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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politics and hierarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_hierarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Artwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_expressions_of_Hopewellian_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_expressions_of_Hopewellian_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Local expressions of Hopewellian traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_expressions_of_Hopewellian_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Local expressions of Hopewellian traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Local_expressions_of_Hopewellian_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armstrong_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armstrong_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Armstrong culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armstrong_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copena_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copena_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Copena culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copena_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crab_Orchard_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crab_Orchard_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Crab Orchard culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crab_Orchard_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goodall_focus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goodall_focus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Goodall focus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goodall_focus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havana_Hopewell_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havana_Hopewell_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Havana Hopewell culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havana_Hopewell_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kansas_City_Hopewell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kansas_City_Hopewell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Kansas City Hopewell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kansas_City_Hopewell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laurel_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laurel_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Laurel complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laurel_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marksville_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marksville_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Marksville culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marksville_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miller_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miller_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Miller culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miller_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montane_Hopewell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montane_Hopewell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Montane Hopewell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montane_Hopewell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ohio_Hopewell_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ohio_Hopewell_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Ohio Hopewell culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ohio_Hopewell_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Point_Peninsula_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Point_Peninsula_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Point Peninsula complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Point_Peninsula_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saugeen_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saugeen_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Saugeen complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saugeen_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swift_Creek_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swift_Creek_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Swift Creek culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swift_Creek_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilhelm_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilhelm_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>Wilhelm culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilhelm_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تقليد هوبويل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقليد هوبويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Hopewell" title="Cultura Hopewell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura Hopewell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell-Kultur" title="Hopewell-Kultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hopewell-Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Hopewell" title="Cultura Hopewell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura Hopewell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%BE%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="فرهنگ هوپ‌ول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ هوپ‌ول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_Hopewell" title="Culture Hopewell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture Hopewell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Hopewell" title="Cultura Hopewell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura Hopewell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C" title="תרבות הופוול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבות הופוול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopvelio_kult%C5%ABra" title="Hopvelio kultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hopvelio kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewellcultuur" title="Hopewellcultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hopewellcultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хоупвеллская традиция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хоупвеллская традиция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewellska_kultura" title="Hopewellska kultura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hopewellska kultura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%BE%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%B5" title="نەریتی ھۆپوێڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەریتی ھۆپوێڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewellska_kultura" title="Hopewellska kultura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hopewellska kultura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewellin_perinne" title="Hopewellin