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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Italian Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>European Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Left Ecology Freedom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquerra_Ecologia_Llibertat" title="Esquerra Ecologia Llibertat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esquerra Ecologia Llibertat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izquierda_Ecolog%C3%ADa_Libertad" title="Izquierda Ecología Libertad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Izquierda Ecología Libertad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldekstro_Ekologio_Libereco" title="Maldekstro Ekologio Libereco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maldekstro Ekologio Libereco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauche,_%C3%A9cologie_et_libert%C3%A9" title="Gauche, écologie et liberté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gauche, écologie et liberté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_oecologia_libertas" title="Sinistra oecologia libertas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sinistra oecologia libertas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloldal,_%C3%96kol%C3%B3gia_%C3%A9s_Szabads%C3%A1g" title="Baloldal, Ökológia és Szabadság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baloldal, Ökológia és Szabadság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="左翼・エコロジー・自由 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="左翼・エコロジー・自由" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewica,_Ekologia,_Wolno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Lewica, Ekologia, Wolność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lewica, Ekologia, Wolność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquerda,_Ecologia_e_Liberdade" title="Esquerda, Ecologia e Liberdade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esquerda, Ecologia e Liberdade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Левые Экология Свобода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Левые Экология Свобода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra e Libertà – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sinistra e Libertà" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Левица екологија слобода – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Левица екологија слобода" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levica_ekologija_sloboda" title="Levica ekologija sloboda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Levica ekologija sloboda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sinistra Ecologia Libertà" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ліві екологія свобода – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліві екологія свобода" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanca_Eco%C5%82ozia_Libart%C3%A0" title="Sanca Ecołozia Libartà – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sanca Ecołozia Libartà" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="左翼生态自由 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="左翼生态自由" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q286140#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #C80815; border-bottom:2px solid #C80815; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Left Ecology Freedom</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Sinistra Ecologia Libertà</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_Ecology_Freedom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/Left_Ecology_Freedom.png/180px-Left_Ecology_Freedom.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/Left_Ecology_Freedom.png/270px-Left_Ecology_Freedom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d3/Left_Ecology_Freedom.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Vice Presidents</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Luisa_Boccia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Luisa Boccia (page does not exist)">Maria Luisa Boccia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Mussi" title="Fabio Mussi">Fabio Mussi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Coordinator</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Fratoianni" title="Nicola Fratoianni">Nicola Fratoianni</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">16 March 2009 (launched)<br />22 October 2010 (founded)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">17 December 2016<sup id="cite_ref-RAINews_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAINews-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merger of</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Left" title="Movement for the Left">Movement for the Left</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Italy)" title="Democratic Left (Italy)">Democratic Left</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Left" title="Unite the Left">Unite the Left</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecologists_Association" title="Ecologists Association">Ecologists Association</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_Left" title="Socialism and Left">Socialism and Left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Left" title="Italian Left">Italian Left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2013)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">34,279<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-Belli2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belli2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italy._Common_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy. Common Good">IBC</a> (<a href="/wiki/2013_Italian_general_election" title="2013 Italian general election">2013 election</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Europe" title="The Other Europe">AET</a> (<a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="2014 European Parliament election in Italy">2014 EP election</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_Left" title="Italian Left">Italian Left</a> (2015–2016)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">European Parliament group</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="European United Left–Nordic Green Left">European United Left–Nordic Green