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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_modern_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>In modern English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognates_in_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognates_in_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cognates in other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognates_in_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_legal_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_legal_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Religious and legal interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_legal_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buggery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buggery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Buggery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buggery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Philo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epistle_of_Jude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistle_of_Jude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Epistle of Jude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistle_of_Jude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Josephus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Josephus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Josephus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Josephus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Christendom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Christendom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Medieval Christendom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Christendom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sodomy_laws_in_18th-century_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sodomy_laws_in_18th-century_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sodomy laws in 18th-century Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sodomy_laws_in_18th-century_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sodomy_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sodomy_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern sodomy laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sodomy_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abrahamic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodomy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomie" title="Sodomie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sodomie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="لواط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لواط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom%C3%ADa" title="Sodomía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sodomía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE" title="অপ্রাকৃতিক যৌনসঙ্গম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অপ্রাকৃতিক যৌনসঙ্গম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sodomy" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Садамія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Садамія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomiya" title="Sodomiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sodomiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Содомия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Содомия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomiezh" title="Sodomiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sodomiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomia" title="Sodomia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sodomia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomie" title="Sodomie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sodomie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomi" title="Sodomi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sodomi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomie" title="Sodomie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sodomie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoomia" title="Sodoomia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sodoomia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σοδομισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοδομισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom%C3%ADa" title="Sodomía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sodomía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomio" title="Sodomio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sodomio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomia" title="Sodomia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sodomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="لواط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لواط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomie" title="Sodomie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sodomie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom%C3%ADa" title="Sodomía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sodomía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%8F%84%EB%AF%B8" title="소도미 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소도미" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սոդոմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոդոմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="लौंडेबाजी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लौंडेबाजी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomija" title="Sodomija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sodomija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomi" title="Sodomi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sodomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISodomy" title="ISodomy – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ISodomy" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomia" title="Sodomia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sodomia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D" title="מעשה סדום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעשה סדום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomija" title="Sodomija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sodomija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szod%C3%B3mia" title="Szodómia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szodómia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="لواط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لواط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwat" title="Liwat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Liwat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C4%95-h%C3%ACng" title="Giĕ-hìng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Giĕ-hìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomie" title="Sodomie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sodomie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="अप्राकृतिक मैथुन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अप्राकृतिक मैथुन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%89%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC" title="ソドミー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソドミー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomi" title="Sodomi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sodomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%AA" title="لواطت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لواطت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomia" title="Sodomia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sodomia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomia" title="Sodomia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sodomia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomie" title="Sodomie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sodomie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Содомия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Содомия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sodomy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomia" title="Sodomia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sodomia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomija" title="Sodomija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sodomija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Содомија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Содомија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomia" title="Sodomia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sodomia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomi" title="Sodomi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sodomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomya" title="Sodomya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sodomya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="การชำเราแบบวิตถาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การชำเราแบบวิตถาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ливотат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ливотат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomi" title="Sodomi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sodomi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Содомія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Содомія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="سدومی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سدومی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AA_gian" title="Kê gian – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kê gian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomiye" title="Sodomiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sodomiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%9A%BB%E5%A7%A6" title="㚻姦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="㚻姦" data-language-autonym="中文" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anal or oral sex with people, any sex with an animal, non-procreative sex</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodoma_-_Elluin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sodoma_-_Elluin.jpg/170px-Sodoma_-_Elluin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sodoma_-_Elluin.jpg/255px-Sodoma_-_Elluin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Sodoma_-_Elluin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Rolland_Elluin" title="François-Rolland Elluin">François Elluin</a>, <i>Sodomites provoking the wrath of God</i>, from <i>Le Pot-Pourri de Loth</i>, 1781</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sodomy</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>), also called <b>buggery</b> in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, generally refers to either <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal sex</a> (but occasionally also <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a>) between people, or any <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual activity</a> between a human and another animal (<a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">bestiality</a>). It may also mean any non-<a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">procreative</a> sexual activity (including <a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">manual sex</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sauer_2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauer_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phelps_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phelps-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scheb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newton_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally the term <i>sodomy</i>, which is derived from the story of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bullough_2019_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullough_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was commonly restricted to <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> anal sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sumner_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy laws</a> in many countries criminalized the behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumner_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Western world, many of these laws have been overturned or are routinely not enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person who practices sodomy is sometimes referred to as a <b>sodomite</b>, a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> term. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <p>The term is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">peccatum Sodomiticum</i></span>, "sin of Sodom", which in turn comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σόδομα</span></span> (Sódoma).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> (chapters 18–20) tells how God destroyed the sinful cities of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>. Two angels sent to the cities are invited by <a href="/wiki/Lot_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot (Bible)">Lot</a> to take refuge with his family for the night. The men of Sodom surround Lot's house and demand that he bring out the strangers so that they may "know" them (a euphemism for sexual intercourse). Lot protests that the messengers are his guests and offers the Sodomites his virgin daughters instead, but then they threaten to "do worse" with Lot than they would with his guests. Then the angels strike the Sodomites blind, "so that they wearied themselves to find the door". (Genesis 19:4–11, <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Version of the Bible">KJV</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_modern_English">In modern English</h3></div> <p>In current usage the term is particularly used in law. <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Laws prohibiting sodomy</a> were seen frequently in past Jewish, Christian, and Islamic civilizations, but the term has little modern usage outside Africa, Asia, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These laws in the United States have been challenged and have sometimes been found unconstitutional or been replaced with different legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sod#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:sod">sod</a></i>, a noun or verb (to "sod off") used as an insult, is derived from <i>sodomite</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a general-purpose insult term for anyone the speaker dislikes without specific reference to their sexual behaviour. <i>Sod</i> is used as slang in the United Kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> and is considered mildly offensive. (The word 'sod' also has a meaning of "(clump of) earth" with an unrelated etymology, in which sense it is rare but not offensive.