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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early military career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_Austrian_Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>War of the Austrian Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_Austrian_Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jacobite_rebellion_–_"The_Forty-Five"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacobite_rebellion_–_"The_Forty-Five""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jacobite rebellion – "The Forty-Five"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jacobite_rebellion_–_"The_Forty-Five"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jacobite rebellion – "The Forty-Five" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jacobite_rebellion_–_"The_Forty-Five"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culloden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culloden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Culloden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culloden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Butcher_Cumberland"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Butcher_Cumberland""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>"Butcher Cumberland"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Butcher_Cumberland"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_the_Continent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_the_Continent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Return to the Continent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_the_Continent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peacetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peacetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Peacetime</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peacetime-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Peacetime subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Peacetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attempts_at_army_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_at_army_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Attempts at army reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_at_army_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seven_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Seven Years' War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Seven_Years'_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Seven Years' War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Seven_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Hanover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Hanover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Invasion of Hanover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Hanover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honours and arms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours and arms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prince William, Duke of Cumberland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ويليام أغسطس دوق كمبرلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام أغسطس دوق كمبرلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillem_August_de_Cumberland" title="Guillem August de Cumberland – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guillem August de Cumberland" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_August_Hannoversk%C3%BD" title="Vilém August Hannoverský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vilém August Hannoverský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_af_Storbritannien_(1721-1765)" title="Vilhelm af Storbritannien (1721-1765) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vilhelm af Storbritannien (1721-1765)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Augustus,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Γουλιέλμος του Κάμπερλαντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουλιέλμος του Κάμπερλαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Augusto_de_Cumberland" title="Guillermo Augusto de Cumberland – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guillermo Augusto de Cumberland" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="شاهزاده ویلیام آگوستوس، دوک کامبرلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاهزاده ویلیام آگوستوس، دوک کامبرلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Augustus_de_Cumberland" title="William Augustus de Cumberland – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Augustus de Cumberland" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uilleam_Augustus,_Di%C3%B9c_Cumberland" title="Uilleam Augustus, Diùc Cumberland – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uilleam Augustus, Diùc Cumberland" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%EB%B2%8C%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%91_%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84" title="컴벌랜드 공작 윌리엄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컴벌랜드 공작 윌리엄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo,_duca_di_Cumberland" title="Guglielmo, duca di Cumberland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guglielmo, duca di Cumberland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D,_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="הנסיך ויליאם, דוכס קמברלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנסיך ויליאם, דוכס קמברלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_van_Cumberland" title="Willem van Cumberland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Willem van Cumberland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B9_(%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%85%AC)" title="ウィリアム・オーガスタス (カンバーランド公) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・オーガスタス (カンバーランド公)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_hertug_av_Cumberland" title="William, hertug av Cumberland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William, hertug av Cumberland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_August,_hertug_av_Cumberland" title="Vilhelm August, hertug av Cumberland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vilhelm August, hertug av Cumberland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_August_Hanowerski" title="Wilhelm August Hanowerski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilhelm August Hanowerski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilherme,_Duque_de_Cumberland" title="Guilherme, Duque de Cumberland – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guilherme, Duque de Cumberland" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prin%C8%9Bul_William,_Duce_de_Cumberland" title="Prințul William, Duce de Cumberland – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prințul William, Duce de Cumberland" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82,_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Уильям Август, герцог Камберлендский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уильям Август, герцог Камберлендский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82,_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вилијам Август, војвода од Камберленда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам Август, војвода од Камберленда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British prince (1721–1765)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Prince William</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a> (<a href="#Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms">more</a>)</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Augustus,_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg/220px-William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg/330px-William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg/440px-William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2903" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">The Duke of Cumberland by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Joshua_Reynolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Joshua Reynolds">Sir Joshua Reynolds</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1759</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1721-04-15</span>)</span>15 April 1721 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">New Style</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Leicester_House,_Westminster" title="Leicester House, Westminster">Leicester House</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 October 1765<span style="display:none">(1765-10-31)</span> (aged 44)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">10 November 1765<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, London</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">William Augustus</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Caroline of Ansbach</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prince William's signature"><img alt="Prince William's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Signature_of_Prince_William%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg/125px-Signature_of_Prince_William%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Signature_of_Prince_William%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg/188px-Signature_of_Prince_William%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Signature_of_Prince_William%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg/250px-Signature_of_Prince_William%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><i>The Butcher</i> <br /> <i>Sweet William</i> <br /> <i>Martial boy</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span> (1740–1757)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover"><img alt="Province of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a> (1757)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="406" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1740–1757</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">General</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">Grenadier Guards</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Army" title="Pragmatic Army">Pragmatic Army</a><br />Government Army<br />Hanoverian Army of Observation<br /><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dettingen" title="Battle of Dettingen">Battle of Dettingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">Battle of Fontenoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lauffeld" title="Battle of Lauffeld">Battle of Lauffeld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Moor_Skirmish" title="Clifton Moor Skirmish">Clifton Moor Skirmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carlisle_(December_1745)" title="Siege of Carlisle (December 1745)">Siege of Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stirling_Castle_(1746)" title="Siege of Stirling Castle (1746)">Siege of Stirling Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raids_on_Lochaber_and_Shiramore" title="Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore">Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastenbeck" title="Battle of Hastenbeck">Battle of Hastenbeck</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland</b> (15 April 1721 <small>[<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">N.S.</a>]</small> – 31 October 1765) was the third and youngest son of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Caroline of Ansbach</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a> from 1726. He is best remembered for his role in putting down the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite Rising</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a> in 1746, which made him popular in certain parts of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is often referred to by the nickname given to him by his <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> opponents: '<b>Butcher</b>' <b>Cumberland</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For much of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>, with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/John_Ligonier,_1st_Earl_Ligonier" title="John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier">John Ligonier</a>, Cumberland commanded the main allied field army in Flanders acting in defence of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. At the head of the largest deployment of British troops on the continent since the days of <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Marlborough</a> and opposed to the experienced French Marshal <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Saxe" title="Maurice de Saxe">Maurice de Saxe</a>, Cumberland's campaigning could not prevent the fall of the Dutch Barrier Forts. Between 1748 and 1755 he attempted to enact a series of army reforms that were resisted by the <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Loyal_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition (United Kingdom)">opposition</a> and by the army itself.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Klosterzeven" title="Convention of Klosterzeven">Convention of Klosterzeven</a> in 1757, he never again held active military command and switched his attentions to politics and <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Augustus,_Duke_of_Cumberland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.jpg/220px-William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.jpg/330px-William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.jpg/440px-William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6852" data-file-height="9594" /></a><figcaption>William Augustus, aged 10 or 11, painted by <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>William was born in <a href="/wiki/Leicester_House,_Westminster" title="Leicester House, Westminster">Leicester House</a>, in Leicester Fields (now <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square" title="Leicester Square">Leicester Square</a>), <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, where his parents had moved after his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, accepted the invitation to ascend the British throne.