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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Identifying_self-published_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifying_self-published_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Identifying self-published sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifying_self-published_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_from_other_key_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_from_other_key_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Different from other key characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Different_from_other_key_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Different from other key characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Different_from_other_key_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Self-published"_does_not_mean_"primary"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Self-published"_does_not_mean_"primary""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>"Self-published" does not mean "primary"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Self-published"_does_not_mean_"primary"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Self-published"_does_not_mean_"non-independent"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Self-published"_does_not_mean_"non-independent""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>"Self-published" does not mean "non-independent"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Self-published"_does_not_mean_"non-independent"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_problem_with_self-published_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_problem_with_self-published_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The problem with self-published sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_problem_with_self-published_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button 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self-published works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceptable_use_of_self-published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unacceptable_use_of_self-published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unacceptable_use_of_self-published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Unacceptable use of self-published works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unacceptable_use_of_self-published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_claims_about_living_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_claims_about_living_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>For claims about living people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_claims_about_living_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_claims_by_self-published_authors_about_themselves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_claims_by_self-published_authors_about_themselves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>For claims by self-published authors about themselves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_claims_by_self-published_authors_about_themselves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-published_sources_for_notability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-published_sources_for_notability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Self-published sources for notability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-published_sources_for_notability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unpublished_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unpublished_sources"> <div 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.mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#How-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">explanatory essay</a> about the multiple policies and guidelines</b>. <br/><div style="font-size:90%;"> This page provides additional information about concepts in the page(s) it supplements. This page is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a> as it has not been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus#Levels_of_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">thoroughly vetted by the community</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:USESPS"></span><span id="WP:USINGSPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:USESPS&redirect=no">WP:USESPS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:USINGSPS&redirect=no">WP:USINGSPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Explanatory essay about the multiple policies and guidelines</div> <p><b>Self-published works</b> are those in which the author and publisher are the same. Anyone can self-publish information regardless of whether they are truly knowledgeable about the topic in question. Therefore, self-published works should be examined carefully when determining whether a specific self-published work is a reliable source for a particular claim in a Wikipedia article. </p><p>In determining the type of source, there are three separate, basic characteristics to identify: </p> <ul><li>Is the source <b>self-published</b> or not? (This is the topic of this page.)</li> <li>Is the source <b>independent or third-party</b>, or is it closely affiliated with the subject? (See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources">Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources</a>.)</li> <li>Is the source <b>primary</b> or not? (If so, then see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_primary_and_secondary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary and secondary sources">Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary and secondary sources</a>.)</li></ul> <p>Every possible combination of these three traits has been seen in sources on Wikipedia. Any combination of these three traits can produce a source that is usable for some purpose in a Wikipedia article. Identifying these characteristics will help you determine how you can use these sources. </p><p>This page deals only with the first question: <b>identifying and correctly using self-published sources</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Identifying_self-published_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Identifying_self-published_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Identifying_self-published_sources"></span>Identifying self-published sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Identifying_self-published_sources"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Identifying self-published sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:IDSPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:IDSPS&redirect=no">WP:IDSPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Identifying a self-published source is usually straightforward. You need two pieces of information: </p> <ol><li>Who is the author or creator of the work?