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognates_in_other_languages">Cognates in other languages</h3></div> <p>Many cognates in other languages, such as French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/sodomie" class="extiw" title="fr:sodomie">sodomie</a></i></span> (verb <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sodomiser</i></span>), Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/sodom%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:sodomía">sodomía</a></i></span> (verb <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sodomizar</i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/sodomia" class="extiw" title="pt:sodomia">sodomia</a></i></span> (verb <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">sodomizar</i></span>), are used exclusively for penetrative anal sex, at least since the early 19th century. In those languages, the term is also often current <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> (not just legal, unlike in other cultures) and a formal way of referring to any practice of anal penetration; the word <i>sex</i> is commonly associated with consent and pleasure with regard to all involved parties and often avoids directly mentioning two common aspects of social <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> – human sexuality and the anus – without a shunning or archaic connotation to its use. </p><p>In modern German the word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomie" class="extiw" title="de:Sodomie">Sodomie</a></i></span> has no connotation of anal or oral sex and specifically refers to <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">bestiality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same goes for the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/sodomia" class="extiw" title="pl:sodomia">sodomia</a></i></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> word <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/sodomi" class="extiw" title="no:sodomi">sodomi</a></i></span> carries both senses. In <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/sodomi" class="extiw" title="da:sodomi">sodomi</a></i></span> is rendered as "unnatural <a href="/wiki/Carnal_knowledge" title="Carnal knowledge">carnal knowledge</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gay_sexual_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay sexual practices">someone of the same sex</a> or (now) with <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">animals</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, the word for sodomy, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لواط</span></span> (Arabic pronunciation: <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">liwāṭ</i></span>; Persian pronunciation <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">lavât</i></span>), is derived from the same source as in Western culture, with much the same connotations as English (referring to most sexual acts prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>). Its direct reference is to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Lot" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Lot">Lot</a> (لوط <i>Lūṭ</i> in Arabic) and a more literal interpretation of the word is "the practice of Lot", but more accurately it means "the practice of Lot's people" (the Sodomites) rather than Lot himself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_legal_interpretation">Religious and legal interpretation</h3></div> <p>While religion and the law have had a fundamental role in the historical definition and punishment of sodomy, sodomitical texts present considerable opportunities for ambiguity and interpretation. Sodomy is both a real occurrence and an imagined category. In the course of the eighteenth century, what is identifiable as sodomy often becomes identified with effeminacy, for example, or in opposition to a discourse of manliness. </p><p>In this regard Ian McCormick has argued that </p> <blockquote><p>an adequate and imaginative reading involves a series of intertextual interventions in which histories become stories, fabrications and reconstructions in lively debate with, and around, 'dominant' heterosexualities ... Deconstructing what we think we see may well involve reconstructing ourselves in surprising and unanticipated ways.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buggery">Buggery</h3></div> <p>The modern English word "<a href="/wiki/Bugger" title="Bugger">bugger</a>" is derived from the French term <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bougre</i></span></i>, that evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgarus</a></i> or "Bulgarian". The word was used describe members of the <a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Heretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretic">heretical</a> <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sect</a> originating in <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">10th century Bulgaria</a>, as well as the related French <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Albigenses</a>. </p><p>The first use of the word "buggery" appears in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> in 1330 where it is associated with "abominable heresy"; though the sexual sense of "bugger" is not recorded until 1555.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</i> quotes a similar form: "bowgard" (and "bouguer"), but claims that the Bulgarians were heretics "as belonging to the Greek Church, sp. <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian</a>". Webster's <i>Third New International Dictionary</i> gives the only meaning of the word "bugger" as a sodomite "from the adherence of the Bulgarians to the Eastern Church considered heretical".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Bugger</i> is still commonly used in modern British English as an exclamation, while "buggery" is synonymous with the act of sodomy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg/290px-John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg/435px-John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg/580px-John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3597" data-file-height="2293" /></a><figcaption><i>The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</a>, 1852</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h3></div> <p>In the Hebrew Bible, <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom</a> was a city destroyed by God because of the evil of its inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-Bullough_2019_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullough_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No specific sin is given as the reason for God's great wrath.<sup id="cite_ref-Bullough_2019_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullough_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of Sodom's destruction – and of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>'s failed attempt to intercede with God and prevent that destruction – appears in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 18–19. The connection between Sodom and homosexuality is derived from the described attempt by a mob of the city's people to rape <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>'s male guests.<sup id="cite_ref-Bullough_2019_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullough_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some suggest the sinfulness for which Sodom was destroyed might have consisted mainly in the violation of obligations of hospitality, which were important for the original writers of the Biblical account.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a> 19–21, there is an account, similar in many ways, where <a href="/wiki/Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a>, a city of the Benjamin tribe, is destroyed by the other tribes of Israel in revenge for a mob of its inhabitants raping and killing a woman. </p><p>Many times in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Prophets</a>, writers use God's destruction of Sodom to demonstrate His awesome power. This happens in <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 29; <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_1" title="Isaiah 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_3" title="Isaiah 3">3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_13" title="Isaiah 13">13</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_49" title="Jeremiah 49">49</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_50" title="Jeremiah 50">50</a>; <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamentations_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamentations 4">4</a>; <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a> 4.11; and <a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a> 2.9. Deuteronomy 32, Jeremiah 23.14, and Lamentations 4 reference the sinfulness of Sodom, but do not specify any particular sin. </p><p>Specific sins which Sodom is linked to by the prophets of the Hebrew Bible are <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">lying</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#23:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jeremiah">Jeremiah 23:14</a>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_16" title="Ezekiel 16">Ezekiel 16</a>, a long comparison is made between Sodom and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">kingdom of Judah</a>. "Yet you have not merely walked in their ways or done according to their abominations; but, as if that were too little, you acted more corruptly in all your conduct than they." (v. 47, <a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">NASB</a>) "Behold, this was the guilt of your sister Sodom: she and her daughters had arrogance, abundant food and careless ease, but she did not help the poor and needy. Thus they were haughty and committed abominations before Me. (vss. 49–50, NASB) (The Hebrew for the word "thus" is the conjunction "ו" which is usually translated "and", therefore KJV, NIV, and CEV omit the word entirely.) </p><p>There is no explicit mention of any sexual sin in Ezekiel's summation and "abomination" is used to describe many sins.<sup id="cite_ref-Bullough_2019_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullough_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">Authorized King James Version</a> translates <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Deuteronomy#23:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy 23:17</a> as: "There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel, nor a sodomite of the sons of Israel," but the word corresponding to "sodomite" in the Hebrew original, <i>Qadesh</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>:קדש), does not refer to Sodom, and has been translated in the <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">shrine prostitute</a>"; male shrine prostitutes may have served barren women in fertility rites rather than engaging in homosexual acts; this also applies to other instances of the word sodomite in the King James Version.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a>, which is included in the Biblical canon by Orthodox and Catholics, makes reference to the story of Sodom, further emphasizing that their sin had been failing to practice hospitality: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>And punishments came upon the sinners not without former signs by the force of thunders: for they suffered justly according to their own wickedness, insomuch as they used a more hard and hateful behavior toward strangers.<br /> <br /> For the Sodomites did not receive those, whom they knew not when they came: but these brought friends into bondage, that had well deserved of them. (<a href="/wiki/King_James_Version_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Version of the Bible">KJV</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philo">Philo</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> Jewish philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> (20 BCE – 50 CE), described the inhabitants of Sodom in an extra-biblical account:<sup id="cite_ref-Bullough_2019_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullough_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As men, being unable to bear discreetly a satiety of these things, get restive like cattle, and become stiff-necked, and discard the laws of nature, pursuing a great and intemperate indulgence of gluttony, and drinking, and unlawful connections; for not only did they go mad after other women, and defile the marriage bed of others, but also those who were men lusted after one another, doing unseemly things, and not regarding or respecting their common nature, and though eager for children, they were convicted by having only an abortive offspring; but the conviction produced no advantage, since they were overcome by violent desire; and so by degrees, the men became accustomed to be treated like women, and in this way engendered among themselves the disease of females, and intolerable evil; for they not only, as to effeminacy and delicacy, became like women in their persons, but they also made their souls most ignoble, corrupting in this way the whole race of men, as far as depended on them.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>133–35; ET Jonge 422–23<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Anyone can upload any old rubbish to Scribd (November 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, references Sodom as a place of God's anger against sin, but the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> provides a certain class of sin as causative of its destruction, the meaning of which is disputed. