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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_Site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_Site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>World Heritage Site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_Site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palace_Devasthanam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palace_Devasthanam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Palace Devasthanam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palace_Devasthanam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Airavatesvara Temple</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="معبد أيرافيتسفارا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معبد أيرافيتسفارا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0" title="ঐরাবতেশ্বর মন্দির – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঐরাবতেশ্বর মন্দির" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airavatesvara-Tempel" title="Airavatesvara-Tempel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Airavatesvara-Tempel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_Airavatesvara" title="Templo Airavatesvara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Templo Airavatesvara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_Airavatesvara" title="Templo Airavatesvara – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Templo Airavatesvara" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="ऐरावतेश्वर मंदिर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐरावतेश्वर मंदिर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airavatesvara" title="Airavatesvara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Airavatesvara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempio_Airavatesvara" title="Tempio Airavatesvara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tempio Airavatesvara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מקדש איראווטסווארה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקדש איראווטסווארה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="ऐरावटेश्वर मन्दिर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ऐरावटेश्वर मन्दिर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഐരാവതേശ്വര ക്ഷേത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐരാവതേശ്വര ക്ഷേത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="ऐरावतेश्वर मंदिर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऐरावतेश्वर मंदिर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="معبد ايرافيتسفارا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معبد ايرافيتسفارا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airavatesvara_ibodatxonasi" title="Airavatesvara ibodatxonasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Airavatesvara ibodatxonasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0" title="ਐਰਾਵਤੇਸ਼ਵਰ ਮੰਦਿਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਰਾਵਤੇਸ਼ਵਰ ਮੰਦਿਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ایراوتیشور مندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایراوتیشور مندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airavatesvara_temple" title="Airavatesvara temple – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Airavatesvara temple" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelj_Airavatesvara" title="Tempelj Airavatesvara – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tempelj Airavatesvara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐராவதேசுவரர் கோயில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐராவதேசுவரர் கோயில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ఐరావతేశ్వర దేవాలయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐరావతేశ్వర దేవాలయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Айраветасвара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Айраветасвара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3437182#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #FFC569">Airavatesvara Temple</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">ஐராவதேசுவரர் கோயில்</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:A_different_view_of_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A_different_view_of_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg/220px-A_different_view_of_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A_different_view_of_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg/330px-A_different_view_of_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A_different_view_of_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg/440px-A_different_view_of_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The main temple</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam" title="Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a>, India</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Airavatesvara Temple is located in Tamil Nadu"><img alt="Airavatesvara Temple is located in Tamil Nadu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg/240px-India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg/360px-India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg/480px-India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.038%;left:68.602%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Airavatesvara Temple"><img alt="Airavatesvara Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/8px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/12px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/16px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Tamil Nadu</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Airavatesvara Temple is located in India"><img alt="Airavatesvara Temple is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/240px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/360px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/480px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.697%;left:38.615%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Airavatesvara Temple"><img alt="Airavatesvara Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/8px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/12px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/16px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in India</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of India</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Airavatesvara_Temple&params=10.9484_N_79.3567_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°56′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°21′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.9484°N 79.3567°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.9484; 79.3567</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_II" title="Rajaraja II">Rajaraja II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data note">12th century AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscriptions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; font-size:88%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: (ii), (iii)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250-003">250-003</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1987 (11th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Extensions</th><td class="infobox-data">2004</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Airavatesvara Temple</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chola_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola architecture">Chola architecture</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam,_Thanjavur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumbakonam, Thanjavur District">Kumbakonam, Thanjavur District</a> in the South Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. This temple, built by <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola II">Rajaraja II</a> in the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Brihadeeswara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeeswara Temple">Brihadeeswara Temple</a> at Thanjavur, the <a href="/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_Temple,_Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeeswarar Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Gangaikondacholisvaram Temple</a> at Gangaikonda Cholapuram that are referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Airavatesvarar temple is one among a cluster of eighteen medieval era large <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> temples in the <a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam" title="Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur District">Thanjavur District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple is dedicated to Shiva. It also reverentially displays <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> traditions of Hinduism, along with the legends associated with <a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanmars</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> saints of Shaivism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–245_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–245-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stone temple incorporates a chariot structure, and includes major Vedic and Puranic deities such as <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saptamatrikas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptamatrikas">Saptamatrikas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, Sri devi (<a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Yamuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Subrahmanya">Subrahmanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–234_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–234-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shiva's consort has a dedicated shrine called the Periya Nayaki Amman temple. This is a detached temple situated to the north of the Airavateshvarar temple. This might have been a part of the main temple when the outer courts were complete. At present, parts of the temple such as the gopuram is in ruins, and the main temple and associated shrines stand alone.