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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Youth and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pan-European_political_activist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-European_political_activist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pan-European political activist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-European_political_activist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_race_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Return to Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soka_Gakkai_invitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soka_Gakkai_invitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Soka Gakkai invitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soka_Gakkai_invitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="ريتشارد فون كودينهوف كاليرجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد فون كودينهوف كاليرجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%8D-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Рыхард Нікалас фон Кудэнгофэ-Калергі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рыхард Нікалас фон Кудэнгофэ-Калергі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Рихард Куденхофе-Калерги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рихард Куденхофе-Калерги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Mikuláš Coudenhove-Kalergi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Mikuláš Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_Eijiro_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nikolaus Eijiro Coudenhove-Kalergi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard Nikolaus Eijiro Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%87%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B5-%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Ρίχαρντ Κουντενχόβε-Καλέργκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίχαρντ Κουντενχόβε-Καλέργκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D9%88-%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="ریچارد ون کدنهوو-کلرگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد ون کدنهوو-کلرگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8F%B0_%EC%BD%94%EC%9A%B0%EB%8D%B4%ED%98%B8%ED%8E%98%EC%B9%BC%EB%A0%88%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%B0" title="리하르트 니콜라우스 폰 코우덴호페칼레르기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리하르트 니콜라우스 폰 코우덴호페칼레르기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_di_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nikolaus di Coudenhove-Kalergi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Nikolaus di Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99" title="ריכרד ניקולאוס פון קודנהובה-קלרגי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריכרד ניקולאוס פון קודנהובה-קלרגי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardus_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Ricardus Coudenhove-Kalergi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ricardus Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C4%8Dards_Kudenhovs-Kalergi" title="Ričards Kudenhovs-Kalergi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ričards Kudenhovs-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%A4%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%DA%A4_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%89" title="ريتشارد نيكولاوس ڤون كودينهوڤ كاليرجى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد نيكولاوس ڤون كودينهوڤ كاليرجى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC" title="リヒャルト・クーデンホーフ＝カレルギー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リヒャルト・クーデンホーフ＝カレルギー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_Graf_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Куденхове-Калерги, Рихард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Куденхове-Калерги, Рихард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nicolaus_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nicolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Richard Nicolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ริชชาร์ท นิคโคเลาส์ ฟ็อน คูเดินโฮเวอ-คาแลร์กี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ริชชาร์ท นิคโคเลาส์ ฟ็อน คูเดินโฮเวอ-คาแลร์กี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%91%D1%96" title="Ріхард Ніколас Куденгофе-Калерґі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ріхард Ніколас Куденгофе-Калерґі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%8F%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E7%99%BB%E9%9C%8D%E9%9F%A6-%E5%8D%A1%E8%8E%B1%E5%90%89" title="里夏德·库登霍韦-卡莱吉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="里夏德·库登霍韦-卡莱吉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%8F%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E7%99%BB%E9%9C%8D%E9%9F%A6-%E5%8D%A1%E8%8E%B1%E5%90%89" title="里夏德·库登霍韦-卡莱吉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="里夏德·库登霍韦-卡莱吉" 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<p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background: #99BADD; color: #000000;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Count of Coudenhove-Kalergi</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Graf_Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi_(1894%E2%80%931972)_~1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Graf_Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi_%281894%E2%80%931972%29_~1930.jpg/220px-Graf_Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi_%281894%E2%80%931972%29_~1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Graf_Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi_%281894%E2%80%931972%29_~1930.jpg/330px-Graf_Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi_%281894%E2%80%931972%29_~1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Graf_Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi_%281894%E2%80%931972%29_~1930.jpg/440px-Graf_Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi_%281894%E2%80%931972%29_~1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="758" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">von Coudenhove-Kalergi in 1930</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><span class="nickname">Aoyama Eijiro</span><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1894-11-16</span>)</span>16 November 1894<br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">27 July 1972<span style="display:none">(1972-07-27)</span> (aged 77)<br /><a href="/wiki/Schruns,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Schruns, Austria">Schruns, Austria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Noble family</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="mw-redirect" title="Coudenhove-Kalergi">Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mitsuko_Aoyama" title="Mitsuko Aoyama">Mitsuko Aoyama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">Politician</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Nikolaus Eijiro, Count of Coudenhove-Kalergi</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (16 November 1894 – 27 July 1972), was a politician, philosopher, and <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="mw-redirect" title="Coudenhove-Kalergi">Coudenhove-Kalergi</a>. A pioneer of <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, he served as the founding president of the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a> for 49 years. His parents were <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a>, an Austro-Hungarian diplomat, and <a href="/wiki/Mitsuko_Aoyama" title="Mitsuko Aoyama">Mitsuko Aoyama</a>, the daughter of an oil merchant, antiques-dealer and major landowner in Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His childhood name in Japan was <b>Eijiro Aoyama</b>. Being a native Austrian-Hungarian citizen, he became a <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> citizen in 1919 and then took French citizenship from 1939 until his death. </p><p>His first book, <i>Pan-Europa</i>, was published in 1923 and contained a membership form for the Pan-Europa movement, which held its first Congress in 1926 in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. In 1927, <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> was elected honorary president of the Pan-Europa movement. Public figures who attended Pan-Europa congresses included <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coudenhove-Kalergi was the first recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a> in 1950. The 1972–1973 academic year at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Europe" title="College of Europe">College of Europe</a> was named in his honour. Coudenhove-Kalergi proposed <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Joy" title="Ode to Joy">Ode to Joy</a>" as the music for the <a href="/wiki/European_Anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="European Anthem">European Anthem</a>. He also proposed a <a href="/wiki/Europe_Day" title="Europe Day">Europe Day</a>, a European postage stamp,<sup id="cite_ref-Paneurope_Suisse_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paneurope_Suisse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many artifacts for the movement (e.g. badges and pennants).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_roots">Family roots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E%C5%ADropo-placo_C-K.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/E%C5%ADropo-placo_C-K.JPG/220px-E%C5%ADropo-placo_C-K.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/E%C5%ADropo-placo_C-K.JPG/330px-E%C5%ADropo-placo_C-K.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/E%C5%ADropo-placo_C-K.JPG/440px-E%C5%ADropo-placo_C-K.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Europa-Platz – Coudenhove-Kalergi in <a href="/wiki/Klosterneuburg" title="Klosterneuburg">Klosterneuburg</a>, Austria</figcaption></figure> <p>Coudenhove-Kalergi was the second son of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a> (1859–1906), an <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> count and diplomat. His mother was <a href="/wiki/Mitsuko_Aoyama" title="Mitsuko Aoyama">Mitsuko Aoyama</a> (1874–1941). His father, who spoke sixteen languages and embraced travel as the only means of prolonging life yet died in his forties, had prematurely abandoned a career in the Austrian diplomatic service that took him to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> and Tokyo, to devote himself to study and writing. </p><p>Coudenhove-Kalergi's parents met when his mother helped the Austro-Hungarian diplomat after he fell off a horse while riding in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>. In commenting on their union, <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a> described the future originator of Pan-Europe as "practically a Pan-European organization himself." He elaborated: "The <a href="/wiki/Coudenhove-Kalergi_family" title="Coudenhove-Kalergi family">Coudenhoves</a> were a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> family that fled to Austria during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kallergis_family" title="Kallergis family">Kalergis</a> were a wealthy Greek family from <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. The line has been further crossed with Poles, Norwegians, <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a>, French and Germans".<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kallergis_family" title="Kallergis family">Kalergis family</a> roots claim their descent from <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantine</a> royalty via <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> aristocracy, connecting with the <a href="/wiki/Phokas_(Byzantine_family)" title="Phokas (Byzantine family)">Phokas</a> imperial dynasty. In 1300, Coudenhove-Kalergi's ancestor Alexios Phokas-Kalergis signed the treaty that made Crete a dominion of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>. </p><p>During his childhood, Coudenhove-Kalergi's mother had read aloud to him <i><a href="/wiki/Momotar%C5%8D" title="Momotarō">Momotarō</a></i> and other Japanese fairy tales.