<br /> 儒略曆632年6月7日（62歲）<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯帝國">阿拉伯帝國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BF%97_(%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF)" class="mw-redirect" title="汉志 (沙特阿拉伯)">漢志</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E4%BB%80%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="雅什里布">雅什里布</a>(麥地那）</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">墓地</th><td class="infobox-data label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%83%8F%E5%9C%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="沙烏地阿拉伯">沙烏地阿拉伯</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="先知清真寺">先知清真寺</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">民族</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="">阿拉伯人</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">职业</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="">583-609 商人<br />609-632 伊斯蘭教領袖</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">知名作品</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">《<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A8%93" title="聖訓">聖訓</a>》</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">头衔时期</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">先知</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（封印先知）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">竞争者</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">阿拉伯傳統信仰者（609-630）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">信仰</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="">伊斯蘭教</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">配偶</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A6%BB" title="圣妻"><span style="font-size:110%;">妻子</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;"><span style="font-size:110%;">時間</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%92%82%E5%BD%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="赫蒂彻">赫蒂徹</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;">595–619</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;">薩烏黛·賓特·宰姆阿</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;">619–632</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%8E" title="阿伊莎">阿伊莎</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;">619–632</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%A4%AB%E8%8E%8E" title="哈夫莎">哈夫莎</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;">624–632</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;">栽娜卜·賓特·胡宰邁</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;">625–627</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;">拉姆拉·賓特·阿比·蘇夫延</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;">628–632</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;">蕾哈娜·賓特·宰德</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;">629–631</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;">薩菲雅·賓特·胡雅伊</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;">629–632</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;">梅蒙娜·賓特·哈里斯</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;">630–632</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;">瑪麗婭·阿爾-齊卜提雅</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;">630–632</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">父母</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">父：<br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C" title="阿卜杜拉·本·阿布德·穆塔利卜">阿卜杜拉·本·阿布德·穆塔利卜</a><br />母：<br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E8%B3%93%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%83" title="阿米娜·賓·瓦布">阿米娜·賓·瓦布</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border: none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;"><div>影响于</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94" title="阿布·伯克尔">阿布巴卡</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="遜尼派">遜尼派</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="哈里發">哈里發</a>　</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E6%AF%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="阿里·伊本·艾比·塔里卜">阿里</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E8%91%89%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="什葉派">什葉派</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%91%AA%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="伊瑪目">伊瑪目</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB%E8%BF%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="馬赫迪">馬赫迪</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding:0;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;;">(as "Redeemer of Islam")</td></tr></tbody></table>與爾後穆斯林</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="Category:伊斯兰教">系列</a>條目</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allah_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿拉伯文書法中的阿拉"><img alt="阿拉伯文書法中的阿拉" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Allah_logo.svg/110px-Allah_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Allah_logo.svg/165px-Allah_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Allah_logo.svg/220px-Allah_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教神學">信仰</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E" title="伊斯兰教的神">神</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E4%B8%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="認主學">獨一性</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5" title="伊斯蘭教的先知">先知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8" title="伊斯蘭教聖書">啟示之書</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF" title="伊斯兰教中的天使">天使</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%AE%BF%E5%91%BD%E8%AB%96" title="伊斯蘭教宿命論">宿命論</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%9C%AB%E4%B8%96%E8%AB%96" title="伊斯蘭教末世論">末日審判</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8A%9F" title="五功">習俗</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" title="清真言">證信</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="礼拜 (伊斯兰教)">禮拜</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8B%E6%88%92_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="齋戒 (伊斯蘭教)">齋戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%AA%B2" title="天課">施捨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E8%A7%90_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="朝觐 (伊斯兰教)">朝覲</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%85%B8%E7%B1%8D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="伊斯蘭教典籍列表">典籍</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95" title="伊斯蘭教法">法律</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F" title="古兰经">古兰经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A1%8C" title="聖行">聖行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A8%93" title="聖訓">聖訓</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95" title="伊斯蘭教法">沙里亞 <small>（法律）</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教法學">費格赫 <small>（法學）</small></a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">凱拉姆 <small>（辯證）</small></a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="伊斯兰教历史">歷史</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="伊斯蘭教歷史年表">年表</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">穆罕默德</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A3%94" title="聖裔">聖裔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88%E5%B7%B4" title="薩哈巴">薩哈巴</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BB%9F%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="正统哈里发时期">正統哈里發</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%91%AA%E7%9B%AE%E6%95%99%E7%BE%A9" title="伊瑪目教義">伊瑪目教義</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B" title="哈里發國">哈里發國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD" title="伊斯蘭教的傳播">傳播</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8" title="伊斯蘭教與奴隸">奴隸制度</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE" title="伊斯蘭教派">教派</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="遜尼派">遜尼派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派">什叶派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="蘇非主義">蘇非主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%BE" title="伊巴德派">伊巴德派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%8D%A8%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