<sup id="cite_ref-ayyar351_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayyar351-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has two sun dials namely morning and evening sun dials which can be seen as wheels of the chariot. The temple continues to attract large gatherings of Hindu pilgrims every year during Magha, while some of the images such as those of <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> are part of special <i>pujas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–234_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–234-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Airavatesvara Temple is located in <a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam" title="Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a> city, 310 kilometres (190 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> and 90 kilometres (56 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Chidambaram" title="Chidambaram">Chidambaram</a>. It is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the northeast to the <a href="/wiki/Brihadeeswara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeeswara Temple">Brihadeeswara Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>, and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the southwest of <a href="/wiki/Gangaikonda_Cholapuram_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple">Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple</a>. All three are a part of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> world heritage site.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asigcbt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asigcbt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Architecture_of_World_Heritage_Monument_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%22Architecture_of_World_Heritage_Monument_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG/280px-%22Architecture_of_World_Heritage_Monument_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%22Architecture_of_World_Heritage_Monument_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG/420px-%22Architecture_of_World_Heritage_Monument_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%22Architecture_of_World_Heritage_Monument_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG/560px-%22Architecture_of_World_Heritage_Monument_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption>A <i>vimana</i> or pyramidal tower inside the Airavatesvara Temple</figcaption></figure> <p>The nearest airport with regular services is <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_International_Airport" title="Tiruchirappalli International Airport">Tiruchirappalli International Airport</a> (IATA: TRZ), about 90 kilometres (56 mi) away.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple is on highway 22 connecting Tiruchirappalli, and highway 36 connecting it to Thanjavur. The nearby cities of Tiruchirapalli and Chidambaram are connected daily to other major cities by the network of Indian Railways and Tamil Nadu bus services.<sup id="cite_ref-road_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-road-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temple though inland, is near the <a href="/wiki/Kollidam_River" title="Kollidam River">Kollidam River</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> (Cauvery) delta with access to the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> and through it to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Airavatesvara Shiva temple has a water tank that has a connected channel that brings in water from the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Cauveri</a> River. Hindus gather annually to take a dip in the tank. The local mythology narrates how <a href="/wiki/Airavata" title="Airavata">Airavata</a>, or Indra's white elephant was restored to clean, white skin after he took a dip in this tank. This legend is carved in stone in the inner shrine, and this Indra's elephant gives this temple its name.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayyar_1992,_pp._350-351_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyar_1992,_pp._350-351-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chariot_detail,_Airavatesvara,_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chariot_detail%2C_Airavatesvara%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/220px-Chariot_detail%2C_Airavatesvara%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chariot_detail%2C_Airavatesvara%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/330px-Chariot_detail%2C_Airavatesvara%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chariot_detail%2C_Airavatesvara%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/440px-Chariot_detail%2C_Airavatesvara%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Chariot detail, Airavatesvara temple, Tamil Nadu.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darasuram,_Airavatesvara_Temple,_Gopuram,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Gopuram%2C_India.jpg/220px-Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Gopuram%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Gopuram%2C_India.jpg/330px-Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Gopuram%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Gopuram%2C_India.jpg/440px-Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Gopuram%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>This is the other side of the gopuram sculpted with beautiful sculptures</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Cholas</a> built hundreds of Hindu temples across their empire. Of these four were vast complexes with made of stone <i><a href="/wiki/Vimana_(architectural_feature)" title="Vimana (architectural feature)">vimanas</a></i> (pyramidal towers).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Airavatesvara temple is one of these four temples and was built by <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_II" title="Rajaraja II">Rajaraja II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is classified as <i>Karak Koil</i>, since it was designed after chariots - vehicles which were used in processions during festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other three temples are found in <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a> built by Rajaraja I, <a href="/wiki/Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a> built by Rajendra I, and <a href="/wiki/Kampaheswarar_Temple,_Thirubuvanam" title="Kampaheswarar Temple, Thirubuvanam">Tribuvanam</a> by Kulottunga II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Airavatesvara temple is another square plan structure completed in 1166 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-michell91_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> temple is enclosed by a compound wall that is approximately 107 metres (351 ft) by 70 metres (230 ft) with a <i>nandi madapa</i> and <i>dhvajastambha</i> found outside of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main temple itself sits on a plinth that is 23 meters by 63 meters, and consists of the <i>garbhagriha</i> (inner sanctum), and three <i><a href="/wiki/Mandapa" title="Mandapa">mandapas</a></i> - <i>ardhamandapa</i>, <i>mukhamandapa</i> and <i>agramandapa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:393px;max-width:393px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N-TN-C189_Airavatesvara_Temple-Chariot-_Like-Rajagambhira-Mandapam-Pulled-by-Horses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/N-TN-C189_Airavatesvara_Temple-Chariot-_Like-Rajagambhira-Mandapam-Pulled-by-Horses.jpg/205px-N-TN-C189_Airavatesvara_Temple-Chariot-_Like-Rajagambhira-Mandapam-Pulled-by-Horses.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/N-TN-C189_Airavatesvara_Temple-Chariot-_Like-Rajagambhira-Mandapam-Pulled-by-Horses.jpg/308px-N-TN-C189_Airavatesvara_Temple-Chariot-_Like-Rajagambhira-Mandapam-Pulled-by-Horses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/N-TN-C189_Airavatesvara_Temple-Chariot-_Like-Rajagambhira-Mandapam-Pulled-by-Horses.jpg/410px-N-TN-C189_Airavatesvara_Temple-Chariot-_Like-Rajagambhira-Mandapam-Pulled-by-Horses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4378" data-file-height="2896" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The chariot-shaped <i>agra-mandapam</i>, with pillars and Nandi on top.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muha_Mandapam_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Muha_Mandapam_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg/180px-Muha_Mandapam_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Muha_Mandapam_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg/270px-Muha_Mandapam_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Muha_Mandapam_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg/360px-Muha_Mandapam_Airavatesvara_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The chariot wheel, the horse's head and body is ruined.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <i>garbhagriha</i> or inner sanctum is a 12-metre-sided (39 ft) square, with thick walls on which the <i>vimana</i> (pyramidal tower) rises to a height of 24 m (79 ft). There is no circumambulatory path provided immediately around the inner sanctum; rather, it is outside in the courtyard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>garbhagriha</i> is connected to the <i>mukhamandapa</i> through the <i>ardhamandapa</i> supported on pillars and flanked by two massive <i><a href="/wiki/Dvarapala" title="Dvarapala">dvarapalas</a></i>. </p><p>The <i>maha-mandapa</i> is a rectangle of about 24 metres (79 ft) by 18 metres (59 ft), with six rows of right pillars (forty-eight in total).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have reliefs and intricate carvings. Towards the east of the <i>maha mandapa</i> is the <i>agra mandapa</i> also called the <i>Rajagambhiran-tiru-mandapam</i> after the king.