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<ul id="toc-Remote_procedure_call_interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platform_communication_stack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform_communication_stack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Platform communication stack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform_communication_stack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_system_communication_stack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_system_communication_stack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Operating system communication stack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_system_communication_stack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distributed_object_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributed_object_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Distributed object models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributed_object_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="التواصل بين العمليات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التواصل بين العمليات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosesl%C9%99raras%C4%B1_rabit%C9%99" title="Proseslərarası rabitə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proseslərarası rabitə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicaci%C3%B3_entre_processos" title="Comunicació entre processos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comunicació entre processos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meziprocesov%C3%A1_komunikace" title="Meziprocesová komunikace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Meziprocesová komunikace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interprozesskommunikation" title="Interprozesskommunikation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Interprozesskommunikation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Διαδιεργασιακή επικοινωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαδιεργασιακή επικοινωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicaci%C3%B3n_entre_procesos" title="Comunicación entre procesos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comunicación entre procesos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ارتباط بین پردازشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتباط بین پردازشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_inter-processus" title="Communication inter-processus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communication inter-processus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%84%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B0%84_%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0" title="프로세스 간 통신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로세스 간 통신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi_antar_proses" title="Komunikasi antar proses – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komunikasi antar proses" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicazione_tra_processi" title="Comunicazione tra processi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comunicazione tra processi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D" title="תקשורת בין תהליכים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקשורת בין תהליכים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Процессораралық әрекеттестік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Процессораралық әрекеттестік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interprocescommunicatie" title="Interprocescommunicatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Interprocescommunicatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B9%E9%96%93%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1" title="プロセス間通信 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロセス間通信" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interprosesskommunikasjon" title="Interprosesskommunikasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Interprosesskommunikasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikacja_mi%C4%99dzyprocesowa" title="Komunikacja międzyprocesowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komunikacja międzyprocesowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entre_processos" title="Comunicação entre processos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comunicação entre processos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Межпроцессное взаимодействие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Межпроцессное взаимодействие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunik%C3%A1cia_medzi_procesmi" title="Komunikácia medzi procesmi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Komunikácia medzi procesmi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Међупроцесна комуникација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међупроцесна комуникација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91uprocesna_komunikacija" title="Međuprocesna komunikacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međuprocesna komunikacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosessien_v%C3%A4linen_kommunikaatio" title="Prosessien välinen kommunikaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Prosessien välinen kommunikaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interprocesskommunikation" title="Interprocesskommunikation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Interprocesskommunikation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesajla%C5%9Fma_sistemi" title="Mesajlaşma sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mesajlaşma sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Взаємодія між процесами – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Взаємодія між процесами" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_ti%E1%BA%BFp_li%C3%AAn_ti%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%ACnh" title="Giao tiếp liên tiến trình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giao tiếp liên tiến trình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grid computing</a> system that connects many personal computers over the Internet via inter-process network communication</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <b>inter-process communication</b> (<b>IPC</b>), also spelled <b>interprocess communication</b>, are the mechanisms provided by an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> for <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processes</a> to manage shared data. Typically, applications can use IPC, categorized as <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">clients and servers</a>, where the client requests data and the server responds to client requests.<sup id="cite_ref-microsoft.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microsoft.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many applications are both clients and servers, as commonly seen in <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a>. </p><p>IPC is very important to the design process for <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanokernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanokernel">nanokernels</a>, which reduce the number of functionalities provided by the kernel. Those functionalities are then obtained by communicating with servers via IPC, leading to a large increase in communication when compared to a regular monolithic kernel. IPC interfaces generally encompass variable analytic framework structures. These processes ensure compatibility between the multi-vector protocols upon which IPC models rely.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An IPC mechanism is either <a href="/wiki/Synchronization_(computer_science)" title="Synchronization (computer science)">synchronous</a> or asynchronous. <a href="/wiki/Synchronization_(computer_science)#Implementation" title="Synchronization (computer science)">Synchronization primitives</a> may be used to have synchronous behavior with an asynchronous IPC mechanism. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-process_communication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Merging data from two processes can often incur significantly higher costs compared to processing the same data on a single thread, potentially by two or more orders of magnitude due to overheads such as inter-process communication and synchronization. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches">Approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-process_communication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different approaches to IPC have been tailored to different <a href="/wiki/Software_requirements" title="Software requirements">software requirements</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">performance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">modularity</a>, and system circumstances such as <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">network bandwidth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-microsoft.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microsoft.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Method</th> <th>Short Description</th> <th>Provided by (<a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> or other environments) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">File</a></td> <td>A record stored on disk, or a record synthesized on demand by a file server, which can be accessed by multiple processes.</td> <td>Most operating systems </td></tr> <tr> <td>Communications file</td> <td>A unique form of IPC in the late-1960s that most closely resembles <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a>'s <a href="/wiki/9P_(protocol)" title="9P (protocol)">9P protocol</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Time-Sharing_System" title="Dartmouth Time-Sharing System">Dartmouth Time-Sharing System</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Signal_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (computing)">Signal</a>; also <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_System_Trap" title="Asynchronous System Trap">Asynchronous System Trap</a></td> <td>A system message sent from one process to another, not usually used to transfer data but instead used to remotely command the partnered process.</td> <td>Most operating systems </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Network_socket" title="Network socket">Socket</a></td> <td>Data sent over a network interface, either to a different process on the same computer or to another computer on the network. Stream-oriented (<a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>; data written through a socket requires formatting to preserve message boundaries) or more rarely message-oriented (<a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a>, <a href="/wiki/SCTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SCTP">SCTP</a>).</td> <td>Most operating systems </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unix_domain_socket" title="Unix domain socket">Unix domain socket</a></td> <td>Similar to an internet socket, but all communication occurs within the kernel. Domain sockets use the file system as their address space. Processes reference a domain socket as an <a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">inode</a>, and multiple processes can communicate with one socket</td> <td>All POSIX operating systems and Windows 10<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Message_queue" title="Message queue">Message queue</a></td> <td>A data stream similar to a socket, but which usually preserves message boundaries. Typically implemented by the operating system, they allow multiple processes to read and write to the <a href="/wiki/Message_queue" title="Message queue">message queue</a> without being directly connected to each other.</td> <td>Most operating systems </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_pipe" title="Anonymous pipe">Anonymous pipe</a></td> <td>A unidirectional data channel using <a href="/wiki/Stdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stdin">standard input and output</a>. Data written to the write-end of the pipe is buffered by the operating system until it is read from the read-end of the pipe. Two-way communication between processes can be achieved by using two pipes in opposite "directions".</td> <td>All <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> systems, Windows </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Named_pipe" title="Named pipe">Named pipe</a></td> <td>A pipe that is treated like a file. Instead of using standard input and output as with an anonymous pipe, processes write to and read from a named pipe, as if it were a regular file.</td> <td>All POSIX systems, Windows, AmigaOS 2.0+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shared_memory_(interprocess_communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared memory (interprocess communication)">Shared memory</a></td> <td>Multiple processes are given access to the same block of <a href="/wiki/Memory_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory (computing)">memory</a>, which creates a shared buffer for the processes to communicate with each other.</td> <td>All POSIX systems, Windows </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Message_passing" title="Message passing">Message passing</a></td> <td>Allows multiple programs to communicate using message queues and/or non-OS managed channels. Commonly used in concurrency models.</td> <td>Used in <a href="/wiki/Local_Inter-Process_Communication" title="Local Inter-Process Communication">LPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">RPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_method_invocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote method invocation">RMI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface" title="Message Passing Interface">MPI</a> paradigms, <a href="/wiki/Java_RMI" class="mw-redirect" title="Java RMI">Java RMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/CORBA" class="mw-redirect" title="CORBA">CORBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_Distribution_Service" title="Data Distribution Service">DDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Message_Queuing" title="Microsoft Message Queuing">MSMQ</a>, <a href="/wiki/MailSlot" title="MailSlot">MailSlots</a>, <a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a>, others </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memory-mapped_file" title="Memory-mapped file">Memory-mapped file</a></td> <td>A file mapped to <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> and can be modified by changing memory addresses directly instead of outputting to a stream. This shares the same benefits as a standard <a href="/wiki/File_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="File (computing)">file</a>.</td> <td>All POSIX systems, Windows </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-process_communication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inter-process_communication&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote_procedure_call_interfaces">Remote procedure call interfaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-process_communication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Remote procedure call interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">remote procedure call</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Java_remote_method_invocation" title="Java remote method invocation">Remote Method Invocation</a> (RMI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONC_RPC" class="mw-redirect" title="ONC RPC">ONC RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML-RPC" title="XML-RPC">XML-RPC</a> or <a href="/wiki/SOAP_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAP (protocol)">SOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON-RPC" title="JSON-RPC">JSON-RPC</a></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="RFC_3259"></span>Message Bus (Mbus) (specified in RFC 3259) (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/M-Bus_(EN_13757)" class="mw-redirect" title="M-Bus (EN 13757)">M-Bus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">.NET Remoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRPC" title="GRPC">gRPC</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform_communication_stack">Platform communication stack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-process_communication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Platform communication stack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are messaging, and information systems that utilize IPC