Left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C80815; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinistraecologialiberta.it/">www<wbr />.sinistraecologialiberta<wbr />.it</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #C80815;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Left Ecology Freedom</b><sup id="cite_ref-Lansford2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lansford2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PatrutPatrut2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatrutPatrut2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agency2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agency2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TierskyJones2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TierskyJones2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Sinistra Ecologia Libertà</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>SEL</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">political party in Italy</a> whose bulk was formed by former members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a>. </p><p>The party's leader was <a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a>, a former President of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>. On 17 December 2016, SEL dissolved into <a href="/wiki/Italian_Left" title="Italian Left">Italian Left</a>, which was officially launched as a party in early 2017. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Ecology_Freedom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left_and_Freedom">Left and Freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Ecology_Freedom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Left and Freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SEL was formed as an alliance called <b>Left and Freedom</b> (<i>Sinistra e Libertà</i>, SL) in the run up to the <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="2009 European Parliament election in Italy">2009 European Parliament election</a> in order to overcome the 4% <a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">threshold</a> introduced by the new electoral law in February 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Lansford2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lansford2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of formation, on 16 March 2009, SL included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Left" title="Movement for the Left">Movement for the Left</a> (MpS, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a>, leader: <a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a>, 2 MEPs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party_(2007)" title="Italian Socialist Party (2007)">Socialist Party</a> (PS, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social-democratic</a>, leader: <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Nencini" title="Riccardo Nencini">Riccardo Nencini</a>, 4 MEPs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens" title="Federation of the Greens">Federation of the Greens</a> (FdV, <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green</a>, leader: <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Francescato" title="Grazia Francescato">Grazia Francescato</a>, 2 MEPs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Italy)" title="Democratic Left (Italy)">Democratic Left</a> (SD, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a>, leader: <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Fava" title="Claudio Fava">Claudio Fava</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Left" title="Unite the Left">Unite the Left</a> (UlS, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a>, leaders: <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Guidoni" title="Umberto Guidoni">Umberto Guidoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katia_Bellillo" title="Katia Bellillo">Katia Bellillo</a>, 1 MEP)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_symbol" title="Electoral symbol">electoral symbol</a> for the 2009 election included the logos of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> (PES), the Federation of the Greens (a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Greens</a>), the <a href="/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="European United Left–Nordic Green Left">European United Left–Nordic Green Left</a> (GUE–NGL). </p><p>In the election, SL failed to pass the 4% threshold. Despite that, it was decided that SL would become a party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_to_the_new_party">Road to the new party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Ecology_Freedom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Road to the new party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2009, during a party congress, the Greens elected a new party leader, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Bonelli" title="Angelo Bonelli">Angelo Bonelli</a>, and voted to opt out from the process of the foundation of the new party.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Francescato and her faction decided to keep supporting SL as <a href="/wiki/Ecologists_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologists (Italy)">Ecologists with Left Ecology Freedom</a> and leave the Greens.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SL was also weakened by the split occurred within PS, when the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialists_(Italy)" title="United Socialists (Italy)">United Socialists</a>, who were opposed to the integration of PS into SL, walked out.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally in November SL was hit by the sudden opt-out of the whole PS.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since November 2009 SL was thus composed of MpS, SD, UlS, the Ecologists and <a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_Left" title="Socialism and Left">Socialism and Left</a>, a small minority of PS that wanted to continue the experience of SL.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December SL was officially launched as a party,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Vendola was elected spokesperson.