</li> <li>Who is the publisher of the work?</li></ol> <p>If the answers to these questions are the same, then the work is self-published. If they are different, then the work is not self-published. </p><p>In determining whether a source is self-published, you should not consider any other factors. Neither the subject material, nor the size of the entity, nor whether the source is printed on paper or available electronically, nor whether the author is a famous expert, makes any difference (though the last point may affect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">whether you can cite the self-published source in a Wikipedia article</a>). </p><p>Be careful in identifying the publishers of books. In some cases, authors will create a <a href="/wiki/Doing_business_as" class="mw-redirect" title="Doing business as">trade name</a> so that it will look like a separate entity has published their works. If the author directly controls the decision to publish the books, then those books are still self-published. Self-published books may be printed by a <a href="/wiki/Vanity_press" title="Vanity press">vanity press</a> or a publisher that prints books by only that author. </p><p>If the author works for a company, and the publisher is the employer, and the author's job is to produce the work (e.g., sales materials or a corporate website), then the author and publisher are the same. </p><p>The 16th edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> says, "Any Internet site that does not have a specific publisher or sponsoring body should be treated as unpublished or self-published work." However, the converse isn't true: if a site does have a specific publisher or sponsoring body, it might still be self-published. </p> <dl><dt>Examples of self-published sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Almost all websites <i>except for those published by traditional publishers (such as news media organizations)</i>, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Web forum">Web forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking site">Social networking sites</a> like <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li> <li>Sites with <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a>, including <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Find_A_Grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Find A Grave">Find A Grave</a></li> <li>Business, charitable, and <a href="/wiki/Personal_web_page" title="Personal web page">personal websites</a></li></ul></li> <li>Books printed through a <a href="/wiki/Vanity_press" title="Vanity press">vanity press</a></li> <li>Advertisements, pamphlets, and <a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">press releases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsletter" title="Newsletter">Newsletters</a> published by organizations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patents</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_source_examples#Are_patents_reliable_sources?" title="Wikipedia:Reliable source examples">Wikipedia:Reliable source examples#Are patents reliable sources?</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Examples of non-self-published sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>The contents of magazines and newspapers, including editorials and <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> pieces in newspapers (including online-only content of widely-circulated magazines and newspapers)</li> <li>Books published by established publishers (like <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>)</li> <li>Research published in peer-reviewed journals</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Different_from_other_key_characteristics" data-mw-thread-id="h-Different_from_other_key_characteristics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Different_from_other_key_characteristics"></span>Different from other key characteristics<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Different_from_other_key_characteristics"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Different from other key characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Self-published"_does_not_mean_"primary"" data-mw-thread-id="h-"Self-published"_does_not_mean_"primary"-Different_from_other_key_characteristics"><span id=".22Self-published.22_does_not_mean_.22primary.22"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-"Self-published"_does_not_mean_"primary"-Different_from_other_key_characteristics"></span>"Self-published" does not mean "primary"<span data-mw-comment-end="h-"Self-published"_does_not_mean_"primary"-Different_from_other_key_characteristics"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Self-published" does not mean "primary""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_primary_and_secondary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary and secondary sources">Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary and secondary sources</a></div> <p>Self-published sources can be primary, secondary, or tertiary sources. </p><p>A personal blog is always a self-published source. Here are examples of how different postings on the same blog could be classified: </p> <ul><li>When the blog posting provides information about what the author cooked last night, it is a primary source for its subject matter.</li> <li>When the blog posting provides an analysis of an event that happened decades before, it is a secondary source for its subject matter.</li> <li>When the blog posting provides a simple list of tourist attractions in a given area, it is a tertiary source for its subject matter.</li></ul> <p>The relationship between the author and the publisher is the key point. If it's the same person (or the same group of people) doing both, then it's self-published. If it's a different person or group of people voluntarily deciding whether to make the authors' works available to the public, then it's non-self-published. The type of content is irrelevant. The same document can be self-published by the author or non-self-published by others: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Self-published </th> <th>Non-self-published </th></tr> <tr> <th>Primary source </th> <td>Alice Expert writes an original report about her experiment, and <u>she</u> posts <u>her own</u> report on her blog. </td> <td>Alice Expert writes an original report about her experiment, and the <u>independent editors</u> of an academic journal published <u>her</u> report in their academic journal. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Secondary source </th> <td>Alice Expert combines data from a dozen previously published experiments into a <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a>, and <u>she</u> posts <u>her own</u> report on her blog. </td> <td>Alice Expert combines data from a dozen previously published experiments into a <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a>, and the <u>independent editors</u> of an academic journal published <u>her</u> report in their academic journal. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Self-published"_does_not_mean_"non-independent"" data-mw-thread-id="h-"Self-published"_does_not_mean_"non-independent"-Different_from_other_key_characteristics"><span id=".22Self-published.22_does_not_mean_.22non-independent.22"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-"Self-published"_does_not_mean_"non-independent"-Different_from_other_key_characteristics"></span>"Self-published" does not mean "non-independent"<span data-mw-comment-end="h-"Self-published"_does_not_mean_"non-independent"-Different_from_other_key_characteristics"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Self-published" does not mean "non-independent""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Self-published sources can be independent sources or non-independent sources. </p> <ul><li>A corporate website is self-published. When it provides information about the business, it is non-independent.</li> <li>A personal blog is self-published. When it provides information about a book the blog's author borrowed from the library, it is independent of its subject matter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="The_problem_with_self-published_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-The_problem_with_self-published_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-The_problem_with_self-published_sources"></span>The problem with self-published sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-The_problem_with_self-published_sources"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The problem with self-published sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:170px; ; font-size: 80%; color: #202122;background-color: cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>And then of course, you have this great rise since 2000 of self-published books and books that to all intents and purposes should not be self-published because they are not good enough to published and therefore shouldn’t be self-published. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Tom_Holland_(author)" title="Tom Holland (author)">Tom Holland</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>One characteristic of self-published material is <i>lack of reviewers who are independent of the <u>author</u></i> (those who are not hired and fired by the author, and whose employment does not depend upon agreeing with the author). </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> library states: "Most pages found in general search engines for the web are self-published or published by businesses small and large with motives to get you to buy something or believe a point of view. Even within university and library web sites, there can be many pages that the institution does not try to oversee."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> offers this understanding in the publication <i>Academic Integrity at Princeton</i> (2018): "Unlike most books and journal articles, which undergo strict editorial review before publication, much of the information on the Web is self-published. To be sure, there are many websites in which you can have confidence: mainstream newspapers, refereed electronic journals, and university, library, and government collections of data. But for vast amounts of Web-based information, no impartial reviewers have evaluated the accuracy or fairness of such material before it’s made instantly available across the globe."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Self-published </th> <th>Independent reviewer </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alice Expert writes about her experiment, and she hires a freelance editor to help her improve her draft before sending her book to a <a href="/wiki/Vanity_press" title="Vanity press">vanity press</a>. If she disagrees with the editor, she can reject his advice, fire him, or (if the editor is employed by the self-publishing printer) go to a different printing house. </td> <td>Alice Expert writes about her experiment, and submitted it to the <a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">independent editors</a> of a magazine. If she disagrees with these editors, they won't publish her article in their publication. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-published_doesn't_mean_bad" data-mw-thread-id="h-Self-published_doesn't_mean_bad-The_problem_with_self-published_sources"><span id="Self-published_doesn.27t_mean_bad"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Self-published_doesn't_mean_bad-The_problem_with_self-published_sources"></span>Self-published doesn't mean bad<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Self-published_doesn't_mean_bad-The_problem_with_self-published_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Self-published doesn't mean bad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Self-published works are sometimes acceptable as sources, so self-publication is not, and should not be, a bit of jargon used by Wikipedians to automatically dismiss a source as "bad" or "unreliable" or "unusable". While many self-published sources happen to be unreliable, the mere fact that it is self-published does not prove this. A self-published source can be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent</a>, authoritative, high-quality, accurate, fact-checked, and expert-approved. </p><p>Self-published sources <em>can</em> be reliable, and they <em>can</em> be used (but not for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IS">third-party</a> claims about living people). Sometimes, a self-published source is even the best possible source or among the best sources. For example: </p> <ul><li>If you are supporting a direct quotation, the original document is the best source because the original document will be free of any errors or misquotations introduced by subsequent sources.</li> <li>A self-published source by an expert may become an authoritative reference for a claim, as with the best-selling self-published book <i>The Joy of Cooking</i> as a source for claims about cooking techniques.</li> <li>A self-published source by an expert may include a significant opinion that hasn’t yet appeared in a non-self-published source.