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I will therefore put you in remembrance, though ye once knew this, how that the Lord, having saved the people out of the land of Egypt, afterward destroyed them that believed not. And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day. Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jude 1:5 <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">KJV</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybible.info/compare/Jude%201:7">Compare Jude 1:7 in multiple versions</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Greek word in the New Testament from which the phrase is translated "giving themselves over to fornication", is <i>ekporneuō</i> (<i>ek</i> and <i>porneuō</i>). As one word, it is not used elsewhere in the New Testament, but occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> to denote whoredom (Genesis 38:24 and Exodus 34:15). Some modern translations as the <a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a> render it as "sexual immorality". </p><p>The Greek words for "strange flesh" are <i>heteros,</i> which almost always basically denotes "another/other", and <i>sarx</i>, a common word for "flesh", and usually refers to the physical body or the nature of man or of an ordinance. </p><p>In the Christian expansion of the prophets, they further linked Sodom to the sins of impenitence (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#11:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 11:23</a>), careless living (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#17:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 17:28</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jude#1:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jude">Jude 1:7</a> <a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>), and an overall "filthy" lifestyle (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Peter#2:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Peter">2 Peter 2:7</a>), which word (<i>aselgeiais</i>) elsewhere is rendered in the KJV as <a href="/wiki/Lasciviousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasciviousness">lasciviousness</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#7:22" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 7:22</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Corinthians#12:21" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians 12:21</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ephesians#4:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ephesians">Ephesians 4:19</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Peter#4:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Peter">1 Peter 4:3</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jude#1:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jude">Jude 1:4</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Incontinence_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incontinence (philosophy)">wantonness</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Romans#13:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Romans">Romans 13:13</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Peter#2:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Peter">2 Peter 2:18</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epistle_of_Jude">Epistle of Jude</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> in the New Testament echoes the Genesis narrative and potentially adds the sexually immoral aspects of Sodom's sins: "just as <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> and the surrounding cities, which likewise indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire, serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire" (v. 7, English Standard Version). The phrase rendered "sexual immorality and unnatural desire" is translated "strange flesh" or "false flesh", but it is not entirely clear what it refers to. </p><p>One theory is that it is just a reference to the "strange flesh" of the intended rape victims, who were angels, not men.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countering this is traditional interpretation, which notes that the angels were sent to investigate an ongoing regional problem (Gn. 18) of fornication, and extraordinarily so, that of a homosexual nature,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "out of the order of nature".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Strange" is understood to mean "outside the moral law",<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Romans#7:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Romans">Romans 7:3</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#1:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">Galatians 1:6</a>) while it is doubted that either Lot or the men of Sodom understood that the strangers were angels at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Josephus">Josephus</h3></div> <p>The Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> used the term "Sodomites" in summarizing the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> narrative: "About this time the Sodomites grew proud, on account of their riches and great wealth; they became unjust towards men, and impious towards God, in so much that they did not call to mind the advantages they received from him: they hated strangers, and abused themselves with Sodomitical practices" "Now when the Sodomites saw the young men to be of beautiful countenances, and this to an extraordinary degree, and that they took up their lodgings with Lot, they resolved themselves to enjoy these beautiful boys by force and violence; and when Lot exhorted them to sobriety, and not to offer anything immodest to the strangers, but to have regard to their lodging in his house; and promised that if their inclinations could not be governed, he would expose his daughters to their lust, instead of these strangers; neither thus were they made ashamed." (<i>Antiquities</i> 1.11.1,3<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – c. 96CE). His assessment goes beyond the Biblical data, though it is seen by conservatives as defining what manner of fornication (Jude 1:7) Sodom was given to.<sup id="cite_ref-Sauer_2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauer_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Christendom">Medieval Christendom</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sodomy%22">"Sodomy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sodomy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sodomy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sodomy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sodomy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sodomy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dante_sodom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dante_sodom.jpg/290px-Dante_sodom.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dante_sodom.jpg/435px-Dante_sodom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dante_sodom.jpg/580px-Dante_sodom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> interview the sodomites, from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guido_da_Pisa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guido da Pisa (page does not exist)">Guido da Pisa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_da_Pisa" class="extiw" title="it:Guido da Pisa">it</a>]</span>'s commentary on the <i>Commedia</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1345</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Homosexual intercourse between males was possibly denounced in pre-6th century Jewish and Christian writings, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>'s fourth homily on Romans<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attributed to Sodom by the Jewish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo</a> (20 BCE – 50 CE) and the Christian bishop <a href="/wiki/Methodius_of_Olympus" title="Methodius of Olympus">Methodius of Olympus</a> (260–311)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possible by <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> (37–100)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, (354–430)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigraphacal</a> texts.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first attested applications of the word "sodomy" to male homosexual intercourse were <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s amendments to his <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_iuris_civilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus iuris civilis">Corpus iuris civilis</a></i>; novels no. 77 (dating 538) and no. 141 (dating 559) declared that Sodom's sin had been specifically same-sex activities and desire for them. He also linked "famines, earthquakes, and pestilences" upon cities as being due to "such crimes,"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during a time of recent earthquakes and other disasters (see <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events of 535–536">Extreme weather events of 535–536</a>). While adhering to the death penalty by beheading as punishment for homosexuality or adultery, Justinian's legal novels heralded a change in Roman legal paradigm in that he introduced a concept of not only secular but also divine punishment for homosexual behavior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Justinian's usage of the term was taken up around 850 CE by the <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Isidore" title="Pseudo-Isidore">Pseudo-Isidorian</a> fabrications. Three Carolingian <a href="/wiki/Capitularies" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitularies">capitularies</a>, fabricated under the pseudonym Benedictus Levita, referred to sodomy: </p> <ul><li><i>XXI. De diversis malorum flagitiis.</i> ("No. 21: On manifold disgraceful wrongs")</li> <li><i>CXLIII. De sceleribus nefandis ob quae regna percussa sunt, ut penitus caveantur.</i> ("No. 143: On sinful vices due to which empires have crumbled, so that we shall do our best to beware of them")</li> <li><i>CLX. De patratoribus diversorum malorum.</i> ("No. 160: On the perpetrators of manifold evil deeds")</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_Sodomites_Ghent_1578_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Execution_Sodomites_Ghent_1578_%281%29.jpg/290px-Execution_Sodomites_Ghent_1578_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Execution_Sodomites_Ghent_1578_%281%29.jpg/435px-Execution_Sodomites_Ghent_1578_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Execution_Sodomites_Ghent_1578_%281%29.jpg/580px-Execution_Sodomites_Ghent_1578_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Monks accused of sodomy burned at the stake, <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> 1578</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_Levita" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus Levita">Benedictus Levita</a> broadened the meaning for <i>sodomy</i> to all sexual acts not related to procreation that were therefore deemed <i>counter nature</i> (so for instance, even solitary masturbation and anal intercourse between a male and a female were covered), while among these, he still emphasized all interpersonal acts not taking place between human men and women, especially homosexuality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Benedictus Levita prescribed capital punishment for sodomy. Burning had been part of the standard penalty for homosexual behavior, particularly common in Germanic <a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">protohistory</a> (as according to Germanic folklore, sexual deviance and especially same-sex desire were caused by a form of malevolence or spiritual evil called <i><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" title="Nīþ">nith</a></i>, rendering those people characterized by it as non-human fiends, as <i>nithings</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Benedictus Levita's rationale was that the punishment of such acts was to protect all Christendom from divine punishments, such as natural disasters for carnal sins committed by individuals, but also for heresy, superstition, and paganism. Because his crucial demands for capital punishment had been so unheard of in ecclesiastical history previously, based upon the humane Christian concept of forgiveness and mercy, it took several centuries before Benedictus Levita's demands for legal reform began to take tangible shape within larger ecclesiastical initiatives. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Medieval Inquisition</a>, sects like the <a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> were not only persecuted for their heterodox beliefs, but were increasingly accused of fornication and sodomy. In 1307, accusations of sodomy and homosexuality were major charges levelled during the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Knights_Templar" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of the Knights Templar">Trial of the Knights Templar</a>. Some of these charges were specifically directed at the Grand Master of the order, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay" title="Jacques de Molay">Jacques de Molay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Adamites" title="Adamites">Adamites</a> were a libertine sect also accused of sodomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Deane_2022_p._269_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deane_2022_p._269-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early-modern <a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch hunts">witch hunts</a> were also largely connoted with sodomy.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persecution of Cathars and the <a href="/wiki/Bogomiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogomiles">Bogomiles</a> in Bulgaria led to the use of a term closely related to <i>sodomy</i>: <i>buggery</i> derives from French <i>bouggerie</i>, meaning "of Bulgaria".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association of <i>sodomy</i> with hereticism, satanism, and witchcraft was supported by the Inquisition trials.