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an important meeting in September in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, where it was decided to add "Ecology" to the party's name,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in December 2009 <b>Left Ecology and Freedom</b> (SEL) held a constituent assembly in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The new symbol was presented and Vendola was confirmed as spokesperson. </p><p>SEL, often in coalition with the PS, did well in the <a href="/wiki/2010_Italian_regional_elections" title="2010 Italian regional elections">2010 regional elections</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. Overall, SEL won 3.0% of the vote, with the PS at 0.7% and the Greens at 0.2%. In the <a href="/wiki/2010_Apulian_regional_election" title="2010 Apulian regional election">Apulian election</a> Vendola was re-elected President of the Region and trailed SEL to 9.7%, its best regional result.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nichi_Vendola_Sinistra_Ecologia_e_Libert%C3%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nichi_Vendola_Sinistra_Ecologia_e_Libert%C3%A0.jpg/180px-Nichi_Vendola_Sinistra_Ecologia_e_Libert%C3%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nichi_Vendola_Sinistra_Ecologia_e_Libert%C3%A0.jpg/270px-Nichi_Vendola_Sinistra_Ecologia_e_Libert%C3%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nichi_Vendola_Sinistra_Ecologia_e_Libert%C3%A0.jpg/360px-Nichi_Vendola_Sinistra_Ecologia_e_Libert%C3%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a> during the party's first congress in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The party was officially founded in a congress in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> on 22–24 October 2010. Vendola was elected president.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_to_the_2013_general_election">Road to the 2013 general election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Ecology_Freedom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Road to the 2013 general election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011 and 2012, the party offered a strong competition to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a> (PD) in coalition primaries in many cities. In May 2011 <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Pisapia" title="Giuliano Pisapia">Giuliano Pisapia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Zedda" title="Massimo Zedda">Massimo Zedda</a>, who had been supported by SEL in primaries, were elected mayors of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, respectively. The party gained 5% in Milan, 6% in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, 10% in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, 6% in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, 4% in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and 7% in Cagliari.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In occasion of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Italian_referendums" title="2011 Italian referendums">2011 referendums</a> of June 2011 (on the abrogation of a law allowing the construction of nuclear power plants in Italy, the abrogation of a law allowing the <a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">privatisation of water</a> management and the abrogation of so-called "legitimate impediment"), SEL gave full support to the "yes" committees. In May 2012, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Doria" title="Marco Doria">Marco Doria</a>, another independent close to SEL, was elected Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. </p><p>In August 2012, Vendola announced his bid for the <a href="/wiki/2012_Italian_centre-left_primary_election" title="2012 Italian centre-left primary election">primary election</a> in order to select the candidate for Prime Minister of the PD-led <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-left coalition (Italy)">centre-left coalition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2013_Italian_general_election" title="2013 Italian general election">2013 general election</a>. On 25 November of the same year, Vendola won 15.6% of the vote and came third behind Democrats <a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Bersani" title="Pier Luigi Bersani">Pier Luigi Bersani</a> (44.9%) and <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Renzi" title="Matteo Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a> (35.5%). In the run-off Vendola supported Bersani, who defeated Renzi 60.9% to 39.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SEL selected its candidates for the election through a closed primary in December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013_general_election">2013 general election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Ecology_Freedom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2013 general election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2013_Italian_general_election" title="2013 Italian general election">2013 general election</a>, which took place in February 2013, the party was part of the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Italy._Common_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy. Common Good">Italy. Common Good</a> coalition, which supported PD leader <a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Bersani" title="Pier Luigi Bersani">Pier Luigi Bersani</a> as candidate for <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a>. In the election SEL won 3.2% of the vote, returning 37 deputies and 7 senators. In its <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a>'s list SEL included some representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Greens_(South_Tyrol)" title="Greens (South Tyrol)">Greens of South Tyrol</a>: one of them, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florian_Kronbichler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florian Kronbichler (page does not exist)">Florian Kronbichler</a>, was elected to the Chamber. </p><p>On 16 March 2013, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Boldrini" title="Laura Boldrini">Laura Boldrini</a>, an independent member of SEL, was elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Italian Chamber of Deputies">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a>. </p><p>In September 2013, SEL expressed its intention to join the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> (PES),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however in January 2014, the party finally endorsed <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Tsipras" title="Alexis Tsipras">Alexis Tsipras</a>, leader of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Syriza" title="Syriza">Coalition of the Radical Left</a> (Syriza) and standard-bearer of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Party of European Left">Party of European Left</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election" title="2014 European Parliament election">2014 European Parliament election</a>, as their chosen candidate for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contested the election within <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Europe" title="The Other Europe">The Other Europe</a> electoral list.