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 July 1726, at only five years old, he was created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquess</a> of Berkhamstead in the <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">County of Hertford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a> of Kennington in the <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">County of Surrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount</a> of Trematon in the <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">County of Cornwall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> of the Isle of <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-july1726_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-july1726-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The young prince was educated well; his mother appointed <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a> as a tutor.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another of his tutors (and occasional proxy for him) was his mother's favourite <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fountaine_(architect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Fountaine (architect)">Andrew Fountaine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a>, apartments were designed specially for him by <a href="/wiki/William_Kent" title="William Kent">William Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William's elder brother <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a>, proposed dividing the king's dominions. Frederick would get Britain, while William would get <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a>. This proposal came to nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_military_career">Early military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From childhood, he showed physical courage and ability, and became his parents' favourite.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was enrolled in the 2nd Foot Guards and made a <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Bath">Knight of the Bath</a>, when aged four.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiste78_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiste78-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was intended, by the King and Queen, for the office of <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Lord High Admiral</a>, and, in 1740, he sailed, as a volunteer, in the fleet under the command of <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Norris (Royal Navy officer)">Sir John Norris</a>, but he quickly became dissatisfied with the Navy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911623_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911623-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, instead secured the post of <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">First Regiment of Foot Guards</a> on 20 February 1741.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_the_Austrian_Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War of the Austrian Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1742, he became a <a href="/wiki/Major-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general">major-general</a>, and, the following year, he first saw active service in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> and the "martial boy" shared in the glory of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dettingen" title="Battle of Dettingen">Battle of Dettingen</a> (27 June 1743),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Cumberland was wounded in his right leg by a <a href="/wiki/Musket_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Musket ball">musket ball</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the battle he was made a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">lieutenant general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911623_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911623-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg/220px-Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg/330px-Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg/440px-Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">Battle of Fontenoy</a> in 1745 was Cumberland's first battle as commander.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1745, Cumberland was given the honorary title of <a href="/wiki/Captain_general#Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Captain general">Captain-General</a> of the British land forces and in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> became <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the allied <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanoverian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> (known as the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Army" title="Pragmatic Army">Pragmatic Army</a>) troops despite his inexperience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911623_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911623-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He initially planned to take the offensive against the French, in a move he hoped would lead to the capture of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, but was persuaded by his advisors that this was impossible given the vast numerical superiority of the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacobite_broadside_-_Courier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Jacobite_broadside_-_Courier.jpg/250px-Jacobite_broadside_-_Courier.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Jacobite_broadside_-_Courier.jpg/375px-Jacobite_broadside_-_Courier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Jacobite_broadside_-_Courier.jpg/500px-Jacobite_broadside_-_Courier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>Jacobite satire of the Duke of Cumberland in the Highlands</figcaption></figure> <p>As it became clear that the French intention was to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tournai_(1745)" title="Siege of Tournai (1745)">take Tournai</a>, Cumberland advanced to the relief of the town, which was besieged by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Saxe" title="Maurice de Saxe">Marshal Saxe</a>. In the resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">Battle of Fontenoy</a> on 11 May 1745, the Allies were defeated by the French.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saxe had picked the battleground on which to confront the British, and filled the nearby woods with French <a href="/wiki/Marksmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marksmen">marksmen</a>. Cumberland ignored the threat of the woods when drawing up his battle plans, and instead concentrated on seizing the village of <a href="/wiki/Fontenoy,_Antoing" title="Fontenoy, Antoing">Fontenoy</a> and attacking the main French army nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite a concerted Anglo-Hanoverian attack on the French centre, which led many to believe the Allies had won, the failure to clear the woods and of the Dutch forces to capture Fontenoy forced Cumberland to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, where he was unable to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ghent" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Ghent">fall of Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumberland was frequently criticised for his tactics in the battle, particularly his failure to occupy the woods.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jacobite_rebellion_–_"The_Forty-Five""><span id="Jacobite_rebellion_.E2.80.93_.22The_Forty-Five.22"></span>Jacobite rebellion – "The Forty-Five"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jacobite rebellion – "The Forty-Five""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_highlanders_medley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_highlanders_medley.jpg/220px-William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_highlanders_medley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_highlanders_medley.jpg/330px-William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_highlanders_medley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_highlanders_medley.jpg/440px-William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_highlanders_medley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>"The Highlanders Medley", or "The Duke Triumphant"</figcaption></figure> <p>As the leading British general of the day, he was chosen to put a decisive stop to <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward Stuart</a>, a grandson of <a href="/wiki/James_VII_%26_II" class="mw-redirect" title="James VII & II">James VII of Scotland and II of England</a> (James VII/II was the last Stuart king on the male line), in the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a>. His appointment was popular, and caused morale to soar amongst the public and troops loyal to King George.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recalled from <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, Cumberland proceeded with preparations for quelling the Stuart (Jacobite) uprising. The Jacobite army had advanced southwards into England, hoping that English Jacobites would rise and join them. However, after receiving only limited support, such as the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Regiment_(Jacobite)" title="Manchester Regiment (Jacobite)">Manchester Regiment</a>, the followers of Charles decided to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pollard_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollard-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cumberland joined the Midland army under <a href="/wiki/John_Ligonier,_1st_Earl_Ligonier" title="John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier">Ligonier</a>, and began pursuit of the enemy, as the Stuarts retreated northwards from <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-odnb_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On reaching <a href="/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria" title="Penrith, Cumbria">Penrith</a>, the advanced portion of his army was repulsed on <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Moor_Skirmish" title="Clifton Moor Skirmish">Clifton Moor</a> in December 1745, and Cumberland became aware that an attempt to overtake the retreating Highlanders would be hopeless.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a> was retaken, and he was recalled to London, where preparations were in hand to meet an expected French invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeat of his replacement as commander, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hawley" title="Henry Hawley">Henry Hawley</a>, caused great panic in England in January 1746,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when, under a hail of pistol fire, "eighty dragoons fell dead upon the spot" at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir" title="Battle of Falkirk Muir">Falkirk Muir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culloden">Culloden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culloden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Augustus,_Duke_of_Cumberland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.png/220px-William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.png/330px-William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.png/440px-William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pond" title="Arthur Pond">Arthur Pond</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1730-40</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Arriving in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> on 30 January 1746, Cumberland assumed command of his forces and marched them to <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>. There, he ordered them to undergo training for approximately two months in preparation for engaging the Jacobite Army.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 April, he set out from Aberdeen with his troops for <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a>; eight days later on 16 April, he engaged the main Jacobite army near the village of <a href="/wiki/Culloden,_Highland" title="Culloden, Highland">Culloden</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">ensuing battle</a>, his army decisively defeated the Jacobites. The battle lasted only an hour, with the Jacobites suffering between 1,500 and 2,000 casualties, while approximately 300 government soldiers were killed or wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pollard_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollard-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning after the battle, Cumberland issued a written order reminding his men that "the public orders of the rebels yesterday was to give us <a href="/wiki/No_quarter" title="No quarter">no quarter</a>" and ordering his men to treat Jacobite wounded in the same manner.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumberland alluded to the belief that such orders had been found upon the bodies of fallen Jacobites. However, for the two days after the battle, Cumberland's order was not followed upon; though in the following two days, government troops scoured the battlefield and put to death many wounded Jacobite soldiers they came across.