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>agra mandapa</i> hall is shaped like a chariot, with stone carvings of wheels and horses. The design is similar to the <i>Nritta-sabha</i> (community dance hall) of the Chidambaram temple and the <a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a> near Puri, Odisha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singing_steps">Singing steps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Singing steps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>agra mandapa</i> has an attached square porch of 7 metres (23 ft) side. It has ornately carved steps that go from east to west. On its east, outside the main podium, is the <i>bali-pitham</i>. It is unusual, in that it is produced as intricately carved <a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">balustraded</a> steps, that produce a musical note. They are therefore called the "singing steps".<sup id="cite_ref-ayyar351_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayyar351-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This temple is a storehouse of art and <i>architecture</i> and has some exquisite stone carvings. Although this temple is much smaller than the Brihadeesvara Temple or the Gangaikondacholapuram Temple, it is more exquisite in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-michell91_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elevation and proportions of all the units is elegant with sculptures dominating the architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pedestal of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bali_Pitham" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali Pitham">Balipitha</a></i> adjoins a small shrine which contains an image of <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>. </p><p>The reliefs all along the base of the main temple narrate the stories of the sixty three Shaiva Bhakti saints called <a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-michell91_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stories are found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Periya_Puranam" title="Periya Puranam">Periya Purana</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sekkilar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekkilar">Sekkilar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harle1994p318_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harle1994p318-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dehejia2010p106_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dehejia2010p106-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PeriyaNayaki_Darasuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PeriyaNayaki_Darasuram.jpg/220px-PeriyaNayaki_Darasuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PeriyaNayaki_Darasuram.jpg/330px-PeriyaNayaki_Darasuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PeriyaNayaki_Darasuram.jpg/440px-PeriyaNayaki_Darasuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Periya Nayaki, a smaller shrine</figcaption></figure> <p>On the outer walls of the main sanctum are sculpture niches, five on each side, with the middle one larger than others. They show various Hindu deities, with the middle one of each side showing Shiva in different aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-michell91_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_shrines">Other shrines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other shrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the south-west corner of the court is a <i>mandapam</i> having 4 shrines. One of these has an image of Yama. Adjoining this shrine are large stone slabs sculptured with images of the <i>sapthamathas</i> (seven celestial nymphs).<sup id="cite_ref-ayyar351_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayyar351-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of a separate temple for Devi, slightly later than the main temple, indicates the emergence of the Amman shrine as an essential component of the South Indian temple complex.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22An_inscriptions_in_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%22An_inscriptions_in_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG/220px-%22An_inscriptions_in_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%22An_inscriptions_in_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG/330px-%22An_inscriptions_in_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%22An_inscriptions_in_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG/440px-%22An_inscriptions_in_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Inscription in Airavatesvara Temple</figcaption></figure> <p>There are various inscriptions in the temple. One of these records the renovation of the shrines by <a href="/wiki/Kulottunga_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulottunga Chola III">Kulottunga Chola III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ayyar353_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayyar353-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The north wall of the <i>verandah</i> consists of 108 sections of inscriptions, each containing the name and description and image of the 63 <i>Saivacharya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Saivite" class="mw-redirect" title="Saivite">Saivite</a> saints) listing the principal events in their life.<sup id="cite_ref-ayyar353_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayyar353-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflects the deep roots of Saivism in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important sculptures of the temple are the 108 Devara Othuvars who sung in the temple during the time of Raja Raja II. There are sculptures for river goddesses like Cauvery, Ganges, Yamuna, Godavari and Narmada.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another inscription close to the <i>gopura</i>, records that an image was brought from <a href="/wiki/Basavakalyan" title="Basavakalyan">Kalyani</a>, then known as Kalyanapura by emperor <a href="/wiki/Rajadhiraja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajadhiraja Chola I">Rajadhiraja Chola I</a> after his defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukya">Western Chalukya</a> king Someshwara I, his sons <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a> and Someshwara II his capture of the Chalukyan capital.<sup id="cite_ref-ayyar353_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayyar353-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inscriptions are also important in identifying the sculptures that once were a part of various ruined monuments. For example, the eastern gopurum has niches with inscriptions that label the sculpture therein. Most of these sculptures are now broken or missing. The inscriptions indicate that it had the following sculptures:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979227–228_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979227–228-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Northern face: Adi Chandesvara, Gangadevi, Tumburu Nardar, Vaisravana, Chandra, Maha Sata, Nagaraja, Vayu</li> <li>West: Devi, Rudrani, Vaishnavi, Brahmi, Varunani, Nandidevar, Periyadevar, Santyatita Sakti, Santa devi, Vidya Sakti, Pratishta Sakti, Nivarti Sakti</li> <li>Southern face: Daksha Prajapati, Yamuna devi, Rati, Kamadeva</li> <li>East: Agni deva, Agastya, Sri devi, Durga devi, Devendran, Padma Nidhi, Surya, Subrahmanya, Kshetrapala, Sarasvati, Visvakarma, Isana</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temple was built by King <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola II">Rajaraja Chola II</a>. He ruled the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> Empire between 1146 and 1172 CE. The established capital for his predecessors was Gangapuri, also referred to in some inscriptions as <a href="/wiki/Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a>, named after the king brought water from holy Ganges River by defeating every other kings who opposed him. Rajaraja II, however, spent most of his time in the secondary capital city of Ayirattali, also called Pazhaiyarai and Rajarajapuri. This urban complex included Darasuram, the site of Airavatesvara Temple in <a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam" title="Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a>. He was a patron of Tamil literature and sponsored new Hindu temples in the empire, instead of enhancements and expansions supported by his father and grandfather. The temple at Ayirattali, which came to be known as the Airavatesvarar temple in inscriptions is one of his legacies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Airavatesvara temple was much larger than it is now. It had <i>sapta veedhis</i> (seven streets) and seven courts, similar to the Srirangam temple, according to the inscriptions. All are gone, except the one court with the main temple that survives. There are ruins of gopuram and some structures at some distance from the current visitor premises confirming that the site was badly damaged at some point like the other major Chola era temples and various Chola cities including the capital Gangaikonda Cholapuram.