</li></ul> <p>Conversely, properly published sources are not always "good" or "reliable" or "usable", either. Being properly published does not guarantee that the source is independent, authoritative, high-quality, accurate, fact-checked, expert-approved, or subject to editorial control. Properly published sources can be unreliable, biased, and self-serving. </p><p>According to our <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">content guideline on identifying reliable sources</a>, a reliable source has the following characteristics: </p> <ul><li>It has a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy.</li> <li>It is published.</li> <li>It is appropriate for the material in question, i.e., the source is directly about the subject, rather than mentioning something unrelated in passing.</li> <li>It is a third-party or independent source.</li> <li>It has some form of review process, such as editing or peer review.</li></ul> <p>A self-published source can have all of these qualities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Using_self-published_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_self-published_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_self-published_sources"></span>Using self-published sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_self-published_sources"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Using self-published sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Self-published works should be examined carefully in determining whether a specific self-published work is a reliable source for a particular claim in a Wikipedia article. </p><p>Not all self-published sources are equal. A personal blog post claiming that the Twin Towers fell as the result of a controlled demolition, written by someone with no expertise, is not at the same level as a personal blog post about physics written by the chairperson of the physics department at a major university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-self-published_preferable" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-self-published_preferable-Using_self-published_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-self-published_preferable-Using_self-published_sources"></span>Non-self-published preferable<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-self-published_preferable-Using_self-published_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-self-published preferable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A non-self-published source that verifies the same information is usually preferred to a self-published one. If it is not clear which source is better, they can both be cited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acceptable_use_of_self-published_works" data-mw-thread-id="h-Acceptable_use_of_self-published_works-Using_self-published_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Acceptable_use_of_self-published_works-Using_self-published_sources"></span>Acceptable use of self-published works<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Acceptable_use_of_self-published_works-Using_self-published_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Acceptable use of self-published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>For certain claims by the author about themselves. (See <a href="#For_claims_by_self-published_authors_about_themselves">#For claims by self-published authors about themselves</a>)</li> <li>The author is an established expert on the topic of the article whose work <b>in the relevant field</b> has previously been published by reliable third-party publications, except for exceptional claims.<sup id="cite_ref-EXCEPTIONAL_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EXCEPTIONAL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Take care when using such sources: if the information in question is really worth reporting, someone else will probably have done so.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A self-published work may be used as a source when the statement concerns <i>the source itself</i>. For example, for the statement "The organization purchased full-page advertisements in major newspapers advocating gun control," the advertisement(s) in question could be cited as sources, even though advertisements are self-published.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unacceptable_use_of_self-published_works" data-mw-thread-id="h-Unacceptable_use_of_self-published_works-Using_self-published_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Unacceptable_use_of_self-published_works-Using_self-published_sources"></span>Unacceptable use of self-published works<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Unacceptable_use_of_self-published_works-Using_self-published_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Unacceptable use of self-published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Claims by the author themselves don't meet the criteria in <a href="#For_claims_by_self-published_authors_about_themselves">#For claims by self-published authors about themselves</a>)</li> <li>Exceptional claims, even when the author is an established expert on the topic cited. (See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Exceptional claims require exceptional sources</a>)</li> <li>Third-party sources about living people, even if the author is an expert, well-known professional researcher, or writer.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_claims_about_living_people" data-mw-thread-id="h-For_claims_about_living_people-Using_self-published_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-For_claims_about_living_people-Using_self-published_sources"></span>For claims about living people<span data-mw-comment-end="h-For_claims_about_living_people-Using_self-published_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: For claims about living people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Avoid_self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons § Avoid self-published sources</a></div> <p><b>Never</b> use self-published sources as third-party sources about any living people, except for claims by the author about themself. This holds even if the author of the source is an expert, well-known professional researcher, or writer. </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <b>Acceptable</b>: The website for a company to support claims about itself or its employees. </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <b>Acceptable</b>: The self-published autobiography to support claims about the author. </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <b>Unacceptable</b>: Someone's personal blog about their neighbor, business partner, or