<sup id="cite_ref-thompson_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government forces subsequently embarked upon the pacification of Jacobite regions in the Scottish Highlands, which took several months. They carried out searches for rebels across the Highlands, confiscating property, destroying <a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">nonjuring Episcopalian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Catholic</a> meeting houses and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summarily executing</a> numerous suspected rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he had been in Inverness, Cumberland emptied the city jails of all of those who had been imprisoned by Jacobites and replaced them with Jacobites themselves; after the battle at Culloden, Jacobite prisoners were taken south to England to stand trial for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thompson_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Butcher_Cumberland""><span id=".22Butcher_Cumberland.22"></span>"Butcher Cumberland"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Butcher Cumberland""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Culloden, Cumberland was nicknamed "Sweet William" by his <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> supporters and "The Butcher" by his <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> opponents<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter being a taunt first recorded in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used for political purposes in England. Cumberland's own brother, the <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> (who had been refused permission to take a military role on his father's behalf), seems to have encouraged the virulent attacks upon the Duke. Cumberland preserved the strictest discipline in his camp. He was inflexible in the execution of what he deemed to be his duty, without favour to any man. In only a few cases he exercised his influence in favour of clemency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Duke's victorious efforts were acknowledged by his being voted an income of £25,000 <i>per annum</i> over and above his money from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_list" title="Civil list">civil list</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A thanksgiving service was held at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, that included the first performance of <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a>'s oratorio <i><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabaeus_(Handel)" title="Judas Maccabaeus (Handel)">Judas Maccabaeus</a></i>, composed especially for Cumberland, which contains the anthem "See the Conquering Hero Comes".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_the_Continent">Return to the Continent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Return to the Continent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lauffeld" title="Battle of Lauffeld">Battle of Lauffeld</a></div> <p>The Duke took no part in the Flanders campaign of 1746, during which the French made huge advances <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brussels_(1746)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Brussels (1746)">capturing Brussels</a> and defeating the Allies at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocoux" title="Battle of Rocoux">Rocoux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1747, Cumberland returned to <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>. He again opposed the still-victorious <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Saxe" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal Saxe">Marshal Saxe</a> and received a heavy defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lauffeld" title="Battle of Lauffeld">Battle of Lauffeld</a>, or Val, near <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, on 2 July 1747.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1747)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)">fall of Bergen-op-Zoom</a> compelled the two sides to the negotiating table and in 1748 the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> was concluded and Cumberland returned home.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peacetime">Peacetime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Peacetime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_solomons_glory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_solomons_glory.jpg/220px-William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_solomons_glory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_solomons_glory.jpg/330px-William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_solomons_glory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_solomons_glory.jpg/440px-William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_solomons_glory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3751" data-file-height="2674" /></a><figcaption>"Solomon's Glory, or Rival Mistresses", 1749</figcaption></figure> <p>Cumberland's unpopularity, which had steadily increased since Culloden, interfered greatly with his success in politics, and when the death of the <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> brought the latter's <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">son</a>, a minor, next in succession to the throne, the Duke was not able to secure for himself the contingent <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a compromise, the regency was vested in the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Saxe-Gotha" title="Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha">Dowager Princess of Wales</a>, who considered him an enemy, but her powers were curtailed and she was to be advised by a committee of twelve men, headed by Cumberland.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_at_army_reform">Attempts at army reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Attempts at army reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whilst in the office of <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commander-in-Chief</a>, Cumberland attempted to reform the peacetime army with the support of his <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">father</a>. He wished to wrest control over promotions from the government to the army itself and to limit or curtail the practise of <a href="/wiki/Purchase_of_commissions_in_the_British_Army" title="Purchase of commissions in the British Army">purchase</a>. Cumberland further wished to create a special standing force which could be quickly deployed overseas in time of crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-Glover148_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glover148-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs, who only tolerated the army's existence in peacetime and only had confidence in their control over the militia, saw the expansion and further professionalisation of the army as <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist</a>. Critics such as <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a> argued the institution of purchase was one of the safeguards of parliamentary sovereignty against Royalist insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-Glover148_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glover148-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumberland's opponent in government <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Charles Townshend</a> wished to instead further reduce the peacetime army and reform the militia by creating a volunteer force for home defence, a precursor to the volunteers of the 19th century which would be under the direct control of civil authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Glover148_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glover148-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seven_Years'_War"><span id="Seven_Years.27_War"></span>Seven Years' War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Seven Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Hanover_(1757)" title="Invasion of Hanover (1757)">Invasion of Hanover (1757)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years War">Great Britain in the Seven Years War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumberland-Reynolds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cumberland-Reynolds.jpg/200px-Cumberland-Reynolds.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cumberland-Reynolds.jpg/300px-Cumberland-Reynolds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cumberland-Reynolds.jpg/400px-Cumberland-Reynolds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of the Duke of Cumberland in the robes of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Joshua_Reynolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Joshua Reynolds">Sir Joshua Reynolds</a>, 1758</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1754, the simmering colonial rivalry between Britain and France over competing territorial claims in North America developed into war. France asserted its claim to the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Valley">Ohio Valley</a> by building a network of powerful fortifications. The government ministry led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a> initially proposed a limited military response, in which a Highland regiment supported by colonial forces would drive the French from the Ohio Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker,_p._89_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker,_p._89-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cusick,_p._21_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cusick,_p._21-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumberland believed the plan was not decisive enough to protect British interests in North America and expanded the plan to include a four-pronged assault against <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, with forces striking simultaneously at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Duquesne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric" title="Fort Saint-Frédéric">Crown Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Niagara" title="Fort Niagara">Niagara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Fort Beauséjour">Beauséjour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall,_p._66_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall,_p._66-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cumberland proposed that only overwhelming force would defeat France in America, which was contradictory to Newcastle's own proposals and previous government strategies which advocated limited offensive operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall,_p._66_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall,_p._66-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cusick,_p._21_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cusick,_p._21-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, Cumberland proposed a role of <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> for forces in America, who would have the power to levy local troops and direct local strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker,_p._89_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker,_p._89-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 3,500 strong mixed force of regulars, militia, and allied natives would be assembled. It would then cross the Virginia mountains and strike Duquesne. Two regiments drawn from Ireland were given this task.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An officer who had impressed Cumberland on previous campaigns, Edward Braddock, was given command of all crown forces in America, to the surprise of many in the army as Braddock was relatively unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Cusick,_p._21_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cusick,_p._21-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newcastle approved the bolder plan, which met with limited success. In his role as army Commander-in-Chief, Cumberland advised on the conduct of the war in North America. He believed the war should be principally conducted by the colonies themselves and that regular troops should only play a supporting role.<sup id="cite_ref-Cusick,_p._21_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cusick,_p._21-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was influential in the appointment of <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Loudoun" title="John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun">Loudoun</a>, another favorite and an officer who had served in Cumberland's army during the Jacobite rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumberland advised Loudoun to expose his officers and soldiers to scouting expeditions, so that they might "learn to beat the woods".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumberland approved the plan to develop <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a> in the British Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Cusick,_p._21_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cusick,_p._21-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_Hanover">Invasion of Hanover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Invasion of Hanover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1757, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">war</a> having spread to <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>, Cumberland was placed at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_Army_of_Observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoverian Army of Observation">Hanoverian Army of Observation</a>, intended to defend Hanover (of which George II was <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Elector</a>) from a French invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastenbeck" title="Battle of Hastenbeck">Battle of Hastenbeck</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hamelin" title="Hamelin">Hamelin</a>, on 26 July 1757, Cumberland's army was defeated by the superior forces of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles_d%27Estr%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Charles d'Estrées">d'Estrées</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911624-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite seemingly having the advantage towards the end of the battle, Cumberland's forces began to retreat. Within a short time discipline had collapsed, and Cumberland's army headed northwards in total disorder. Cumberland hoped that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> might bring him reinforcements and supplies which would allow him to regroup and counterattack, but the British mounted an <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Rochefort" title="Raid on Rochefort">expedition to Rochefort</a> instead, despite suggestions that it should be sent to aid Cumberland.