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth_and_education">Youth and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Youth and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pob%C4%9B%C5%BEovice_z%C3%A1mek(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pob%C4%9B%C5%BEovice_z%C3%A1mek%283%29.jpg/200px-Pob%C4%9B%C5%BEovice_z%C3%A1mek%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pob%C4%9B%C5%BEovice_z%C3%A1mek%283%29.jpg/300px-Pob%C4%9B%C5%BEovice_z%C3%A1mek%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pob%C4%9B%C5%BEovice_z%C3%A1mek%283%29.jpg/400px-Pob%C4%9B%C5%BEovice_z%C3%A1mek%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The Ronsperg castle, his childhood home. Damaged during the Second World War, the repairs were overseen by a German from Japan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masumi_Schmidt-Muraki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masumi Schmidt-Muraki (page does not exist)">Masumi Schmidt-Muraki</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Coudenhove-Kalergi spent his adolescence on <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> family estates in <a href="/wiki/Ronsperg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronsperg">Ronsperg</a>, known today as <a href="/wiki/Pob%C4%9B%C5%BEovice" title="Poběžovice">Poběžovice</a>. His father personally taught his two sons Russian and Hungarian<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and toughened them both physically and morally. He took them on long walks in all weather, made them sleep on straw mattresses and take cold showers, and taught them to shoot and fence so well that no one would ever dare challenge them. He also took them to <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> every Sunday. On every <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">liturgy</a> came to the exhortation "oremus et pro perfidis Judaeis" ("<a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Prayer_for_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Friday Prayer for the Jews">Let us also pray for the perfidious Jews</a>"), the old count allegedly rose and walked out of the church in a protest against this supposed expression of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coudenhove-Kalergi studied at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustiner-Gymnasium_Brixen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustiner-Gymnasium Brixen (page does not exist)">Augustiner-Gymnasium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brixen" title="Brixen">Brixen</a> before attending the <a href="/wiki/Theresianische_Akademie" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresianische Akademie">Theresianische Akademie</a> in Vienna from 1908 until 1913. He obtained his doctorate in philosophy with a thesis on <i>Die Objectivität als Grundprinzip der Moral</i> (Objectivity as the Fundamental Principle of Morals) in 1917 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>. </p><p>During his student years, Coudenhove-Kalergi married the famous Jewish Viennese actress <a href="/wiki/Ida_Roland" title="Ida Roland">Ida Roland</a> in April 1915. His marriage to a <a href="/wiki/Divorcee" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorcee">divorcée</a> thirteen years his senior, and a <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoner</a>, caused a temporary split with his family. His mother Mitsuko did not accept Ida, considering her a "<a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">beggar</a> living on the <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">riverbank</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a traditional Japanese point of view against actors and performers. His mother, as head of the family, banned him from the family temporarily, but relented when Coudenhove-Kalergi became renowned for his pan-European concept.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_philosophy">Personal philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was Aristocratic in his origins and this reflected in his ideas, Coudenhove-Kalergi identified and collaborated with such politicians as <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Kurt Schuschnigg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ideal political constituent was a <a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">gentleman</a> who must respect and protect ladies, a person adhering to honesty, fair play, <a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">courtesy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">rational discourse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pan-European_political_activist">Pan-European political activist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pan-European political activist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Category:Conservatism in Austria">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Austria</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/80px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/120px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/160px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="631" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#Austria" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Austrian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Austria-Hungary" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics#Austria" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Federal State of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibiza_affair" title="Ibiza affair">Ibiza affair</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Burger" title="Rudolf Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">von Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Hayek">von Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_H%C3%B6belt" title="Lothar Höbelt">Höbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">von Hofmannsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">von Vogelsang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Character" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and Character">Sex and Character</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Menace_of_the_Herd,_or_Procrustes_at_Large" class="mw-redirect" title="The Menace of the Herd, or Procrustes at Large">The Menace of the Herd</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Figl" title="Leopold Figl">Figl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">von Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">von Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider" title="Jörg Haider">Haider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Karl_Sigmund_von_Hohenwart" title="Count Karl Sigmund von Hohenwart">von Hohenwart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kickl" title="Herbert Kickl">Kickl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Klaus" title="Josef Klaus">Klaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Nehammer" title="Karl Nehammer">Nehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Louis of Liechtenstein">de Paula Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Raab" title="Julius Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rosenkranz" title="Barbara Rosenkranz">Rosenkranz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Seipel" title="Ignaz Seipel">Seipel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%BCssel" title="Wolfgang Schüssel">Schüssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Stadler" title="Ewald Stadler">Stadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz-Christian_Strache" title="Heinz-Christian Strache">Strache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Taaffe,_11th_Viscount_Taaffe" title="Eduard Taaffe, 11th Viscount Taaffe">Taaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">von Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Waldheim" title="Kurt Waldheim">Waldheim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dichand" title="Hans Dichand">Dichand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Feigl" title="Erich Feigl">Feigl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Sch%C3%B6nfeld" title="Marie Schönfeld">Schönfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sellner" title="Martin Sellner">Sellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tschugguel" title="Alexander Tschugguel">Tschugguel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria" title="Alliance for the Future of Austria">Alliance for the Future of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_of_Austria" title="Christian Party of Austria">Christian Party of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Catholic People's Party (Austria-Hungary)">Catholic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Austria)" title="Christian Social Party (Austria)">Christian Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reform_Conservatives" title="The Reform Conservatives">The Reform Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Stronach" title="Team Stronach">Team Stronach</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-Yellow_Alliance" title="Black-Yellow Alliance">Black-Yellow Alliance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Identit%C3%A4re_Bewegung_%C3%96sterreich" title="Identitäre Bewegung Österreich">Identitäre Bewegung Österreich</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_Association_of_Academics" title="Viennese Association of Academics">Viennese Association of Academics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kleine_Zeitung" title="Kleine Zeitung">Kleine Zeitung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volksblatt" title="Neues Volksblatt">Neues Volksblatt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salzburger_Nachrichten" title="Salzburger Nachrichten">Salzburger Nachrichten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiroler_Tageszeitung" title="Tiroler Tageszeitung">Tiroler Tageszeitung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Zeitung" title="Wiener Zeitung">Wiener Zeitung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreich_(newspaper)" title="Österreich 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title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Template:Conservatism in Austria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Austria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Austria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0214-511,_Berlin,_Thomas_Mann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0214-511%2C_Berlin%2C_Thomas_Mann.jpg/150px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0214-511%2C_Berlin%2C_Thomas_Mann.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0214-511%2C_Berlin%2C_Thomas_Mann.jpg/225px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0214-511%2C_Berlin%2C_Thomas_Mann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0214-511%2C_Berlin%2C_Thomas_Mann.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0214-511%2C_Berlin%2C_Thomas_Mann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Ida Roland-Coudenhove-Kalergi and Thomas Mann in the second Pan-European Congress in <a href="/wiki/Sing-Akademie_zu_Berlin" title="Sing-Akademie zu Berlin">Sing-Akademie zu Berlin</a> on 17 May 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Coudenhove-Kalergi is recognized as the founder of the first popular movement for a united Europe. His intellectual influences ranged from <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kjell%C3%A9n" title="Rudolf Kjellén">Rudolf Kjellén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>. In politics, he was an enthusiastic supporter of "<a href="/wiki/Fourteen_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteen points">fourteen points</a>" made by <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> on 8 January 1918 and <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> initiatives of <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Hiller" title="Kurt Hiller">Kurt Hiller</a>. In December 1921, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masonic lodge</a> "Humanitas" in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dorril" title="Stephen Dorril">Stephen Dorril</a>, in 1922, he co-founded<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the Pan-European Union (PEU), as "the only way of guarding against an eventual world hegemony by Russia."