" title="唯獨古蘭經">唯獨古蘭經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%AB%E8%BF%88%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9A" title="阿赫迈底亚">阿赫迈底亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="美國伊斯蘭教">黑人穆斯林運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="无教派穆斯林">無教派</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="伊斯兰文化">文化</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="穆斯林世界">社會</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="伊斯蘭教研究">學術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="伊斯蘭教與動物">動物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="伊斯蘭藝術">藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86" title="伊斯兰历">曆法</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" title="伊斯蘭教與兒童">兒童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="各国伊斯兰教">人口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="伊斯蘭女性主義">女性主義</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%AF%80%E6%97%A5" title="伊斯蘭教節日">節日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="清真寺">清真寺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="伊斯兰教与政治">政治</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%93%A6_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="達瓦 (伊斯蘭教)">宣教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教與科學">科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93" title="伊斯蘭教與人道">社會福利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="婦女與伊斯蘭教">婦女</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="LGBT與伊斯蘭教">LGBT</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="Category:伊斯兰教">相關主題</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95" title="對伊斯蘭教的批評">批評</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與其他宗教（页面不存在）">其他宗教</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰主义">伊斯兰主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%9E%81%E7%AB%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰极端主义">伊斯蘭極端主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7" title="吉哈德">吉哈德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%81%90%E6%83%A7%E7%97%87" title="伊斯兰恐惧症">伊斯兰恐惧症</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="伊斯蘭教詞彙列表">詞彙</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="Template:伊斯兰教"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="Template talk:伊斯兰教"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:伊斯兰教"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>穆罕默德</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯語">阿拉伯語</a>：<b><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" title="阿拉伯語文本">محمّد</span>‎</b>，<span lang="阿拉伯語-Latn" title="阿拉伯語ISO 233转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none"><i>Muḥammad</i></span>； 570年5月4日—632年6月7日）<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>的先知和创传者，同時也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6" title="政治家">政治家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="军事家">軍事家</a>和社會改革者<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他成功得使<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯半島">阿拉伯半島</a>的各部落在伊斯蘭一神教下統一。除了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%AB%E9%82%81%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿赫邁底亞">阿赫邁底亞</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>以外，都認為他是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89" title="安拉">真主</a>派遣到人類的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E8%80%85" class="mw-disambig" title="使者">使者</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5" title="先知">先知</a>。中國曾譯爲「摩訶末」「麻哈」「馬哈麻」。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>的穆斯林普遍稱之為「<b>穆聖</b>」。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>穆罕默德</b>出生在<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加">麥加</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8E%B1%E4%BB%80%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="古莱什族">古萊什族</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E5%A7%86%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="哈希姆家族">哈希姆家族</a>，為當時麥加的望族，因此穆罕默德的幼年環境相當地富裕。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>穆罕默德的父親在穆罕默德出世前就不幸隨商隊病死沙漠，因此穆罕默德的童年是隨他的叔父阿布·塔里布（Abu Talib）照料至大。根據阿拉伯傳統，嬰孩在出生不久後，就會被送往<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E9%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%BA" title="貝都因人">貝都因人</a>所住在沙漠當中，因為他們相信能在沙漠中生存的孩子是健康的，因此穆罕默德就在他的養母哈利瑪（Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb）家中度過兩年。<sup id="cite_ref-WattHalimah_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WattHalimah-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而穆罕默德的母親<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E8%B3%93%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%83" title="阿米娜·賓·瓦布">阿米娜</a>也在穆罕默德六歲那年因病逝世，而身為古萊什家族領袖的祖父<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C" title="阿布德·穆塔利卜">阿布德·穆塔利卜</a>，也在照顧穆罕默德後相繼去世，因此穆罕默德的祖父將穆罕默德托付給個性相當老實的兒子阿布·塔里布照顧至大。<sup id="cite_ref-大事年表_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-大事年表-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="在麥加"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E9.BA.A5.E5.8A.A0"></span>在麥加</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：在麥加"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>穆罕默德的祖父過世後並未留給阿布·塔里布多餘的東西，因此阿布·塔里布在從商的路上走得並不順遂<sup id="cite_ref-Watt8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。穆罕默德在他祖父過世後，為了不要加重叔父的負擔，而開始替人放牧，並在十二歲起就隨叔父外出經商，曾到過<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞">敘利亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="巴勒斯坦地区">巴勒斯坦</a>等地，根据<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%A4%8F%E5%A7%86" title="伊本·希夏姆">伊本·希夏姆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="泰伯里">泰伯里</a>等伊斯蘭史学家的记载，基督教僧侣<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴希拉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bahira"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴希拉（页面不存在）">巴希拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahira" class="extiw" title="en:Bahira"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bahira</span></a></span>）</span></span>认出了他，并预言他将来将成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5" title="先知">先知</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在二十五歲時受雇於麥加富孀<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%92%82%E5%BD%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="赫蒂彻">赫蒂徹</a>，為其經商，不久與其結婚。 </p><p>他並不識字，但後來成為了個商人；當時的麥加雖然是個重要的交通商業中心，但他畢竟沒有足夠的自然資源，因此必須要與遠方的部落互通有無，因此穆罕默德開始往返<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>貿易。<sup id="cite_ref-BerkWorldHistory_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerkWorldHistory-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在他隨叔父從商的日子中接觸到了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太教">猶太教</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他耿直的個性也促使他在從商的路上獲得了「可靠者」（Al-Ameen）的尊稱。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在得到「可靠者」名號的數年後，歷史學家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%93%88%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="伊本·易斯哈格">伊本·易斯哈格</a>的書中寫道：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%88%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="天房">天房</a>在麦加的一次洪水中被摧毁，而重建後麥加各部落的首領爭著要作為將克爾白的黑石放回原處的人，而爭執不休。他們達成協議，等下一位過門的男子並詢問他的選擇，此時過門的男子就是35歲的穆罕默德。穆罕默德提議讓所有人在地上鋪一塊大白布，將這塊石頭放置白布中央，然後讓城內部落的首領一起將這塊白布抬到克爾白的中央，而他自己則將這塊石頭安置下來了。<i><sup id="cite_ref-Dairesi_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dairesi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="與赫蒂徹的婚姻"><span id=".E8.88.87.E8.B5.AB.E8.92.82.E5.BE.B9.E7.9A.84.E5.A9.9A.E5.A7.BB"></span>與赫蒂徹的婚姻</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：與赫蒂徹的婚姻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>约595年，在一次旅行中，25岁的穆罕默德认识了当时40岁寡妇<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%BF%AA%E5%BD%BB" title="海迪彻">海迪彻</a>（赫蒂彻，Khadijiah）。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>穆罕默德的才能给海迪彻留下深刻印象，因此她问穆罕默德是否愿意娶她为妇。这个婚姻是穆罕默德一生的一个重要转折点。按当时的<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AD%90%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E5%88%B6" title="長子繼承制">長子繼承制</a>规矩，非長子無法获得任何遗产，因此穆罕默德没有从他父亲或祖父那裡获得任何遗产。但海迪彻为他带来了很大的财富。