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By September 1757 Cumberland and his forces had retreated to the fortified town of <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a> on the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast. George II gave him discretionary powers to negotiate a separate peace.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hemmed in by French forces led by the <a href="/wiki/Armand_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand de Vignerot du Plessis">Duc de Richelieu</a>, Cumberland agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Klosterzeven" title="Convention of Klosterzeven">Convention of Klosterzeven</a>, under which his army was to be disbanded and much of Hanover occupied by French forces, at the <i><a href="/wiki/Zeven" title="Zeven">Zeven</a></i> Convent on 8 September 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Cumberland's return to London, he was treated badly by his father, despite the fact that he had previously been given permission to negotiate such an agreement. When they met, George II remarked "Here is my son who has ruined me and disgraced himself".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Cumberland resigned all the military and public offices he held and retired into private life.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years">Final years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_tombstone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_tombstone.jpg/220px-William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_tombstone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_tombstone.jpg/330px-William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_tombstone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_tombstone.jpg/440px-William_augustus_duke_of_cumberland_tombstone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>"The Tombstone", published October 1765</figcaption></figure> <p>Cumberland's final years were lived out during the first five years of the reign of his nephew, <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a>, who acceded to the throne on the death of William's father on 25 October 1760. Cumberland became a very influential advisor to the King and was instrumental in establishing the <a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Rockingham Ministry">First Rockingham Ministry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabinet meetings were held either at <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Lodge" title="Cumberland Lodge">Cumberland Lodge</a>, his home in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a>, or at Upper Grosvenor Street, his house in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumberland never fully recovered from his wound at Dettingen, and was <a href="/wiki/Obese" class="mw-redirect" title="Obese">obese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1760, he suffered a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, on 31 October 1765, he died at his home on Upper Grosvenor Street in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> at age 44.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried beneath the floor of the nave of the <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Lady_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VII Lady Chapel">Henry VII Lady Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died unmarried.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_arms">Honours and arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Honours and arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blanc_Coursier_Tabard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Blanc_Coursier_Tabard.jpg/220px-Blanc_Coursier_Tabard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Blanc_Coursier_Tabard.jpg/330px-Blanc_Coursier_Tabard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Blanc_Coursier_Tabard.jpg/440px-Blanc_Coursier_Tabard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>The tabard of <a href="/wiki/Blanc_Coursier_Herald" title="Blanc Coursier Herald">Blanc Coursier Herald</a>, Cumberland's <a href="/wiki/Private_officer_of_arms" title="Private officer of arms">private officer of arms</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacobite_broadside_-_Francois-Morellon_La_Cave,_Effigies_sculpt..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Jacobite_broadside_-_Francois-Morellon_La_Cave%2C_Effigies_sculpt..jpg/220px-Jacobite_broadside_-_Francois-Morellon_La_Cave%2C_Effigies_sculpt..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Jacobite_broadside_-_Francois-Morellon_La_Cave%2C_Effigies_sculpt..jpg/330px-Jacobite_broadside_-_Francois-Morellon_La_Cave%2C_Effigies_sculpt..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Jacobite_broadside_-_Francois-Morellon_La_Cave%2C_Effigies_sculpt..jpg/440px-Jacobite_broadside_-_Francois-Morellon_La_Cave%2C_Effigies_sculpt..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745"> Jacobite broadside</a> - <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Morellon_la_Cave" title="François Morellon la Cave">François Morellon la Cave</a>, Effigies sculpt.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>British Honours</b> </p> <ul><li><b>KG</b>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Knight of the Garter</a>, <i>1730</i><sup id="cite_ref-odnb_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>KB</b>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Knight of the Bath</a>, <i>1725</i><sup id="cite_ref-Kiste78_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiste78-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>PC</b>: <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Counsellor</a>, <i>1742</i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Academic</b> </p> <ul><li><b>1751–1765</b>: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Dublin" title="Chancellor of the University of Dublin">Chancellor of the University of Dublin</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">King's College, Aberdeen</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 July 1725, as a grandchild of the sovereign, William was granted use of the arms of the realm, differenced by a <i>label argent of five points, the centre point bearing a cross gules, the first, second, fourth and fifth each bearing a canton gules</i>. On 30 August 1727, as a child of the sovereign, William's difference changed to a <i>label argent of three points, the centre point bearing a cross gules</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus,_Duke_of_Cumberland_(Before_1727).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms 1725–1727"><img alt="Coat of arms 1725–1727" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_%28Before_1727%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_%28Before_1727%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_%28Before_1727%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_%28Before_1727%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_%28Before_1727%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_%28Before_1727%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms 1725–1727</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus,_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms 1727–1765"><img alt="Coat of arms 1727–1765" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms 1727–1765</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacobite_broadside_-_Elegy_on_the_much_lamented_death_of_His_Royal_Highness_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland,_who_died_suddenly_on_Thursday,_October_31,_1765,_at_his_house_in_Grosvenor-Square,_in_the_46th_year_of_his_age..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jacobite_broadside_-_Elegy_on_the_much_lamented_death_of_His_Royal_Highness_William%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland%2C_who_died_suddenly_on_Thursday%2C_October_31%2C_1765%2C_at_his_house_in_Grosvenor-Square%2C_in_the_46th_year_of_his_age..jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jacobite_broadside_-_Elegy_on_the_much_lamented_death_of_His_Royal_Highness_William%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland%2C_who_died_suddenly_on_Thursday%2C_October_31%2C_1765%2C_at_his_house_in_Grosvenor-Square%2C_in_the_46th_year_of_his_age..jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jacobite_broadside_-_Elegy_on_the_much_lamented_death_of_His_Royal_Highness_William%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland%2C_who_died_suddenly_on_Thursday%2C_October_31%2C_1765%2C_at_his_house_in_Grosvenor-Square%2C_in_the_46th_year_of_his_age..jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3671" /></a><figcaption><i>Elegy on the much lamented death of His Royal Highness William, Duke of Cumberland..</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Prince William County, Virginia">Prince William County, Virginia</a> is named for him,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Maine" title="Cumberland County, Maine">Cumberland County, Maine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_New_Jersey" title="Cumberland County, New Jersey">Cumberland County, New Jersey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_North_Carolina" title="Cumberland County, North Carolina">Cumberland County, North Carolina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Virginia" title="Cumberland County, Virginia">Cumberland County, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various other places in the American colonies were named after him, including the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_River" title="Cumberland River">Cumberland River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap" title="Cumberland Gap">Cumberland Gap</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b627_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b627-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, Cumberland Road in <a href="/wiki/Kew,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Kew, London">Kew</a> and the Grade II listed Cumberland Gate into <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a> are named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005 he was selected by the <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_History_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC History (magazine)">BBC History Magazine</a></i> as the 18th century's worst Briton.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Obelisk,_Windsor_Great_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1801427.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Obelisk%2C_Windsor_Great_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1801427.jpg/170px-The_Obelisk%2C_Windsor_Great_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1801427.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Obelisk%2C_Windsor_Great_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1801427.jpg/255px-The_Obelisk%2C_Windsor_Great_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1801427.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Obelisk%2C_Windsor_Great_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1801427.jpg/340px-The_Obelisk%2C_Windsor_Great_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1801427.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Cumberland Obelisk, Windsor Great Park</figcaption></figure> <p>A memorial obelisk was erected to the Duke's military services in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Great_Park" title="Windsor Great Park">Windsor Great Park</a>. It is inscribed "THIS OBELISK RAISED BY COMMAND OF KING GEORGE THE SECOND COMMEMORATES THE SERVICES OF HIS SON WILLIAM DUKE OF CUMBERLAND THE SUCCESS OF HIS ARMS AND THE GRATITUDE OF HIS FATHER THIS TABLET WAS INSCRIBED BY HIS MAJESTY KING WILLIAM THE FOURTH". According to a local park guide and Scottish historian <a href="/wiki/Murray_Pittock" title="Murray Pittock">Murray Pittock</a>, the obelisk was originally inscribed "Culloden" but <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> had "Culloden" removed.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-times-20231031_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-20231031-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An equestrian statue of the Duke was erected in London's <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Square" title="Cavendish Square">Cavendish Square</a> in 1770, but was removed in 1868 since by that time the 'butcher of Culloden' was generally reviled. The original plinth remained.<sup id="cite_ref-times-20231031_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-20231031-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, plans by developers to name a street close to the battlefield after the Duke were rejected by <a href="/wiki/The_Highland_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="The Highland Council">The Highland Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-times-20231031_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-20231031-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One of these is described in <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s 1829 introduction to<i> <a href="/wiki/Waverley_(novel)" title="Waverley (novel)">Waverley</a></i> (1805): "At length Colonel Whitefoord applied to the Duke of Cumberland in person [for a pardon for Alexander Stewart of Invernahyle, who had spared Whitefoord's life at the battle of Prestonpans in 1745]. From him, also, he received a positive refusal. He then limited his request, for the present, to a protection for Stewart's house, wife, children, and property. This was also refused by the Duke; on which Colonel Whitefoord, taking his commission from his bosom, laid it on the table before his Royal Highness with much emotion, and asked permission to retire from the service of a sovereign who did not know how to spare a vanquished enemy. The Duke was struck, and even affected. He bade the Colonel take up his commission, and granted the protection he required."