perinne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hopewellin perinne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewellkulturen" title="Hopewellkulturen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hopewellkulturen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="霍普韦尔文化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霍普韦尔文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1305793#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient North American indigenous civilization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Hopewell tradition</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg/220px-Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg/330px-Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg/440px-Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hopewell Interaction Area and local expressions of the Hopewell tradition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Woodland_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Woodland period">Middle Woodland period</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">100 BCE to 500 CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">Type site</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Mound Group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major sites</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Newark_Earthworks" title="Newark Earthworks">Newark Earthworks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defined by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Moorehead" title="Warren K. Moorehead">Warren K. Moorehead</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hopewell tradition</b>, also called the <b>Hopewell culture</b> and <b>Hopewellian exchange</b>, describes a network of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">precontact</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> cultures that flourished in settlements along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Eastern Woodlands</a> from 100 <a href="/wiki/Before_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Common Era">BCE</a> to 500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Woodland" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Woodland">Middle Woodland period</a>. The Hopewell tradition was not a single <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a> or society but a widely dispersed set of populations connected by a common network of <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Price_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its greatest extent, the Hopewell exchange system ran from the northern shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> south to the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Indian_Mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal River Indian Mounds">Crystal River Indian Mounds</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. Within this area, societies exchanged goods and ideas, with the highest amount of activity along waterways, which were the main transportation routes. Peoples within the Hopewell exchange system received materials from all over the territory of what now comprises the mainland United States. Most of the items traded were exotic materials; they were delivered to peoples living in the major trading and manufacturing areas. These people converted raw materials into <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a> and exported them through local and regional exchange networks. Hopewell communities traded finished goods, such as <a href="/wiki/Steatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatite">steatite</a> platform pipes, far and wide; they have been found among grave goods in many burials outside the Midwest.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the origins of the Hopewell are still under discussion, the Hopewell culture can also be considered a cultural climax. </p> <blockquote><p> Hopewell populations originated in western New York and moved south into <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, where they built upon the local <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> <a href="/wiki/Mortuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortuary">mortuary</a> tradition. Or, Hopewell was said to have originated in western Illinois and spread by diffusion... to southern Ohio. Similarly, the Havana Hopewell tradition was thought to have spread up the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois River</a> and into southwestern Michigan, spawning Goodall Hopewell. (Dancey 114)</p></blockquote> <p>American archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Moorehead" title="Warren K. Moorehead">Warren K. Moorehead</a> popularized the term <i>Hopewell</i> after his 1891 and 1892 explorations of the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Mound Group</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ross_County,_Ohio" title="Ross County, Ohio">Ross County, Ohio</a>. The mound group was named after Mordecai Hopewell, whose family then owned the property where the earthworks are sited. What any of the various peoples now classified as Hopewellian called themselves is unknown;<sup id="cite_ref-OHIOCENTRAL1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHIOCENTRAL1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OHIOCENTRAL2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHIOCENTRAL2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indeed, what language families they spoke is unknown. Archaeologists applied the term "Hopewell" to a broad range of cultures. Many of the Hopewell communities were temporary settlements of one to three households near rivers. They practiced a mixture of hunting, gathering, and horticulture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_hierarchy">Politics and hierarchy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Politics and hierarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hopewell inherited from their Adena forebears an incipient <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>. This increased social stability and reinforced <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentism</a>, specialized use of resources, and probably population growth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopewell societies <a href="/wiki/Cremated" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremated">cremated</a> most of their deceased and reserved burial for only the most important people. In some sites, hunters apparently were given a higher status in the community: their graves were more elaborate and contained more status goods.