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (June 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1923, he published a manifesto entitled <i>Pan-Europa</i>, each copy containing a membership form which invited the reader to become a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Paneuropean_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Paneuropean Union">Pan-Europa movement</a>. He favored social democracy as an improvement on "the feudal aristocracy of the sword" but his ambition was to create a conservative society that superseded democracy with "the social aristocracy of the spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European freemason lodges supported his movement, including the lodge Humanitas.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pan-Europa</i> was translated into the languages of European countries (excluding Italian, which edition was not published at that time), the constructed language <a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Occidental</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a multitude of other languages, except for Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewitson_and_D'Auria_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewitson_and_D'Auria-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1924, Coudenhove-Kalergi founded the journal <i>Paneuropa</i> (1924–1938) of which he was editor and principal author. The next year he started publishing his main work, the <i>Kampf um Paneuropa </i> (The fight for Paneuropa, 1925–1928, three volumes). In 1926, the first Congress of the Pan-European Union was held in Vienna and the 2,000 delegates elected Coudenhove-Kalergi as president of the Central Council, a position he held until his death in 1972. </p><p>His original vision was for a world divided into only five states: a United States of Europe that would link continental countries with French and Italian possessions in Africa; a Pan-American Union encompassing North and South Americas; the British Commonwealth circling the globe; the USSR spanning Eurasia; and a Pan-Asian Union whereby Japan and China would control most of the Pacific. To him, the only hope for a Europe devastated by war was to federate along lines that the Hungarian-born Romanian <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Popovici" title="Aurel Popovici">Aurel Popovici</a> and others had proposed for the dissolved multinational Empire of Austria-Hungary. According to Coudenhove-Kalergi, Pan-Europe would encompass and extend a more flexible and more competitive Austria-Hungary, with English serving as the world language, spoken by everyone in addition to their native tongue. He believed that individualism and socialism would learn to cooperate instead of compete, and urged that capitalism and communism cross-fertilise each other just as the Protestant Reformation had spurred the Catholic Church to regenerate itself.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coudenhove-Kalergi attempted to enlist prominent European politicians in his pan-European cause. He offered the presidency of the Austrian branch of the Pan-European Union to <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Seipel" title="Ignaz Seipel">Ignaz Seipel</a>, who accepted the offer unhesitatingly and rewarded his beneficiary with an office in the old Imperial palace in Vienna. Coudenhove-Kalergi had less success with <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk">Tomáš Masaryk</a>, who referred him to his uncooperative Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a>. However, the idea of pan-Europe elicited support from politicians as diverse as the Italian anti-Fascist politician <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Sforza" title="Carlo Sforza">Carlo Sforza</a> and the German President of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsbank" title="Reichsbank">Reichsbank</a> under <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>. Although Coudenhove-Kalergi found himself unable to sway <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, his ideas influenced <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> through his speech in favour of a European Union in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> on 8 September 1929, as well as his famous 1930 "Memorandum on the Organisation of a Regime of European Federal Union."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coudenhove-Kalergi proposed Beethoven's "Ode to Joy" as the <a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_Europe" title="Anthem of Europe">Anthem of Europe</a> in 1929,<sup id="cite_ref-Paneurope_Suisse_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paneurope_Suisse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he later proposed in 1955 as Anthem for the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. In 1930, he proposed a Europe Day in May<sup id="cite_ref-Paneurope_Suisse_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paneurope_Suisse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1932 he proposed to celebrate every 17 May, the anniversary of Aristide Briand's "Memorandum" being published in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Guieu_and_Le_Dréau_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guieu_and_Le_Dréau-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His Pan-Europeanism earned vivid loathing from <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, who excoriated its pacifism and mechanical economism and belittled its founder as "a bastard."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler's view of Coudenhove-Kalergi was that the "rootless, cosmopolitan, and elitist half-breed" was going to repeat the historical mistakes of Coudenhove ancestors who had served the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, Hitler wrote about his political opponent in his <i><a href="/wiki/Zweites_Buch" class="mw-redirect" title="Zweites Buch">Zweites Buch</a></i>, describing him as "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aller-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:aller-">Aller</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Welt" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Welt">welts</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bastard" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Bastard">bastarden</a> (commonplace bastard) Coudenhove</i></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler argued in his 1928 <i><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Secret_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's Secret Book">Secret Book</a></i> that they are unfit for the future defense of Europe against America. As America fills its North American <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">lebensraum</a>, "the natural activist urge that is peculiar to young nations will turn outward." But then "a pacifist-democratic Pan-European hodgepodge state" would not be able to oppose the United States, as it is "according to the conception of that commonplace bastard, Coudenhove-Kalergi..."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nazi criticism and propaganda against Coudenhove-Kalergi, and his European worldview, would decades later form the basis of the racist <a href="/wiki/Kalergi_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalergi plan">Kalergi plan</a> <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nazis considered the Pan-European Union to be under the control of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> book, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Freimaurerei: Weltanschauung, Organisation und Politik</i></span> (<i>Freemasonry: Its World View, Organization and Policies</i>), was released in German, which targeted Coudenhove-Kalergi's membership of Freemasonry, the organization <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Nazi_Germany_and_occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">suppressed by Nazis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coudenhove-Kalergi had already left the Viennese Masonic Lodge in 1926 to avoid the criticism that occurred at that time of the relationship between the Pan-European movement and Freemasonry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casablanca,_Paul_Henreid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Casablanca%2C_Paul_Henreid.JPG/200px-Casablanca%2C_Paul_Henreid.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Casablanca%2C_Paul_Henreid.JPG/300px-Casablanca%2C_Paul_Henreid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Casablanca%2C_Paul_Henreid.JPG/400px-Casablanca%2C_Paul_Henreid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Paul Henreid as Victor Laszlo in the cinematic trailer of <i>Casablanca</i></figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">the annexation of Austria</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1938, Coudenhove-Kalergi fled to <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, and thence to France. As France fell to Germany in 1940, he escaped to the United States by way of Switzerland and Portugal. When he passed a few days after the successful escape to the United States, he listened to the radio announcing the possibility that he had died.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he continued his call for the unification of Europe along the Paris-London axis. His wartime politics and adventures served as the real life basis for fictional Resistance hero Victor Laszlo, the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henreid" title="Paul Henreid">Paul Henreid</a> character in <i><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_(film)" title="Casablanca (film)">Casablanca</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Coudenhove-Kalergi published his work <i>Crusade for Paneurope</i> in 1944. His appeal for the unification of Europe enjoyed some support from <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Donovan" class="mw-redirect" title="William Joseph Donovan">"Wild Bill" Donovan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> on 14 August 1941, he composed a memorandum entitled "Austria's Independence in the light of the Atlantic Charter" and sent it to <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>. In his position statement, Coudenhove-Kalergi took up the goals of the charter and recommended himself as head of government in exile. Both Churchill and Roosevelt distanced themselves from this document. From 1942 until his return to France in 1945, he taught at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, which appointed him professor of history in 1944. At the same university Professor <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> studied currency problems for Coudenhove-Kalergi's movement.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 July 1943, Nazis deprived him of his Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Vienna, with the <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> argument, that as a "Jew" he was not considered worthy of an academic degree from a German university ("<i>eines akademischen Grades einer deutschen Hochschule unwürdig</i>") – even though he was not Jewish nor was his family Jewish. His doctorate degree was only regranted on 15 May 1955, six years after the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany and thus ten years after the end of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gedenkbuch_2009_l035_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gedenkbuch_2009_l035-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> inaugurated a revival of pan-European hopes. In the winter of 1945, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> read an article in the December issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s" title="Collier's">Collier's magazine</a></i> that Coudenhove-Kalergi posted about the integration of Europe. His article impressed Truman, and it was adopted to the United States' official policy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winston Churchill's celebrated speech of 19 September 1946 to the Academic Youth in <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a> commended "the exertions of the Pan-European Union which owes so much to Count Coudenhove-Kalergi and which commanded the services of the famous French patriot and statesman Aristide Briand."