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sodomy_laws_in_18th-century_Europe">Sodomy laws in 18th-century Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sodomy" title="Special:EditPage/Sodomy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_sodomites_1730.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Amsterdam_sodomites_1730.png/230px-Amsterdam_sodomites_1730.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Amsterdam_sodomites_1730.png/345px-Amsterdam_sodomites_1730.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Amsterdam_sodomites_1730.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wanted_poster" title="Wanted poster">wanted poster</a>, published in the city of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> in 1730, accusing ten men of "the abominable crime of sodomy" (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">de verfoeyelyke Crimen van Sodomie</i></span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>An examination of trials for rape and sodomy during the 18th century at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a> in London shows that the treatment of rape was often lenient, while the treatment of sodomy was often severe. However, the difficulty of proving that penetration and ejaculation had occurred meant that men were often convicted of the lesser charge of "assault with sodomitical intent", which was not a capital offence.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sodomy crimes in England could mean "sexually assaulting a young child", and could result in a sentence of <a href="/wiki/Death_recorded" title="Death recorded">death recorded</a>, i.e., not an actual death sentence at all.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 18th century France, sodomy was still theoretically a capital crime, and there are a handful of cases where sodomites were executed. However, in several of these, other crimes were involved as well. Records from the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a> and the police lieutenant d'Argenson, as well as other sources, show that many who were arrested were exiled, sent to a regiment, or imprisoned in places (generally the hospital) associated with moral crimes (such as prostitution). Of these, a number were involved in prostitution or had approached children, or otherwise gone beyond merely having homosexual relations. Ravaisson (a 19th-century writer who edited the Bastille records) suggested that the authorities preferred to handle these cases discreetly, lest public punishments in effect publicize "this vice".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="since April 2010 section template (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Periodicals of the time sometimes casually named known sodomites, and at one point, even suggested that sodomy was increasingly popular. This does not imply that sodomites necessarily lived in security – specific police agents, for instance, watched the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuileries">Tuileries</a>, even then a known "cruising area". But, as with much sexual behaviour under the Old Regime, discretion was a key concern on all sides (especially since members of prominent families were sometimes implicated); the law seemed most concerned with those who were the least discreet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="since April 2010 section template (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1730, there was a wave of sodomy trials in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>; some 250 men were summoned before the authorities; 91 faced decrees of exile for not appearing. At least 60 men were sentenced to death.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last two Englishmen that were hanged for sodomy were executed in 1835. <a href="/wiki/James_Pratt_and_John_Smith" title="James Pratt and John Smith">James Pratt and John Smith</a> died in front of <a href="/wiki/Newgate_Prison" title="Newgate Prison">Newgate Prison</a> in London on 27 November 1835<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 8 April 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-MH_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MH-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had been prosecuted under the <a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1828" class="mw-redirect" title="Offences against the Person Act 1828">Offences against the Person Act 1828</a>, which had replaced the 1533 <a href="/wiki/Buggery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Buggery Act">Buggery Act</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_sodomy_laws">Modern sodomy laws</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></div> <p>Laws criminalizing sodomy rarely spell out precise sexual acts, but are typically understood by courts to include any sexual act deemed to be unnatural or immoral.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sodomy typically includes <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">bestiality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phelps2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phelps2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scheb2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheb2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newton2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, sodomy laws have rarely been enforced against heterosexual couples, and have mostly been used to target homosexuals.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Equality_March_(19).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/National_Equality_March_%2819%29.png/290px-National_Equality_March_%2819%29.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/National_Equality_March_%2819%29.png/435px-National_Equality_March_%2819%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/National_Equality_March_%2819%29.png/580px-National_Equality_March_%2819%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer anarchists</a> protesting against <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>, with a banner reading "Sodomize", on 11 October 2009 in Washington DC</figcaption></figure> <p>As of February 2024, 66 countries as well as three sub-national jurisdictions<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have laws criminalizing homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-ILGA_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILGA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 that number was 92. Among these 66 countries, 44 of them criminalize not only male homosexuality but also female homosexuality. In 11 of them, homosexuality is punished with the death penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-ILGA_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILGA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> (namely Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>, Christianity, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>) have traditionally affirmed and endorsed a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormative</a> approach towards <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Int_J_Transgend._61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Int_J_Transgend.-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graham_2017_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham_2017-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mbuwayesango_2016_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mbuwayesango_2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leeming_2003_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeming_2003-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> favouring exclusively <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual_intercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual intercourse">penetrative vaginal intercourse between men and women</a> within the boundaries of marriage over all other forms of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">human sexual activity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mbuwayesango_2016_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mbuwayesango_2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leeming_2003_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeming_2003-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Autoeroticism" title="Autoeroticism">autoeroticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">manual sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">non-penetrative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_sexual_practices" title="Homosexual sexual practices">non-heterosexual</a> sexual intercourse (all of which have been labeled as "sodomy" at various times),<sup id="cite_ref-Sauer_2015_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauer_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believing and teaching that such behaviors are forbidden because they are considered <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sinful</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mbuwayesango_2016_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mbuwayesango_2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leeming_2003_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeming_2003-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further compared to or derived from the behavior of the alleged residents of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mbuwayesango_2016_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mbuwayesango_2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the status of LGBT people in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmidtke_1999_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidtke_1999-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Islamic_Homosexualities_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Homosexualities-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TEOEM_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEOEM-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is debated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Behold, this was the iniquity of thy sister Sodom, pride, fullness of bread, and abundance of idleness was in her and in her daughters, neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy. And they were haughty, and committed abomination before me: therefore I took them away as I saw <i>good</i>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezekiel#16:49" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ezekiel">Ezekiel 16:49–50</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">KJV</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Classical Jewish texts are seen by many as not stressing the homosexual aspect of the attitude of the inhabitants of Sodom as much as their cruelty and lack of <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a> to the "stranger".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The 13th-century Jewish scholar, <a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a>, wrote: "According to our sages, they were notorious for every evil, but their fate was sealed for their persistence in not supporting the poor and the needy." His contemporary, Rabbenu Yonah, expresses the same view: "Scripture attributes their annihilation to their failure to practice <i><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">tzedakah</a></i> [charity or justice]."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prohibitions on same-sex activities among men (#157) and bestiality (#155–156) are among the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a> as listed by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> in the 12th century; however, their source in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_18" title="Leviticus 18">Leviticus 18</a> does not contain the word <i>sodomy</i>. The idea that homosexual intercourse was involved as at least a part of the evil of Sodom arises from the story in <a href="/wiki/Genesis_19" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 19">Genesis 19</a> (KJV): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And they called unto Lot, and said unto him, Where are the men which came in to thee this night? bring them out unto us, that we may know them.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+19:4–7&version=kjv;niv">Genesis 19:4–7</a> (KJV)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The verb "know" is understood to be <a href="/wiki/Carnal_knowledge" title="Carnal knowledge">a euphemism for sex</a> (see discussion in the section below), which some translations (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a>) make more explicit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <p>The traditional interpretation sees the primary sin of Sodom as being homosexual intercourse,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> connecting the Sodom narrative with <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_18" title="Leviticus 18">Leviticus 18</a>, which lists various sexual crimes, which, according to verses 27 and 28, would result in the land being "defiled": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>for the inhabitants of the land, who were before you, committed all of these abominations, and the land became defiled; otherwise the land will vomit you out for defiling it, as it vomited out the nation that was before you.</p></blockquote> <p>Some scholars, such as Per-Axel Sverker, align this passage with the traditional interpretation, claiming that the word "<a href="/wiki/Abomination_(Bible)" title="Abomination (Bible)">abomination</a>" refers to sexual misconduct, and that while homosexual acts were not the only reason Sodom and Gomorrah were condemned, it was a significant part of the picture. </p><p>Others, the earliest of whom was <a href="/w/index.php?title=D._S._Bailey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. S. Bailey (page does not exist)">Derrick Sherwin Bailey</a>, claim that this passage contradicts the traditional interpretation altogether. In their view, the sins of Sodom were related more to violation of <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a> laws than sexual sins.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also coincides with traditional Jewish interpretations of these texts.