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_European_Parliament_election">2014 European Parliament election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Ecology_Freedom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2014 European Parliament election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="2014 European Parliament election in Italy">2014 European Parliament election</a> the party participated in the formation of a left-wing joint list, <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Europe" title="The Other Europe">The Other Europe</a>, which was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Tsipras" title="Alexis Tsipras">Alexis Tsipras</a> and included several intellectuals and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a>. In the election the list obtained 4.0% of the vote and 3 MEPs. </p><p>Right after the election, the party suffered a severe split in its parliamentary ranks as 12 deputies out of 37, including the floor leader <a href="/wiki/Gennaro_Migliore" title="Gennaro Migliore">Gennaro Migliore</a> (who was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Fratoianni" title="Nicola Fratoianni">Nicola Fratoianni</a> and, soon after, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Scotto" title="Arturo Scotto">Arturo Scotto</a>), left the party over disagreements with the party's line and started to support the <a href="/wiki/Renzi_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Renzi Cabinet">Renzi Cabinet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of the splinters joined forces in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Rights" title="Freedom and Rights">Freedom and Rights – European Socialists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some others directly joined Renzi's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_into_Italian_Left">Dissolution into Italian Left</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Ecology_Freedom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dissolution into Italian Left"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2015, SEL formed a joint parliamentary group in the Chamber, named <a href="/wiki/Italian_Left" title="Italian Left">Italian Left</a> (SI), with splinters from the PD (see <a href="/wiki/Future_to_the_Left" title="Future to the Left">Future to the Left</a>) and other parties.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2016, SI held its constituent assembly in Rome, where it was announced that SI will be founded as a full-fledged party in December.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2016, SI was established as a sub-group within the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Group" title="Mixed Group">Mixed Group</a> in the Senate: five SEL senators joined,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other two (including <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luciano_Uras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luciano Uras (page does not exist)">Luciano Uras</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refused to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 December 2016, SEL was merged into SI, which would be officially launched as a party in early 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-RAINews_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAINews-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_results">Electoral results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Ecology_Freedom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Electoral results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Parliament">Italian Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Ecology_Freedom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italian Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="13%">Election year </th> <th width="16%">Votes </th> <th width="6%">% </th> <th width="1%">Seats </th> <th width="8%">+/– </th> <th width="18%">Leader </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2013_Italian_general_election" title="2013 Italian general election">2013</a> </th> <td>1,089,442 (6th) </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">37 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C80815; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Senate of the Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="13%">Election year </th> <th width="16%">Votes </th> <th width="6%">% </th> <th width="1%">Seats </th> <th width="8%">+/– </th> <th width="18%">Leader </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2013_Italian_general_election" title="2013 Italian general election">2013</a> </th> <td>912,347 (6th) </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">7 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C80815; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Ecology_Freedom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="13%">Election year </th> <th width="16%">Votes </th> <th width="6%">% </th> <th width="1%">Seats </th> <th width="8%">+/– </th> <th width="18%">Leader </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="2009 European Parliament election in Italy">2009</a> </th> <td>958,458 (7th) </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 72</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C80815; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="2014 European Parliament election in Italy">2014</a> </th> <td>into <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Europe" title="The Other Europe">Other Europe</a> </td> <td>4.0 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">3 / 73</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C80815; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Ecology_Freedom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spokesperson/President:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a> (2009–2016) <ul><li>Vice President: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Luisa_Boccia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Luisa Boccia (page does not exist)">Maria Luisa Boccia</a> (2014–2016),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Mussi" title="Fabio Mussi">Fabio Mussi</a> (2014–2016)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Coordinator: <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Fava" title="Claudio Fava">Claudio Fava</a> (2009–2013), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Ferrara_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Ferrara (politician) (page does not exist)">Francesco Ferrara</a> (2013–2014), <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Fratoianni" title="Nicola Fratoianni">Nicola Fratoianni</a> (2014–2016)</li></ul></li> <li>President of the National Bureau: <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Mussi" title="Fabio Mussi">Fabio Mussi</a> (2010–2014)</li> <li>President of the National Assembly: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Luisa_Boccia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Luisa Boccia (page does not exist)">Maria Luisa Boccia</a> (2010–2014), <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Cento" title="Paolo Cento">Paolo Cento</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li>Party Leader in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gennaro_Migliore" title="Gennaro Migliore">Gennaro Migliore</a> (2013–2014), <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Fratoianni" title="Nicola Fratoianni">Nicola Fratoianni</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Scotto" title="Arturo Scotto">Arturo Scotto</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li>Party Leader in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Senate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Loredana_De_Petris" title="Loredana De Petris">Loredana De Petris</a> (2013–2016)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Ecology_Freedom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SINISTRA_E_LIBERTA%27_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2009"><img alt="2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/SINISTRA_E_LIBERTA%27_-_1.jpg/120px-SINISTRA_E_LIBERTA%27_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/SINISTRA_E_LIBERTA%27_-_1.jpg/180px-SINISTRA_E_LIBERTA%27_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/SINISTRA_E_LIBERTA%27_-_1.jpg/240px-SINISTRA_E_LIBERTA%27_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SINISTRA_ECOLOGIA_LIBERTA_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2009"><img alt="2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/SINISTRA_ECOLOGIA_LIBERTA_-_2.jpg/120px-SINISTRA_ECOLOGIA_LIBERTA_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/SINISTRA_ECOLOGIA_LIBERTA_-_2.jpg/180px-SINISTRA_ECOLOGIA_LIBERTA_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/SINISTRA_ECOLOGIA_LIBERTA_-_2.jpg/240px-SINISTRA_ECOLOGIA_LIBERTA_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_Ecology_Freedom.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2010–2016"><img alt="2010–2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/Left_Ecology_Freedom.png/120px-Left_Ecology_Freedom.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" 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has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sinistra_Ecologia_Libert%C3%A0" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sinistra Ecologia Libertà">Sinistra Ecologia Libertà</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinistraecologialiberta.it/">Official website</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Ecology_Freedom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RAINews-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAINews_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAINews_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRAI_News2016" class="citation news cs1">RAI News (17 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/Vendola-traghetta-Sel-nella-Sinistra-italiana-e971add1-3774-4d16-bae0-d8cc840444a3.html">"Vendola traghetta Sel nella "Sinistra italiana"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vendola+traghetta+Sel+nella+%22Sinistra+italiana%22&rft.date=2016-12-17&rft.au=RAI+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rainews.it%2Fdl%2Frainews%2Farticoli%2FVendola-traghetta-Sel-nella-Sinistra-italiana-e971add1-3774-4d16-bae0-d8cc840444a3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinistraecologialiberta.it/notizie/riccione-il-2-congresso-di-sel-al-centro-della-discussione-le-prospettive-per-il-paese-e-leuropa-la-ricostruzione-di-un-campo-vero-per-la-sinistra/">"Riccione il 2° Congresso di Sel: La strada giusta tra crisi sociale, della politica e un campo largo, a sinistra, da ricostruire – Sinistra Ecologia Libertà"</a>. <i>Sinistra Ecologia Libertà</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Jorgen S. Nielsen (ed.). <i>Muslim Political Participation in Europe</i>. 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(2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDVzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA710"><i>Political Handbook of the World 2014</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 710. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-3327-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-3327-4"><bdi>978-1-4833-3327-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Handbook+of+the+World+2014&rft.pages=710&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-3327-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFDVzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PatrutPatrut2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PatrutPatrut2014_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan_PatrutMonica_Patrut2014" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan Patrut; Monica Patrut (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-319-04666-2"><i>Social Media in Politics: Case Studies on the Political Power Or Social Media</i></a>. Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-319-04666-2/page/n82">71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04666-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04666-2"><bdi>978-3-319-04666-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Media+in+Politics%3A+Case+Studies+on+the+Political+Power+Or+Social+Media&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-319-04666-2&rft.au=Bogdan+Patrut&rft.au=Monica+Patrut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspringer_10.1007-978-3-319-04666-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agency2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agency2013_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2013" class="citation book cs1">Central Intelligence Agency (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjEhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1252"><i>The CIA World Factbook 2014</i></a>. Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. 1252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62873-451-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62873-451-5"><bdi>978-1-62873-451-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CIA+World+Factbook+2014&rft.pages=1252&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62873-451-5&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjEhAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TierskyJones2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TierskyJones2014_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_TierskyErik_Jones2014" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Tiersky; Erik Jones (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKfcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120"><i>Europe Today: A Twenty-first Century Introduction</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polisblog.it&rft.atitle=Ex+Sel+fondano+Led.+Gennaro+Migliore%3A+%22Possiamo+essere+tante+cose%22&rft.au=Mario+Lucio+Genghini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polisblog.it%2Fpost%2F245715%2Fex-sel-fondano-led-gennaro-migliore-possiamo-essere-tante-cose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espresso.repubblica.it/palazzo/2014/06/25/news/sel-anche-il-tesoriere-sergio-boccadutri-lascia-nichi-vendola-e-va-verso-il-pd-1.170817">"Sel, anche il tesoriere Sergio Boccadutri lascia Nichi Vendola. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=l%27Espresso&rft.atitle=Sel%2C+anche+il+tesoriere+Sergio+Boccadutri+lascia+Nichi+Vendola.+E+va+verso+il+Pd&rft.date=2014-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespresso.repubblica.it%2Fpalazzo%2F2014%2F06%2F25%2Fnews%2Fsel-anche-il-tesoriere-sergio-boccadutri-lascia-nichi-vendola-e-va-verso-il-pd-1.170817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2015/11/07/nasce-sinistra-italiana-nuovo-gruppo-di-31-deputati-la-diretta-_d02aa4ad-9f47-4615-8e57-4f6136149f73.html">"Nasce 'Sinistra italiana', nuovo gruppo di 31 deputati. Fassina: "Siamo alternativi al liberismo da Happy Days di Renzi" - Politica"</a>. <i>ANSA.it</i>. 2015-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANSA.it&rft.atitle=Nasce+%27Sinistra+italiana%27%2C+nuovo+gruppo+di+31+deputati.+Fassina%3A+%22Siamo+alternativi+al+liberismo+da+Happy+Days+di+Renzi%22+-+Politica&rft.date=2015-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fsito%2Fnotizie%2Fpolitica%2F2015%2F11%2F07%2Fnasce-sinistra-italiana-nuovo-gruppo-di-31-deputati-la-diretta-_d02aa4ad-9f47-4615-8e57-4f6136149f73.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2015/11/06/sinistra-italiana-sel-ex-pd_n_8487950.html">"Si chiamerà "Sinistra italiana": domani Sel e gli ex Pd battezzano il nuovo gruppo 'anti-Renzi'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Huffingtonpost.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffingtonpost.it&rft.atitle=Si+chiamer%C3%A0+%22Sinistra+italiana%22%3A+domani+Sel+e+gli+ex+Pd+battezzano+il+nuovo+gruppo+%27anti-Renzi%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.it%2F2015%2F11%2F06%2Fsinistra-italiana-sel-ex-pd_n_8487950.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2016/02/19/cosmopolitica-costituente-sinistra-_n_9275866.html">"Cosmopolitica, iniziata la costituente di Sinistra italiana"</a>. 19 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cosmopolitica%2C+iniziata+la+costituente+di+Sinistra+italiana&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.it%2F2016%2F02%2F19%2Fcosmopolitica-costituente-sinistra-_n_9275866.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilmanifesto.info/per-ora-e-sinistra-italiana/">"il manifesto"</a>. <i>ilmanifesto.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilmanifesto.info&rft.atitle=il+manifesto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filmanifesto.info%2Fper-ora-e-sinistra-italiana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2016/02/21/news/sinistra_italiana_unioni_civili-133907371/">"Cosmopolitica, la prima assemblea di Sinistra italiana: "Dal 2 al 4 dicembre il congresso fondativo"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 21 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cosmopolitica%2C+la+prima+assemblea+di+Sinistra+italiana%3A+%22Dal+2+al+4+dicembre+il+congresso+fondativo%22&rft.date=2016-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fpolitica%2F2016%2F02%2F21%2Fnews%2Fsinistra_italiana_unioni_civili-133907371%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senato.it/Leg17/4244">"senato.it - Senato della Repubblica senato.it - Variazioni nei Gruppi parlamentari"</a>. <i>www.senato.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senato.it&rft.atitle=senato.it+-+Senato+della+Repubblica+senato.it+-+Variazioni+nei+Gruppi+parlamentari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senato.it%2FLeg17%2F4244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardiniapost.it/politica/sel-divisa-tra-svolta-sovranista-e-sinistra-italiana-geografia-di-una-guerra/">"Sel divisa tra svolta sovranista e Sinistra italiana: geografia di una guerra - Sardiniapost.it"</a>. 