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1946 and the spring of 1947, Coudenhove-Kalergi circulated an enquiry addressed to members of European parliaments. This enquiry resulted in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Union" title="European Parliamentary Union">European Parliamentary Union</a> (EPU), a nominally private organization that held its preliminary conference on 4–5 July at Gstaad, Switzerland, and followed it with its first full conference from 8 to 12 September. Speaking at the first EPU conference, Coudenhove-Kalergi argued that the constitution of a wide market with a stable currency was the vehicle for Europe to reconstruct its potential and take the place it deserves within the concert of Nations. On less guarded occasions he was heard to advocate a revival of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s empire.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950 he received the first annual <i><a href="/wiki/Karlspreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlspreis">Karlspreis</a></i> (Charlemagne Award), given by the German city of <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> to people who contributed to the European idea and European peace. In Japan, a politician <a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Hatoyama" title="Ichirō Hatoyama">Ichirō Hatoyama</a> was influenced by Coudenhove-Kalergi's fraternity in his book <i>The Totalitarian State Against Man</i>. It was translated into Japanese by Hatoyama and published in 1952. Coudenhove-Kalergi was appointed the honorary chairman of the fraternal youth association that Hatoyama, with the influence of his book, had established in 1953. </p><p>In 1955, he proposed the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Joy" title="Ode to Joy">Ode to Joy</a>" as the music for the <a href="/wiki/European_Anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="European Anthem">European Anthem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a suggestion that the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> took up 16 years later. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_Place_Richard_Coudenhove_Kalergi_-_Paris_XVI_(FR75)_-_2021-08-18_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Plaque_Place_Richard_Coudenhove_Kalergi_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-18_-_1.jpg/220px-Plaque_Place_Richard_Coudenhove_Kalergi_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-18_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Plaque_Place_Richard_Coudenhove_Kalergi_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-18_-_1.jpg/330px-Plaque_Place_Richard_Coudenhove_Kalergi_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-18_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Plaque_Place_Richard_Coudenhove_Kalergi_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-18_-_1.jpg/440px-Plaque_Place_Richard_Coudenhove_Kalergi_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-18_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="2925" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at Place Richard de Coudenhove-Kalergi in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1960s, Coudenhove-Kalergi urged Austria to pursue "an active policy of peace", as a "fight against the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and its continuation, the atomic war". He advocated Austrian involvement in world politics in order to keep the peace, as "active neutrality". He continued his advocacy of European unification in memoranda circulated to the governments of the Federal Republic of Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. He recommended negotiations between the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> towards forming a "European customs union" that would be free of political and military connections, but would eventually adopt a monetary union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_race_and_religion">Views on race and religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Views on race and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1925 book <i>Practical Idealism</i>, Coudenhove-Kalergi theorized that the historical development causing the death of European hereditary social classes would lead to an all-encompassing <a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">race of the future</a> made up of "Eurasian-<a href="/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Negroid</a>[s]", would replace "the diversity of peoples" and "[t]oday's races and classes" with a "diversity of individuals".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview in the first Pan-European Congress in 1926, he expressed the support of Jews by the pan-European movement and the benefits to Jews with the elimination of racial hatred and economic rivalry brought by the United States of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, Coudenhove-Kalergi composed, and had his publishing house reissue, a preface for a new edition of his father <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a>'s condemnation of antisemitism in his later life. In 1933, he responded to the ascendance of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> by collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holitscher" title="Arthur Holitscher">Arthur Holitscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Brod" title="Max Brod">Max Brod</a> in writing and publishing the pamphlet <i>Gegen die Phrase vom jüdischen Schädling</i> ("Against the Phrase '<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Parasite">Jewish Parasite</a>'").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journeys_to_Japan">Journeys to Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Journeys to Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Japan">Return to Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Return to Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pan-European idea influenced a young Japanese diplomat – in the future, the president of <a href="/wiki/Kajima_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kajima Corporation">Kajima Corporation</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morinosuke_Kajima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morinosuke Kajima (page does not exist)">Morinosuke Kajima</a> during his residence in Berlin in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirakawa_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirakawa-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coudenhove-Kalergi formed a friendship with Kajima and then asked him to translate the book <i>Pan-Europa</i> into Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirakawa_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirakawa-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed Pan-Asia to Kajima and promised to give <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> as their friendship after the realization of the task to establish Pan-Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirakawa_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirakawa-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kajima published <i>Pan-Europa</i> in Japanese in 1927. In 1930 Kajima retired from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> to become <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MP</a>. His ambition to become an MP was due to Coudenhove-Kalergi's influence.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970–1971 he published the complete works of Coudenhove-Kalergi from Kajima Institute Publishing that was established by Morinosuke Kajima. He respected Coudenhove-Kalergi over a lifetime, dreaming of the realization of Pan-Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirakawa_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirakawa-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, the Pan-European idea also influenced a journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshinori_Maeda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoshinori Maeda (page does not exist)">Yoshinori Maeda</a>, the president of <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a>. He became a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Broadcasting_Union" title="Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union">Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union</a> with the image of <i>Pan-Europa</i> that he read in his student days.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953 <a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Hatoyama" title="Ichirō Hatoyama">Ichirō Hatoyama</a> established <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuai_Youth_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuai Youth Association (page does not exist)">Yuai Youth Association</a> (later Yuai Association), the fraternal association as the successor of fraternity that Coudenhove-Kalergi mentioned in <i>The Totalitarian State Against Man</i>. The Japanese word <i>yūai</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8B%E6%84%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:友愛">友愛</a></span></span>)</span> has several meanings but especially the word used by Hatoyama means <i>fraternity</i> and in German <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCderlichkeit" class="extiw" title="wikt:Brüderlichkeit">brüderlichkeit</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be considered equivalent to "<a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberty, Equality, Fraternity</a>" (Brotherhood), the motto of the French Republic. An educator <a href="/wiki/Kaoru_Hatoyama" title="Kaoru Hatoyama">Kaoru Hatoyama</a> became the second president of the association after her husband Ichirō, the first president, died in 1959.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1967 Coudenhove-Kalergi was awarded the Kajima Peace Award, and was invited to Japan by Morinosuke Kajima as the president of Kajima Institute of International Peace, Yoshinori Maeda as the president of NHK, and Kaoru Hatoyama as the president of Yuai Youth Association. Together with his second wife Alexandra in a wheelchair,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coudenhove-Kalergi stayed in Japan from 26 October to 8 November. He was also accompanied by his young brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolf_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerolf Coudenhove-Kalergi (page does not exist)">Gerolf</a>'s daughter <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Barbara Coudenhove-Kalergi">Barbara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi was also awarded <i>First Order of the Sacred Treasure</i> of Japan. He was granted an audience with the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Djun" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Kōjun">Empress Kōjun</a>, their son Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> to whom he had presented his book in 1953 in Switzerland, and Crown Princess <a href="/wiki/Empress_Michiko" title="Empress Michiko">Michiko</a>. This time, he had returned to Japan for the first time since his childhood 71 years earlier. He gave several lectures and met various leaders. Coudenhove-Kalergi spent 2 weeks in Japan as a guest of Japanese TV, radio, newspaper, magazines and other media.