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The reasons for this destruction are unclear. According to Vasanthi, the <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a> who defeated the Cholas during the later part of 13th century "may have raged the city [Gangaikonda Cholapuram] to ground" to avenge their previous defeats. However, it is unclear why other temples were destroyed and this temple was spared, as well as why there are around 20 inscriptions from later Cholas, Pandyas and <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar Empire">Vijayanagar Empire</a> indicating various gifts and grants to this temple. An alternate theory links the destruction to the raids, plunder and wars, particularly with the invasion of the capital city and the territories that were earlier a part by the Chola Empire along with Madurai by the armies of <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> led by the Muslim commander Malik Kafur in 1311, followed by Khusrau Khan in 1314 and Muhammad bin Tughlaq in 1327. The period that followed saw wars between the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a> and the Muslim Sultans who seceded the Delhi Sultanate and carved out new polity such as the nearby <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a> (1335–1378).Thanjavur was a target of both Muslim and Hindu neighboring kingdoms, both near and far. The <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a> was established in the 14th century, after the disastrous invasions and plunder of South India by Ala ud-Din Khalji's armies of <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> led by Malik Kafur.George Michell (2008), Architecture and art of Southern India, Cambridge University Press, pages 9–13, 16-21 Later Adil Shahi Sultanate, Qutb Shahis, <a href="/wiki/Randaula_Khan" title="Randaula Khan">Randaula Khan</a> and others from east and west coasts of South India raided it, and some occupied it for a few years. The <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> defeated the Madurai Sultanate in 1378 and this temple along with other Chola era temples thereafter came under Hindu kings again who repaired and restored many of them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Heritage_Site">World Heritage Site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World Heritage Site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Airavatesvara Temple was added to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> list of <a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a> in the year 2004. The Great Living Chola Temples includes the <a href="/wiki/Brihadeeswara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeeswara Temple">Brihadeeswara Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>, the Temple of Gangaikondacholisvaram at <a href="/wiki/Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a> and the Airavatesvara Temple at <a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam" title="Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a>. All of these temples were built by the Cholas between the 10th and 12th centuries CE and have a lot of similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-ayyar316_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayyar316-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American astronomer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> visited the Airavatesvara Temple for his 1980 television documentary series, <a href="/wiki/Cosmos:_A_Personal_Voyage" title="Cosmos: A Personal Voyage">Cosmos: A Personal Voyage</a>. In the tenth episode titled <i>The Edge of Forever</i>, Sagan talks about the Hindu religion and the Vedas, and narrates the legend of the god Shiva being considered a cosmic deity while displaying ancient Indian art.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palace_Devasthanam">Palace Devasthanam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Palace Devasthanam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Palace_Devastanam_Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur Palace Devastanam Temples">Thanjavur Palace Devasthanam</a> comprises 88 temples, of which this temple is the one. They are maintained and administered by the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Religious_and_Charitable_Endowments_Department" title="Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department">Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1737px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram,_dedicated_to_Shiva,_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nandi at the temple"><img alt="Nandi at the temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%284%29.jpg/150px-12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%284%29.jpg/225px-12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%284%29.jpg/300px-12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nandi at the temple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram,_dedicated_to_Shiva,_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_(96).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shiva flanked by Brahma (left) and Vishnu"><img alt="Shiva flanked by Brahma (left) and Vishnu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%2896%29.jpg/150px-12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%2896%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%2896%29.jpg/225px-12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%2896%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%2896%29.jpg/300px-12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%2896%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5904" data-file-height="3850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shiva flanked by Brahma (left) and Vishnu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darasuram,_Airavatesvara_Temple,_Mandapa_at_night_4,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandapa at night"><img alt="Mandapa at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Mandapa_at_night_4%2C_India.jpg/150px-Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Mandapa_at_night_4%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Mandapa_at_night_4%2C_India.jpg/225px-Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Mandapa_at_night_4%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Mandapa_at_night_4%2C_India.jpg/300px-Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Mandapa_at_night_4%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandapa at night</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darasuram,_Airavatesvara_Temple,_Inner_halls,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior"><img alt="Interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Inner_halls%2C_India.jpg/150px-Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Inner_halls%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Inner_halls%2C_India.jpg/225px-Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Inner_halls%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Inner_halls%2C_India.jpg/300px-Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Inner_halls%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darasuram,_Airavatesvara_Temple,_Mandapa_at_night_2,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Columns with Dravidian reliefs and carvings"><img alt="Columns with Dravidian reliefs and carvings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Mandapa_at_night_2%2C_India.jpg/150px-Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Mandapa_at_night_2%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Mandapa_at_night_2%2C_India.jpg/225px-Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Mandapa_at_night_2%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Mandapa_at_night_2%2C_India.jpg/300px-Darasuram%2C_Airavatesvara_Temple%2C_Mandapa_at_night_2%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Columns with Dravidian reliefs and carvings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram,_dedicated_to_Shiva,_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_(114).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculptures carved on the walls"><img alt="Sculptures carved on the walls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%28114%29.jpg/150px-12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%28114%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%28114%29.jpg/225px-12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%28114%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%28114%29.jpg/300px-12th_century_Airavatesvara_Temple_at_Darasuram%2C_dedicated_to_Shiva%2C_built_by_the_Chola_king_Rajaraja_II_Tamil_Nadu_India_%28114%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculptures carved on the walls</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Airavatesvara_Temple_Chariot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone chariot madapam detail"><img alt="Stone chariot madapam detail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Airavatesvara_Temple_Chariot.jpg/150px-Airavatesvara_Temple_Chariot.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Airavatesvara_Temple_Chariot.jpg/225px-Airavatesvara_Temple_Chariot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Airavatesvara_Temple_Chariot.jpg/300px-Airavatesvara_Temple_Chariot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1982" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone chariot madapam detail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Ruined_beauty_of_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Front Gopuram in ruins"><img alt="Front Gopuram in ruins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%22Ruined_beauty_of_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG/150px-%22Ruined_beauty_of_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%22Ruined_beauty_of_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG/225px-%22Ruined_beauty_of_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%22Ruined_beauty_of_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG/300px-%22Ruined_beauty_of_Airavatesvara_Temple%22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Front Gopuram in ruins</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Airavateswarar_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Airavateswarar Temple"><img alt="Airavateswarar Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Airavateswarar_Temple.jpg/150px-Airavateswarar_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Airavateswarar_Temple.jpg/225px-Airavateswarar_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Airavateswarar_Temple.jpg/300px-Airavateswarar_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Airavateswarar Temple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Airavatesvara_Temple_Panoramic_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Airavatesvara Temple Panoramic View"><img alt="Airavatesvara Temple Panoramic View" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Airavatesvara_Temple_Panoramic_View.jpg/150px-Airavatesvara_Temple_Panoramic_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Airavatesvara_Temple_Panoramic_View.jpg/225px-Airavatesvara_Temple_Panoramic_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Airavatesvara_Temple_Panoramic_View.jpg/300px-Airavatesvara_Temple_Panoramic_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5028" data-file-height="3181" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Airavatesvara Temple Panoramic View</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The temple complex was seven fold larger. Much of it was destroyed in late 13th or early 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayyar_1992,_pp._350-351_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyar_1992,_pp._350-351-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-unesco-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/">"Great Living Chola Temples"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Living+Chola+Temples&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F250%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ayyar">Ayyar 1992</a>, pp. 349-350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–245-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–245_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1979</a>, pp. 225–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndira_Menon2013" class="citation book cs1">Indira Menon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym17YA_jhCgC&pg=PA118"><i>Rhythms in Stone, The Temples of South India</i></a>. Ambi. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903591-3-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-903591-3-9"><bdi>978-81-903591-3-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhythms+in+Stone%2C+The+Temples+of+South+India&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Ambi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-903591-3-9&rft.au=Indira+Menon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYm17YA_jhCgC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–234-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–234_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–234_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1979</a>, pp. 225–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayyar351-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ayyar351_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayyar351_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayyar351_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ayyar">Ayyar 1993</a>, p. 351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratapaditya_PalStephen_P._HuylerJohn_E._Cort2016" class="citation book cs1">Pratapaditya Pal; Stephen P. Huyler; John E. Cort; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA65"><i>Puja and Piety: Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Art from the Indian Subcontinent</i></a>. Univ of California Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28847-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28847-8"><bdi>978-0-520-28847-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puja+and+Piety%3A+Hindu%2C+Jain%2C+and+Buddhist+Art+from+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28847-8&rft.au=Pratapaditya+Pal&rft.au=Stephen+P.+Huyler&rft.au=John+E.+Cort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNXolDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asigcbt-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asigcbt_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_cholabt.asp">Great Living Chola Temples</a>, Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĒ._Kē_Cēṣāttiri2008" class="citation book cs1">Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FnXXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sri Brihadisvara: The Great Temple of Thānjavūr</i></a>. Nile. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Brihadisvara%3A+The+Great+Temple+of+Th%C4%81njav%C5%ABr&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Nile&rft.date=2008&rft.au=%C4%92.+K%C4%93+C%C4%93%E1%B9%A3%C4%81ttiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFnXXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-road-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-road_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf">"NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Highways_Authority_of_India" title="National Highways Authority of India">National Highways Authority of India</a>. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Road+Transport+%26+Highways%2C+Government+of+India&rft.atitle=NH+wise+Details+of+NH+in+respect+of+Stretches+entrusted+to+NHAI&rft.pages=2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhai.org%2FDoc%2Fproject-offer%2FHighways.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617131259/http://www.municipality.tn.gov.in/thanjavur/city-routes.htm">"Thanjavur bus routes"</a>. Municipality of Thanjavur. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.municipality.tn.gov.in/thanjavur/city-routes.htm">the original</a> on 17 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thanjavur+bus+routes&rft.pub=Municipality+of+Thanjavur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.municipality.tn.gov.in%2Fthanjavur%2Fcity-routes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_M._Bouton2014" class="citation book cs1">Marshall M. Bouton (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5-v_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72"><i>Agrarian Radicalism in South India</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">72–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5784-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5784-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-5784-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agrarian+Radicalism+in+South+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5784-5&rft.au=Marshall+M.+Bouton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5-v_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayyar_1992,_pp._350-351-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayyar_1992,_pp._350-351_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayyar_1992,_pp._350-351_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ayyar">Ayyar 1992</a>, pp. 350-351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vimana">"Definition of VIMANA"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+VIMANA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fvimana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy2010" class="citation book cs1">Reddy, G.Venkatramana (2010). <i>Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture</i>. Mylapore, Chennai: Sri Ramakrishna Math. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7823-542-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7823-542-4"><bdi>978-81-7823-542-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alayam+-+The+Hindu+temple+-+An+epitome+of+Hindu+Culture&rft.place=Mylapore%2C+Chennai&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Sri+Ramakrishna+Math&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-7823-542-4&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=G.Venkatramana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979225–227_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1979</a>, pp. 225–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michell91-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-michell91_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michell91_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michell91_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michell91_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Michell2012" class="citation book cs1">George Michell (2012). Julia A. B. Hegewald and Subrata K. Mitra (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZqHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91"><i>Re-Use-The Art and Politics of Integration and Anxiety</i></a>. SAGE Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0981-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0981-5"><bdi>978-81-321-0981-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-Use-The+Art+and+Politics+of+Integration+and+Anxiety&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-321-0981-5&rft.au=George+Michell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZqHAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chaitanya">Chaitanya 1987</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._M._Venkataramaiah1996" class="citation book cs1">K. M. Venkataramaiah (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2pAMAQAAMAAJ"><i>A Handbook of Tamil Nadu</i></a>. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85692-20-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85692-20-3"><bdi>978-81-85692-20-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=International+School+of+Dravidian+Linguistics&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-85692-20-3&rft.au=K.+M.+Venkataramaiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2pAMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harle1994p318-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harle1994p318_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._Harle1994" class="citation book cs1">James C. Harle (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl"><i>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/318">318</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5"><bdi>978-0-300-06217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06217-5&rft.au=James+C.