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary word in contention is the Hebrew word <i>yâda,</i> used for <i>know</i> in the Hebrew Bible. Biblical scholars disagree on what "know" in this instance refers to, but most of conservative Christianity interprets it to mean "sexual intercourse",<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the opposing position interprets it to mean "interrogate".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lot's offering of his two virgins has been interpreted to mean that Lot is offering a compromise to assure the crowd that the two men have no untoward intentions in town, or that he is offering his virgins as a substitute for the men to "know" by sexual intercourse. </p><p>Those who oppose the interpretation of sexual intent toward Lot's guests point out that there are over 930 occurrences of the Hebrew word (<i>yâda‛</i>) for "know" in the Hebrew Bible, and its use to denote sexual intercourse only occurs about a dozen times, and in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> it is not rendered sexually. Countering this is the argument that most of the uses of <i>yâda‛</i> denoting sex is in Genesis<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (including once for premarital sex: Genesis 38:26), and in verse 8, sex is the obvious meaning. Its use in the parallel story in Judges 19 is also invoked in support of this meaning,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with it otherwise providing the only instance of "knowing" someone by violence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> gave a definition of the word "sodomy" in his <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>. He wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>by copulation with an undue sex, male with male, or female with female, as the Apostle states (Romans 1:27): and this is called the "vice of sodomy".</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> clearly disapproves of the sexual practices of the "people of Lot" ("What, of all creatures do ye come unto the males, and leave the wives your Lord created for you?"<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), only one passage has occasionally been interpreted as taking a particular legal position towards such activities:<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And as for those who are guilty of an indecency from among your women, call to witnesses against them four (witnesses) from among you; then if they bear witness confine them to the houses until death takes them away or <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> opens some way for them (15). And as for the two who are guilty of indecency from among you, give them both a punishment; then if they repent and amend, turn aside from them; surely Allah is oft-returning (to mercy), the Merciful. (16)<sup>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0003%3Asura%3D4%3Averse%3D15">4:15–16</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Habib_Shakir" title="Muhammad Habib Shakir">Shakir</a>)]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Most exegetes hold that these verses refer to illicit heterosexual relationships, although a minority view attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazilite">Mu'tazilite</a> scholar, Abu Muslim al-Isfahani, interpreted them as referring to homosexual relations. This view was widely rejected by medieval scholars, but has found some acceptance in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-EoQ_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> (reports of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s sayings and deeds from those close to him in his lifetime) on the subject are inconsistent, with different writers interpreting the Prophet in different ways.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">Shariah</a> (Islamic law) defines sodomy outside marriage as adultery or fornication or both, and it thus attracts the same penalties as those crimes (flogging or death), although the exact punishment varies with schools and scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Jong_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jong-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, few modern Muslim countries have legal systems based fully on Shariah, and an increasing number of Muslims do not look to shariah but to the Quran itself for moral guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-Jong_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jong-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For sodomy within marriage, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite</a> interpreters hold that: (1) anal intercourse, while strongly disliked, is not <i>haram</i> (forbidden) provided the wife agrees; and (2) if the wife does not agree, then it is preferable to refrain.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, however, it is completely impermissible in all cases.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the formal disapproval of religious authority, <a href="/wiki/Gender_segregation_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender segregation and Islam">gender segregation in Muslim societies</a> and the strong emphasis on virility leads some adolescents and unmarried young men to seek alternative sexual outlets to women, especially with males younger than themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all sodomy is homosexual – for some young men, heterosexual sodomy is considered better than vaginal penetration, and female prostitutes report demand for anal penetration from their male clients.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayoni" title="Ayoni">Ayoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">The Bible and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sodomy" title="Female sodomy">Female sodomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and Christianity">Homosexuality and Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> These sub-national jurisdictions are: the province of <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> (Indonesia), Gaza<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="All of the Gaza Strip or just Gaza Governorate? (January 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> (Palestine) and <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> (Russia).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sauer_2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sauer_2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sauer_2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sauer_2015_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSauer2015" class="citation book cs1">Sauer, Michelle M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U8mBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">"The Unexpected Actuality: "Deviance" and Transgression"</a>. <i>Gender in Medieval Culture</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. pp. 74–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781474210683.ch-003">10.5040/9781474210683.ch-003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2160-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2160-8"><bdi>978-1-4411-2160-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Unexpected+Actuality%3A+%22Deviance%22+and+Transgression&rft.btitle=Gender+in+Medieval+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=74-78&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781474210683.ch-003&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-2160-8&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Michelle+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU8mBCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phelps-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phelps_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirelle_Phelps2001" class="citation book cs1">Shirelle Phelps (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izwvAQAAIAAJ&q=World+of+Criminal+Justice:+N-Z."><i>World of Criminal Justice: N–Z</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale Group</a>. p. 686. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-5073-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-5073-0"><bdi>0-7876-5073-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+of+Criminal+Justice%3A+N%E2%80%93Z&rft.pages=686&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7876-5073-0&rft.au=Shirelle+Phelps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DizwvAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DWorld%2Bof%2BCriminal%2BJustice%3A%2BN-Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scheb_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_SchebJohn_Scheb,_II2013" class="citation book cs1">John Scheb; John Scheb, II (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZoWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185"><i>Criminal Law and Procedure</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-54613-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-54613-1"><bdi>978-1-285-54613-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Law+and+Procedure&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-285-54613-1&rft.au=John+Scheb&rft.au=John+Scheb%2C+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZoWAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newton_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Newton2009" class="citation book cs1">David Newton (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjcUFK4RZNcC&pg=PA85"><i>Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Reference Handbook, Second Edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-307-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-307-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-307-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+and+Lesbian+Rights%3A+A+Reference+Handbook%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-307-1&rft.au=David+Newton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgjcUFK4RZNcC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullough_2019-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bullough_2019_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullough_2019_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullough_2019_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullough_2019_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullough_2019_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullough_2019_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulloughBullough2019" class="citation book cs1">Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (2019) [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KUEiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Unnatural Sex"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Sin, Sickness and Sanity: A History of Sexual Attitudes</i>. Routledge Library Editions: History of Sexuality (1st ed.). New York City and London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 24–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429056659">10.4324/9780429056659</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-05663-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-05663-5"><bdi>978-0-429-05663-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143758576">143758576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Unnatural+Sex%22&rft.btitle=Sin%2C+Sickness+and+Sanity%3A+A+History+of+Sexual+Attitudes&rft.place=New+York+City+and+London&rft.series=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+History+of+Sexuality&rft.pages=24-40&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143758576%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429056659&rft.isbn=978-0-429-05663-5&rft.aulast=Bullough&rft.aufirst=Vern+L.&rft.au=Bullough%2C+Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKUEiEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._D._DouglasMerrill_C._Tenney2011" class="citation book cs1">J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Tq7UcPMwacC&pg=PT3169"><i>Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. pp. 1584 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-49235-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-49235-1"><bdi>978-0-310-49235-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zondervan+Illustrated+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pages=1584+pages&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-49235-1&rft.au=J.+D.+Douglas&rft.au=Merrill+C.+Tenney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Tq7UcPMwacC%26pg%3DPT3169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edsall-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edsall_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_C._Edsall2006" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas C. Edsall (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qjwZeKNyh4C&pg=PA3"><i>Toward Stonewall: Homosexuality and Society in the Modern Western World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-2543-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-2543-6"><bdi>0-8139-2543-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+Stonewall%3A+Homosexuality+and+Society+in+the+Modern+Western+World&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8139-2543-6&rft.au=Nicholas+C.+Edsall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qjwZeKNyh4C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sumner-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sumner_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sumner_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Sumner2008" class="citation book cs1">Colin Sumner (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=seDrXjekCWwC&pg=PA311"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Criminology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. pp. 310–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99895-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99895-3"><bdi>978-0-470-99895-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Criminology&rft.pages=310-320&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99895-3&rft.au=Colin+Sumner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DseDrXjekCWwC%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2003" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan, Andrew</a> (March 24, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/unnatural-law">"Unnatural Law"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702015221/http://www.tnr.com/article/unnatural-law">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Since the laws had rarely been enforced against heterosexuals, there was no sense of urgency about their repeal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Unnatural+Law&rft.date=2003-03-24&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Funnatural-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span> (Or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2003" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan, Andrew</a> (2003-03-24). "Unnatural Law". <i>The New Republic</i>. Vol. 228, no. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Unnatural+Law&rft.volume=228&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2003-03-24&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916041421/http://www.myetymology.com/english/sodomy.html">"Sodomy"</a>. <i>myetymology.com</i>. Archived from the original on 2012-09-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myetymology.com&rft.atitle=Sodomy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myetymology.com%2Fenglish%2Fsodomy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704130716/http://www.sodomylaws.org/">"sodomy laws"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sodomylaws.org/">the original</a> on 2007-07-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=sodomy+laws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sodomylaws.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02-102.ZS.html">"<i>Lawrence v. Texas</i> in which The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 that sodomy laws are unconstitutional on June 26, 2003"</a>. <i>cornell.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406071731/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02-102.ZS.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cornell.edu&rft.atitle=Lawrence+v.+Texas+in+which+The+U.S.+Supreme+Court+ruled+6%E2%80%933+that+sodomy+laws+are+unconstitutional+on+June+26%2C+2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F02-102.ZS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422175451/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sod">"sod"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary</i>. Main Entry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sod">the original</a> on 2009-04-22. <q>[3, noun]. Etymology: short for sodomite. Date: 1818.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=sod&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Online+Dictionary&rft.series=Main+Entry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoanesHawker2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Soanes, Catherine; Hawker, Sara (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517165036/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/sod_2?view=uk">"sod<sup>2</sup>"</a>. <i>Compact Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861022-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861022-9"><bdi>978-0-19-861022-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/sod_2?view=uk">the original</a> on May 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2005</span>. <q>Origin: abbreviation of <i>sodomite</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=sod%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.btitle=Compact+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861022-9&rft.aulast=Soanes&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Hawker%2C+Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fsod_2%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175#Version_of_June_28.2C_1935" title="Paragraph 175">Paragraph 175 StGB, version of June 28, 1935</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ordnet.dk/ods/ordbog?query=sodomi">"Sodomi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ordbog_over_det_danske_Sprog" title="Ordbog over det danske Sprog">Ordbog over det danske Sprog</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sodomi&rft.btitle=Ordbog+over+det+danske+Sprog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fordnet.dk%2Fods%2Fordbog%3Fquery%3Dsodomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, Ian. <i>Secret Sexualities: A Sourcebook of 17th and 18th Century Writing</i>. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 9, 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Sexualities%3A+A+Sourcebook+of+17th+and+18th+Century+Writing&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=9%2C+11&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/24372?redirectedFrom=buggery#eid">"buggery"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=buggery&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F24372%3FredirectedFrom%3Dbuggery%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810053756/http://bogomilism.eu/Studies/Bugger%20case.html"><i>Bogomilism Study</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bogomilism.eu/Studies/Bugger%20case.html">the original</a> on 2015-08-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bogomilism+Study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bogomilism.eu%2FStudies%2FBugger%2520case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/24372">"buggery, n."</a></span>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary Online</i>. December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>in legal contexts now typically refers to rape involving anal penetration (especially of minors). Sodomy is the more usual term in U.S. use.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=buggery%2C+n.&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F24372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boswell, pp. 92–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2001" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Ray Sherman (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CagagOo11-QC&pg=PA267"><i>The shape of practical theology: empowering ministry with theological praxis</i></a>, InterVarsity Press, p. 267, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1559-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1559-3"><bdi>978-0-8308-1559-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+shape+of+practical+theology%3A+empowering+ministry+with+theological+praxis&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1559-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Ray+Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCagagOo11-QC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewettShuster1996" class="citation cs2">Jewett, Paul; Shuster, Marguerite (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b05BBoBEQBIC&pg=PA296"><i>Who we are: our dignity as human: a neo-evangelical theology</i></a>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 296, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4075-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4075-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-4075-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+we+are%3A+our+dignity+as+human%3A+a+neo-evangelical+theology&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4075-2&rft.aulast=Jewett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Shuster%2C+Marguerite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db05BBoBEQBIC%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/bible/kjv.Wis.19.html#Wis.19.13">"Wisdom 19:13–14"</a>. <i>KJV</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wisdom+19%3A13%E2%80%9314&rft.btitle=KJV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fbible%2Fkjv.Wis.19.html%23Wis.19.13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/8326130/The-Works-of-Philo">The works of Philo a contemporary of Josephius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119043027/http://www.scribd.com/doc/8326130/The-Works-of-Philo">Archived</a> 2016-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 528</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boswell, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Barnes' Notes on the Bible</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vincent's Word Studies</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset and David Brown, <i>Commentary on the Old and New Testaments</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Word pictures in the New Testament, Archibald Thomas Robertson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gill, Gn. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-1.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091216095250/http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fj%2Fjosephus%2Fworks%2Fant-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/210204.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: Homily 4 on Romans (Chrysostom)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+Homily+4+on+Romans+%28Chrysostom%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F210204.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commentary on the sin of Sodom</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities</i>, 1.11.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">33–34; ET Jonge 422–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsler2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Esler, Philip F. (Spring 2004). "The Sodom tradition in Romans". <i>Biblical Theology Bulletin</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Theology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Sodom+tradition+in+Romans&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Esler&rft.aufirst=Philip+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, <i>Confessions</i>. Commenting on the story of Sodom from Genesis 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf08.iii.xiv.html">"The Twelve Patriarchs, Excerpts and Epistles, The Clementia, Apocrypha, Decretals, Memoirs of Edessa and Syriac Documents, Remains of the First"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. ANF08.iii.xiv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831222938/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf08.iii.xiv.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=The+Twelve+Patriarchs%2C+Excerpts+and+Epistles%2C+The+Clementia%2C+Apocrypha%2C+Decretals%2C+Memoirs+of+Edessa+and+Syriac+Documents%2C+Remains+of+the+First&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf08.iii.xiv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf08.iii.x.html">"The Twelve Patriarchs, Excerpts and Epistles, The Clementia, Apocrypha, Decretals, Memoirs of Edessa and Syriac Documents, Remains of the First"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. ANF08.iii.x. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831220729/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf08.iii.x.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=The+Twelve+Patriarchs%2C+Excerpts+and+Epistles%2C+The+Clementia%2C+Apocrypha%2C+Decretals%2C+Memoirs+of+Edessa+and+Syriac+Documents%2C+Remains+of+the+First&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf08.iii.x.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227100006/http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/fbe/fbe117.htm"><i>Book of the Secrets of Enoch (Slavonic Apocalypse of)</i></a>. 10:4; in J recension Ch. I.118. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/fbe/fbe117.htm">the original</a> on 2009-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+the+Secrets+of+Enoch+%28Slavonic+Apocalypse+of%29&rft.pages=10%3A4%3B+in+J+recension+Ch.+I.118&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fbib%2Ffbe%2Ffbe117.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">trans. in Derrick Sherwin Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, (London: Longmans, Green, 1955), 73–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/just-novels.asp">Justinian I: Novel 77 (538) and Novel 141 (544 CE)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331231233/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/just-novels.asp">Archived</a> 2019-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Fordham Internet History Sourcebooks Project)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegman1966" class="citation book cs1">Legman, G. (1966). <i>The Guilt of the Templars</i>. New York: Basic Books. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guilt+of+the+Templars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Legman&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deane_2022_p._269-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deane_2022_p._269_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeane2022" class="citation book cs1">Deane, J.K. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTSGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269"><i>A History of Medieval Heresy and Inquisition</i></a>. Critical Issues in World and International History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-5295-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-5295-9"><bdi>978-1-5381-5295-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medieval+Heresy+and+Inquisition&rft.series=Critical+Issues+in+World+and+International+History&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-5295-9&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTSGEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.A.P.1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">W.A.P.</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Templars"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Templars">"Templars" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Templars&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.au=W.A.