<sup id="cite_ref-kajima_peace_award_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kajima_peace_award-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Japan, Coudenhove-Kalergi specifically asked for a meeting with the president of <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daisaku_Ikeda" title="Daisaku Ikeda">Daisaku Ikeda</a>, as Coudenhove-Kalergi had been interested in Ikeda's work for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soka_Gakkai_invitation">Soka Gakkai invitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soka Gakkai invitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coudenhove-Kalergi visited Japan again at the invitation of the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dka_Gakkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sōka Gakkai">Sōka Gakkai</a> in October 1970 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Two decades later, in 1990, Ikeda proposed that Coudenhove-Kalergi's favorite song, Beethoven's "Ode to Joy," be regularly performed at major Soka Gakkai meetings. It was reported in Japan that this was one cause of the split between the Soka Gakkai and <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai_International" title="Soka Gakkai International">Soka Gakkai International</a> (SGI) from <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Nichiren Shōshū</a> in 1991, as the Nichiren Shoshu priesthood objected to the song's "Christian origins."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coudenhove-Park.Hofpavillon.U4hietzing.A.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coudenhove-Park.Hofpavillon.U4hietzing.A.JPG/220px-Coudenhove-Park.Hofpavillon.U4hietzing.A.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coudenhove-Park.Hofpavillon.U4hietzing.A.JPG/330px-Coudenhove-Park.Hofpavillon.U4hietzing.A.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coudenhove-Park.Hofpavillon.U4hietzing.A.JPG/440px-Coudenhove-Park.Hofpavillon.U4hietzing.A.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Coudenhove-Park in <a href="/wiki/Hietzing" title="Hietzing">Hietzing</a>, Vienna</figcaption></figure> <p>According to a masonic report,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Coudenhove-Kalergi died of a stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His secretary, however, indicated that Coudenhove-Kalergi possibly committed suicide. In the memoir his secretary wrote, she said his death had been kept secret so as not to disappoint those who considered him to be the great visionary of European integration.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coudenhove-Kalergi was the head of the Pan-European Union until his death. <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> succeeded him as president.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Coudenhove-Kalergi is buried at <a href="/wiki/Gruben/Meiden" title="Gruben/Meiden">Gruben</a> near <a href="/wiki/Gstaad" title="Gstaad">Gstaad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grave, covered with <a href="/wiki/Wild_grape" title="Wild grape">wild grapes</a>, is located in a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Japanese rock garden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a>. Upon the grave is the French epitaph "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pionnier des États-Unis d'Europe</i></span>" (Pioneer of the United States of Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coudenhove-Kalergi was married three times: to <a href="/wiki/Ida_Roland" title="Ida Roland">Ida Roland</a> (1881–1951), to Alexandra Gräfin von Tiele-Winckler (1896–1968), and to Melanie Benatzky-Hoffmann (1909–1983). His known children were Ida's daughter Erika and Alexandra's son Alexander, both of whom were his step-children.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Adel</i> (1922)</li> <li><i>Ethik und Hyperethik</i> (1922); <i>Héros ou Saint</i> (1929), the Cahiers Internationaux series of the publisher Les Editions Rieder, 7, Place Saint-Sulpice, Paris, translated from German into French by Marcel Beaufils</li> <li><i>Pan-Europa</i> (1923), Paneuropa Verlag; <i>Pan-Europe</i> (1926), <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a>, abridged, with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a></li> <li><i>Krise der Weltanschauung</i> (1923)</li> <li><i>Pazifismus</i> (1924)</li> <li><i>Deutschlands Europäische Sendung. Ein Gespräch</i> (1924)</li> <li><i>Praktischer Idealismus</i> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia601304.us.archive.org/26/items/practical-idealism-english-ver-1-2/Practical_Idealism_English_Ver_1_2.pdf">English translation.</a></li> <li><i>Kampf um Paneuropa</i> (3 Volumes, 1925–28)</li> <li><i>Held oder Heiliger</i> (1927)</li> <li><i>Brüning – Hitler: Revision der Bündnispolitik</i> (1931), Paneuropa-Verlag</li> <li><i>Stalin & Co.</i> (1931)</li> <li><i>Gebote des Lebens</i> (1931)</li> <li><i>Los vom Materialismus!</i> (1931)</li> <li><i>La lutte pour l'Europe</i> (1931)</li> <li><i>Revolution durch Technik</i> (1932)</li> <li><i>Gegen die Phrase vom jüdischen Schädling</i> (1933), co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holitscher" title="Arthur Holitscher">Arthur Holitscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Brod" title="Max Brod">Max Brod</a></li> <li><i>Europa erwacht!</i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Judenhaß von heute: Graf H. Coudenhofe-Kalergi. Das Wesen des Antisemitismus</i> (1935)</li> <li><i>Europa ohne Elend: Ausgewählte Reden</i> (1936)</li> <li><i>Judenhaß!</i> (1937)</li> <li><i>Totaler Staat – Totaler Mensch</i> (1937), Paneuropa Verlag; <i>Totaler Mensch – Totaler Staat</i> (1939), Herold Verlag; <i>Totaler Mensch – Totaler Staat</i> (1965), Herold Verlag</li> <li><i>The Totalitarian State Against Man</i>, with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Wickham_Steed" title="Wickham Steed">Wickham Steed</a>, translated by Sir <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McFadyean" title="Andrew McFadyean">Andrew Mc Fadyean</a> (1938), London, Frederick Muller Ltd.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2006/4/24/87035567-586c-4a12-99e7-6857ee13f146/publishable_en.pdf"><i>Europe Must Unite</i></a>, translated by Sir Andrew Mc Fadyean (1939)</li> <li><i>Die europäische Mission der Frau</i> (1940)</li> <li><i>Crusade for Pan-Europe</i> (1943)</li> <li><i>Kampf um Europa</i> (1949)</li> <li><i>Ida Roland: In Memoriam</i> (1951)</li> <li><i>Die Europäische Nation</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Der Gentleman</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>An Idea Conquers the World</i>, with a preface by Winston S. Churchill (1953)</li> <li><i>Vom Ewigen Krieg zum Großen Frieden</i> (1956)</li> <li><i>Eine Idee erobert Europa</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>From War to Peace</i> (1959)</li> <li><i>Ein Leben für Europa</i> (1966)</li> <li><i>Für die Revolution der Brüderlichkeit</i> (1968), Zurich, Verlag Die Waage</li> <li><i>Bi no Kuni – Nihon heno Kikyou </i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><abbr title="Country of Beauty">美の国</abbr> – <abbr title="Homecoming to Japan">日本への帰郷</abbr></span></span>)</span>, translated into Japanese by Morinosuke Kajima (1968), Tokyo, Kajima Institute Publishing</li> <li><i>Weltmacht Europa</i> (1971)</li> <li><i>Bunmei – Nishi to Higashi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><abbr title="Civilization">文明</abbr> – <abbr title="West and East">西と東</abbr></span></span>)</span>, interview collection with Daisaku Ikeda (1972), Tokyo, publication branch of <a href="/wiki/Sankei_Shimbun" title="Sankei Shimbun">Sankei Shimbun</a> Co., Ltd.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Officer of the Legion of Honour</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kosch_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosch-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria" title="Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria">Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Star of the Republic of Austria</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Sonning_Prize" title="Sonning Prize">Sonning Prize</a></li> <li>1966: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Europäischer Karlspreis der Sudetendeutschen Landsmannschaft</i></span></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sacred_Treasure" title="Order of the Sacred Treasure">Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1st class of Japan</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Kajima" title="Kajima">Kajima</a> Peace Award<sup id="cite_ref-kajima_peace_award_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kajima_peace_award-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Prize" title="Konrad Adenauer Prize">Konrad Adenauer Prize</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Knight Commander's Cross of the Federal Republic of Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Dr. h. c.</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nihon_University" title="Nihon University">Nihon University</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kosch_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosch-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ehrenbürgerwürde der Universität Frankfurt a. M.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> nominee in 59 nominations, known by 1971 so far.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1972 is still concealed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">Federal Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideas of European unity before 1945">Ideas of European unity before 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founding fathers of the European Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>German: <i>Richard Nikolaus Eijiro Graf von Coudenhove-Kalergi</i> (Regarding personal names: Until 1919, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Graf</a></i></span> was a title, translated as '<a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a>', not a first or middle name. The female form is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gräfin</i></span>. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.).</li> <li>Japanese: リヒャルト・ニコラウス・栄次郎・クーデンホーフ＝カレルギー伯爵<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Rihyaruto Nikorausu Eijirō Kūdenhōfu-Karerugī Hakushaku</i></span>)</span>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTozawa2013a">Tozawa 2013a</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/mitsuko2-1.htm">chpt. (1)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOcaña" class="citation web cs1">Ocaña, Juan Carlos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024075148/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPRINGcoudenhove.htm">"Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_Educational" title="Spartacus Educational">Spartacus Educational</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPRINGcoudenhove.htm">the original</a> on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Coudenhove-Kalergi&rft.pub=Spartacus+Educational&rft.aulast=Oca%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Juan+Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk%2FSPRINGcoudenhove.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paneurope_Suisse-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paneurope_Suisse_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paneurope_Suisse_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paneurope_Suisse_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307192610/http://www.suissemagazine.com/sites/paneurope/paneurope2009/rck.html">"Richard N. de Coudenhove-Kalergi"</a> (in French). Paneurope Suisse on Suisse magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suissemagazine.com/sites/paneurope/paneurope2009/rck.html">the original</a> on 7 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+N.+de+Coudenhove-Kalergi&rft.pub=Paneurope+Suisse+on+Suisse+magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suissemagazine.com%2Fsites%2Fpaneurope%2Fpaneurope2009%2Frck.