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hopewellian peoples had leaders, but they did not command the kind of centralized power to order armies of slaves or soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-OHIOCENTRAL1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHIOCENTRAL1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cultures likely accorded certain families a special place of privilege. Some scholars suggest that these societies were marked by the emergence of "<a href="/wiki/Big_man_(anthropology)" title="Big man (anthropology)">big-men</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaders whose influence depended on their skill at persuasion in important matters such as trade and religion. They also perhaps augmented their influence by cultivating reciprocal obligations with other important community members. The emergence of "big-men" was a step toward the development of these societies into highly structured and stratified <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hopewell settlements were linked by extensive and complex trading routes; these operated also as communication networks, and were a means to bring people together for important ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mounds">Mounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mound_City_Chillicothe_Ohio_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mound_City_Chillicothe_Ohio_HRoe_2008.jpg/220px-Mound_City_Chillicothe_Ohio_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mound_City_Chillicothe_Ohio_HRoe_2008.jpg/330px-Mound_City_Chillicothe_Ohio_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mound_City_Chillicothe_Ohio_HRoe_2008.jpg/440px-Mound_City_Chillicothe_Ohio_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Hopewell mounds from the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Mound City Group</a> in Ohio</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, the best-surviving features of the Hopewell tradition era are earthwork mounds. Researchers have speculated about their purposes and debate continues. Great geometric <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthworks</a> are one of the most impressive Native American monuments throughout American prehistory, and were built by cultures following the Hopewell. Eastern Woodlands mounds typically have various geometric shapes and rise to impressive heights. Some of the gigantic sculpted earthworks, described as <a href="/wiki/Effigy_mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Effigy mounds">effigy mounds</a>, were constructed in the shape of animals, birds, or writhing serpents.<sup id="cite_ref-Nash,_Gary_B._2015._p._6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash,_Gary_B._2015._p._6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several scientists, including Bradley T. Lepper, hypothesize that the Octagon, in the <a href="/wiki/Newark_Earthworks" title="Newark Earthworks">Newark Earthworks</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newark,_Ohio" title="Newark, Ohio">Newark, Ohio</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">lunar</a> <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a>. He believes that it is oriented to the 18.6-year cycle of minimum and maximum lunar risings and settings on the local horizon. The Octagon covers more than 50 acres, the size of 100 football pitches.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Eddy completed an unpublished survey in 1978, and proposed a lunar major alignment for the Octagon. Ray Hively and Robert Horn of <a href="/wiki/Earlham_College" title="Earlham College">Earlham College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Indiana" title="Richmond, Indiana">Richmond, Indiana</a>, were the first researchers to analyze numerous lunar sightlines at the <a href="/wiki/Newark_Earthworks" title="Newark Earthworks">Newark Earthworks</a> (1982) and the High Banks Works (1984) in <a href="/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio" title="Chillicothe, Ohio">Chillicothe, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christopher Turner noted that the Fairground Circle in Newark, Ohio aligns to the sunrise on May 4, i.e. that it marks the May cross-quarter sunrise.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, Turner demonstrated that the Hopeton earthworks encode various sunrise and moonrise patterns, including the winter and summer <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstices</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cross-quarter_days" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-quarter days">cross-quarter days</a>, the lunar maximum events, and the lunar minimum events, due to their precise straight and parallel lines.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Romain_(archaeologist)" title="William Romain (archaeologist)">William F. Romain</a> has written a book on the subject of "astronomers, geometers, and magicians" at the earthworks.<sup id="cite_ref-`HANROMAIN_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-`HANROMAIN-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the mounds also contain various types of human burials, some containing precious grave goods such as ornaments of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> imported from hundreds of miles away. Stone and ceramics were also fashioned into intricate shapes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artwork">Artwork</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Artwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hopewell created some of the finest craftwork and artwork of the Americas. Most of their works had some religious significance, and their graves were filled with necklaces, ornate carvings made from bone or wood, decorated <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_pottery" title="Hopewell pottery">ceremonial pottery</a>, ear plugs, and pendants. Some graves were lined with woven mats, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> (a mineral consisting of thin glassy sheets), or stones.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hopewell produced artwork in a greater variety and with more exotic materials than their predecessors the Adena. <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">Grizzly bear</a> teeth, <a href="/wiki/Pearl#Freshwater_and_saltwater_pearls" title="Pearl">fresh water pearls</a>, sea shells, sharks' teeth, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and small quantities of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> were crafted as elegant pieces. The Hopewell artisans were expert carvers of pipestone, and many of the mortuary mounds are full of exquisitely carved statues and pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-Pow4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pow4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excavation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_of_Pipes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mound of Pipes (page does not exist)">Mound of Pipes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Mound City</a> found more than 200 stone smoking pipes; these depicted animals and birds in well-realized three-dimensional form.