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, he received an honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221181905/http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/on-this-day/?day=27&month=6">"On This Day: 27th of June"</a>. University of Glasgow. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/on-this-day/?day=27&month=6">the original</a> on 21 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+This+Day%3A+27th+of+June&rft.pub=University+of+Glasgow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universitystory.gla.ac.uk%2Fon-this-day%2F%3Fday%3D27%26month%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannah Smith, 'Georgian Monarchy', Cambridge University Press, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpeck2004">Speck 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald, Callum (27 December 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/butcher-cumberland-among-britain-s-greatest-villains-most-hated-of-the-last-millennium-1.33548">"Butcher Cumberland among Britain's greatest villains"</a>. Glasgow. <i>The Herald</i>. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, p. 277; Glover, p. 148; Royle, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-july1726-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-july1726_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette6494" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6494/page/1">"No. 6494"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 12 July 1726. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+6494&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1726-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F6494%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Kiste, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette6382" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6382/page/2">"No. 6382"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 15 June 1725. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+6382&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1725-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F6382%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thurley p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Kiste, p. 150 (1736 plan suggested by Prince of Wales)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Kiste, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiste78-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiste78_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiste78_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Kiste, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911623-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911623_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911623_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911623_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette8094" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8094/page/2">"No. 8094"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 16 February 1741. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+8094&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1741-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F8094%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette8286" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8286/page/2">"No. 8286"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 20 December 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href="https://www.britishbattles.com/king-georges-war-austrian-succession/the-battle-of-fontenoy-1745/">"Battle of Fontenoy"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clifton+skirmish&rft.pub=Paisley+Tartan+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesonsofscotland.co.uk%2Fthebattleofcliftonmoor1745.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomasson, p 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette8521" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8521/page/2">"No. 8521"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 22 March 1746. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+8521&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1746-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F8521%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts (2002), p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thompson-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thompson_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thompson_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, p. 519</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plank, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clee, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Oates, 'Sweet William or The Butcher: The Duke of Cumberland and the '45 (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Letters-of-Horace-Walpole-Volume15.html">"The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 1 by Horace Walpole Part 15 out of 18"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Horace+Walpole%2C+Volume+1+by+Horace+Walpole+Part+15+out+of+18&rft.pub=Fullbooks.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fullbooks.com%2FThe-Letters-of-Horace-Walpole-Volume15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speck, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanhope, p. 334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sosin, pp. 516–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Kiste, p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glover148-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glover148_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glover148_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glover148_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker,_p._89-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker,_p._89_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker,_p._89_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cusick,_p._21-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cusick,_p._21_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cusick,_p._21_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cusick,_p._21_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cusick,_p._21_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cusick,_p._21_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cusick, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall,_p._66-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall,_p._66_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall,_p._66_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dilisio, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallay, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cusick, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolt, p. 498</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Kiste, p. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson p. 212; 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cumberlandcounty.org/geninfo.htm#.ULKg-GfAGCc">the original</a> on 27 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cumberland+County%2C+Maine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cumberlandcounty.org%2Fgeninfo.htm%23.ULKg-GfAGCc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLurieLurieSiegelMappen2004" class="citation book cs1">Lurie, Maxine; Lurie, Maxine N.; Siegel, Michael; Mappen, Marc (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_r9Ni6_u0JEC&q=Cumberland+County%2C+New+Jersey+duke+of+cumberland&pg=PA187"><i>Encyclopedia of New Jersey</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813533254" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813533254"><bdi>978-0813533254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+New+Jersey&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0813533254&rft.aulast=Lurie&rft.aufirst=Maxine&rft.au=Lurie%2C+Maxine+N.&rft.au=Siegel%2C+Michael&rft.au=Mappen%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_r9Ni6_u0JEC%26q%3DCumberland%2BCounty%252C%2BNew%2BJersey%2Bduke%2Bof%2Bcumberland%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.cumberland.nc.us/history.aspx">"Cumberland County, North Carolina"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cumberland+County%2C+North+Carolina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.co.cumberland.nc.us%2Fhistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cumberlandcounty.virginia.gov/DocumentCenter/View/242/Emergency-Operations-Plan-2021-PDF#page=20">"Emergency Operations Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cumberland County Board of Supervisors. January 2021. p. 20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emergency+Operations+Plan&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cumberland+County+Board+of+Supervisors&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cumberlandcounty.virginia.gov%2FDocumentCenter%2FView%2F242%2FEmergency-Operations-Plan-2021-PDF%23page%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121211112352/http://historicalmarkers.photoshelter.com/image/I0000j6uhnukVrCw">"KY-2045 Naming of the Cumberland River"</a>. Historical markers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicalmarkers.photoshelter.com/image/I0000j6uhnukVrCw">the original</a> on 11 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KY-2045+Naming+of+the+Cumberland+River&rft.pub=Historical+markers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricalmarkers.photoshelter.com%2Fimage%2FI0000j6uhnukVrCw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112225326/http://historicalmarkers.photoshelter.com/image/I0000cXU4MXgbB00">"VA-K1 Cumberland Gap"</a>. Historical markers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicalmarkers.photoshelter.com/image/I0000cXU4MXgbB00">the original</a> on 12 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VA-K1+Cumberland+Gap&rft.pub=Historical+markers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricalmarkers.photoshelter.com%2Fimage%2FI0000cXU4MXgbB00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b627-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b627_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911b">Chisholm 1911b</a>, p. 627.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blomfield, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/uk/4561624.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Worst' historical Britons list"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Worst%27+historical+Britons+list&rft.date=2005-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Flow%2Fuk%2F4561624.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">East Berks Ramblers Map, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874258-18-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874258-18-6">978-1-874258-18-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-times-20231031-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-times-20231031_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-times-20231031_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-times-20231031_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2023" class="citation news cs1">Horne, Marc (31 October 2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/3c3fc1e8-774f-11ee-9496-ba645d21d0d9?shareToken=d4d2ff160a979b8b9b31dfa19d51a427">"Residents want to rename street that honours 'butcher of Culloden'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Residents+want+to+rename+street+that+honours+%27butcher+of+Culloden%27&rft.date=2023-10-31&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2F3c3fc1e8-774f-11ee-9496-ba645d21d0d9%3FshareToken%3Dd4d2ff160a979b8b9b31dfa19d51a427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://londonist.com/2012/06/cavendish-square-gets-statue-made-from-soap.php">"Cavendish Square Gets Statue Made From Soap"</a>. Londonist. 27 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cavendish+Square+Gets+Statue+Made+From+Soap&rft.pub=Londonist&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flondonist.com%2F2012%2F06%2Fcavendish-square-gets-statue-made-from-soap.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Fred (2000). <i>Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766</i>. Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-20535-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-20535-6"><bdi>978-0-571-20535-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+War%3A+The+Seven+Years%27+War+and+the+Fate+of+Empire+in+British+North+America%2C+1754%E2%80%931766&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-571-20535-6&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomfield1994" class="citation book cs1">Blomfield, David (1994). <i>Kew Past</i>. Phillimore & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-923-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-923-5"><bdi>0-85033-923-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kew+Past&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-85033-923-5&rft.aulast=Blomfield&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1995" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Reed (1995). <i>The War of the Austrian Succession</i>. Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12561-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12561-5"><bdi>978-0-312-12561-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Austrian+Succession&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-312-12561-5&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911b). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cumberland,_William_Augustus,_Duke_of">"Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 624.