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerssonStråth2007">Persson & Stråth 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P32dNnKCYLcC&pg=PA99">p. 99</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittaker-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker_Chambers1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a> (1996). Terry Teachout (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203790786-14/historian-history-maker-teachout-terry-hindus-milton"><i>Ghosts on the Roof: Selected Journalism</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203790786">10.4324/9780203790786</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203790786" title="Special:BookSources/9780203790786"><bdi>9780203790786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghosts+on+the+Roof%3A+Selected+Journalism&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203790786&rft.isbn=9780203790786&rft.au=Whittaker+Chambers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9780203790786-14%2Fhistorian-history-maker-teachout-terry-hindus-milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNAITO2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">NAITO, Tetsuo (31 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sucra.saitama-u.ac.jp/modules/xoonips/download.php/KYO-KJ00004106292.pdf?file_id=20505">"研究ノート : 欧州統合の提唱者、クーデンホーフ・カレルギーの思想と行動 An Advocate of the European Integration, Coudenhove-Kalergi's Original Idea and Activities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Saitama_University" title="Saitama University">Saitama United Cyber Repository of Academic Resources</a> (SUCRA). p. 169<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2013</span>. <q><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">幼き日に母親に日本の童話、例えば「桃太郎」を読んでもらったとの彼の回想がある</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88+%3A+%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E7%B5%B1%E5%90%88%E3%81%AE%E6%8F%90%E5%94%B1%E8%80%85%E3%80%81%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E3%81%A8%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95+An+Advocate+of+the+European+Integration%2C+Coudenhove-Kalergi%27s+Original+Idea+and+Activities&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Saitama+United+Cyber+Repository+of+Academic+Resources+%28SUCRA%29&rft.date=2006-03-31&rft.aulast=NAITO&rft.aufirst=Tetsuo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsucra.saitama-u.ac.jp%2Fmodules%2Fxoonips%2Fdownload.php%2FKYO-KJ00004106292.pdf%3Ffile_id%3D20505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTozawa2013a">Tozawa 2013a</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/mitsuko2-3.htm">chpt. (3)</a>: "<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">河原乞食</span></span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGehler">Gehler</a>, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilton2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hilton" title="Ronald Hilton">Hilton, Ronald</a> (19 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wais.stanford.edu/ztopics/week110104/democracy_coudenhovekalergi_110104.htm">"Democracy and the concept of gentleman: Coudenhove-Kalergi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_International_Studies" title="World Association of International Studies">World Association of International Studies</a> (WAIS) at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>for Coudenhove-Kalergi it meant adherence to the ideals [ . . . ]: honesty, fair play, courtesy, rational discourse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+the+concept+of+gentleman%3A+Coudenhove-Kalergi&rft.pub=World+Association+of+International+Studies+%28WAIS%29+at+Stanford+University&rft.date=2004-11-19&rft.aulast=Hilton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwais.stanford.edu%2Fztopics%2Fweek110104%2Fdemocracy_coudenhovekalergi_110104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826122803/http://yuaikyoukai.com/english.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Yuai" for Understanding"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Hatoyama" title="Ichirō Hatoyama">Yuai Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yuaikyoukai.com/english.html">the original</a> on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>... the word Gentleman as he used referred to British type Gentleman in the chivalric medieval Europe, who may be characterized by such attributes as elegant, well-educated, polite, honest, humorous, cleanly, etc. ... Gentleman, however, must bear the moral responsibility to respect and protect Lady ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Yuai%22+for+Understanding&rft.pub=Yuai+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyuaikyoukai.com%2Fenglish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJajeśniak-Quast2010">Jajeśniak-Quast 2010</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorril2000">Dorril 2000</a>, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosamond2000">Rosamond 2000</a>, pp. 21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZiegerhofer2004">Ziegerhofer 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EHXg3QdGAtAC&pg=PA50">chpt. V – 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Li Pan-Europan manifest</i>. 1926. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/715498832">715498832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Li+Pan-Europan+manifest&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F715498832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewitson_and_D'Auria-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hewitson_and_D'Auria_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHewitsonD'Auria2012">Hewitson & D'Auria 2012</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7GRYc9sOoWUC&pg=PA107">p. 107</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipgens1984">Lipgens 1984</a>, p. 712; <a href="#CITEREFJohnston1983">Johnston 1983</a>, pp. 320–321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeigallStirk1992">Weigall & Stirk 1992</a>, pp. 11–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guieu_and_Le_Dréau-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guieu_and_Le_Dréau_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuieuLe_Dréau2009">Guieu & Le Dréau 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM1BquiVHIC&pg=PA176">p. 176</a>: "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">il a proposé dès 1932 une journée de l'Europe qui serait célébrée chaque 17 mai, jour de la publication du Mémorandum Briand.</i></span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurleigh2001">Burleigh 2001</a>, p. 426; <a href="#CITEREFLipgens1984">Lipgens 1984</a>, p. 37; Coudenhove-Kalergi once again approached Mussolini on 10 May 1933 in a futile attempt to form a union of Latin nations against Nazi Germany.(<a href="#CITEREFLipgens1984">Lipgens 1984</a>, pp. 180–184)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerssonStråth2007">Persson & Stråth 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P32dNnKCYLcC&pg=PA114">p. 114</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazower2013">Mazower 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opefF4rAL6YC&pg=PR691">p. 691</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitler1928" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hitler, Adolf (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HitlerAdolf-DasGeheimeZweiteBuch"><i>Zweites Buch</i></a> (in German). <q><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dieses Paneuropa nach Auffassung des Allerweltsbastarden Coudenhove würde der amerikanischen Union oder einem national erwachten China gegenüber einst dieselbe Rolle spielen wie der altösterreichische Staat gegenüber Deutschland oder Rußland.</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zweites+Buch&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Hitler&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHitlerAdolf-DasGeheimeZweiteBuch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZiegerhofer2004">Ziegerhofer 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EHXg3QdGAtAC&pg=PA425">p. 425</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Secret_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's Secret Book">Hitler's Secret Book</a></i>, 1928, (tr. Attanasio, Salvator, New York: Grove Press, 1962), p 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilpost.it/2018/01/16/piano-kalergi/">"Che cos'è – o sarebbe – il "Piano Kalergi"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [What is - or would be - the "Kalergi Plan"] (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Il_Post" title="Il Post">Il Post</a>. 16 January 2018. <q>The reasons why Kalergi has once again become a scarecrow of the extreme right are quite evident by re-reading what Hitler wrote about him more than 80 years ago. Kalergi argued for the need to temper the differences between peoples in the name of a collective community, wider than the individual state, a recipe that can only be greeted with annoyance by the nationalists of the 1930s as well as those of the 2000s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Che+cos%27%C3%A8+%E2%80%93+o+sarebbe+%E2%80%93+il+%22Piano+Kalergi%22&rft.pub=Il+Post&rft.date=2018-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilpost.it%2F2018%2F01%2F16%2Fpiano-kalergi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2007">Levy 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNb4RXDxEt4C&pg=PA394">p. 394</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1938">Schwarz 1938</a>, p. 22: "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der freimaurer Coudenhove-Kalergi</i></span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoudenhove-Kalergi1953">Coudenhove-Kalergi 1953</a>, p. 234 (Roy Publishers)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorril2000">Dorril 2000</a>, pp. 166–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoudenhove-Kalergi1953">Coudenhove-Kalergi 1953</a>, p. 247 (Hutchinson)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gedenkbuch_2009_l035-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gedenkbuch_2009_l035_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedenkbuch.univie.ac.at/en/page/1/person/richard-nikolaus-coudenhove-kalergi">"Memorial book"</a>. <i>Gedenkbuch</i>. 30 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gedenkbuch&rft.atitle=Memorial+book&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedenkbuch.univie.ac.at%2Fen%2Fpage%2F1%2Fperson%2Frichard-nikolaus-coudenhove-kalergi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTozawa2013b">Tozawa 2013b</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKexp2-3.htm">chpt. (3)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipgensLoth1988">Lipgens & Loth 1988</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJa0QAQiKNsC&pg=PA664">p. 664</a>; <a href="#CITEREFChurchill2003">Churchill 2003</a>, pp. 427–430</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipgensLoth1988">Lipgens & Loth 1988</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJa0QAQiKNsC&pg=PA537">p. 537</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081108214702/http://www.coe.int/t/dgal/dit/ilcd/Historical_Content/hymn/kalergi1.pdf">"Union Paneuropéenne"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). 3 August 1955. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dgal/dit/ilcd/Historical_Content/hymn/kalergi1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+Paneurop%C3%A9enne&rft.date=1955-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdgal%2Fdit%2Filcd%2FHistorical_Content%2Fhymn%2Fkalergi1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/exchange_of_letters_between_richard_coudenhove_kalergi_and_paul_m_g_levy_3_august_1955_to_5_september_1955-en-34a3b196-9a23-4e9e-a977-94e31495b169.html">digital document</a> by <a href="/wiki/Centre_virtuel_de_la_connaissance_sur_l%27Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe">CVCE</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoudenhove-Kalergi1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Coudenhove-Kalergi, R. N. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Coudenhove-Kalergi-Praktischer_Idealismus-1925/page/n23/mode/2up"><i>Praktischer Idealismus</i></a> (in German). Vienna-Leipzig: Paneuropa-Verlag. pp. 22–23. <q><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Mensch der fernen Zukunft wird Mischling sein. Die heutigen Rassen und Kasten werden der zunehmenden Überwindung von Raum, Zeit und Vorurteil zum Opfer fallen. Die <b>eurasisch-negroide Zukunftsrasse</b>, äusserlich dem altägyptischen ähnlich, wird die Vielfalt der Völker durch eine Vielfalt der Persönlichkeiten ersetzen</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praktischer+Idealismus&rft.place=Vienna-Leipzig&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Paneuropa-Verlag&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Coudenhove-Kalergi&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCoudenhove-Kalergi-Praktischer_Idealismus-1925%2Fpage%2Fn23%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoudenhove-Kalergi1925" class="citation book cs1">Coudenhove-Kalergi, R. N. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia601304.us.archive.org/26/items/practical-idealism-english-ver-1-2/Practical_Idealism_English_Ver_1_2.pdf"><i>Practical Idealism, English ver. 1.2</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Trans. Curtis White. p. 30. <q>Man of the distant future will be a hybrid. Today's races and castes will fall victim to the growing defeat of space, time, and prejudice. The Eurasian-Negroid race of the future, outwardly similar to the ancient Egyptian, will replace the diversity of peoples with a diversity of individuals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Idealism%2C+English+ver.+1.2&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Coudenhove-Kalergi&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia601304.us.archive.org%2F26%2Fitems%2Fpractical-idealism-english-ver-1-2%2FPractical_Idealism_English_Ver_1_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1926/10/05/archive/jews-participate-in-pan-europe-congress-sessions-in-vienna"><i>Jews Participate in Pan-europe Congress Sessions in Vienna</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>, 5 October 1926<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+Participate+in+Pan-europe+Congress+Sessions+in+Vienna&rft.pub=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.date=1926-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1926%2F10%2F05%2Farchive%2Fjews-participate-in-pan-europe-congress-sessions-in-vienna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirakawa-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hirakawa_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirakawa_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirakawa_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirakawa_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirakawa2011">Hirakawa 2011</a>, pp. 40–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTozawa2013c">Tozawa 2013c</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKjap1-3.htm">chpt. (3)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTozawa2013c">Tozawa 2013c</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKjap1-2.htm">chpt. (2)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPempelLee2012">Pempel & Lee 2012</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umb2lVHU81IC&pg=PA137">p. 137</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTozawa2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tozawa, Hidenori (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKjap0.htm"><bdi lang="ja">クーデンホーフ・カレルギーと日本の関係</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi Forum (School of Law, Tohoku University)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E3%81%A8%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82&rft.pub=Richard+Coudenhove-Kalergi+Forum+%28School+of+Law%2C+Tohoku+University%29&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Tozawa&rft.aufirst=Hidenori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.tohoku.ac.jp%2F~tozawa%2FRCK%2520HP%2FRCKjap0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTozawa2013c">Tozawa 2013c</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKjap1-5.htm">chpt. (5)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kajima_peace_award-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kajima_peace_award_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kajima_peace_award_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKajima_MONTHLY_REPORT_DIGEST2005">Kajima MONTHLY REPORT DIGEST 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTozawa2013d">Tozawa 2013d</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/RCKjap3.htm">chpt. (1)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuber1995">Zuber 1995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuseynov2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huseynov, Hasan (27 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/27112001-пан-европейское-движение-документы/a-444966"><bdi lang="ru">Пан-европейское движение: документы</bdi></a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COUNT+COUDENHOVE-KALERGI%3A+SWITZERLAND+AS+THE+MODEL+OF+EUROPEAN+UNITY&rft.pub=Business+Mir&rft.date=2011-06&rft.aulast=Aizpurvit&rft.aufirst=Katerina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessmir.ch%2F%3Fp%3D153327%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPernhorst2008">Pernhorst 2008</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosch-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kosch_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosch_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKosch2003">Kosch 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmR_GZTZOecC&pg=PA2064">p. 374</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kas.de/wf/de/71.12596/">"Tabellarischer Lebenslauf: Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung</a>. 27 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tabellarischer+Lebenslauf%3A+Richard+Nikolaus+Graf+Coudenhove-Kalergi&rft.pub=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kas.de%2Fwf%2Fde%2F71.12596%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kas.de/wf/de/71.11513/">"Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard Nikolaus Graf"</a> (in German). Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. 18 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Official web site of the Nobel Prize. April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Count+Richard+Nicolas+Coudenhove-Kalergi&rft.pub=Official+web+site+of+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow_people.php%3Fid%3D1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTozawa2013a" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tozawa, Hidenori (2013a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/~tozawa/RCK%20HP/mitsuko0.htm"><bdi lang="ja">ミツコ・クーデンホーフ・カレルギー (青山光子)</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi Forum (School of Law, <a href="/wiki/Tohoku_University" title="Tohoku University">Tohoku University</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Coudenhove-Kalergi, Austria, and the "United States of Europe", 1923–2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Europe on its Way to Unity. From Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi's Pan-European Vision to the Treaty of Athens. <a href="/wiki/Tokai_University" title="Tokai University">Tokai University</a> Human Security review [2004/2005], No. 9. pp. 171–186. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tokai.ac.jp/spirit/archives/human/pdf/hs09/03_05.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger GmbH</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Freimaurerei%3A+Weltanschauung%2C+Organisation+und+Politik&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Franz+Eher+Nachfolger+GmbH&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSchwarz-Dieter-Die-Freimaurerei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span> (with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenslow1957" class="citation book cs1">Denslow, William R. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/10,000_famous_freemasons/Volume_1_A_to_D.htm"><i>10,000 Famous Freemasons</i></a>. Richmond, Virginia: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Macoy" title="Robert Macoy">Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co., Inc.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=10%2C000+Famous+Freemasons&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Macoy+Publishing+%26+Masonic+Supply+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Denslow&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixmasonry.org%2F10%2C000_famous_freemasons%2FVolume_1_A_to_D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span> (with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. 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(2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xPR69tBYyWkC"><i>Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill's Speeches</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Books#Hyperion_Books" title="Hachette Books">Hyperion</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781401300562" title="Special:BookSources/9781401300562"><bdi>9781401300562</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Give+In%21%3A+The+Best+of+Winston+Churchill%27s+Speeches&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781401300562&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxPR69tBYyWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangmuir1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_I._Langmuir" title="Gavin I. 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Pempel">Pempel, T.J.</a>; Lee, Chung-Min (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umb2lVHU81IC"><i>Security Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Architecture and Beyond</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136309847" title="Special:BookSources/9781136309847"><bdi>9781136309847</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+Cooperation+in+Northeast+Asia%3A+Architecture+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136309847&rft.aulast=Pempel&rft.aufirst=T.J.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Chung-Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dumb2lVHU81IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuber1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zuber, Otto (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DolddownloadrichardNikolausGrafCoudenhove-kalergi1894-1972">"RICHARD NIKOLAUS Graf COUDENHOVE-KALERGI als Freimaurer"</a>. <i>Jahrbuch der Forschungsloge Quatuor Coronati</i> (in German). Vol. 32. Bayreuth: <a href="/wiki/Research_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Lodge">Forschungsloge</a> Quatuor Coronati.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=RICHARD+NIKOLAUS+Graf+COUDENHOVE-KALERGI+als+Freimaurer&rft.btitle=Jahrbuch+der+Forschungsloge+Quatuor+Coronati&rft.place=Bayreuth&rft.pub=Forschungsloge+Quatuor+Coronati&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Zuber&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDolddownloadrichardNikolausGrafCoudenhove-kalergi1894-1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPernhorst2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pernhorst, Christian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3l4NNAAACAAJ"><i>Das paneuropäische Verfassungsmodell des Grafen Richard N. Coudenhove-Kalergi</i></a> (in German). Nomos Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783832932022" title="Special:BookSources/9783832932022"><bdi>9783832932022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+paneurop%C3%A4ische+Verfassungsmodell+des+Grafen+Richard+N.+Coudenhove-Kalergi&rft.pub=Nomos+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783832932022&rft.aulast=Pernhorst&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3l4NNAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosch2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kosch, Wilhelm, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmR_GZTZOecC"><i>Deutsches Literatur-Lexikon. das 20. Jahrhundert <small>Band 5: Butenschön – Dedo</small></i></a> (in German). Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110961119" title="Special:BookSources/9783110961119"><bdi>9783110961119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsches+Literatur-Lexikon.+das+20.