mechanisms but don't implement IPC themselves: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Desktop_communication_protocol" title="Desktop communication protocol">Desktop Communications Protocol</a> (DCOP) –  deprecated by D-Bus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Bus" title="D-Bus">D-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWrt" title="OpenWrt">OpenWrt</a> uses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openwrt.org/docs/techref/ubus">ubus</a> micro bus architecture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCAPI" title="MCAPI">MCAPI</a> Multicore Communications API</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMPL" title="SIMPL">SIMPL</a> The Synchronous Interprocess Messaging Project for <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> (SIMPL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9P_(protocol)" title="9P (protocol)">9P</a> (Plan 9 Filesystem Protocol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Computing_Environment" title="Distributed Computing Environment">Distributed Computing Environment</a> (DCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrift_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrift (protocol)">Thrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeroC" title="ZeroC">ZeroC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Internet_Communications_Engine" title="Internet Communications Engine">Internet Communications Engine</a> (ICE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98MQ" class="mw-redirect" title="ØMQ">ØMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enduro/X" title="Enduro/X">Enduro/X</a> Middleware</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inspirel.com/yami4">YAMI4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (software)">Enlightenment_(software)</a> E16 uses eesh as an IPC</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_system_communication_stack">Operating system communication stack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-process_communication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operating system communication stack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are platform or programming language-specific APIs: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apple_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple events">Apple events</a>, previously known as Interapplication Communications (IAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARexx" title="ARexx">ARexx</a> ports</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENEA_AB" title="ENEA AB">Enea's</a> <a href="/wiki/LINX_(IPC)" class="mw-redirect" title="LINX (IPC)">LINX</a> for Linux (open source) and various DSP and general-purpose processors under <a href="/wiki/Operating_System_Embedded" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating System Embedded">OSE</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mach_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mach kernel">Mach kernel</a>'s Mach Ports</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">Component Object Model</a> (COM), <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Transaction_Server" title="Microsoft Transaction Server">Microsoft Transaction Server</a> (<a href="/wiki/COM%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="COM+">COM+</a>), <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">Distributed Component Object Model</a> (DCOM), <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchange" title="Dynamic Data Exchange">Dynamic Data Exchange</a> (DDE), <a href="/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">Object Linking and Embedding</a> (OLE), <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_pipe#Microsoft_Windows" title="Anonymous pipe">anonymous pipes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Named_pipe#Named_pipes_in_Windows" title="Named pipe">named pipes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Local_Procedure_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Procedure Call">Local Procedure Call</a>, <a href="/wiki/MailSlot" title="MailSlot">MailSlots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Message_loop_in_Microsoft_Windows" title="Message loop in Microsoft Windows">Message loop</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSRPC" class="mw-redirect" title="MSRPC">MSRPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/.NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">.NET Remoting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Windows Communication Foundation</a> (WCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IPX/SPX" title="IPX/SPX">SPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> <a href="/wiki/Mmap" title="Mmap">mmap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Message_queue" title="Message queue">message queues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_(programming)" title="Semaphore (programming)">semaphores</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Shared_memory_(interprocess_communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared memory (interprocess communication)">shared memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC_OS" title="RISC OS">RISC OS</a>'s messages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> <a href="/wiki/Doors_(computing)" title="Doors (computing)">Doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_V" class="mw-redirect" title="System V">System V</a>'s message queues, semaphores, and shared memory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparent_Inter-process_Communication" title="Transparent Inter-process Communication">Linux Transparent Inter Process Communication (TIPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBinder" title="OpenBinder">OpenBinder</a> Open binder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a>'s PPS (Persistent Publish/Subscribe) service</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distributed_object_models">Distributed object models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-process_communication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distributed object models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are platform or programming language specific-APIs that use IPC, but do not themselves implement it: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libt2n" title="Libt2n">Libt2n</a> for <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> under Linux only, handles complex objects and exceptions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>'s sessions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Ruby" title="Distributed Ruby">Distributed Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">Common Object Request Broker Architecture</a> (CORBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_(software_framework)" title="Electron (software framework)">Electron</a>'s asynchronous IPC, shares <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> objects between a main and a renderer process<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-process_communication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_sockets" title="Berkeley sockets">Berkeley sockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network_programming" title="Computer network programming">Computer network programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicating_Sequential_Processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Communicating Sequential Processes">Communicating Sequential Processes</a> (CSP paradigm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Distribution_Service" title="Data Distribution Service">Data Distribution Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database-as-IPC" title="Database-as-IPC">Database-as-IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_procedure_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected procedure call">Protected procedure call</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-process_communication&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._Richard_Stevens" title="W. Richard Stevens">Stevens, Richard</a>. <i>UNIX Network Programming, Volume 2, Second Edition: Interprocess Communications.</i> Prentice Hall, 1999. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-081081-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-081081-9">0-13-081081-9</a></li> <li>U. Ramachandran, M. Solomon, M. Vernon <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=30371&coll=portal&dl=ACM">Hardware support for interprocess communication</a></i> Proceedings of the 14th annual international symposium on Computer architecture. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Pages: 178 - 188. Year of Publication: 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8186-0776-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8186-0776-9">0-8186-0776-9</a></li> <li>Crovella, M. Bianchini, R. LeBlanc, T. Markatos, E. Wisniewski, R. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=242738">Using communication-to-computation ratio in parallel program designand performance prediction</a></i> 1–4 December 1992. pp. 238–245 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8186-3200-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8186-3200-3">0-8186-3200-3</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-microsoft.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-microsoft.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microsoft.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365574(v=vs.85).aspx">"Interprocess Communications"</a>. Microsoft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interprocess+Communications&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fwindows%2Fdesktop%2Faa365574%28v%3Dvs.85%29.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-process+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamurati1993" class="citation journal cs1">Camurati, P (1993). "Inter-process communications for system-level design". <i>International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Workshop+on+Hardware%2FSoftware+Codesign&rft.atitle=Inter-process+communications+for+system-level+design&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Camurati&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-process+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Operating System Concepts</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470128725" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470128725"><bdi>978-0470128725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operating+System+Concepts&rft.isbn=978-0470128725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-process+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Computer Organization and Design MIPS Edition: The Hardware/Software Interface (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer Architecture and Design)</i>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0124077263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0124077263"><bdi>978-0124077263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Organization+and+Design+MIPS+Edition%3A+The+Hardware%2FSoftware+Interface+%28The+Morgan+Kaufmann+Series+in+Computer+Architecture+and+Design%29&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.isbn=978-0124077263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-process+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Parallel Programming: Techniques and Applications Using Networked Workstations and Parallel Computers</i>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131405639" title="Special:BookSources/978-0131405639"><bdi>978-0131405639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parallel+Programming%3A+Techniques+and+Applications+Using+Networked+Workstations+and+Parallel+Computers&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.isbn=978-0131405639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-process+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/commandline/2018/02/07/windowswsl-interop-with-af_unix">"Windows/WSL Interop with AF_UNIX"</a>. Microsoft. 7 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows%2FWSL+Interop+with+AF_UNIX&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.microsoft.com%2Fcommandline%2F2018%2F02%2F07%2Fwindowswsl-interop-with-af_unix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-process+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tldp.org/pub/Linux/docs/ldp-archived/linuxfocus/English/Archives/lf-2003_01-0281.pdf">Concurrent programming - communication between processes</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronjs.org/docs/api/ipc-main#ipcmain">"IpcMain | Electron"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IpcMain+%26%23124%3B+Electron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronjs.org%2Fdocs%2Fapi%2Fipc-main%23ipcmain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-process+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-process_communication&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linux.die.net/man/5/ipc">Linux ipc(5) man page</a> describing System V IPC</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365574(VS.85).aspx">Windows IPC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.qt.io/qt-5/ipc.html">IPC available using Qt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yendor.com/programming/unix/unp/unp.html">Unix Network Programming (Vol 2: Interprocess Communications)</a> by W. Richard Stevens</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://technotif.com/basic-guide-interprocess-communication-pipes/">Interprocess Communication and Pipes in C</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dipc-2.sourceforge.net/">DIPC, Distributed System V IPC</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Message passing">Message passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_queue" title="Message queue">Message queue and mailbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Named_pipe" title="Named pipe">Named pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_pipe" title="Anonymous pipe">Anonymous pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">Pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore_(programming)" title="Semaphore (programming)">Semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_memory" title="Shared memory">Shared memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(IPC)" title="Signal (IPC)">Signal</a></li> <li>Sockets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_socket" title="Network socket">Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_domain_socket" title="Unix domain socket">Unix</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Protocols</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_event" title="Apple event">Apple events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model#COM.2B" title="Component Object Model">COM+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">CORBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Bus" title="D-Bus">D-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Distribution_Service" title="Data Distribution Service">DDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Computing_Environment" title="Distributed Computing Environment">DCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Communications_Engine" title="Internet Communications Engine">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBinder" title="OpenBinder">OpenBinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_RPC" title="Sun RPC">Sun RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> (various methods)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REST" title="REST">REST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Thrift" title="Apache Thrift">Thrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparent_Inter-process_Communication" title="Transparent Inter-process Communication">TIPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML-RPC" title="XML-RPC">XML-RPC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software libraries</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-Bus" title="D-Bus">D-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libevent" title="Libevent">libevent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMPL" title="SIMPL">SIMPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LINX_(IPC)" class="mw-redirect" title="LINX (IPC)">LINX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_syndication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_syndication" title="Template:Web syndication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niche_blogging" title="Niche blogging">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_blog" title="Art