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages</i> (2010), p. 809</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Crimes.jsp#assaultwithsodomiticalintent">Crimes tried at the Old Bailey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602121130/https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Crimes.jsp">Archived</a> 2017-06-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Proceedings of the Old Bailey</i> online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZipporah_Osei2019" class="citation news cs1">Zipporah Osei (24 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicle.com/article/An-Author-Learned-of-a/246370">"An Author Learned of a Mortifying Research Mistake Live on the Radio. Here's How Twitter Reacted"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>a death sentence was being recorded, not carried out, so a prisoner could instead have been pardoned and freed ... the case of Thomas Silver, a 14-year-old she believed was sentenced to death for a homosexual act. Wolf said in the interview that she found several dozen similar 'executions'. A newspaper report from the time, which Sweet presented to Wolf during the interview, shows that Silver was actually shown mercy because of his age ... the 14-year-old was in fact convicted of sexually assaulting a young child.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=An+Author+Learned+of+a+Mortifying+Research+Mistake+Live+on+the+Radio.+Here%27s+How+Twitter+Reacted&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.au=Zipporah+Osei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2FAn-Author-Learned-of-a%2F246370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rictor Norton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1730news.htm">"The Dutch Purge of Homosexuals 1730"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518101647/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1730news.htm">Archived</a> 2012-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/newgate.html">"A history of London's Newgate prison"</a>. <i>www.capitalpunishmentuk.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171104073614/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/newgate.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+of+Criminal+Justice%3A+N%E2%80%93Z&rft.pages=686&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7876-5073-0&rft.au=Shirelle+Phelps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DizwvAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DWorld%2Bof%2BCriminal%2BJustice%3A%2BN-Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheb2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scheb2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchebScheb2013" class="citation book cs1">Scheb, John; Scheb, John II (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZoWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185"><i>Criminal Law and Procedure</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-54613-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-54613-1"><bdi>978-1-285-54613-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Law+and+Procedure&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-285-54613-1&rft.aulast=Scheb&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Scheb%2C+John+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZoWAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton2-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newton2_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Newton2009" class="citation book cs1">David Newton (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjcUFK4RZNcC&pg=PA85"><i>Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Reference Handbook</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-307-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-307-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-307-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 228, no. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2009</span>. <q>Since the laws had rarely been enforced against heterosexuals, there was no sense of urgency about their repeal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Unnatural+Law&rft.volume=228&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2003-03-24&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Funnatural-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILGA-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ILGA_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ILGA_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendos2019" class="citation web cs1">Mendos, Lucas Ramón (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222220100/https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2019.pdf">"State-sponsored Homophobia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (13th ed.). 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(February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6830999">"A systematic review of the relationship between religion and attitudes toward transgender and gender-variant people"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Transgenderism" class="mw-redirect" title="International Journal of Transgenderism">International Journal of Transgenderism</a></i>. <b>20</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 21–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15532739.2018.1545149">10.1080/15532739.2018.1545149</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-2739">1553-2739</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004213389">2004213389</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56795128">56795128</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6830999">6830999</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32999592">32999592</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151069171">151069171</a>. <q>Many religions are based on teachings of peace, love, and tolerance, and thus, at least based on those specific teachings, these religions promote intergroup pro-sociality. However, evidence from studies of religion and social attitudes have paradoxically revealed that religion is typically a predictor of intergroup anti-sociality, or in other words religion tends to predict most forms of prejudice. When conceptualizing religion in terms of self-reported categorical religious affiliation (i.e., Christian, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, Jewish, etc.), religiously affiliated individuals tend to report more negative attitudes against a variety of social outgroups than individuals who are not religiously affiliated. ... In addition, most <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> (e.g., Judaism, Christianity, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>) contain dogmas in which their respective deity create mankind with individuals who are perfectly entrenched in the gender binary (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>), and thus religions might be instilling cisgender normativity into individuals who ascribe to their doctrines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Transgenderism&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+of+the+relationship+between+religion+and+attitudes+toward+transgender+and+gender-variant+people&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-38&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6830999%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151069171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15532739.2018.1545149&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56795128&rft.issn=1553-2739&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004213389&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32999592&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.au=Hinton%2C+Jordan+D.+X.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Joel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6830999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham_2017-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graham_2017_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2017" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Philip (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X74pDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250">"Male Sexuality and Pornography"</a>. <i>Men and Sex: A Sexual Script Approach</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and New York City: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 250–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316874998.013">10.1017/9781316874998.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18393-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18393-3"><bdi>978-1-107-18393-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017004137">2017004137</a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchal beliefs</a> assert the 'natural' <a href="/wiki/Male_supremacism" class="mw-redirect" title="Male supremacism">superiority of men</a> with a right to leadership in family and public life. Such beliefs derive particularly from <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>. Patriarchal attitudes relating to sexual behaviour are mixed and inconsistent. They include, on one hand, the idea that as part of their natural inferiority, women are less in control of their sex drives and are therefore essentially lustful, with a constant craving for sex. This belief leads to the <a href="/wiki/Rape_myth" title="Rape myth">rape myth</a> – even when women resist sexual advances they are using it merely as a seductive device. On the other hand, patriarchal beliefs also dictate that women, in contrast to men, are naturally submissive and have little interest in sex, so men have a 'natural' right to sexual intercourse whether women want it or not.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Male+Sexuality+and+Pornography&rft.btitle=Men+and+Sex%3A+A+Sexual+Script+Approach&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York+City&rft.pages=250-251&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017004137&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316874998.013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-18393-3&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX74pDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mbuwayesango_2016-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mbuwayesango_2016_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mbuwayesango_2016_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mbuwayesango_2016_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mbuwayesango_2016_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbuwayesango2016" class="citation book cs1">Mbuwayesango, Dora R. (2016) [2015]. "Part III: The Bible and Bodies – Sex and Sexuality in Biblical Narrative". In <a href="/wiki/Danna_Nolan_Fewell" title="Danna Nolan Fewell">Fewell, Danna N.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Narrative</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and New York City: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 456–465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199967728.013.39">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-996772-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-996772-8"><bdi>978-0-19-996772-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015033360">2015033360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146505567">146505567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+III%3A+The+Bible+and+Bodies+%E2%80%93+Sex+and+Sexuality+in+Biblical+Narrative&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Biblical+Narrative&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York+City&rft.pages=456-465&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199967728.013.39&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146505567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015033360&rft.isbn=978-0-19-996772-8&rft.aulast=Mbuwayesango&rft.aufirst=Dora+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeming_2003-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leeming_2003_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeming_2003_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeming_2003_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeming2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Adams_Leeming" title="David Adams Leeming">Leeming, David A.</a> (June 2003). Carey, Lindsay B. (ed.). "Religion and Sexuality: The Perversion of a Natural Marriage". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Religion_and_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Religion and Health">Journal of Religion and Health</a></i>. <b>42</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>: 101–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1023621612061">10.1023/A:1023621612061</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-6571">1573-6571</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27511667">27511667</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38974409">38974409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Health&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Sexuality%3A+The+Perversion+of+a+Natural+Marriage&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-109&rft.date=2003-06&rft.issn=1573-6571&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38974409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27511667%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1023621612061&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnuse2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gnuse, Robert K. (May 2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality". <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Theology_Bulletin" title="Biblical Theology Bulletin">Biblical Theology Bulletin</a></i>. <b>45</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a> on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc.: 68–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146107915577097">10.1177/0146107915577097</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7596">1945-7596</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170127256">170127256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Theology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Seven+Gay+Texts%3A+Biblical+Passages+Used+to+Condemn+Homosexuality&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=68-87&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170127256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1945-7596&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0146107915577097&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2008" class="citation web cs1">Gilbert, Kathleen (September 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930122028/http://www.catholic.org/national/national_story.php?id=29699">"Bishop Soto tells NACDLGM: 'Homosexuality is Sinful'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Catholic Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/national/national_story.php?id=29699">the original</a> on 30 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Online&rft.atitle=Bishop+Soto+tells+NACDLGM%3A+%27Homosexuality+is+Sinful%27&rft.date=2008-09-29&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fnational%2Fnational_story.php%3Fid%3D29699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonKrehelySteenland2010" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Gene; Krehely, Jeff; Steenland, Sally (December 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/news/2010/12/08/8822/what-are-religious-texts-really-saying-about-gay-and-transgender-rights/">"What are Religious Texts Really Saying about Gay and Transgender Rights?"