阿拉伯传记记录说海迪彻和穆罕默德共育有三个男孩及四個女孩，分别是：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="扎伊纳布" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zainab bint Muhammad"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8E%E4%BC%8A%E7%BA%B3%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="扎伊纳布（页面不存在）">扎伊纳布</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainab_bint_Muhammad" class="extiw" title="en:Zainab bint Muhammad"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zainab bint Muhammad</span></a></span>）</span></span>(長女)、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="露卡依亞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ruqayyah bint Muhammad"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B2%E5%8D%A1%E4%BE%9D%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="露卡依亞（页面不存在）">露卡依亞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruqayyah_bint_Muhammad" class="extiw" title="en:Ruqayyah bint Muhammad"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ruqayyah bint Muhammad</span></a></span>）</span></span>（二女兒，第三任<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="哈里發">哈里發</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%87%A1" title="奥斯曼·本·阿凡">奧斯曼</a>妻子）、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乌姆库勒苏姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E5%A7%86%E5%BA%93%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌姆库勒苏姆（页面不存在）">乌姆库勒苏姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Muhammad" class="extiw" title="en:Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad</span></a></span>）</span></span>(三女兒，同樣為第三任哈里發奧斯曼妻子)及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%92%82%E7%91%AA" title="法蒂瑪">法蒂瑪</a>（四女兒，第四任哈里發<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C" title="阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜">阿里</a>妻子。穆罕默德的儿子們先后夭折，其血脉只有從其四女法蒂瑪一脈繼承）。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>海迪彻和穆罕默德的叔叔阿布塔里布均逝世于619年，因此穆斯林称这一年为“悲痛年”。穆罕默德与他后来的妻子都没有孩子，除了后来与来自埃及的科普特妻子<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科普特的玛利亚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maria al-Qibtiyya"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%9B%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科普特的玛利亚（页面不存在）">玛利亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_al-Qibtiyya" class="extiw" title="en:Maria al-Qibtiyya"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maria al-Qibtiyya</span></a></span>）</span></span>有一子易卜拉欣早夭。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="伊斯蘭的開端"><span id=".E4.BC.8A.E6.96.AF.E8.98.AD.E7.9A.84.E9.96.8B.E7.AB.AF"></span>伊斯蘭的開端</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：伊斯蘭的開端"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b_detail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Siyer-i_Nebi_151b_detail.png/220px-Siyer-i_Nebi_151b_detail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Siyer-i_Nebi_151b_detail.png/330px-Siyer-i_Nebi_151b_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Siyer-i_Nebi_151b_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>穆罕穆德在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E7%99%BD" title="克爾白">天房</a>外，因教義規範而用白色面纱遮蔽穆罕默德面孔形象，畫作属奥斯曼帝国时期</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mohammed.jpg/220px-Mohammed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="438" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Mohammed.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>一幅帖木儿帝国的穆罕穆德画像，画于公元1436年，现藏于巴黎法国国家图书馆。</figcaption></figure> <p>穆罕默德中年時，時常在<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="麦加">麦加</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1%E6%B4%9E" title="希拉山洞">希拉山洞</a>裡徹夜沉思。610年，當時40歲的穆罕默德在沉思時，耳邊傳來大天使<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%99%BE%E5%88%97" title="加百列">吉卜利里</a>的聲音，並帶來真主（造物主）的第一個啟示傳達給他：『你應當奉你創造主的名義而宣讀，他曾用血塊創造人。你應當宣讀，你的主是最尊嚴的，他曾教人用筆寫字，他曾教人知道自己所不知道的東西。』<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，並宣稱從此真主揀選了穆罕默德為真主的最後先知和使者，不識字的穆罕默德就在加百列的帶領下，將《古蘭經》讀誦出來。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在面臨神蹟後的穆罕默德顯得相當惶恐，於是他返家將之所遇到的事告訴他的妻子赫蒂徹。赫蒂徹相信時常扶老濟弱的穆罕默德遇見的是神的使者，而非邪靈。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而當時赫蒂徹的基督僧侶堂兄<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瓦拉格·本·瑙法尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Waraka ibn Nawfal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E7%91%99%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦拉格·本·瑙法尔（页面不存在）">瓦拉格·本·瑙法尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraka_ibn_Nawfal" class="extiw" title="en:Waraka ibn Nawfal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Waraka ibn Nawfal</span></a></span>）</span></span>也相信穆罕默德是<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3" title="耶稣">耶稣</a>預言的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5" title="先知">先知</a>。约613年開始展開穆罕默德傳道的日子。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="迫害"><span id=".E8.BF.AB.E5.AE.B3"></span>迫害</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：迫害"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>613年，穆罕默德開始了他漫長的傳道歲月，雖然他的妻子相信他並皈依伊斯蘭。但整個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8E%B1%E4%BB%80%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="古莱什族">古萊什族</a>聽了他的話後，大多譏弄他認為他瘋了，但也有一些成為他的追隨者。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>當時皈依伊斯蘭的群體可以分為三大類：大商人的弟弟和子女（特別是無繼承權的子女，如次子）、家道中落的家族、弱勢並未能得到保護的外國人。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>當穆斯林越來越多時，麥加的權貴們認為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>的一神信仰威脅到了自己的統治和牟利。這是因為當時<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E7%99%BD" title="克爾白">克爾白</a>天房內有三百六十個偶像，多數阿拉伯人崇拜這些偶像，麥加的貴族可以借此謀取大額財富。尤其身為守護<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E7%99%BD" title="克爾白">克爾白</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8E%B1%E4%BB%80%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="古莱什族">古萊什族</a>而言，穆罕默德的言行更是令他們感到反感，於是麥加的貴族們就企圖說服穆罕默德停止傳教，並且以金錢和名利，或者讓他與一些最富有的家庭通婚，以讓先知穆罕默德放棄他的信仰解散他的信徒、改變他的宗教。這都被先知穆罕默德嚴詞拒絕了。最後麥加人要求阿布·塔里布將他交出處死，但被阿布·塔里布拒絕了。後來甚至有多神教徒試圖刺殺他。 </p><p>穆斯林一再受到人身攻擊和財產掠奪。麥加的貴族開始殘酷迫害入教的穆斯林，典型的例子如：來自埃塞俄比亞的黑人<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%8B%89%E5%8B%92" title="比拉勒">比拉勒</a>被迫躺在熾熱的沙上，胸部被壓上一塊巨石，紅滾的鐵汁浇在身上。麥加人的迫害，促使許多穆斯林因而死亡，但沒有一個人背叛或反悔。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>這些迫害暫時並未針對先知穆罕默德本人，因為他背後仍是有影響力的叔叔阿布塔里布。615年，麥加的迫害情況越來越危險時，穆罕默德聽聞<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%94%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="阿比西尼亚">阿比西尼亞</a>有個以公正善良聞名的基督徒國王，因而勸告一部分穆斯林逃去避難。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="夜行登霄"><span id=".E5.A4.9C.E8.A1.8C.E7.99.BB.E9.9C.84"></span>夜行登霄</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：夜行登霄"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>621年7月27日（回曆前1年7月17日）的夜晚，真主命令<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%8D%9C%E5%88%A9%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="吉卜利里">吉卜利里</a>來帶著<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%85%BD)" title="布拉克 (神兽)">神獸布拉克</a>到麥加迎接先知穆罕默德。穆罕默德遂在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%8D%9C%E5%88%A9%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="吉卜利里">吉卜利里</a>來的陪伴下，瞬間即乘布拉克趕到了遠寺（<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="耶路撒冷">耶路撒冷</a>）。然後，按照一些《聖訓》的說法，穆罕默德登上登霄石從<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="耶路撒冷">耶路撒冷</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿克薩清真寺">阿克薩清真寺</a>登上七重天。穆罕默德登上第六層時，見到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A5%BF" title="摩西">穆撒</a>（即摩西），穆撒向真主禮了三拜，因此現在穆斯林把這三拜作為副天命。穆聖遨遊到第七層時，見到了天堂和火獄等，旅程的最後，透過真主的光芒，受真主指示說今後所有穆斯林每天必須<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="禮拜">禮拜</a>五十次。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>穆罕默德返回到第六層重新遇見穆撒時，穆撒提醒其五十拜遠遠超過了穆斯林的承受能力。穆罕默德於是連續九次求真主減少禮拜次數，直至減到一日五拜。黎明時分，穆罕默德即重返麥加。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="遷移麥地那"><span id=".E9.81.B7.E7.A7.BB.E9.BA.A5.E5.9C.B0.E9.82.A3"></span>遷移麥地那</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：遷移麥地那"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="希吉拉"><span id=".E5.B8.8C.E5.90.89.E6.8B.89"></span>希吉拉</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：希吉拉"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>622年，穆罕默德和他的追隨者受到的迫害越来越大，穆罕默德尝试到附近的塔伊夫宣传伊斯兰，然而，他被当地人殴打、石击、被用荆棘和棍棒抽打。当麦加貴族們决定刺殺他时，穆罕默德的追隨者建議他遷往離麥加320公里遠的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%9C%B0%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="麥地那">麥地那</a>。