+Harle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartarchitectureo00harl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dehejia2010p106-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dehejia2010p106_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidya_Dehejia2010" class="citation book cs1">Vidya Dehejia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=23F7vTn3hBMC"><i>Art of the Imperial Cholas</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51524-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51524-5"><bdi>978-0-231-51524-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+Imperial+Cholas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51524-5&rft.au=Vidya+Dehejia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D23F7vTn3hBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayyar353-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ayyar353_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayyar353_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayyar353_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ayyar">Ayyar 1993</a>, p. 353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chaitanya">Chaitanya 1997</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Vasudevan">Vasudevan</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2011" class="citation news cs1">Srinivasan, G. (20 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/darasuram-architectural-marvel-from-chola-period/article2260784.ece">"Darasuram: architectural marvel from Chola period"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Darasuram%3A+architectural+marvel+from+Chola+period&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-editorialfeatures%2Fdarasuram-architectural-marvel-from-chola-period%2Farticle2260784.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Davis">Davis 1997</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979227–228-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979227–228_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1979</a>, pp. 227–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayyar316-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ayyar316_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ayyar">Ayyar 1993</a>, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSays" class="citation web cs1">Says, Umesh Mehta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sahapedia.org/the-great-chola-temples/">"The Great Chola Temples Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram and Darasuram | Sahapedia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Chola+Temples+Thanjavur%2C+Gangaikondacholapuram+and+Darasuram+%7C+Sahapedia&rft.aulast=Says&rft.aufirst=Umesh+Mehta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsahapedia.org%2Fthe-great-chola-temples%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?tv-show=cosmos-carl-sagan&episode=s01e10">"Cosmos Carl Sagan s01e10 Episode Script | SS"</a>. <i>Springfield! Springfield!</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Springfield%21+Springfield%21&rft.atitle=Cosmos+Carl+Sagan+s01e10+Episode+Script+%7C+SS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springfieldspringfield.co.uk%2Fview_episode_scripts.php%3Ftv-show%3Dcosmos-carl-sagan%26episode%3Ds01e10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=13967">"Thanjavur Palace Devasthanam, Thanjavur - 613009, Thanjavur District [TM013967].,"</a>. <i>hrce.tn.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrce.tn.gov.in&rft.atitle=Thanjavur+Palace+Devasthanam%2C+Thanjavur+-+613009%2C+Thanjavur+District+%5BTM013967%5D.%2C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrce.tn.gov.in%2Fhrcehome%2Findex_temple.php%3Ftid%3D13967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">தஞ்சாவூர் அரண்மனை தேவஸ்தானத்தைச் சேர்ந்த ஆலயங்கள், தஞ்சை இராஜராஜேச்சரம் திருக்குட நன்னீராட்டுப் பெருவிழா மலர், 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.M.Somasundaram Pillai, The Great Temple at Tanjore, [Tanjore Palace Devastanams, II Edn 1958] Rpt 1994, Tamil University, Thanjavur</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ayyar" class="citation book cs1">Ayyar, P.V. Jagadisa (1993). <i>South Indian Shrines</i>. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0151-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0151-3"><bdi>81-206-0151-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Shrines&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=81-206-0151-3&rft.aulast=Ayyar&rft.aufirst=P.V.+Jagadisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Chaitanya" class="citation book cs1">Chaitanya, Krishna (1987). <i>Arts of India</i>. Abhinav Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+of+India&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Chaitanya&rft.aufirst=Krishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Davis" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Richard (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofindianima0000davi"><i>Lives of Indian images</i></a></span>. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00520-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00520-6"><bdi>0-691-00520-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+Indian+images&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-691-00520-6&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofindianima0000davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1979" class="citation cs2">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam (1979), <i>Later Chola Temples</i>, Thomson Press, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6921015">6921015</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Later+Chola+Temples&rft.pub=Thomson+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6921015&rft.au=S.R.+Balasubrahmanyam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010" class="citation book cs1">Prasanna Kumar Acharya (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture</i></a>. Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7536-534-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7536-534-6"><bdi>978-81-7536-534-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+encyclopaedia+of+Hindu+architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28Republished+by+Motilal+Banarsidass%29&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-7536-534-6&rft.au=Prasanna+Kumar+Acharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fencyclopaediaofh07achauoft%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya1997" class="citation book cs1">Prasanna Kumar Acharya (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ"><i>A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations</i></a>. Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7536-113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7536-113-3"><bdi>978-81-7536-113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hindu+Architecture%3A+Treating+of+Sanskrit+Architectural+Terms+with+Illustrative+Quotations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28Reprinted+in+1997+by+Motilal+Banarsidass%29&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7536-113-3&rft.au=Prasanna+Kumar+Acharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbayQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014" class="citation book cs1">Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ"><i>Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6734-4"><bdi>978-1-4438-6734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+the+Hindu+Temple%3A+The+Sacred+Architecture+and+Urbanism+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4&rft.au=Vinayak+Bharne&rft.au=Krupali+Krusche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCGukBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_Boner1990" class="citation book cs1">Alice Boner (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC"><i>Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0705-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0705-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0705-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Composition+in+Hindu+Sculpture%3A+Cave+Temple+Period&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0705-1&rft.au=Alice+Boner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdoQLZ21CGScC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005" class="citation book cs1">Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ"><i>Silpa Prakasa</i></a>. Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120820524" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120820524"><bdi>978-8120820524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silpa+Prakasa&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+%28Reprinted+by+Motilal+Banarsidass%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8120820524&rft.au=Alice+Boner&rft.au=Sad%C4%81%C5%9Biva+Rath+%C5%9Aarm%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitQUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.K._CoomaraswamyMichael_W._Meister1995" class="citation book cs1">A.K. Coomaraswamy; Michael W. Meister (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ"><i>Essays in Architectural Theory</i></a>. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563805-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563805-9"><bdi>978-0-19-563805-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Architectural+Theory&rft.pub=Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the+Arts&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563805-9&rft.au=A.K.+Coomaraswamy&rft.au=Michael+W.+Meister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5B1QAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dehejia, V. (1997). <i>Indian Art</i>. Phaidon: London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-3496-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-3496-3">0-7148-3496-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Hardy1995" class="citation book cs1">Adam Hardy (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C"><i>Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-312-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-312-0"><bdi>978-81-7017-312-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Temple+Architecture%3A+Form+and+Transformation&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-312-0&rft.au=Adam+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaU0hCAS2-08C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Hardy2007" class="citation book cs1">Adam Hardy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Temple Architecture of India</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470028278" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470028278"><bdi>978-0470028278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Temple+Architecture+of+India&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0470028278&rft.au=Adam+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofUVAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Hardy2015" class="citation book cs1">Adam Hardy (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADrgEACAAJ"><i>Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings</i></a>. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81406-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-81406-41-0"><bdi>978-93-81406-41-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Temple+Architecture+in+Medieval+India%3A+Bhoja%27s+Samar%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga%E1%B9%87as%C5%ABtradh%C4%81ra+and+the+Bhojpur+Line+Drawings&rft.pub=Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the+Arts&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-81406-41-0&rft.au=Adam+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oADrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harle, J.C., <i>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</i>, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300062176" title="Special:BookSources/0300062176">0300062176</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonica_Juneja2001" class="citation book cs1">Monica Juneja (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ"><i>Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8178242286" title="Special:BookSources/978-8178242286"><bdi>978-8178242286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+in+Medieval+India%3A+Forms%2C+Contexts%2C+Histories&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8178242286&rft.au=Monica+Juneja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7N7VAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1976" class="citation book cs1">Stella Kramrisch (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C"><i>The Hindu Temple Volume 1</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0223-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0223-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0223-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple+Volume+1&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Reprinted+1946+Princeton+University+Press%29&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0223-0&rft.au=Stella+Kramrisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNNcXrBlI9S0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1979" class="citation book cs1">Stella Kramrisch (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC"><i>The Hindu Temple Volume 2</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0224-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0224-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0224-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple+Volume+2&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Reprinted+1946+Princeton+University+Press%29&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0224-7&rft.au=Stella+Kramrisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8-aS52MgIkMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_W._MeisterMadhusudan_Dhaky1986" class="citation book cs1">Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan Dhaky (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture</i></a>. American Institute of Indian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7992-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7992-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-7992-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+temple+architecture&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Indian+Studies&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-7992-4&rft.au=Michael+W.+Meister&rft.au=Madhusudan+Dhaky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDRY3AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Michell1988" class="citation book cs1">George Michell (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC"><i>The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53230-1"><bdi>978-0-226-53230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple%3A+An+Introduction+to+Its+Meaning+and+Forms&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53230-1&rft.au=George+Michell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajgImLs62gwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Michell2000" class="citation book cs1">George Michell (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hinduartarchitec00mich"><i>Hindu Art and Architecture</i></a></span>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20337-8"><bdi>978-0-500-20337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20337-8&rft.au=George+Michell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhinduartarchitec00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1993" class="citation book cs1">T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC"><i>Elements of Hindu iconography</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0878-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+iconography&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0878-2&rft.au=T.+A.+Gopinatha+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJD-KresBwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjay_J._Sinha2000" class="citation book cs1">Ajay J. Sinha (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C"><i>Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India</i></a>. University of Delaware Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-684-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-684-5"><bdi>978-0-87413-684-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Architects%3A+Creativity+in+the+Religious+Monuments+of+India&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87413-684-5&rft.au=Ajay+J.+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWvqLzaSUGi8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_Stein1978" class="citation book cs1">Burton Stein (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ"><i>South Indian Temples</i></a>. Vikas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0706904499" title="Special:BookSources/978-0706904499"><bdi>978-0706904499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Temples&rft.pub=Vikas&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0706904499&rft.au=Burton+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHq5BngAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_Stein1989" class="citation book cs1">Burton Stein (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC"><i>The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26693-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26693-2"><bdi>978-0-521-26693-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India%3A+Vijayanagara&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26693-2&rft.au=Burton+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpxeaYQbGDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_SteinDavid_Arnold2010" class="citation book cs1">Burton Stein; David Arnold (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC"><i>A History of India</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-2351-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1&rft.au=Burton+Stein&rft.au=David+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQY4zdTDwMAQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1997" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10"><i>The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-362-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-362-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-362-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Square+and+the+Circle+of+the+Indian+Arts&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-362-5&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwLJc3pBzzUC%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Vasudevan" class="citation book cs1">Vasudevan, Geeta (2003). <i>The Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Chola Power</i>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-383-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-383-3"><bdi>81-7017-383-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Temple+of+Rajaraja%3A+An+Instrument+of+Imperial+Chola+Power&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-7017-383-3&rft.aulast=Vasudevan&rft.aufirst=Geeta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAiravatesvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airavatesvara_Temple&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayan_National_Park" title="Great Himalayan National Park">Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb, Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keoladeo_National_Park" title="Keoladeo National Park">Keoladeo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalka%E2%80%93Shimla_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalka–Shimla railway">Kalka–Shimla railway</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_and_Valley_of_Flowers_National_Parks" title="Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks">Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb complex">Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Manas_National_Park" title="Manas National Park">Manas Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moidam" title="Moidam">Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Airavatesvara Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple" title="Brihadisvara Temple">Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Group of Monuments at Hampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram" title="Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram">Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Group