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cumberland%2C+William+Augustus%2C+Duke+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=624&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClee2011" class="citation book cs1">Clee, Nicholas (2011). <i>Eclipse</i>. Black Swan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-552-77442-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-552-77442-0"><bdi>978-0-552-77442-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eclipse&rft.pub=Black+Swan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-552-77442-0&rft.aulast=Clee&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover2008" class="citation book cs1">Glover, Richard (2008). <i>Peninsular Preparation: The Reform of the British Army 1795–1809</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08392-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08392-8"><bdi>978-0-521-08392-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peninsular+Preparation%3A+The+Reform+of+the+British+Army+1795%E2%80%931809&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08392-8&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongmate2001" class="citation book cs1">Longmate, Norman (2001). <i>Island Fortress: The Defence of Great Britain, 1603–1945</i>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-174837-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-174837-1"><bdi>978-0-09-174837-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Fortress%3A+The+Defence+of+Great+Britain%2C+1603%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-09-174837-1&rft.aulast=Longmate&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlank2003" class="citation book cs1">Plank, Geoffrey (2003). <i>An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1869-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1869-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-1869-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unsettled+Conquest%3A+The+British+Campaign+Against+the+Peoples+of+Acadia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1869-5&rft.aulast=Plank&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2009" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Tony (2009). <i>Culloden: The History and Archaeology of the last Clan Battle</i>. Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-020-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-020-1"><bdi>978-1-84884-020-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culloden%3A+The+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+last+Clan+Battle&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-020-1&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolt1767" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolt" title="Richard Rolt">Rolt, Richard</a> (1767). <i>Historical memoirs of His late Royal Highness William-Augustus, Duke of Cumberland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+memoirs+of+His+late+Royal+Highness+William-Augustus%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland&rft.date=1767&rft.aulast=Rolt&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSosin1957" class="citation book cs1">Sosin, Jack (1957). <i>Louisburg and the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748</i>. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 14, No. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisburg+and+the+Peace+of+Aix-la-Chapelle%2C+1748&rft.pub=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly%2C+Third+Series%2C+Vol.+14%2C+No.+4&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Sosin&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeck1995" class="citation book cs1">Speck, William (1995). <i>The Butcher: The Duke of Cumberland and the Suppression of the 45</i>. Welsh Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86057-000-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86057-000-1"><bdi>978-1-86057-000-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Butcher%3A+The+Duke+of+Cumberland+and+the+Suppression+of+the+45&rft.pub=Welsh+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-86057-000-1&rft.aulast=Speck&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeck2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Speck, W.A. (2004). "Prince William, Duke of Cumberland". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29455">10.1093/ref:odnb/29455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29455&rft.aulast=Speck&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanhope2002" class="citation book cs1">Stanhope, Phillip (2002). <i>History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles: 1713–1783: Volume 4: 1748–1763</i>. Adamant Media Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-543-67669-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-543-67669-6"><bdi>978-0-543-67669-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+England+from+the+Peace+of+Utrecht+to+the+Peace+of+Versailles%3A+1713%E2%80%931783%3A+Volume+4%3A+1748%E2%80%931763&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corporation&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-543-67669-6&rft.aulast=Stanhope&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2008" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, Arthur (2008). <i>Historical memorials of Westminster Abbey</i>. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-559-69153-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-559-69153-9"><bdi>978-0-559-69153-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+memorials+of+Westminster+Abbey&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-559-69153-9&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasson1974" class="citation book cs1">Tomasson, Katherine (1974). <i>Battles of the '45</i>. Pan Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+%2745&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Tomasson&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1865" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Arthur (1865). <i>The Victoria history of England: from the landing of Julius Caesar, B.C. 54 to the marriage of H.R.H. Albert Edward Prince of Wales A.D. 1863</i>. Routledge, Warne and Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victoria+history+of+England%3A+from+the+landing+of+Julius+Caesar%2C+B.C.+54+to+the+marriage+of+H.R.H.+Albert+Edward+Prince+of+Wales+A.D.+1863&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Warne+and+Routledge&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurley2003" class="citation book cs1">Thurley, Simon (2003). <i>Hampton Court: A Social and Architectural History</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10223-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10223-9"><bdi>978-0-300-10223-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hampton+Court%3A+A+Social+and+Architectural+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10223-9&rft.aulast=Thurley&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Kiste1997" class="citation book cs1">Van der Kiste, John (1997). <i>George II and Queen Caroline</i>. Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-1321-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-1321-5"><bdi>0-7509-1321-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+II+and+Queen+Caroline&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7509-1321-5&rft.aulast=Van+der+Kiste&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyle2008" class="citation book cs1">Royle, Trevor (2008). <i>Culloden: Scotland's Last Battle and the Forging of the British Empire</i>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-408-70401-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-408-70401-1"><bdi>978-1-408-70401-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culloden%3A+Scotland%27s+Last+Battle+and+the+Forging+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-408-70401-1&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1938" class="citation book cs1">Davies, John (1938). <i>A King in Toils</i>. L. Drummond.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+King+in+Toils&rft.pub=L.+Drummond&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2008" class="citation book cs1">Axelrod, Alan (2008). <i>Blooding at Great Meadows: Young George Washington and the Battle That Shaped the Man</i>. Running Press Book Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blooding+at+Great+Meadows%3A+Young+George+Washington+and+the+Battle+That+Shaped+the+Man&rft.pub=Running+Press+Book+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2016" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Richard (2016). <i>Atlantic Politics, Military Strategy and the French and Indian War</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-30664-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-30664-3"><bdi>978-3-319-30664-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlantic+Politics%2C+Military+Strategy+and+the+French+and+Indian+War&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-30664-3&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusick2013" class="citation book cs1">Cusick, Ray (2013). <i>Wellington's Rifles: The Origins, Development and Battles of the Rifle Regiments in the Peninsular War and at Waterloo</i>. Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-781-59287-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-781-59287-8"><bdi>978-1-781-59287-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Rifles%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development+and+Battles+of+the+Rifle+Regiments+in+the+Peninsular+War+and+at+Waterloo&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-781-59287-8&rft.aulast=Cusick&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallay2015" class="citation book cs1">Gallay, Alan (2015). <i>Colonial Wars of North America, 1512–1763 (Routledge Revivals): An Encyclopedia</i>. Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-89108-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-89108-1"><bdi>978-1-138-89108-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Wars+of+North+America%2C+1512%E2%80%931763+%28Routledge+Revivals%29%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-89108-1&rft.aulast=Gallay&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldman1989" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl (1989). <i>Atlas of the North American Indian</i>. Facts on File Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-816-02136-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-816-02136-9"><bdi>978-0-816-02136-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+North+American+Indian&rft.pub=Facts+on+File+Inc&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-816-02136-9&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1989" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (1989). <i>The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607-1890 3 Volume Set: A Political, Social, and Military History</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-851-09697-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-851-09697-8"><bdi>978-1-851-09697-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Indian+Wars%2C+1607-1890+3+Volume+Set%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-851-09697-8&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilisio2008" class="citation book cs1">Dilisio, Rock (2008). <i>American Advance: Westward From The French & Indian War</i>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-52486-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-52486-0"><bdi>978-0-595-52486-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Advance%3A+Westward+From+The+French+%26+Indian+War&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-595-52486-0&rft.aulast=Dilisio&rft.aufirst=Rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenier2008" class="citation book cs1">Grenier, John (2008). <i>The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73263-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73263-5"><bdi>978-0-521-73263-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Way+of+War%3A+American+War+Making+on+the+Frontier%2C+1607%E2%80%931814&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-73263-5&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Attribution:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cumberland,_William_Augustus,_Duke_of" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of">Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">623–</span>624.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cumberland%2C+William+Augustus%2C+Duke+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E623-%3C%2Fspan%3E624&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1885–1900 <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography's</a></i> article about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/William_Augustus" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/William Augustus">William Augustus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1995" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, M.S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uHfJAwAAQBAJ"><i>The War of Austrian Succession 1740–1748</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317899211" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317899211"><bdi>978-1317899211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+Austrian+Succession+1740%E2%80%931748&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1317899211&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuHfJAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1766" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Andrew (1766). <i>A Life of the Duke of Cumberland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+of+the+Duke+of+Cumberland&rft.date=1766&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclachlan1876" class="citation book cs1">Maclachlan, Campbell (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamaugustusd00macl"><i>William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Augustus%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Maclachlan&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamaugustusd00macl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates2008" class="citation book cs1">Oates, Jonathan (2008). <i>Sweet William or the Butcher? The Duke of Cumberland and the '45'<span></span></i>. Pen & Sword Military.