「希吉拉」也代表了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86" title="伊斯兰历">伊斯兰历</a>的开始。麦地那人希望穆罕默德可以统一他们，避免再度發生像618年麦地那内战。622年至623年间，穆罕默德来自麦加的追随者和麦地那附近的部落签定了一項和平友好協議，建立了一个联盟。<sup id="cite_ref-Esp_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esp-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这个文件签署后麦地那和它的郊区成为了一个联盟，麦地那是其首都，穆罕默德是其領袖。为了扩大这个和平和安全的区域，穆罕默德与他的国家周围的部落签署类似的条约，最为著名的是与犹太人签署了和平协议，即《麦地那宪章》。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="衝突的開始"><span id=".E8.A1.9D.E7.AA.81.E7.9A.84.E9.96.8B.E5.A7.8B"></span>衝突的開始</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：衝突的開始"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64637320">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:.25em .5em;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox p{font-style:inherit;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:larger;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"><div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align:center;"><div class="poem"> <p>真主！<br /> 除他外絕無應受崇拜的<br /> 他是永生不滅的，是維護萬物的<br /> 瞌睡不能侵犯他，睡眠不能克服他<br /> 天地萬物都是他的<br /> 不經他的許可，誰能在他那裏替人說情呢？<br /> 他知道他們面前的事，和他們身後的事<br /> 除他所啟示的外，他們絕不能窺測他的玄妙<br /> 他的知覺，包羅天地<br /> 天地的維持，不能使他疲倦<br /> 他確是至尊的，確是至大的 </p> </div></div></div><cite style="display: block;text-align: right;">〈<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B6%E5%BA%A7%E7%B6%93%E6%96%87" title="寶座經文">寶座經文</a>〉 (2:255)<sup id="cite_ref-Arberry1998_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arberry1998-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> <p>針對先知穆罕默德的迁徙，在麦加的古莱氏族与麦加的其他氏族成立了一个联盟来迫害麦地那和麦加的穆斯林，他们威胁说每个回家乡的穆斯林都将被处死。在麦地那的穆斯林对此非常警戒。一些从麦加逃出来的穆斯林因为麦加多神教徒夺走了他们的家乡和所有的财产，不得不开始袭击麦加多神教徒去往叙利亚的商队。与此同时，穆罕默德根据启示将朝拜的方向从古都斯（<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="耶路撒冷">耶路撒冷</a>）改为麦加，麦地那的犹太人表示不满。 </p><p>624年3月，穆罕默德带领300人袭击一支麦加的商队，这支商队得以逃脱但麦加决定出动一支约800人的軍队。624年3月15日，两支军队相遇，虽然穆斯林的军队人数不到麦加军队的一半，他们打了个胜仗，麦加军死亡45人，包括他们的指挥官，穆斯林军损失14人，70麦加人被俘，即<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="白德尔之战">白德尔之战</a>。这次战斗胜利后，穆斯林又消灭了一个違約背叛麦地那宪法的犹太部落。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>627年4月，一支一万人的麦加军队开至麦地那。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>麦地那的犹太人虽然参加了麦地那的联盟，但他们不参加保护城市，而且他们还和入侵者串通，在入侵者入城后从后方攻击穆斯林。还有一些伪信者也叛变，打算在麦加军进城后加以協助。但麦加的万人军队却无法越过麦地那城周的城壕。麦加军撤走之后，城里的穆斯林开始对他们的叛徒进行报复，特別是对城里的犹太人進行懲罰：所有成年男人被杀。到627年，穆罕默德已经统一了麦地那，城里倖存的犹太人和基督徒都受穆斯林的保护。沙漠裡的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E9%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="贝都因人">贝都因人</a>过去与穆斯林有过一些冲突，这时也已经与穆罕默德联盟，接受了他的宗教。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="攻克麥加"><span id=".E6.94.BB.E5.85.8B.E9.BA.A5.E5.8A.A0"></span>攻克麥加</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：攻克麥加"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prophet_Muhammad_and_the_Muslim_Army_at_the_Battle_of_Uhud,_from_the_Siyer-i_Nebi,_1595_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Prophet_Muhammad_and_the_Muslim_Army_at_the_Battle_of_Uhud%2C_from_the_Siyer-i_Nebi%2C_1595_%28cropped%29.jpg/235px-The_Prophet_Muhammad_and_the_Muslim_Army_at_the_Battle_of_Uhud%2C_from_the_Siyer-i_Nebi%2C_1595_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Prophet_Muhammad_and_the_Muslim_Army_at_the_Battle_of_Uhud%2C_from_the_Siyer-i_Nebi%2C_1595_%28cropped%29.jpg/353px-The_Prophet_Muhammad_and_the_Muslim_Army_at_the_Battle_of_Uhud%2C_from_the_Siyer-i_Nebi%2C_1595_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Prophet_Muhammad_and_the_Muslim_Army_at_the_Battle_of_Uhud%2C_from_the_Siyer-i_Nebi%2C_1595_%28cropped%29.jpg/470px-The_Prophet_Muhammad_and_the_Muslim_Army_at_the_Battle_of_Uhud%2C_from_the_Siyer-i_Nebi%2C_1595_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>穆罕默德（中）與軍隊</figcaption></figure> <p>先知穆罕默德首先对<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="麦加">麦加</a>施加经济压力，主要的目的是希望麦加人能够主动皈依伊斯兰。628年3月，穆罕默德帶領1600名追隨者和平地進入麥加，試圖進行朝覲。然而麥加人將他們滯留在國境邊上，於是在數日後，穆罕默德與麥加當局簽訂了《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E4%BB%A3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" title="侯代比亚和约">侯德比耶和約</a>》，希望雙方停止戰鬥，而穆斯林被允許於次年進入麥加。过了一段时日这个条约仍舊僅屬徒具形式。629年11月，麦加古來氏族違反停戰協定，攻击了穆罕默德的一个盟友，穆罕默德宣布条约失效。他暗地里做好准备，于630年1月带领一万人向麦加出发，但双方没有打仗，麦加的首领们就宣布投降。穆罕默德宣佈特赦麥加人，並特別贈送禮物給統治階層。 </p><p>穆罕默德離開麦加的8年后他又重返故地了。虽然穆罕默德没有要求麦加人皈依伊斯兰，但还是有许多人主動入教了。最後，麥加<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E7%99%BD" title="克爾白">克爾白</a>裡的偶像和儀式壁畫全部都被清除一空，仅有神殿中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%9F%B3" title="黑石">黑石</a>作为圣物保存了下来。<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>穆罕默德宣佈麥加是伊斯蘭教最神聖的地方，讓該地成為穆斯林朝覲的中心，這是伊斯蘭教的五功之一。雖然他攻克了麥加，但他卻選擇返回麥地那，讓阿塔布·本·烏賽德（Attab bin Usaid）統治該城。穆罕默德在阿拉伯地區的其他活動使他最終統一了整個半島，終結了麥加長期以來的混亂。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="征服阿拉伯"><span id=".E5.BE.81.E6.9C.8D.E9.98.BF.E6.8B.89.E4.BC.AF"></span>征服阿拉伯</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：征服阿拉伯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="阿拉伯的統一"><span id=".E9.98.BF.E6.8B.89.E4.BC.AF.E7.9A.84.E7.B5.B1.E4.B8.80"></span>阿拉伯的統一</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：阿拉伯的統一"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在征服麥加後，在半島上的伊斯蘭教勢力日漸鞏固後，居民更主動接受伊斯蘭教，而麥加貴族在宗教上的優越地位也得以保持。隨後，阿拉伯半島遠近的各個部落紛紛遣派使者往麥地那表示歸順，少數對抗者遭到鎮壓。自此，阿拉伯半島上的各部落民眾開始以伊斯蘭教為核心建立一個統一的阿拉伯穆斯林國家。儘管如此，穆罕默德亦在傳播伊斯蘭到其他國家時亦遇到困難。其中在629年因基督教王國<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%8F%8A%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="伽珊尼德">伽珊尼德</a>拒絕接受伊斯蘭而殺了穆罕默德的使者令穆罕默德攻打伽珊尼德，伽珊尼德的國王向宗主國<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">東羅馬帝國</a>求助，結果東羅馬出兵干涉兩軍於穆塔開戰（今約旦西部），穆罕默德軍隊戰敗。 </p><p>穆罕默德回到麦地那来调停当地两个部落之间的争执。他依伊斯蘭教原則建立福利设施、收取税收（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%AA%B2" title="天課">天課</a>）将它们分给很可憐的貧困老弱、签署了众多和平协议、修建了许多<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="清真寺">清真寺</a>，建立了一个所有宗教族群和平相處的宽容環境。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="辞别朝覲"><span id=".E8.BE.9E.E5.88.AB.E6.9C.9D.E8.A6.B2"></span>辞别朝覲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：辞别朝覲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>632年，在遷移到麥地那之後的第十年結束時，穆罕默德完成了他的第一個真正的伊斯蘭朝聖，領導他的追隨者作大朝聖，被譽為「辞别朝覲」。穆罕默德完成朝聖後，在阿拉法特山發表了著名的演講，被稱為「辞别演说」。穆罕默德勸信眾並不一定要遵循古阿拉伯習俗。他宣稱，全人类都是阿丹和哈娃的后代。阿拉伯人不优越于非阿拉伯人，非阿拉伯人也不优越于阿拉伯人；白人不优越于黑人，黑人也不优越于白人。穆斯林中最尊贵的是那些最敬畏真主的人。天下的穆斯林彼此都是兄弟。除非自愿的赠予，穆斯林兄弟的任何财物对于其它人都是非法的。因此，不要亏折自己<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.islamreligion.com/cn/articles/523">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240105172154/https://www.islamreligion.com/cn/articles/523">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="逝世"><span id=".E9.80.9D.E4.B8.96"></span>逝世</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：逝世"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在告別朝覲幾個月後，穆罕默德便開始持續好幾天的高燒，最終在632年6月7日，病逝在他的妻子阿伊莎（Aisha）的家中。穆罕默德逝世后，根据他的遗嘱，葬于麦地那的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="先知清真寺">先知清真寺</a>的原来的住所内。 </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:left;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="先知清真寺，而中間綠色屋頂的就是穆罕默德的陵寢"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg/800px-Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg/1200px-Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg/1600px-Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2853" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg" title="File:Madina Haram at evening.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="先知清真寺">先知清真寺</a>，而中間綠色屋頂的就是穆罕默德的陵寢</div></div></div> <p>穆罕默德出生于儒略历570年5月4日星期日，即伊斯兰纪元前53年3月12日；逝世于儒略历632年6月7日星期日，即伊斯兰纪元11年3月12日；享年63岁（采用伊斯兰纪年计算）<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86" title="伊斯兰历">伊斯兰历</a>每年3月12日是纪念先知穆罕默德的重要节日，既是诞生纪念日又是逝世纪念日，称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BA%AA%E8%8A%82" title="圣纪节">圣纪节</a>（亦称圣忌节）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="穆罕默德與古蘭經"><span id=".E7.A9.86.E7.BD.95.E9.BB.98.E5.BE.B7.E8.88.87.E5.8F.A4.E8.98.AD.E7.B6.93"></span>穆罕默德與古蘭經</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：穆罕默德與古蘭經"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古兰经是先知穆罕默德透過二十三年接受真主啓示並口述记下並傳達給身邊弟子們背誦記下來的。这说明古兰经在穆罕默德生前即使还没有写到纸上，至少已经有一个固定的顺序了。