+Jahrhundert+%3Csmall%3EBand+5%3A+Butensch%C3%B6n+%E2%80%93+Dedo%3C%2Fsmall%3E&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9783110961119&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNmR_GZTZOecC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchhardt2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duchhardt, Heinz (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPjFiEV1PDQC"><i>Option Europa: deutsche, polnische und ungarische Europapläne des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts Band 2</i></a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783525362877" title="Special:BookSources/9783525362877"><bdi>9783525362877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Option+Europa%3A+deutsche%2C+polnische+und+ungarische+Europapl%C3%A4ne+des+19.+und+20.+Jahrhunderts+Band+2&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783525362877&rft.aulast=Duchhardt&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPjFiEV1PDQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoudenhove-Kalergi1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard Nikolaus (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PraktischerIdealismus1925"><i>Praktischer Idealismus</i></a> [<i>Practical Idealism</i>] (in German). Wien-Leipzig: Pan-Europa-Verlag. UBR069031840355<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praktischer+Idealismus&rft.place=Wien-Leipzig&rft.pub=Pan-Europa-Verlag&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Coudenhove-Kalergi&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nikolaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPraktischerIdealismus1925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoudenhove-Kalergi1953" class="citation book cs1">Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard Nikolaus (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-VY1AQAAIAAJ"><i>An Idea Conquers the World</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson (publisher)">Hutchinson</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Idea+Conquers+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Coudenhove-Kalergi&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nikolaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-VY1AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+von+Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="Z3988"></span> (New York: Roy Publishers)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Count_Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="extiw" title="commons:Count Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Count Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Count_Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Count Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi">category</a>) at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paneuropa.org/">International Paneuropean Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.european-society-coudenhove-kalergi.org/start_home1.asp">European Society Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></li> <li>Archival sources on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/181668?item=PAN/EU">Paneuropean Union</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/158657?item=ME.05.03">European Parliamentary Union</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/Index.aspx">Historical Archives of the EU</a> in Florence</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003509">Newspaper clippings about Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediathek.at/nc/type/8000/searchQuery/867/hash/fKm5j3o8/">Recordings of interviews and speeches with Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi</a> in the Online Archive of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Mediathek" title="Österreichische Mediathek">Österreichische Mediathek</a> (in German). Retrieved 29 July 2019</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Richard Nikolaus Eijiro Graf von Coudenhove-Kalergi</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="mw-redirect" title="Coudenhove-Kalergi">House of Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 16 November 1894</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 27 July 1972</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> International President of the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a> </b><br />1926–1972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> <small>(elected in 1973)</small></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template talk:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1950 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951 <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952 <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953 <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954 <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1955</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956 <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957 <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959 <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1962</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964 <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1965</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966 <a href="/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag" title="Jens Otto Krag">Jens Otto Krag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1968</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969 <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Seydoux_de_Clausonne" title="François Seydoux de Clausonne">François Seydoux de Clausonne</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1971</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972 <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973 <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1974</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1975</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976 <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Leo Tindemans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978 <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979 <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Emilio Colombo</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1980</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981 <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982 <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">King Juan Carlos I</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1983</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1984</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1985</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986 <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">People of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989 <a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990 <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991 <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992 <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993 <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994 <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996 <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998 <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000 <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001 <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Konr%C3%A1d" title="György Konrád">György Konrád</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003 <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004 <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005 <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007 <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008 <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009 <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccardi" title="Andrea Riccardi">Andrea Riccardi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010 <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013 <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97" title="Dalia Grybauskaitė">Dalia Grybauskaitė</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014 <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018 <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019 <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020 <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022 <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava" title="Maria Kalesnikava">Maria Kalesnikava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronika_Tsepkalo" title="Veronika Tsepkalo">Veronika Tsepkalo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023 <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">the Ukrainian people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024 <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Goldschmidt" title="Pinchas Goldschmidt">Pinchas Goldschmidt</a> and the Jewish communities in Europe</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Received extraordinary prize.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Sonning_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sonning_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Sonning Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sonning_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Sonning Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sonning_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sonning Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Sonning_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Sonning_Prize" title="Sonning Prize">Sonning Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Dominique Pire</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Visser_%27t_Hooft" title="Willem Visser 't Hooft">Willem Visser 't Hooft</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Tau" title="Max Tau">Max Tau</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danilo_Dolci" title="Danilo Dolci">Danilo Dolci</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Arne Næss</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gmeiner" title="Hermann Gmeiner">Hermann Gmeiner</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Heinesen" title="William Heinesen">William Heinesen</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski">Krzysztof Kieślowski</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzon" title="Jørn Utzon">Jørn Utzon</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Barba" title="Eugenio Barba">Eugenio Barba</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mona_Hatoum" title="Mona Hatoum">Mona Hatoum</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81gnes_Heller" title="Ágnes Heller">Ágnes Heller</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Haneke" title="Michael Haneke">Michael Haneke</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lars_von_Trier" title="Lars von Trier">Lars von Trier</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87" title="Marina Abramović">Marina Abramović</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41867032">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/18591/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdMdXc9XwJ9GK9qkD4H4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118677101">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50059462">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120904608">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120904608">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00436728">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard Nicolaus : von"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV147451">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36240529">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000265&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX916112">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03396214?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1235208">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118677101.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118677101">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029236274">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027968">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tq63wp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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