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 130 such artifacts were excavated from the <a href="/wiki/Tremper_Mound_and_Works" title="Tremper Mound and Works">Tremper site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scioto_County,_Ohio" title="Scioto County, Ohio">Scioto County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some artwork was made from carved human bones. A rare mask found at Mound City was created using a human skull as a face plate.<sup id="cite_ref-Pow4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pow4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopewell artists created both abstract and realistic portrayals of the human form. One tubular pipe is so accurate in form that the model was identified by researchers as an <a href="/wiki/Achondroplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Achondroplastic">achondroplastic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chondrodystrophy" title="Chondrodystrophy">chondrodystropic</a>) <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other figurines are highly detailed in dress, ornamentation, and <a href="/wiki/Hairstyle" title="Hairstyle">hairstyles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pow4_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pow4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of the abstract human forms is the "Mica Hand" from the Hopewell Site in <a href="/wiki/Ross_County,_Ohio" title="Ross County, Ohio">Ross County, Ohio</a>. Delicately cut from a piece of mica 11 x 6 in, the hand carving was likely worn or carried for public viewing.<sup id="cite_ref-Pow4_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pow4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also made beaded work. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved mica hand, Hopewell Mounds"><img alt="Carved mica hand, Hopewell Mounds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg/114px-Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg/171px-Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carved <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> hand, Hopewell Mounds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_effigy,_Hopewell_culture,_Turner_Group,_Mound_4,_altar,_Little_Miami_Valley,_Ohio,_200_BC_to_500_AD,_mica_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC06095.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Serpent effigy, Turner Group, Mound 4, Little Miami Valley, OH"><img alt="Serpent effigy, Turner Group, Mound 4, Little Miami Valley, OH" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Serpent_effigy%2C_Hopewell_culture%2C_Turner_Group%2C_Mound_4%2C_altar%2C_Little_Miami_Valley%2C_Ohio%2C_200_BC_to_500_AD%2C_mica_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC06095.jpg/190px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Serpent_effigy%2C_Hopewell_culture%2C_Turner_Group%2C_Mound_4%2C_altar%2C_Little_Miami_Valley%2C_Ohio%2C_200_BC_to_500_AD%2C_mica_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC06095.jpg/285px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Serpent_effigy%2C_Hopewell_culture%2C_Turner_Group%2C_Mound_4%2C_altar%2C_Little_Miami_Valley%2C_Ohio%2C_200_BC_to_500_AD%2C_mica_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC06095.jpg/380px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4473" data-file-height="3283" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Serpent effigy, Turner Group, Mound 4, Little Miami Valley, OH</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hopewell pipe, points, and earspool on display at Serpent Mound"><img alt="Hopewell pipe, points, and earspool on display at Serpent Mound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg/151px-Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg/227px-Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg/302px-Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Hopewell pipe, points, and earspool on display at <a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gorgets and points from the Adena culture, found at Serpent Mound"><img alt="Gorgets and points from the Adena culture, found at Serpent Mound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg/190px-Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg/285px-Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg/380px-Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gorget" title="Gorget">Gorgets</a> and points from the <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a>, found at <a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopewell_culture_nhp_raven_effigy_pipe_chillicothe_ohio_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raven effigy pipe, Mound City"><img alt="Raven effigy pipe, Mound City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hopewell_culture_nhp_raven_effigy_pipe_chillicothe_ohio_2006.jpg/190px-Hopewell_culture_nhp_raven_effigy_pipe_chillicothe_ohio_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hopewell_culture_nhp_raven_effigy_pipe_chillicothe_ohio_2006.jpg/285px-Hopewell_culture_nhp_raven_effigy_pipe_chillicothe_ohio_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hopewell_culture_nhp_raven_effigy_pipe_chillicothe_ohio_2006.jpg/380px-Hopewell_culture_nhp_raven_effigy_pipe_chillicothe_ohio_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">Raven</a> <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a> pipe, <a href="/wiki/Mound_City_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound City Group">Mound City</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_otter_pipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Otter effigy pipe, Mound City"><img alt="Otter effigy pipe, Mound City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/British_Museum_otter_pipe.jpg/190px-British_Museum_otter_pipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/British_Museum_otter_pipe.jpg/285px-British_Museum_otter_pipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/British_Museum_otter_pipe.jpg/380px-British_Museum_otter_pipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Otter effigy pipe, Mound City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_North_American_-_Bird_Figure_-_Walters_2006155_-_Side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bird figure, Tremper Mounds"><img alt="Bird figure, Tremper Mounds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Native_North_American_-_Bird_Figure_-_Walters_2006155_-_Side.jpg/190px-Native_North_American_-_Bird_Figure_-_Walters_2006155_-_Side.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Native_North_American_-_Bird_Figure_-_Walters_2006155_-_Side.jpg/285px-Native_North_American_-_Bird_Figure_-_Walters_2006155_-_Side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Native_North_American_-_Bird_Figure_-_Walters_2006155_-_Side.jpg/380px-Native_North_American_-_Bird_Figure_-_Walters_2006155_-_Side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bird figure, <a href="/wiki/Tremper_Mound_and_Works" title="Tremper Mound and Works">Tremper Mounds</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopewell_copper_spider.