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%8D%9C%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="艾卜·伯克尔">艾卜·伯克尔</a>繼位的第二年，發生<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%91%AA%E7%91%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="亞瑪瑪">亞瑪瑪</a>戰役，不少哈菲祖（能全部背颂《古兰经》的圣门弟子）戰死。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E9%BA%A6%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%A1%94%E5%8D%9C" title="欧麦尔·本·赫塔卜">歐麦爾</a>向艾卜·伯克尔建議赶紧整理《古蘭經》，以免散佚。艾卜·伯克尔便說：「使者沒有做過的事，我們怎麼能做呢？」但歐麦爾終於說服了他。他就使人去把宰德找來，對他說：「你是一個有才智的青年，我們對於你是毫不懷疑的；你還替使者記錄過啟示。請你把《古蘭經》搜集起來吧。」事后，艾卜·伯克尔又邀請了武百耶、阿里、奥斯曼三人來協助宰德。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p><p>他們四位都是替穆聖記錄啟示的，又都能背誦全部《古蘭經》，他們組織了一個會議以整理他們以前所記錄的啟示，以背記的資料和記錄的資料，互相校對。 </p><p>他們校到第九章《討白章》第一二八節和一二九節的時候，只有背記的資料，沒有記錄的資料，在艾卜·胡宰默（Abu Khuzaima ibn 'Aus）的家裡找到了記錄的資料，他們才敢著筆。第三十三章《艾哈薩卜章》的記錄資料也是自胡宰默的家裡找出來的。他們把全部《古蘭經》整理起來，交給艾卜·伯克尔保管。他去世後，歸歐麦爾保管。歐麦爾去世後，歸他女兒聖妻<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%A6%8F%E8%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="哈福赛">哈福賽</a>（Hafsa bint 'Umar）保管。於回曆二十五年（公元645年—646年），利亞和伊拉克的穆斯林在亞美尼亞和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆">阿塞拜疆</a>戰役中曾為《古蘭經》的讀法而發生爭執，侯宰斐（Hudhaifa ibn al-Yamani）目擊這種情形，並在返回麥地那後報告哈里發<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%87%A1" title="奥斯曼·本·阿凡">奥斯曼</a>，並且建議說：「在這個民族像猶太教徒和基督教徒樣分裂之前，你趕快設法挽救吧。」奥斯曼就派人去對哈福賽說：「請你使人把《古蘭經》的資料送來給我們，讓我們抄錄幾部，然後送還你。」奥斯曼命宰德、伊本·左丕（Abdullah ibn Zubair）、賽義德（Sa'id ibn al-Asi）、阿卜杜拉赫曼（Abdurrahman ibn al-Harith）等人寫了好幾部。宰德是麥地那人，其余的都是麥加的古莱氏人（Quraish），奥斯曼對他們說：「倘若你們為《古蘭經》的詞語而與宰德的意見不一致，那么，你們照古莱氏人的方言抄寫吧。因為《古蘭經》是依他們的方言而啟示的。」他們总共抄了七部，一部保存在麥地那，其餘的分寄麥加、大馬士革、也門、貝海賴尼、庫法、百索拉等地。奥斯曼下令把其它的抄本一概焚毀，他下令抄寫的《古蘭經》，稱為定本（al-Mushaf al-Imam），或奥斯曼本（Mushaf'Uthman），現在通稱奥氏本（al-Mushaf al-Uthmani）。現在全世界通行的《古蘭經》，只有這種定本。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="有關穆罕默德的評論"><span id=".E6.9C.89.E9.97.9C.E7.A9.86.E7.BD.95.E9.BB.98.E5.BE.B7.E7.9A.84.E8.A9.95.E8.AB.96"></span>有關穆罕默德的評論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：有關穆罕默德的評論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>伊斯蘭教最主要的教义是对真主的真誠的信仰，和超越部落分裂和对布道者的信奉的道德观。他成长时，他曾经多次作为商队的管理员，他的任务是保护商队完好到达目的地和保护所有的商品完好。他生前所有的买卖都是公道的，所以他的买卖相当成功。 </p><p>穆斯林相信先知穆罕默德明確地区分他作为先知的宗教模範和他的個人喜好。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求开始于2023年3月21日。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>他将他的错误归罪于自己，而将他的成就归功于<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89" title="安拉">安拉</a>。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求开始于2023年3月21日。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>他一再坚持将古兰经与他的言论和行为分开来对待。他一直反对别人将他看做神。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求开始于2023年3月21日。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>穆罕默德去世後，弟子中有人十分激動，不能接受先知的離逝，此時，先知的大弟子兼好友<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%8D%9C%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="艾卜·伯克尔">艾卜·伯克尔</a>對其他弟子說：「要讓那些愛戴穆罕默德的人知道，他確已離我們而去；而讓那些崇拜真主的人知道，真主是活著的，永遠不會死亡。」並宣讀以下《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F" title="古兰经">古兰经</a>》節文，譯文如下：穆罕默德只是一個使者，在他之前，有許多使者，確已逝去了；如果他病故或陣亡，難道你們就要叛道嗎？叛道的人，絕不能傷損真主一絲毫。真主將報酬感謝的人。 (3:144) </p><p>在政治上，先知穆罕默德建立了阿拉伯帝国，他的继承人将这个帝国扩张为一个从<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋">大西洋</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="印度河">印度河</a>的大国。其中穆罕默德多次屠殺、掠奪等做法<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求开始于2023年3月12日。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>，廣受爭議。 </p><p>他死后数世纪中，许多穆斯林获得的创造经常被归功于他的精神影响，尤其归功于他对知识的追求。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求开始于2023年3月21日。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>对他生活的研究在穆斯林世界产生了一个专有的历史科学（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%AE%AD%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="圣训学">聖訓学</a>）。 </p><p>《古蘭經》裡說穆罕默德是「烏米」（ummi）（7:157）<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，也就是穆斯林傳統所說的文盲，但這個詞語有更複雜的意思。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%B4%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="穆罕默德·伊本·贾里尔·塔巴里">塔巴里</a>等中世紀評論家認為有兩個意思：第一是無法閱讀和書寫，第二是不了解或忽略先前的經書。穆罕默德的文盲被認為可以認證他的先知身份。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求开始于2023年3月21日。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>據神學家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法赫爾丁·拉齊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法赫爾丁·拉齊（页面不存在）">法赫爾丁·拉齊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" class="extiw" title="en:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</span></a></span>）</span></span>所述，如果穆罕默德通曉閱讀和書寫，他就可能會被質疑曾經看過以往的先知所得的經書，從而臨摹出《古蘭經》的內容。伊斯蘭學家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·蒙哥馬利·瓦特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="W. Montgomery Watt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E5%93%A5%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·蒙哥馬利·瓦特（页面不存在）">威廉·蒙哥馬利·瓦特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Montgomery_Watt" class="extiw" title="en:W. Montgomery Watt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">W. Montgomery Watt</span></a></span>）</span></span>等人傾向認為這裡的「烏米」是指第二個意思，即是穆罕默德不熟悉以往的聖典<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellWatt197031-51_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellWatt197031-51-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGünther20021-26_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGünther20021-26-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>美國歷史家麦克·哈特在其著作《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B%E7%9A%84100%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E6%8E%92%E8%A1%8C%E6%A6%9C" title="影响人类历史进程的100名人排行榜">影響人類歷史進程的100位名人排行榜</a>》一書中的評語：我把穆罕默德排在100位世界历史名人的首位，可能会使很多读者感到惊讶，并对此各执其词。然而，他是世界上惟一在宗教与世俗社会两方面都最为成功的人。穆罕默德创立和传播了世界上最伟大的宗教之一——伊斯兰教，并同时成为最有力量的政治领袖。13个世纪过去了，而今他的影响依然巨大而深远。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求开始于2023年3月21日。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="对穆罕默德的批评"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E7.A9.86.E7.BD.95.E9.BB.98.E5.BE.B7.E7.9A.84.E6.89.B9.E8.AF.84"></span>对穆罕默德的批评</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：对穆罕默德的批评"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>自从7世纪以来<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%8E%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84" title="对于穆罕默德的批评">對於穆罕默德的批評</a>就已经存在<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求开始于2023年3月21日。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>，早期是来自当时信奉多神教的阿拉伯人。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求开始于2023年3月12日。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>以及犹太人（例如犹太哲学家<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E8%92%99%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="邁蒙尼德">迈蒙尼德</a>），基督徒（例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%90%89%E8%80%B6%E9%87%8C" title="但丁·阿利吉耶里">但丁</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%9B%B2" title="神曲">神曲</a>》）等。至今许多批評或反對穆罕默德的人和言論從未停止過。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="腳註"><span id=".E8.85.B3.E8.A8.BB"></span>腳註</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：腳註"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">劉佑知. 穆罕穆德傳. 台北市. 2007年: 4. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789570521399" title="Special:网络书源/9789570521399"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789570521399</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（繁體）网页">（中文（繁體））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=%E5%8A%89%E4%BD%91%E7%9F%A5&rft.btitle=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E7%A9%86%E5%BE%B7%E5%82%B3&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789570521399&rft.pages=4&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2muslim.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=434856&highlight=%C4%C2%BA%B1%C4%AC%">B5%C2%2B%C9%FA%C6%BD 關於先知穆罕默德生平中幾個重要年代之管見</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141019002920/http://www.2muslim.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=434856&highlight=%C4%C2%BA%B1%C4%AC%">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2muslim.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=582344&highlight=%C2%ED%B1%">F3 北京大學教授馬斌</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019002920/http://www.2muslim.