friend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_claims_by_self-published_authors_about_themselves" data-mw-thread-id="h-For_claims_by_self-published_authors_about_themselves-Using_self-published_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-For_claims_by_self-published_authors_about_themselves-Using_self-published_sources"></span>For claims by self-published authors about themselves<span data-mw-comment-end="h-For_claims_by_self-published_authors_about_themselves-Using_self-published_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: For claims by self-published authors about themselves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ABOUTSELF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ABOUTSELF">WP:ABOUTSELF</a></div> <p>Self-published and questionable sources may be used as sources of information about themselves, usually in articles about themselves or their activities, even if the source is not a published expert in the field, so long as: </p> <ol><li>the material is neither unduly self-serving nor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">exceptional</a> in nature;</li> <li>it does not involve claims about third parties;</li> <li>it does not involve claims about events not directly related to the source;</li> <li>there is no reasonable doubt as to its authenticity;</li> <li>the article is not based primarily on such sources.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-published_sources_for_notability" data-mw-thread-id="h-Self-published_sources_for_notability-Using_self-published_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Self-published_sources_for_notability-Using_self-published_sources"></span>Self-published sources for notability<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Self-published_sources_for_notability-Using_self-published_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Self-published sources for notability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Self-published sources are seldom useful for demonstrating the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">notability</a> of any subject. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Unpublished_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Unpublished_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Unpublished_sources"></span>Unpublished sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Unpublished_sources"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unpublished sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An unpublished source is any source that has <b>not</b> been made available to the public in some form like at a library or archive. Examples include: </p> <ul><li>Letters or diaries found in your family's home</li> <li>Internal documents or papers at your work</li> <li>Letters or e-mail messages sent to you or to a small number of people</li></ul> <p>Unpublished sources may not be cited in any article. There are no exceptions to this rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_self-publishing_companies" title="List of self-publishing companies">List of self-publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_self-publishing_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:List of self-publishing companies">Wikipedia:List of self-publishing companies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Elton2016" class="citation podcast cs1">Matt Elton (26 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyextra.com/podcast/writing-history-21st-century">"Writing history in the 21st century"</a> (Podcast). <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Event occurs at 28:00<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Writing+history+in+the+21st+century&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2016-05-26&rft.au=Matt+Elton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fpodcast%2Fwriting-history-21st-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AIdentifying+and+using+self-published+works" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510203400/https://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/Evaluate.html">"Evaluating Web Pages: Techniques to Apply & Questions to Ask"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></i>. May 8, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/Evaluate.html">the original</a> on May 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.atitle=Evaluating+Web+Pages%3A+Techniques+to+Apply+%26+Questions+to+Ask&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.berkeley.edu%2FTeachingLib%2FGuides%2FInternet%2FEvaluate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AIdentifying+and+using+self-published+works" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Nonprint and Electronic Sources". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517105412/https://odoc.princeton.edu/sites/odoc/files/950045_AcademicIntegrity2018-19_FINAL_PDF.pdf"><i>Academic Integrity at Princeton</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://odoc.princeton.edu/sites/odoc/files/950045_AcademicIntegrity2018-19_FINAL_PDF.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nonprint+and+Electronic+Sources&rft.btitle=Academic+Integrity+at+Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fodoc.princeton.edu%2Fsites%2Fodoc%2Ffiles%2F950045_AcademicIntegrity2018-19_FINAL_PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AIdentifying+and+using+self-published+works" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EXCEPTIONAL-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EXCEPTIONAL_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Please do note that any exceptional claim would require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">exceptional sources</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Further examples of self published sources include press releases, material contained within company websites, advertising campaigns, material published in media by the owner(s)/publisher(s) of the media group, self-released music albums and <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">electoral manifestos</a>:</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&oldid=1255269612">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_works&oldid=1255269612</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_supplemental_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia supplemental pages">Wikipedia supplemental pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_essays_about_verification" title="Category:Wikipedia essays about verification">Wikipedia essays about verification</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 01:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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