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Copper spider(?) from a Ross County mound"><img alt="Copper spider(?) from a Ross County mound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hopewell_copper_spider.jpg/160px-Hopewell_copper_spider.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hopewell_copper_spider.jpg/240px-Hopewell_copper_spider.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hopewell_copper_spider.jpg/320px-Hopewell_copper_spider.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Copper spider(?) from a Ross County mound</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopewell_Bird_Head_carved_on_Bone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bird head carved on bone, Hopewell Mounds"><img alt="Bird head carved on bone, Hopewell Mounds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hopewell_Bird_Head_carved_on_Bone.jpg/190px-Hopewell_Bird_Head_carved_on_Bone.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hopewell_Bird_Head_carved_on_Bone.jpg/285px-Hopewell_Bird_Head_carved_on_Bone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hopewell_Bird_Head_carved_on_Bone.jpg/380px-Hopewell_Bird_Head_carved_on_Bone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bird head carved on bone, Hopewell Mounds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopewell_culture_falcon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Repoussé copper falcon, Mound City"><img alt="Repoussé copper falcon, Mound City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hopewell_culture_falcon.jpg/190px-Hopewell_culture_falcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hopewell_culture_falcon.jpg/285px-Hopewell_culture_falcon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Hopewell_culture_falcon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="239" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Repoussé copper falcon, Mound City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_repousse_bird_anhm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Repoussé copper falcon at American Museum of Natural History"><img alt="Repoussé copper falcon at American Museum of Natural History" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Copper_repousse_bird_anhm.jpg/190px-Copper_repousse_bird_anhm.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Copper_repousse_bird_anhm.jpg/285px-Copper_repousse_bird_anhm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Copper_repousse_bird_anhm.jpg/380px-Copper_repousse_bird_anhm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="555" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Repoussé copper falcon at <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopewell_Culture_Pot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pot with a bird design, Hopewell site"><img alt="Pot with a bird design, Hopewell site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hopewell_Culture_Pot.jpg/147px-Hopewell_Culture_Pot.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hopewell_Culture_Pot.jpg/220px-Hopewell_Culture_Pot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hopewell_Culture_Pot.jpg/294px-Hopewell_Culture_Pot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pot with a bird design, Hopewell site</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_expressions_of_Hopewellian_traditions">Local expressions of Hopewellian traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Local expressions of Hopewellian traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the noted Ohio Hopewell, a number of other Middle <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a> cultures are known to have been involved in the Hopewell tradition and participated in the Hopewell exchange network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armstrong_culture">Armstrong culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Armstrong culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_culture" title="Armstrong culture">Armstrong culture</a> was a Hopewell group in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Sandy_River_(Ohio_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Sandy River (Ohio River)">Big Sandy River Valley</a> of northeastern Kentucky and western West Virginia from 1 to 500 CE. They are thought to have been a regional variant of the Hopewell tradition or a Hopewell-influenced Middle Woodland group who had peacefully mingled with the local <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-DRAGOO_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRAGOO-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologist Edward McMichael characterized them as an intrusive Hopewell-like trade culture or a vanguard of Hopewellian tradition that had probably peacefully absorbed the local Adena in the <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_River" title="Kanawha River">Kanawha River</a> Valley. Their culture and very Late Adena (46PU2) is thought to have slowly evolved into the later Buck Garden people.<sup id="cite_ref-MCMICHAEL_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCMICHAEL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copena_culture">Copena culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Copena culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Copena culture was a Hopewellian culture in northern <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, Mississippi, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, as well as in other sections of the surrounding region including Kentucky. Researchers developed the Copena name based on the first three letters of copper and the last three letters of the mineral <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a>, as copper and galena artifacts have often been found with Copena burials.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crab_Orchard_culture">Crab Orchard culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crab Orchard culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crab_Orchard_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Crab_Orchard_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/220px-Crab_Orchard_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Crab_Orchard_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/330px-Crab_Orchard_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Crab_Orchard_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/440px-Crab_Orchard_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Crab Orchard culture</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Middle Woodland period, the Crab Orchard culture population increased from a dispersed and sparsely settled Early Woodland pattern to one consisting of small and large base camps. These were concentrated on terrace and floodplain landforms associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> channel in southern <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, and northwestern and western Kentucky.