</a>. <i>Center for American Progress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+American+Progress&rft.atitle=What+are+Religious+Texts+Really+Saying+about+Gay+and+Transgender+Rights%3F&rft.date=2010-12-08&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft.au=Krehely%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Steenland%2C+Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Fissues%2Freligion%2Fnews%2F2010%2F12%2F08%2F8822%2Fwhat-are-religious-texts-really-saying-about-gay-and-transgender-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModisane2014" class="citation web cs1">Modisane, Cameron (November 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/xarchive/voices/the-story-of-sodom-and-gomorrah-was-not-about-homosexuality-20180719">"The Story of Sodom and Gomorrah was NOT About Homosexuality"</a>. <i>News24</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Sodom+and+Gomorrah+was+NOT+About+Homosexuality&rft.date=2014-11-15&rft.aulast=Modisane&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fnews24%2Fxarchive%2Fvoices%2Fthe-story-of-sodom-and-gomorrah-was-not-about-homosexuality-20180719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoerfler2016" class="citation book cs1">Doerfler, Maria E. (2016) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fsoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">"Coming Apart at the Seams: Cross-dressing, Masculinity, and the Social Body in Late Antiquity"</a>. In Upson-Saia, Kristi; Daniel-Hughes, Carly; Batten, Alicia J. (eds.). <i>Dressing Judeans and Christians in Antiquity</i> (1st ed.). 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Gagnon, <i>The Bible and Homosexual Practice</i>, pp. 73–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernsem.edu/files/westernsem/gagnon_autm05_0.pdf">Gagnon, <i>Why the Disagreement over the Biblical Witness on Homosexual Practice</i>, pp. 46–50</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512090559/http://www.westernsem.edu/files/westernsem/gagnon_autm05_0.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derrick Bailey, <i>Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition</i> (Hamden: Connecticut: Archon, 1975 reprint from 1955), 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/246615/jewish/The-Destruction-of-Sodom.htm">"The Destruction of Sodom"</a>. <i>Chabad.org</i>. Chabad (Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402022353/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/246615/jewish/The-Destruction-of-Sodom.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad.org&rft.atitle=The+Destruction+of+Sodom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F246615%2Fjewish%2FThe-Destruction-of-Sodom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greg Bahnsen, <i>Homosexuality: A Biblical View</i> (Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing, 1978), p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Reformed Response to Daniel Helminiak's Gay Theology</i>, by Derrick K. Olliff and Dewey H. Hodges</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John J. McNeil, <i>The Church and the Homosexual</i>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Homosexuality and the Old Testament</i>, P. Michael Ukleja</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dave Miller, <i>Sodom: Inhospitality or Homosexuality?</i>, Apologetics Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James B. DeYoung, <i>Homosexuality</i>, pp. 118–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3154.htm"><i>Summa Theologica</i></a>, II–II, Question 164, Article 11 – via newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928135835/https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3154.htm">Archived</a> 2020-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sura 26:165–167, quoted in Wafer, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWafer1997" class="citation book cs1">Wafer, Jim (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQuHFPKp8L0C&pg=PA88">"Muhammad and Male Homosexuality"</a>. In Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will (eds.). <i>Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature</i>. New York University Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7468-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7468-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-7468-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muhammad+and+Male+Homosexuality&rft.btitle=Islamic+Homosexualities%3A+Culture%2C+History+and+Literature&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7468-7&rft.aulast=Wafer&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhQuHFPKp8L0C%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoQ-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoQ_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowson2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rowson, Everett K. (2006). "Homosexuality". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</i>. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 444–445.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homosexuality&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pages=444-445&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rowson&rft.aufirst=Everett+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wafer, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jong-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jong_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jong_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jivraj & de Jong, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/m_morals/chap3b.htm">"Chapter Three: The Islamic Sexual Morality (2) Its Structure"</a>. <i>Al-Islam.org</i>. 18 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016184024/http://www.al-islam.org/m_morals/chap3b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=Chapter+Three%3A+The+Islamic+Sexual+Morality+%282%29+Its+Structure&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fm_morals%2Fchap3b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamqa.info/en/answers/5560/etiquette-of-sex-in-islam">"Etiquette of Sex in Islam - Islam Question & Answer"</a>. <i>islamqa.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=islamqa.info&rft.atitle=Etiquette+of+Sex+in+Islam+-+Islam+Question+%26+Answer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamqa.info%2Fen%2Fanswers%2F5560%2Fetiquette-of-sex-in-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmitt & Sofer, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dialmy, pp. 32, 35, footnote 34</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Boswell, John, <i>Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality</i> (University Of Chicago Press; 8th Edition. edition, 2005).</li> <li>Crompton, Louis, <i>Homosexuality and Civilization</i> (Belknap Press, 2003)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDialmy2010" class="citation book cs1">Dialmy, Abdessamad (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/14368256/413849807/name/Which"><i>Which Sex Education for Young Muslims?</i></a>. World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Which+Sex+Education+for+Young+Muslims%3F&rft.pub=World+Congress+of+Muslim+Philanthropists&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Dialmy&rft.aufirst=Abdessamad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxa.yimg.com%2Fkq%2Fgroups%2F14368256%2F413849807%2Fname%2FWhich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Davenport-Hines, Richard, <i>Sex, Death and Punishment: Attitudes to sex and sexuality in Britain since the Renaissance</i> (William Collins and Sons Ltd, 1990)</li> <li>Hays, Richard B. (2004), <i>The Moral Vision of the New Testament</i> (London: Continuum). pg. 381</li> <li>Goldberg, Jonathan, <i>Reclaiming Sodom</i> (London and New York: Routledge, 1994)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangir2010" class="citation book cs1">Jahangir, Junaid bin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PqRq1bBbT54C&q=Islam+and+homosexuality,+Volume+2&pg=PR3">"Implied Cases for Muslim Same-Sex Unions"</a>. In Samar Habib (ed.). <i>Islam and homosexuality, Volume 2</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37905-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37905-5"><bdi>978-0-313-37905-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Implied+Cases+for+Muslim+Same-Sex+Unions&rft.btitle=Islam+and+homosexuality%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37905-5&rft.aulast=Jahangir&rft.aufirst=Junaid+bin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPqRq1bBbT54C%26q%3DIslam%2Band%2Bhomosexuality%2C%2BVolume%2B2%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jordan, Mark D., <i>The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).</li> <li>Laqueur, Thomas, <i>Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud</i> (Harvard University Press, 1990).</li> <li>Maccubbin, Robert Purks (ed.), '<i>Tis Nature's Fault: Unauthorized Sexuality During the Enlightenment</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1988)</li> <li>McCormick, Ian (ed.). <i>Secret Sexualities: A Sourcebook of 17th and 18th Century Writing</i>. (London and New York: Routledge)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmittSofer1992" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Arno; Sofer, Jehoeda (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw_BVSVmNsUC&q=Sexuality+and+eroticism+among+males+in+Moslem+societies"><i>Sexuality and Eroticism among Males in Muslim Societies</i></a>. Haworth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56024-047-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56024-047-1"><bdi>978-1-56024-047-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexuality+and+Eroticism+among+Males+in+Muslim+Societies&rft.pub=Haworth+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56024-047-1&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft.au=Sofer%2C+Jehoeda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKw_BVSVmNsUC%26q%3DSexuality%2Band%2Beroticism%2Bamong%2Bmales%2Bin%2BMoslem%2Bsocieties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2001–2002" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Arno (2001–2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110906123507/http://www.uib.no/jais/content4.htm"><i>Liwat im Fiqh: Männliche Homosexualität?, Volume IV</i></a>. Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uib.no/jais/content4.htm">the original</a> on 2011-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liwat+im+Fiqh%3A+M%C3%A4nnliche+Homosexualit%C3%A4t%3F%2C+Volume+IV&rft.pub=Journal+of+Arabic+and+Islamic+Studies&rft.date=2001%2F2002&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uib.no%2Fjais%2Fcontent4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Jivrajde_Jong2001" class="citation book cs1">Van Jivraj, Suhraiya; de Jong, Anisa (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:KjIohrD0R-AJ:www.safraproject.org/Reports/Muslim_Moral_Instruction_on_Homosexuality.pdf+Islam,+Homosexuality+and+Migration&hl=km&gl=kh&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi8Wm3zisCleP-UN8czw5a7tpJLFe2ekZJF6ccbenXhff2ub-0SP0uu-fIfZvZBmHiuZ6vVJfYvaxtkKcxiMSQV-p_WTdlSR_wOVD0XVZznB9RJgtgWUUEOQNlfd8jgYiPqL4U0&sig=AHIEtbTAKkG0EQImULQIOH5QsnBAyVuR_w"><i>Muslim Moral Instruction on Homosexuality</i></a>. Yoesuf Foundation Conference on Islam in the West and Homosexuality – Strategies for Action.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Moral+Instruction+on+Homosexuality&rft.pub=Yoesuf+Foundation+Conference+on+Islam+in+the+West+and+Homosexuality+%E2%80%93+Strategies+for+Action&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Van+Jivraj&rft.aufirst=Suhraiya&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+Anisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3AKjIohrD0R-AJ%3Awww.safraproject.org%2FReports%2FMuslim_Moral_Instruction_on_Homosexuality.pdf%2BIslam%2C%2BHomosexuality%2Band%2BMigration%26hl%3Dkm%26gl%3Dkh%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESi8Wm3zisCleP-UN8czw5a7tpJLFe2ekZJF6ccbenXhff2ub-0SP0uu-fIfZvZBmHiuZ6vVJfYvaxtkKcxiMSQV-p_WTdlSR_wOVD0XVZznB9RJgtgWUUEOQNlfd8jgYiPqL4U0%26sig%3DAHIEtbTAKkG0EQImULQIOH5QsnBAyVuR_w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWafer1997" class="citation book cs1">Wafer, Jim (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQuHFPKp8L0C&q=Muhammad+and+male+homosexuality&pg=PA87">"Mohammad and Male Homosexuality"</a>. In Stephen O. Murray; Will Roscoe (eds.). <i>Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature</i>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7468-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7468-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-7468-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mohammad+and+Male+Homosexuality&rft.btitle=Islamic+Homosexualities%3A+Culture%2C+History+and+Literature&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7468-7&rft.aulast=Wafer&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhQuHFPKp8L0C%26q%3DMuhammad%2Band%2Bmale%2Bhomosexuality%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodomy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sodomy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sodomy">sodomy</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buggery" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:buggery">buggery</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704144443/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sodomy.html"><i>Sodomy</i> by Prof. Eugene F. 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