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread">存檔</a>，存档日期2014-10-19<span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><sup>[日期不符]</sup></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63 gives 8 June 632, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier, mainly non-Islamic traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the invasion of Palestine. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,<i>The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,</i> University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2muslim.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=434856&highlight=%C4%C2%BA%B1%C4%AC%B5%C2%2B">%C9%FA%C6%BD 關於先知穆罕默德生平中幾個重要年代之管見</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141019002920/http://www.2muslim.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=434856&highlight=%C4%C2%BA%B1%C4%AC%B5%C2%2B">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2muslim.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=582344&highlight=%C2%ED%B1%F3">北京大學教授馬斌</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141019002920/http://www.2muslim.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=582344&highlight=%C2%ED%B1%F3">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WgMerGqwcJMC">The Leadership of Muhammad</a>載於<a href="/wiki/Google%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8" title="Google圖書">Google圖書</a> by John Adair</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lamptey, Jerusha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/10/04/is-islam-an-obstacle-to-democracy/from-its-earliest-days-">islam-respects-plurality From Its Earliest Days, Islam Respects Plurality</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> 请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code>值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 5 October 2012 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2012]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=From+Its+Earliest+Days%2C+Islam+Respects+Plurality&rft.aufirst=Jerusha&rft.aulast=Lamptey&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Froomfordebate%2F2012%2F10%2F04%2Fis-islam-an-obstacle-to-democracy%2Ffrom-its-earliest-days-+islam-respects-plurality&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bill Warner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicalislam.com/blog/mohammed/">Mohammed</a>. Political Islam. August 2010 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2012]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130809093926/http://www.politicalislam.com/blog/mohammed">存档</a>于2013-08-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=Bill+Warner&rft.btitle=Mohammed&rft.date=2010-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Political+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politicalislam.com%2Fblog%2Fmohammed%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Esposito, John L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA198&dq=muhammad+birthday+Rabi%27+al-awwal#v=onepage&q=muhammad%20birthday%20Rabi%27%20al-awwal&f=false">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</a>. 2003: 198 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2012]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-512558-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-512558-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-512558-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.aufirst=John+L.+%28ed.%29&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512558-0&rft.pages=198&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DE324pQEEQQcC%26pg%3DPA198%26dq%3Dmuhammad%2Bbirthday%2BRabi%2527%2Bal-awwal%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dmuhammad%2520birthday%2520Rabi%2527%2520al-awwal%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WattHalimah-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WattHalimah_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203073455/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/halima-bint-abi-dhuayb-SIM_2648">Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb</a>", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam（页面不存在）">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-大事年表-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-大事年表_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islam.org.hk/?viewnews-4305">穆罕默德聖人生平大事年表</a>. 伊斯蘭之光. 中華回教博愛社. 2008-07-13 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-07-23</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728224118/http://www.islam.org.hk/?viewnews-4305">存档</a>于2014-07-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%96%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&rft.date=2008-07-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B9%8B%E5%85%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam.org.hk%2F%3Fviewnews-4305&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt8-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watt8_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1974), p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abel, A. "Baḥīrā". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. Brill Online, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, p. 1. Oxford University Press, 1964</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BerkWorldHistory-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BerkWorldHistory_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History</i> (2005), v.3, p. 1025</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">劉佑知. 穆罕默德傳. 台北市. 2007年: 13–14. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789570521399" title="Special:网络书源/9789570521399"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789570521399</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（繁體）网页">（中文（繁體））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=%E5%8A%89%E4%BD%91%E7%9F%A5&rft.btitle=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%82%B3&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789570521399&rft.pages=13-14&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407113438/http://www.taipeimosque.org.tw/question.php">可否介紹穆罕默德的生平？</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="台北清真寺">台北清真寺</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2015年1月19日]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeimosque.org.tw/question.php">原始内容</a>存档于2014年4月7日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E5%B9%B3%EF%BC%9F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeimosque.org.tw%2Fquestion.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dairesi-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dairesi_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dairesi, Hırka-i Saadet; Aydın, Hilmi. Uğurluel, Talha; Doğru, Ahmet , 编. The sacred trusts: Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul. Tughra Books. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-932099-72-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-932099-72-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-932099-72-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=Ayd%C4%B1n%2C+Hilmi&rft.au=Dairesi%2C+H%C4%B1rka-i+Saadet&rft.btitle=The+sacred+trusts%3A+Pavilion+of+the+Sacred+Relics%2C+Topkap%C4%B1+Palace+Museum%2C+Istanbul&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-932099-72-0&rft.pub=Tughra+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 33-34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《古蘭經》96:1-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown (2003), pp. 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">劉佑知. 穆罕默德傳. 台北市. 2007年: 　28–34. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789570521399" title="Special:网络书源/9789570521399"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789570521399</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（繁體）网页">（中文（繁體））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=%E5%8A%89%E4%BD%91%E7%9F%A5&rft.btitle=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%82%B3&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789570521399&rft.pages=%E3%80%8028-34&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1953), p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">古蘭經簡介 (1895), p.185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, The Cambridge History of Islam (1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan E. Brockopp, Slaves and Slavery, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an　</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/opinion/tn-dpt-0628-shadia-20120627-story.html">Shadia: From 50 prayers a day to five</a>. Daily Pilot. 