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the far western limits of Crab Orchard culture is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27byams_Fort_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O'byams Fort site (page does not exist)">O'byams Fort site</a>. This large earthwork, shaped like a tuning fork, is reminiscent of Ohio Hopewell enclosures.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1996_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1996-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of a type of pottery decoration found at the <a href="/wiki/Mann_site" title="Mann site">Mann site</a> are also known from Hopewell sites in Ohio (such as Seip earthworks, Rockhold, Harness, and <a href="/wiki/Perin_Village_Site" title="Perin Village Site">Turner</a>), as well as from Southeastern sites with Hopewellian assemblages, such as the Miner's Creek site, <a href="/wiki/Leake_Mounds" title="Leake Mounds">Leake Mounds</a>, 9HY98, and <a href="/wiki/Mandeville_site" title="Mandeville site">Mandeville site</a> in Georgia, and the Yearwood site in southern Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goodall_focus">Goodall focus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Goodall focus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Goodall_focus" title="Goodall focus">Goodall focus</a> culture occupied Michigan and northern Indiana from around 200 BCE to 500 CE. The Goodall pattern stretched from the southern tip of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>, east across northern Indiana, to the Ohio border, then northward, covering central Michigan, almost reaching to <a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Bay" title="Saginaw Bay">Saginaw Bay</a> on the east and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Bay" title="Grand Traverse Bay">Grand Traverse Bay</a> to the north. The culture is named for the Goodall site in northwest Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsletter_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsletter-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Havana_Hopewell_culture">Havana Hopewell culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Havana Hopewell culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Havana_Hopewell_culture" title="Havana Hopewell culture">Havana Hopewell culture</a> was a Hopewellian people in the Illinois and Mississippi river valleys in Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are considered ancestral to the groups who eventually formed the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> that built <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> (in present-day southwestern Illinois) and influenced the hinterlands of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, including into the Appalachian Mountains. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Toolesboro_Mound_Group" title="Toolesboro Mound Group">Toolesboro site</a> is a group of seven burial mounds on a bluff overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_River" title="Iowa River">Iowa River</a> near its confluence with the Mississippi River. The conical mounds were constructed between 100 BCE and 200 CE. At one time, as many as 12 mounds may have existed. Mound 2, the largest remaining, measures 100 feet in diameter and 8 feet in height. This mound was possibly the largest Hopewell mound in Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kansas_City_Hopewell">Kansas City Hopewell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kansas City Hopewell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the western edge of the Hopewell interaction sphere is the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Hopewell" title="Kansas City Hopewell">Kansas City Hopewell</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Renner_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Renner Village Archeological Site">Renner Village archeological site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_Missouri" title="Riverside, Missouri">Riverside, Missouri</a>, is one of several sites near the junction of Line Creek and the Missouri River. The site contains Hopewell and succeeding Middle <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> remains. The <a href="/wiki/Trowbridge_Archeological_Site" title="Trowbridge Archeological Site">Trowbridge archeological site</a> near Kansas City is close to the western limit of the Hopewell. "Hopewell-style" pottery and stone tools, typical of the Illinois and Ohio River valleys, are abundant at the Trowbridge site. Decorated Hopewell-style pottery rarely appears further west.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cloverdale_archaeological_site" title="Cloverdale archaeological site">Cloverdale site</a> is situated at the mouth of a small valley that opens into the Missouri River Valley, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph, Missouri">Saint Joseph, Missouri</a>. It is a multi-component site with evidence of Kansas City Hopewell (around 100 to 500 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker" class="mw-redirect" title="Steed-Kisker">Steed-Kisker</a> (around 1200 CE) occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laurel_complex">Laurel complex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Laurel complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Laurel_complex" title="Laurel complex">Laurel complex</a></div> <p>The Laurel complex was a Native American culture in what is now southern <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, southern and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and east-central <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> in Canada; and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Michigan" title="Northern Michigan">northern Michigan</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> in the United States. They were the first pottery-using people of Ontario north of the <a href="/wiki/Trent-Severn_Waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trent-Severn Waterway">Trent-Severn Waterway</a>. The complex is named after the former <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated community">unincorporated community</a> of <a href="/wiki/Laurel,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurel, Minnesota">Laurel, Minnesota</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marksville_culture">Marksville culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Marksville culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville culture</a> was a Hopewellian culture