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sel+divisa+tra+svolta+sovranista+e+Sinistra+italiana%3A+geografia+di+una+guerra+-+Sardiniapost.it&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardiniapost.it%2Fpolitica%2Fsel-divisa-tra-svolta-sovranista-e-sinistra-italiana-geografia-di-una-guerra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilmanifesto.info/no-al-verticismo-alla-camera-i-dubbi-sul-nuovo-partito/">"il manifesto"</a>. <i>ilmanifesto.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilmanifesto.info&rft.atitle=il+manifesto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filmanifesto.info%2Fno-al-verticismo-alla-camera-i-dubbi-sul-nuovo-partito%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+Ecology+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The role of spokesperson was renamed as president at the 2010 congress.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_Italian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical Italian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Italy&#124;link=Italy_Historical_political_parties_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> Historical political parties in Italy</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Unity_Party_(Italy)" title="Proletarian Unity Party (Italy)">Proletarian Unity Party</a> (1972–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> (1921–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Democracy" title="Proletarian Democracy">Proletarian Democracy</a> (1978–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists" title="Party of Italian Communists">Party of Italian Communists</a> (1998–2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Democratic socialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party">Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party</a> (1881–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Workers%27_Party" title="Italian Workers' Party">Italian Workers' Party</a> (1882–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party_of_Proletarian_Unity" title="Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity">Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity</a> (1964–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a> (1991–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Italy)" title="Democratic Left (Italy)">Democratic Left</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Left Ecology Freedom</a> (2010-2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Green</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Greens_(Italy)" title="Rainbow Greens (Italy)">Rainbow Greens</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Green_Lists" title="Federation of Green Lists">Federation of Green Lists</a> (1986–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens" title="Federation of the Greens">Federation of the Greens</a> (1990–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social-democratic and liberal-socialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Reformist_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Reformist Socialist Party">Italian Reformist Socialist Party</a> (1912–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1922)" title="Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)">Unitary Socialist Party</a> (1922–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a> (1929–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party" title="Labour Democratic Party">Labour Democratic Party</a> (1943–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Socialists" title="Union of Socialists">Union of Socialists</a> (1948–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1949)" title="Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1949)">Unitary Socialist Party</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(Italy)" title="Unified Socialist Party (Italy)">Unified Socialist Party</a> (1966–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (1892–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Democratic Socialist Party">Italian Democratic Socialist Party</a> (1947–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Federation_(Italy)" title="Labour Federation (Italy)">Labour Federation</a> (1994–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">Democrats of the Left</a> (1998–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialists" title="Italian Democratic Socialists">Italian Democratic Socialists</a> (1998–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_(political_party)" title="Article One (political party)">Article One</a> (2017–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radical and social-liberal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy,_1853)" title="Action Party (Italy, 1853)">Action Party</a> (1853–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Italian Radical Party</a> (1904–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy,_1913)" title="Democratic Party (Italy, 1913)">Democratic Party</a> (1913–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Social Democracy (Italy)">Social Democracy</a> (1922–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Concentration" title="Republican Democratic Concentration">Republican Democratic Concentration</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Radical Party</a> (1955–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Italy)" title="Democratic Alliance (Italy)">Democratic Alliance</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Network_(political_party)" title="The Network (political party)">The Network</a> (1991–1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centrist and centrist liberal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Constitutional Democratic Party (Italy)">Constitutional Democratic Party</a> (1913–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Democratic Liberal Party">Italian Democratic Liberal Party</a> (1919–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_for_the_Republic" title="Democratic Union for the Republic">Democratic Union for the Republic</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Union for the Republic (Italy)">Union for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renewal" title="Italian Renewal">Italian Renewal</a> (1996–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Democrats_(Italy)" title="The Democrats (Italy)">The