blog">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Bloggernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_blog" title="Corporate blog">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_diary" title="Dream diary">Dream diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edublog" title="Edublog">Edublog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic journal">Electronic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Fake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family-and-homemaking_blogs" title="List of family-and-homemaking blogs">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_blog" title="Fashion blog">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_blogging" title="Food blogging">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_blog" title="Health blog">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blawg" class="mw-redirect" title="Blawg">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifelog" title="Lifelog">Lifelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_blog" title="MP3 blog">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoblog" title="Photoblog">Photoblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_blog" title="Police blog">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog#Political_impact" title="Blog">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_diary" title="Project diary">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_blog" title="Reverse blog">Reverse</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linkback" title="Linkback">Linkback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permalink" title="Permalink">Permalink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_(blogging)" title="Ping (blogging)">Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingback" title="Pingback">Pingback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reblogging" title="Reblogging">Reblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refback" title="Refback">Refback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback_(data_management)" title="Rollback (data management)">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackback" title="Trackback">Trackback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (Internet)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_enclosure" title="RSS enclosure">RSS enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeedSync#Examples" title="FeedSync">Synchronization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(web_standard)" title="Atom (web standard)">Atom feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_feed" title="Data feed">Data feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photofeed" title="Photofeed">Photofeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_feed" title="Product feed">Product feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_feed" title="Web feed">Web feed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeoRSS" title="GeoRSS">GeoRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_RSS" title="Media RSS">MRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_TV" title="RSS TV">RSS TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inter-process communication</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livemark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livemark (page does not exist)">Livemark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">Referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_editor" title="RSS editor">RSS editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_tracking" title="RSS tracking">RSS tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPML" title="OPML">OPML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_Advisory_Board" title="RSS Advisory Board">RSS Advisory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBEL" title="XBEL">XBEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XOXO_(microformat)" title="XOXO (microformat)">XOXO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Audio_podcasts" title="Category:Audio podcasts">Audio podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_podcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced podcast">Enhanced podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilecast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobilecast">Mobilecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">Narrowcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercasting" title="Peercasting">Peercasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screencast" title="Screencast">Screencast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidecasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Slidecasting">Slidecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videocast" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocast">Videocast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_series" title="Web series">Web series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_blog" title="Anonymous blog">Anonymous blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog#Types" title="Blog">Collaborative blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveblogging" title="Liveblogging">Liveblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Mobile blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_blog" title="Spam blog">Spam blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Video blog">Video blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motovlog" title="Motovlog">Motovlogging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog_carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Blog carnival">Carnivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog_fiction" title="Blog fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_diary" title="Online diary">Online diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Blog" title="List of search engines">Search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideblog" title="Sideblog">Sideblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">Web directory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Micromedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_feed_aggregators" title="Comparison of feed aggregators">Aggregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News_aggregator" title="News aggregator">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_aggregator" title="Poll aggregator">Poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_aggregator" title="Review aggregator">Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_aggregator" title="Search aggregator">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_aggregator" title="Video aggregator">Video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (Web standard)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (Web standard)">AtomPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcatching" title="Broadcatching">Broadcatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">Hashtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsML" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML">NewsML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NewsML_1" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsML-G2" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML-G2">G2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Social communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Slice" title="Web Slice">Web Slice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blogosphere" title="Blogosphere">Blogosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escribitionist" title="Escribitionist">Escribitionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_blogging" title="Glossary of blogging">Glossary of blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-click" title="Pay-per-click">Pay per click</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posting_style" title="Posting style">Posting style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slashdot_effect" title="Slashdot effect">Slashdot effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_in_blogs" title="Spam in blogs">Spam in blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uses_of_podcasting" title="Uses of podcasting">Uses of podcasting</a></li></ul> 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