in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Mississippi">Lower Mississippi</a> valley, <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_River" title="Yazoo River">Yazoo</a> valley, and <a href="/wiki/Tensas_River" title="Tensas River">Tensas</a> valley areas of present-day <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, Mississippi, Missouri, and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>. It evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown culture</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_culture" title="Plum Bayou culture">Plum Bayou</a> cultures. It is named for the <a href="/wiki/Marksville_Prehistoric_Indian_Site" title="Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site">Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marksville,_Louisiana" title="Marksville, Louisiana">Marksville, Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miller_culture">Miller culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Miller culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miller_and_Copena_cultures_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Miller_and_Copena_cultures_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/220px-Miller_and_Copena_cultures_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Miller_and_Copena_cultures_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/330px-Miller_and_Copena_cultures_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Miller_and_Copena_cultures_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/440px-Miller_and_Copena_cultures_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Miller and Copena cultures</figcaption></figure> <p>The Miller culture was a Hopewellian culture located in the upper <a href="/wiki/Tombigbee_River" title="Tombigbee River">Tombigbee River</a> drainage areas of southwestern Tennessee, northeastern Mississippi, and west-central Alabama, best known from excavations at the <a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bynum_Mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Bynum Mounds">Bynum Mounds</a>, Miller (<a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Pharr_Mounds" title="Pharr Mounds">Pharr Mounds</a> sites.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GIBBON_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIBBON-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The culture is divided chronologically into two phases, Miller 1 and Miller 2, with a later Miller 3 belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period#Late_Woodland_period_(500–1000_CE)" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland period</a>. Some sites associated with the Miller culture, such as <a href="/wiki/Ingomar_Mound" title="Ingomar Mound">Ingomar Mound</a> and Pinson Mounds on its western periphery, built large <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">platform mounds</a>. Archaeologist speculate the mounds were for feasting rituals. With that purpose, they fundamentally differed from later <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> platform mounds, which were mortuary and substructure platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-GIBBON_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIBBON-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the Late Woodland period, about 1000CE, the Miller culture area was absorbed into the succeeding Mississippian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montane_Hopewell">Montane Hopewell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Montane Hopewell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montane_Hopewell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montane Hopewell (page does not exist)">Montane Hopewell</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tygart_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Tygart Valley">Tygart Valley</a> area, an upper branch of the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela River</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, is similar to Armstrong. The pottery and cultural characteristics are also similar to late Ohio Hopewell.<sup id="cite_ref-MCMICHAEL_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCMICHAEL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They occurred during the neighboring Watson through Buck Garden periods of peoples to the south and westerly in the state. Montane Hopewell is a variant that is a considerable distance from Cole Culture and Peters Phase, or Hopewell central Ohio. According to McMichael, the culture built small, conical mounds in the late Hopewell period; this religion appeared to be waning in terms of being expressed in the daily living activities at these sites. The influence of an elite priest cult, burial phase was centered toward the Midwest states and was less important here.<sup id="cite_ref-DRAGOO_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRAGOO-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ohio_Hopewell_culture">Ohio Hopewell culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ohio Hopewell culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ohio Hopewell </b><br />200 BCE-500 CE </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg/220px-Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg/330px-Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg/440px-Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Map of the archaeological cultures of Ohio</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shriver_Circle_%26_Mound_City_solstice_sunrise_HRoe_2019sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Shriver_Circle_%26_Mound_City_solstice_sunrise_HRoe_2019sm.jpg/220px-Shriver_Circle_%26_Mound_City_solstice_sunrise_HRoe_2019sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Shriver_Circle_%26_Mound_City_solstice_sunrise_HRoe_2019sm.jpg/330px-Shriver_Circle_%26_Mound_City_solstice_sunrise_HRoe_2019sm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Shriver_Circle_%26_Mound_City_solstice_sunrise_HRoe_2019sm.jpg/440px-Shriver_Circle_%26_Mound_City_solstice_sunrise_HRoe_2019sm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Artists conception of the summer solstice sunrise at the <a href="/wiki/Shriver_Circle_Earthworks" title="Shriver Circle Earthworks">Shriver Circle</a> with the Mound City Group to the left</figcaption></figure> <p>The greatest concentration of Hopewell ceremonial sites is in the <a href="/wiki/Scioto_River" title="Scioto River">Scioto River</a> Valley (from <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Ohio" title="Portsmouth, Ohio">Portsmouth, Ohio</a>) and adjacent Paint Creek valley, centered on <a href="/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio" title="Chillicothe, Ohio">Chillicothe, Ohio</a>. These cultural centers typically contained a burial mound and a geometric earthwork complex that covers ten to hundreds of acres, with sparse residential settlements. There