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweet+William+or+the+Butcher%3F+The+Duke+of+Cumberland+and+the+%2745%27&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilipps2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Philipps, Wolfgang (2014). "Welfen-Prinz Wilhelm August: Lieblingssohn und schottisches Hassbild". <i>Lehrter Land & Leute: Magazin zur Geschichte, Kultur und Heimatkunde</i> (in German). <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">35–</span>37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lehrter+Land+%26+Leute%3A+Magazin+zur+Geschichte%2C+Kultur+und+Heimatkunde&rft.atitle=Welfen-Prinz+Wilhelm+August%3A+Lieblingssohn+und+schottisches+Hassbild&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Philipps&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitworth1992" class="citation book cs1">Whitworth, Rex (1992). <i>William Augustus Duke of Cumberland: A Life</i>. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-354-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-354-6"><bdi>978-0-85052-354-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Augustus+Duke+of+Cumberland%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-354-6&rft.aulast=Whitworth&rft.aufirst=Rex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311005348/http://www.yourphotocard.com/Ascanius/Home.htm">Ascanius; or, the Young Adventurer</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F257997">"Archival material relating to Prince William, Duke of Cumberland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Prince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF257997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+William%2C+Duke+of+Cumberland" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378088#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01136">Portraits of Prince William, Duke of Cumberland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378088#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Prince William, Duke of Cumberland </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">House of Welf</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 15 April 1721</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 31 October 1765</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lumley,_2nd_Earl_of_Scarbrough" title="Richard Lumley, 2nd Earl of Scarbrough">The Earl of Scarbrough</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards</a> </b><br />1740–1742 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough">The Duke of Marlborough</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wills" title="Charles Wills">Sir Charles Wills</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Regiment_of_Foot_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Regiment of Foot Guards">1st Regiment of Foot Guards</a> </b><br />1742–1757 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Ligonier,_1st_Earl_Ligonier" title="John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier">The Viscount Ligonier</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">The Duke of Marlborough</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1714–1717)</span> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Captain_general#Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Captain general">Captain-General of the British Army</a> </b><br />1744–1757 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">The Duke of York and Albany</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1799–1809)</span> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Wade" title="George Wade">George Wade</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Forces</a> </b><br />1745–1757 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Ligonier,_1st_Earl_Ligonier" title="John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier">The Viscount Ligonier</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Brydges,_1st_Duke_of_Chandos" title="James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos">The Duke of Chandos</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Chancellor of the University of St Andrews">Chancellor of the University of St Andrews</a> </b><br />1746–1765 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hay,_9th_Earl_of_Kinnoull" title="Thomas Hay, 9th Earl of Kinnoull">The Earl of Kinnoull</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">The Prince of Wales</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Dublin" title="Chancellor of the University of Dublin">Chancellor of the University of Dublin</a> </b><br />1751–1765 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford">The Duke of Bedford</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_princes853" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_princes" title="Template:British princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_princes" title="Template talk:British princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_princes853" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_prince" title="British prince">British princes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, who formalised the use of the titles <i>prince</i> and <i>princess</i> for members of the British royal family.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_William_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince George William of Great Britain">Prince George William</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prince William, Duke of Cumberland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Frederick of Great Britain">Prince Frederick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">King George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">King William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">King Ernest Augustus of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Octavius_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Octavius of Great Britain">Prince Octavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Alfred of Great Britain">Prince Alfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Frederick,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">King George V of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Prince George, Duke of Cambridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">King Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince Ernest Augustus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_John_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alexander John of Wales">Prince Alexander John of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught" title="Prince Arthur of Connaught">Prince Arthur of Connaught</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover#Issue" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince George William of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover#Issue" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince Christian of Hanover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick">Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">King Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George, Duke of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prince John of the United Kingdom">Prince John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Windsor,_2nd_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Leopold,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hubertus_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(pilot)" title="Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (pilot)">Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ernest_Augustus_of_Hanover_(born_1914)" title="Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (born 1914)">Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_William_of_Hanover" title="Prince George William of Hanover">Prince George William of Hanover</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_of_Gloucester" title="Prince William of Gloucester">Prince William of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Kent" title="Prince Michael of Kent">Prince Michael of Kent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="James, Earl of Wessex">James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales" title="Prince George of Wales">Prince George of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Wales" title="Prince Louis of Wales">Prince Louis of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Archie_of_Sussex" title="Prince Archie of Sussex">Prince Archie of Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> Not a British prince by birth, but created <a href="/wiki/Prince_consort" title="Prince consort">Prince Consort</a>. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom.<br /><i>Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Cumberland42" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Cumberland" title="Template:Dukes of Cumberland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Cumberland" title="Template talk:Dukes of Cumberland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Cumberland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Cumberland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Cumberland42" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Duke of Cumberland">Dukes of Cumberland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert of the Rhine</a> (1644–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark" title="Prince George of Denmark">George of Denmark</a> (1683–1708)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prince William</a> (1726–1765)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn</a> (1766–1790)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Teviotdale" title="Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale">Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale</a> (1799–1919)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Forces_and_Chiefs_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_British_Army4411" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chief_of_the_General_Staff" title="Template:Chief of the General Staff"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chief_of_the_General_Staff" title="Template talk:Chief of the General Staff"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chief_of_the_General_Staff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chief of the General Staff"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Forces_and_Chiefs_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_British_Army4411" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chiefs of the General Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">Duke of Albemarle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">Duke of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Earl of Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meinhardt_Schomberg,_3rd_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg">Duke of Leinster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_2nd_Duke_of_Ormonde" title="James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde">Duke of Ormonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalrymple,_2nd_Earl_of_Stair" title="John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair">Earl of Stair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wade" title="George Wade">George Wade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duke of Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ligonier,_1st_Earl_Ligonier" title="John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier">Viscount Ligionier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_Marquess_of_Granby" title="John Manners, Marquess of Granby">Marquess of Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Lord Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Henry Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Lord Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dundas_(British_Army_officer)" title="David Dundas (British Army officer)">Sir David Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Viscount Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">Viscount Hardinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Viscount Wolseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Earl Roberts</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Lyttelton" title="Neville Lyttelton">Sir Neville Lyttelton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chiefs of the Imperial General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson,_1st_Baron_Nicholson" title="William Nicholson, 1st Baron Nicholson">Sir William Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">Sir John French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._H._Douglas" title="Charles W. H. Douglas">Sir Charles Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe_Murray" title="James Wolfe Murray">Sir James Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Murray" title="Archibald Murray">Sir Archibald Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Robertson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet">Sir William Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Wilson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Lambart,_10th_Earl_of_Cavan" title="Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan">The Earl of Cavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Milne,_1st_Baron_Milne" title="George Milne, 1st Baron Milne">Sir George Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Montgomery-Massingberd" title="Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd">Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Deverell" title="Cyril Deverell">Sir Cyril Deverell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vereker,_6th_Viscount_Gort" title="John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort">The Viscount Gort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside,_1st_Baron_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside">Sir Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dill" title="John Dill">Sir John Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Sir Alan Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">Sir William Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harding,_1st_Baron_Harding_of_Petherton" title="John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton">Sir John Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Sir