Democrats</a> (1999–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_Pact" title="Segni Pact">Segni Pact</a> (1993–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_is_Freedom_%E2%80%93_The_Daisy" title="Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy">Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy</a> (2002–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Choice" title="Civic Choice">Civic Choice</a> (2013–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Popular_Alliance" title="Liberal Popular Alliance">Liberal Popular Alliance</a> (2015–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regionalist and federalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Independence_of_Sicily" title="Movement for the Independence of Sicily">Movement for the Independence of Sicily</a> (1943–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalists_and_Liberal_Democrats" title="Federalists and Liberal Democrats">Federalists and Liberal Democrats</a> (1994–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Italian_League" title="Federalist Italian League">Federalist Italian League</a> (1995–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_South_(Italy)" title="Great South (Italy)">Great South</a> (2011–2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian-democratic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Catholic_Electoral_Union" title="Italian Catholic Electoral Union">Italian Catholic Electoral Union</a> (1906–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Catholics_(Italy)" title="Conservative Catholics (Italy)">Conservative Catholics</a> (1913–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a> (1919–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> (1943–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994)" title="Italian People's Party (1994)">Italian People's Party</a> (1994–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Christian Democrats for the Republic">Christian Democrats for the Republic</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Centre" title="Christian Democratic Centre">Christian Democratic Centre</a> (1994–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Democrats" title="United Christian Democrats">United Christian Democrats</a> (1995–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democracy" title="European Democracy">European Democracy</a> (2001–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_for_Autonomies" title="Christian Democracy for Autonomies">Christian Democracy for Autonomies</a> (2005–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Union of Democrats for Europe">Union of Democrats for Europe</a> (1999–2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservative-liberal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Union_(Italy)" title="Liberal Union (Italy)">Liberal Union</a> (1913–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a> (1922–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Democratic Alliance (Italy)">National Democratic Alliance</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(1993)" title="Union of the Centre (1993)">Union of the Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liberal-conservative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Party_(Italy)" title="Economic Party (Italy)">Economic Party</a> (1919–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> (1994–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom">The People of Freedom</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_and_Freedom" title="Future and Freedom">Future and Freedom</a> (2010–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Centre-Right" title="New Centre-Right">New Centre-Right</a> (2013–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_and_Reformists_(Italy)" title="Conservatives and Reformists (Italy)">Conservatives and Reformists</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direction_Italy" title="Direction Italy">Direction Italy</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambiamo!" title="Cambiamo!">Cambiamo!</a> (2019–2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National-conservative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Man%27s_Front" title="Common Man's Front">Common Man's Front</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchist_National_Party" title="Monarchist National Party">Monarchist National Party</a> (1946–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Monarchist_Party_(Italy)" title="People's Monarchist Party (Italy)">People's Monarchist Party</a> (1954–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Party_of_Monarchist_Unity" title="Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity">Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity</a> (1959–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">National Alliance</a> (1995–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a> (1910–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatants%27_Party" title="Combatants' Party">Combatants' Party</a> (1919–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (1921–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> (1946–1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">List of political parties in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:19th-century_Italian_political_groups" title="Template:19th-century Italian political groups">19th-century Italian political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_20th-century_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Early 20th-century Italian political parties">Early 20th-century Italian political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1950s%E2%80%931990s_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:1950s–1990s Italian political parties">1950s–1990s Italian political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Italian political parties">Current Italian political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286140#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286140#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286140#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/162792081">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011014626">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/152259902">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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