2012-06-28 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-02-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215213436/https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/opinion/tn-dpt-0628-shadia-20120627-story.html">存档</a>于2020-02-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">（美国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=Shadia%3A+From+50+prayers+a+day+to+five&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Pilot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fsocal%2Fdaily-pilot%2Fopinion%2Ftn-dpt-0628-shadia-20120627-story.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forums.catholic.com/t/muslims-were-asked-to-pray-50-times-a-day/176581">Muslims were asked to pray 50 times a day.</a>. Catholic Answers Forums. 2009-11-16 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-02-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215213441/https://forums.catholic.com/t/muslims-were-asked-to-pray-50-times-a-day/176581">存档</a>于2020-02-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">（美国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=Muslims+were+asked+to+pray+50+times+a+day.&rft.date=2009-11-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers+Forums&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforums.catholic.com%2Ft%2Fmuslims-were-asked-to-pray-50-times-a-day%2F176581&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World (2003), p.482</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esp-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esp_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito (1998), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, The Cambridge History of Islam , p.89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arberry1998-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arberry1998_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Arthur John Arberry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615064449/http://books.google.com/books?id=6beh0aCEznkC">The Koran: interpreted</a>. Oxford University Press. 1998: 37 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2015年1月19日]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-283501-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-283501-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-283501-7</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=6beh0aCEznkC">原始内容</a>存档于2013年6月15日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=Arthur+John+Arberry&rft.btitle=The+Koran%3A+interpreted&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283501-7&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6beh0aCEznkC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lapidus, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">古蘭經簡介 (1895), p.190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">世界古代史（下册）. 北京: 高等教育. : 64. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-04-050112-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-04-050112-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-04-050112-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8B%E5%86%8C%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-04-050112-4&rft.pages=64&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, The Cambridge History of Islam (1977) p.170-172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buhl, F.; Welch, A. T. (1993). "Muḥammad". Encyclopaedia of Islam 7 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 360–376. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789004094192" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2muslim.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=434856&highlight=%C4%C2%BA%B1%C4%AC%B5%C2%2B%C9%FA%C6%BD">关于先知穆罕默德生平中几个重要年代之管见</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019002920/http://www.2muslim.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread">存檔</a>，存档日期2014-10-19.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2muslim.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=582344&highlight=%C2%ED%B1%F3">北京大学教授马斌</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019002920/http://www.2muslim.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread">存檔</a>，存档日期2014-10-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/zh/%E9%AB%98%E5%A4%84/157">章 Al-A'raf - 157</a>. Quran.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-03-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321162628/https://quran.com/zh/%E9%AB%98%E5%A4%84/157">存档</a>于2023-03-21） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=%E7%AB%A0+Al-A%27raf+-+157&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quran.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2Fzh%2F%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25A4%2584%2F157&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellWatt197031-51-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellWatt197031-51_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBellWatt1970">Bell & Watt（1970年）</a>，第31-51页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGünther20021-26-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGünther20021-26_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGünther2002">Günther（2002年）</a>，第1-26页</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREF1981" class="citation">古蘭經, 由<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%A0%85" title="馬堅">馬堅</a>翻译, 中國社會科學出版, 1981 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（简体）网页">（中文（简体））</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBellWatt1970" class="citation book">Bell, Richard; Watt, W. Montgomery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/bells-introduction-to-the-quran/oclc/109469">Bell's Introduction to the Qurʼān</a>. 1970 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7486-0597-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7486-0597-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7486-0597-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/109469"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 109469</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401143648/https://www.worldcat.org/title/bells-introduction-to-the-quran/oclc/109469">存档</a>于2021-04-01） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=Watt%2C+W.+Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.btitle=Bell%27s+Introduction+to+the+Qur%CA%BC%C4%81n&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0597-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fbells-introduction-to-the-quran%2Foclc%2F109469&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F109469&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGünther2002" class="citation journal">Günther, Sebastian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jqs.2002.4.1.1">Muḥammad, the Illiterate Prophet: An Islamic Creed in the Qur'an and Qur'anic Exegesis*</a>. Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 2002-04, <b>4</b> (1): 1–26 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1465-3591"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1465-3591</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fjqs.2002.4.1.1"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.3366/jqs.2002.4.1.1</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312182035/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jqs.2002.4.1.1">存档</a>于2021-03-12） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5" title="伊斯蘭教的先知">先知</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;width: 8.333%">آدم</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 8.333%">إدريس</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 8.333%">نوح</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 8.333%">هود</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 8.333%">صالح</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 8.333%">إبراهيم</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 8.333%">لوط</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 8.333%">إسماعيل</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 8.333%">إسحاق</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 8.333%">يعقوب</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 8.333%">يوسف</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 8.333%">أيوب</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%B8%B9" title="阿丹">阿丹</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6" title="亞當">亞當</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%AF" title="易德立斯">易德立斯</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%AB%BE" title="以諾">以諾</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E5%93%88" title="努哈">努哈</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E4%BA%9E" title="挪亞">挪亞</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="呼德">呼德</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF" title="希伯">希伯</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E7%AB%8B%E5%93%88" title="撒立哈">撒立哈</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BA%E6%8B%89" title="示拉">示拉</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E5%8D%9C%E6%8B%89%E6%AC%A3" title="易卜拉欣">易卜拉欣</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" title="亞伯拉罕">亞伯拉罕</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E7%89%B9_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="魯特 (伊斯蘭教)">魯特</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%97" title="羅得">羅得</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%AF%A6%E7%91%AA%E5%88%A9_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="以實瑪利 (伊斯蘭教)">易斯馬儀</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%9B%E5%88%A9" title="以实玛利">以实玛利</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E6%92%92" title="以撒">易斯哈格</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E6%92%92" title="以撒">以撒</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84_(%E8%88%8A%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93)" title="雅各 (舊約聖經)">葉爾孤白</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84_(%E8%88%8A%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93)" title="雅各 (舊約聖經)">雅各</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F_(%E8%88%8A%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93)" title="約瑟 (舊約聖經)">優素福</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F_(%E8%88%8A%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93)" title="約瑟 (舊約聖經)">約瑟</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="约伯">安優卜</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="约伯">约伯</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;width: 7.692%">شُعيب</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 7.692%">موسى</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 7.692%">هارون</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 7.692%">ذو الكفل</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 7.692%">داود</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 7.692%">سليمان</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 7.692%">إلياس</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 7.692%">إليسع</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 7.692%">يونس</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 7.692%">زكريا</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 7.692%">يحيى</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 7.692%">عيسى</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width: 7.692%">مُحمد</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C" title="舒阿卜">舒阿卜</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85" title="葉特羅">葉忒羅</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E8%90%A8_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5)" title="穆萨 (伊斯兰教先知)">穆撒</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A5%BF" title="摩西">摩西</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%80%AB" title="亞倫">哈倫</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%80%AB" title="亞倫">亞倫</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%A5%BF%E7%B5%90" title="以西結">助勒基福勒</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%A5%BF%E7%B5%90" title="以西結">以西結</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7" title="達伍德">達伍德</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%E7%8E%8B" title="大衛王">大衛</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" title="所羅門">素萊曼</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" title="所羅門">所羅門</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="以利亞">易勒雅斯</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="以利亞">以利亞</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%99" title="以利沙">艾勒·葉賽</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%99" title="以利沙">以利沙</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%8B%BF" title="約拿">優努斯</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%8B%BF" title="約拿">約拿</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E8%BF%A6%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="撒迦利亚">宰凱里雅</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E8%BF%A6%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="撒迦利亚">撒迦利亚</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%93%88%E9%9B%85" title="叶哈雅">葉哈雅</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E6%B4%97%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0" title="施洗約翰">施洗約翰</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%BE%E6%92%92" title="爾撒">爾撒</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3" title="耶稣">耶稣</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">穆罕默德</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9458#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9458#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9458#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90079298">挪威</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000042135">智利</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1012281">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12085994z">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12085994z">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520075606706">加泰罗尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118583158">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Muḥammad"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV095964">意大利</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265788905171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14223402">比利时</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Muḥammad, Prophet, -632"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79130881">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxz9d23dg3zsk">瑞典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000085763&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=013407309&CON_LNG=ENG">台湾</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621048">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701276&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35367089">澳大利亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record142048">希腊</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record152119">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199619103">韩国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000077470&local_base=nsk10">克罗地亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071289089">荷兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810554420705606">波兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/65843">葡萄牙</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13748577?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">艺术家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a7fac559-f72e-4c9c-a746-9a6dd08902db">MusicBrainz</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500404139">艺术家联合名录</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.dila.edu.tw/person/?fromInner=A024598">DILA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118583158.html?language=en">德意志传记</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/927482">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6d52kdf">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029179238">IdRef</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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