of Monuments at Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railway" title="Nilgiri Mountain Railway">Nilgiri Mountain Railway</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramappa_Temple" title="Ramappa Temple">Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Ensembles_of_the_Hoysalas" title="Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas">Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Belur" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Belur">Chennakeshava Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysaleswara_Temple" title="Hoysaleswara Temple">Hoysaleswara Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Somanathapura" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathapura">Keshava Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaner-Pavagadh_Archaeological_Park" title="Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park">Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_and_convents_of_Goa" title="Churches and convents of Goa">Churches and convents of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira:a Harappan city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Forts_of_Rajasthan" title="Hill Forts of Rajasthan">Hill Forts of Rajasthan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amer_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Amer Fort">Amer Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittor_Fort" title="Chittor Fort">Chittor Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagron_Fort" title="Gagron Fort">Gagron Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer_Fort" title="Jaisalmer Fort">Jaisalmer Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhalgarh" title="Kumbhalgarh">Kumbhalgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranthambore_Fort" title="Ranthambore Fort">Ranthambore Fort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_City_of_Ahmadabad" title="Historic City of Ahmadabad">Historic City of Ahmadabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur City, Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_ki_vav" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani ki vav">Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar_(Jaipur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)">The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Gothic_and_Art_Deco_Ensembles_of_Mumbai" title="Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai">Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>^part of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Railways_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Railways of India">Mountain Railways of India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_temples_in_Thanjavur_district" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_temples_in_Thanjavur_District" title="Template:Hindu temples in Thanjavur District"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_temples_in_Thanjavur_District" title="Template talk:Hindu temples in Thanjavur District"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_temples_in_Thanjavur_District" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu temples in Thanjavur District"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_temples_in_Thanjavur_district" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Thanjavur district</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam_block" title="Kumbakonam block">Kumbakonam block</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Kumbeswarar_Temple,_Kumbakonam" title="Adi Kumbeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam">Adi Kumbeswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nageswaraswamy_Temple" title="Nageswaraswamy Temple">Nageswaraswamy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Someswarar_Temple" title="Someswarar Temple">Someswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauthameswarar_Temple" title="Gauthameswarar Temple">Gauthameswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangapani_Temple" title="Sarangapani Temple">Sarangapani Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Temple,_Kumbakonam" title="Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam">Ramaswamy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrapani_Temple" title="Chakrapani Temple">Chakrapani Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasi_Viswanathar_Temple,_Kumbakonam" title="Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Kumbakonam">Kasi Viswanathar Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="padding-right:0.75em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumbakonam_all.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kumbakonam Temple Gopuram"><img alt="Kumbakonam Temple Gopuram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kumbakonam_all.jpg/160px-Kumbakonam_all.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kumbakonam_all.jpg/240px-Kumbakonam_all.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kumbakonam_all.jpg/320px-Kumbakonam_all.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thiruppanandal_block" title="Thiruppanandal block">Thiruppanandal block</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Valvill_Ramar_Temple,_Tiruvelliyangudi" title="Kola Valvill Ramar Temple, Tiruvelliyangudi">Kola Valvill Ramar Temple, Tiruvelliyangudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thiruvaiyaru_block" title="Thiruvaiyaru block">Thiruvaiyaru block</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminatha_Swamy_Temple" title="Swaminatha Swamy Temple">Swaminatha Swamy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshinatheswarar_Temple,_Thiruppurambiyam" title="Sakshinatheswarar Temple, Thiruppurambiyam">Tirupurambiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilwaneswarar_Temple" title="Vilwaneswarar Temple">Vilwaneswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiru_Aadanoor_Temple" title="Thiru Aadanoor Temple">Thiru Aadanoor Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirupullabhoothangudi_Temple" title="Thirupullabhoothangudi Temple">Thirupullabhoothangudi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajendra_Varadha_Temple" title="Gajendra Varadha Temple">Kabisthalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakath_Rakshaka_Perumal_temple" title="Jakath Rakshaka Perumal temple">Thirukoodalur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thiruvidaimarudur_block" title="Thiruvidaimarudur block">Thiruvidaimarudur<br />block</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirunageswaram_Naganathar_Temple" title="Tirunageswaram Naganathar Temple">Rahu Stalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppiliappan_Temple" title="Oppiliappan Temple">Oppiliappan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amirthakadeswarar_Temple" title="Amirthakadeswarar Temple">Amirthakadeswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvisanallur_Sivayoginathar_Temple" title="Thiruvisanallur Sivayoginathar Temple">Thiruvisanallur Sivayoginathar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padikasu_Nathar_Temple" title="Padikasu Nathar Temple">Azhagaputhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalingeswarar_Temple,_Thiruvidaimarudur" title="Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur">Thiruvidaimarudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampaheswarar_Temple,_Thirubuvanam" title="Kampaheswarar Temple, Thirubuvanam">Thirubuvanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukoteeswarar_Temple" title="Thirukoteeswarar Temple">Tirukodikkaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenkurangaduthurai_Temple,_Aduthurai" title="Thenkurangaduthurai Temple, Aduthurai">Kurangatrudurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prananadeswarar_Temple" title="Prananadeswarar Temple">Thirumangalakkudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivagurunathaswamy_Temple" title="Sivagurunathaswamy Temple">Sivapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachiyar_Koil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nachiyar Koil">Nachiyar Koil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saranathan_Temple" title="Saranathan Temple">Tirucherai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papanasam_block" title="Papanasam block">Papanasam block</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Darasuram Airavateswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabartheeswarar_Temple" title="Kabartheeswarar Temple">Thiruvalanchuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaivananathar_Temple" title="Palaivananathar Temple">Palaivananathar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alandurainathar_Temple,_Pullamangai" title="Alandurainathar Temple, Pullamangai">Pasupathi Kovil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orathanadu_block" title="Orathanadu block">Orathanadu block</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazhayarai_Vadathali" title="Pazhayarai Vadathali">Pazhayarai Vadathali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenupuriswarar_Temple,_Patteeswaram" title="Thenupuriswarar Temple, Patteeswaram">Patteeswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakthivanesvara_Temple" title="Sakthivanesvara Temple">Thirusakthimutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasupatheeswarar_Temple,_Aavoor" title="Pasupatheeswarar Temple, Aavoor">Aavoor Pasupatheeswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyanasundaresar_Temple,_Nallur" title="Kalyanasundaresar Temple, Nallur">Kalyanasundaresar Temple, Nallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Kovil" title="Nathan Kovil">Thirunandipura Vinnagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbharakshambigai_Temple" title="Garbharakshambigai Temple">Garbharakshambigai Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">Divya Desams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paadal_Petra_Sthalam" title="Paadal Petra Sthalam">Paadal Petra Sthalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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