Gerald Templer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Festing" title="Francis Festing">Sir Francis Festing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hull" title="Richard Hull">Sir Richard Hull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chiefs of the General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hull" title="Richard Hull">Sir Richard Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cassels_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Cassels (British Army officer)">Sir James Cassels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Baker_(British_Army_officer)" title="Geoffrey Baker (British Army officer)">Sir Geoffrey Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Carver" title="Michael Carver">Sir Michael Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunt_(British_Army_officer)" title="Peter Hunt (British Army officer)">Sir Peter Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Gibbs" title="Roland Gibbs">Sir Roland Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bramall" title="Edwin Bramall">Sir Edwin Bramall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stanier_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Stanier (British Army officer)">Sir John Stanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Bagnall" title="Nigel Bagnall">Sir Nigel Bagnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chapple_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Chapple (British Army officer)">Sir John Chapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Inge,_Baron_Inge" title="Peter Inge, Baron Inge">Sir Peter Inge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Guthrie,_Baron_Guthrie_of_Craigiebank" title="Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank">Sir Charles Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wheeler_(British_Army_officer)" title="Roger Wheeler (British Army officer)">Sir Roger Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walker,_Baron_Walker_of_Aldringham" title="Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham">Sir Michael Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Mike Jackson (British Army officer)">Sir Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dannatt" title="Richard Dannatt">Sir Richard Dannatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richards,_Baron_Richards_of_Herstmonceux" title="David Richards, Baron Richards of Herstmonceux">Sir David Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wall_(British_Army_officer)" title="Peter Wall (British Army officer)">Sir Peter Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Carter_(British_Army_officer)" title="Nick Carter (British Army officer)">Sir Nick Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Carleton-Smith" title="Mark Carleton-Smith">Sir Mark Carleton-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sanders_(British_Army_officer)" title="Patrick Sanders (British Army officer)">Sir Patrick Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Walker" title="Roland Walker">Sir Roland Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jacobitism977" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jacobitism" title="Template:Jacobitism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jacobitism" title="Template talk:Jacobitism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jacobitism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jacobitism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jacobitism977" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #f7f7f7;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Highland_Companies" title="Independent Highland Companies">Independent Highland Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">The Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(1660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (1660)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Time" title="The Killing Time">The Killing Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">"James III & VIII", The Old Pretender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">"Charles III", The Young Pretender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophie, Electress of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Stuart_Society" title="Royal Stuart Society">Royal Stuart Society</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_consorts" title="Jacobite consorts">Jacobite consorts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">First rising<br />(1689)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham,_1st_Viscount_Dundee" title="John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee">Viscount Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewen_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Ewen Cameron of Lochiel">Sir Ewen Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Sarsfield">Patrick Sarsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mackay_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Mackay (general)">General Hugh Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Killiecrankie" title="Battle of Killiecrankie">Battle of Killiecrankie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkeld" title="Battle of Dunkeld">Battle of Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe" title="Massacre of Glencoe">Massacre of Glencoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Finglas" title="Declaration of Finglas">Declaration of Finglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)" title="Siege of Limerick (1691)">Siege of Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">The Fifteen<br />(1715)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_uprising_in_Cornwall_of_1715" title="Jacobite uprising in Cornwall of 1715">…in Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_England_riots" title="1715 England riots">…in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_British_general_election" title="1715 British general election">1715 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Erskine,_Earl_of_Mar_(1675%E2%80%931732)" title="John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732)">Earl of Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_MacGregor" title="Rob Roy MacGregor">Rob Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Lord Lovat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Munro,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet">Baronet Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1715)" title="Battle of Preston (1715)">Battle of Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1715)" title="Siege of Inverness (1715)">Siege of Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheriffmuir" title="Battle of Sheriffmuir">Battle of Sheriffmuir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">The Nineteen<br />(1719)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Keith,_10th_Earl_Marischal" title="George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal">Earl Marischal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_Marquess_of_Tullibardine" title="William Murray, Marquess of Tullibardine">Marquess of Tullibardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wightman_(general)" title="Joseph Wightman (general)">General Joseph Wightman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Alliance_(1716%E2%80%931731)" title="Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)">Anglo-French Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Eilean_Donan_Castle" title="Capture of Eilean Donan Castle">Capture of Eilean Donan Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glen_Shiel" title="Battle of Glen Shiel">Battle of Glen Shiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coille_Bhan" title="Battle of Coille Bhan">Battle of Coille Bhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">The Forty-Five<br />(1745)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Murray (general)">Lord George Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Donald Cameron of Lochiel">Lochiel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duke of Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">Battle of Prestonpans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carlisle_(December_1745)" title="Siege of Carlisle (December 1745)">Siege of Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir" title="Battle of Falkirk Muir">Battle of Falkirk Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1746)" title="Siege of Inverness (1746)">Siege of Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raids_on_Lochaber_and_Shiramore" title="Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore">Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abortive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1708)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1708)">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1744)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">1759</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Personal standard of Charles Edward Stuart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/200px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/300px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/400px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="444" /></a></span><br />a Jacobite banner</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences<br />and later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riot_Act" title="Riot Act">Riot Act 1714</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clan_Act_1715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clan Act 1715 (page does not exist)">Clan Act 1715</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_1715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715 (page does not exist)">Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarming_Act_1715" title="Disarming Act 1715">Disarming Act 1715</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disarming_Act_1725&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disarming Act 1725 (page does not exist)">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indemnity_Act_1717" title="Indemnity Act 1717">Indemnity Act 1717</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Forty-Five</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurors_(Scotland)_Act_1745" title="Jurors (Scotland) Act 1745">Jurors Act 1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Proscription_1746" title="Act of Proscription 1746">Act of Proscription 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_Act_1746" title="Dress Act 1746">Dress Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritable_Jurisdictions_(Scotland)_Act_1746" title="Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746">Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_(Scotland)_Act_1747" title="Sheriffs (Scotland) Act 1747">Sheriffs Act 1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_Outlawries_(Scotland)_Act_1748" title="Treason Outlawries (Scotland) Act 1748">Treason Outlawries Act 1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traitors_Transported_Act_1746" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitors Transported Act 1746">Traitors Transported Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_military_roads_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Old military roads of Scotland">Old military roads of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">"James III and VIII"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">"Charles III"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">"Henry IX and I"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia">"Charles IV"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia">Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_of_Savoy" title="Maria Beatrice of Savoy">"Mary II"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_V,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">"Francis I"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1849%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919)">"Mary III"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria" title="Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria">"Robert I and IV"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz,_Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz, Duke of Bavaria">"Francis II"</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Max,_Duke_in_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria">Max</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Hereditary_Princess_of_Liechtenstein" title="Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein">Sophie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_Wenzel_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein">Joseph</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378088#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378088#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378088#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000073748192">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/57457152">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1760515/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvMyF9Mkw4w7WPpbCY9Dq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120911167">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84090592">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35609116">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5439418">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071718613">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/11057858">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810820116905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007278434005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14077628">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500373194">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1013563">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/120911167.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120911167">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/177672080">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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