is little evidence of large resident populations at the monument complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a>, encompassing mounds for which the culture is named, is in the <a href="/wiki/Paint_Creek_(Scioto_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paint Creek (Scioto River)">Paint Creek</a> Valley just a few miles from Chillicothe, Ohio. Other earthworks in the Chillicothe area include <a href="/wiki/Hopeton_Earthworks" title="Hopeton Earthworks">Hopeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Mound City</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seip_Earthworks_and_Dill_Mounds_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District (page does not exist)">Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Banks_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Banks Works (page does not exist)">High Banks Works</a>, Liberty, <a href="/wiki/Cedar-Bank_Works" title="Cedar-Bank Works">Cedar-Bank Works</a>, Anderson, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfort_Works_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankfort Works Mound (page does not exist)">Frankfort</a>, Dunlap, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce_Hill_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spruce Hill Works (page does not exist)">Spruce Hill</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Story_Mound_State_Memorial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Story Mound State Memorial (page does not exist)">Story Mound</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Shriver_Circle_Earthworks" title="Shriver Circle Earthworks">Shriver Circle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BURKS_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BURKS-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When colonial settlers first crossed the Appalachians, after almost a century and a half in North America, they were astounded at these monumental constructions, some of which were as high as 70 feet and covering acres.<sup id="cite_ref-Nash,_Gary_B._2015._p._6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash,_Gary_B._2015._p._6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a> were constructed from 100 BCE to 500 CE. It is a large ceremonial center located at the confluence of the Scioto and Ohio rivers. Part of this earthwork complex extends across the Ohio River into Kentucky. The earthworks included a northern section consisting of a number of circular enclosures, two large, horseshoe-shaped enclosures, and three sets of parallel-walled roads leading away from this location. One set of walls went to the southwest and may have linked to a <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks#Portsmouth_Earthworks,_Group_A" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">large square enclosure</a> located on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River. Another set of walls led to the southeast, where it crossed the Ohio River and continued to the <a href="/wiki/Biggs_site" title="Biggs site">Biggs site</a>, a complicated circular enclosure surrounding a conical mound. The third set of walls went to the northwest for an undetermined distance, in the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Tremper_Mound_and_Earthworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremper Mound and Earthworks">Tremper site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1996_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1996-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Point_Peninsula_complex">Point Peninsula complex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Point Peninsula complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Point_Peninsula_complex" title="Point Peninsula complex">Point Peninsula complex</a></div> <p>The Point Peninsula complex was a Native American culture located in present-day Ontario, Canada and New York, United States, during the Middle Woodland period. It is thought to have been influenced by the Hopewell traditions of the Ohio River valley. This influence seems to have ended about 250 CE, after which burial ceremonialism was no longer practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-ontarioarchaeology.on.ca_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ontarioarchaeology.on.ca-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saugeen_complex">Saugeen complex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Saugeen complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Saugeen_complex" title="Saugeen complex">Saugeen complex</a> was a Native American culture located around the southeast shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula" title="Bruce Peninsula">Bruce Peninsula</a>, around the <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London, Ontario</a> area, and possibly as far east as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_River_(Ontario)" title="Grand River (Ontario)">Grand River</a> in Canada. Some evidence exists that the Saugeen complex people of the Bruce Peninsula may have evolved into the historic <a href="/wiki/Odawa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawa people">Odawa people</a>, also known as the Ottawa.<sup id="cite_ref-ontarioarchaeology.on.ca_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ontarioarchaeology.on.ca-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swift_Creek_culture">Swift Creek culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Swift Creek culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_culture" title="Swift Creek culture">Swift Creek culture</a> was a Middle Woodland period archaeological culture in the southeast of the United States (present-day Georgia, Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, and Tennessee) dating to around 100–700 CE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilhelm_culture">Wilhelm culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wilhelm culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wilhelm culture (1 to 500 CE), Hopewellian influenced, appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Panhandle_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Panhandle of West Virginia">Northern Panhandle of West Virginia</a>. They were contemporaneous to Armstrong central in the Big Sandy valley, nearly 200 miles downstream on the Ohio River. They were surrounded by peoples who made Watson-styled pottery, with a Z-twist cordage finished surface.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilhelm pottery was similar to Armstrong pottery, but not as well made.<sup id="cite_ref-MCMICHAEL_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCMICHAEL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pipe fragments appear to be the platform-base type. </p><p>Small earthwork mounds were built around individual burials in stone-lined graves (cists). These were covered over together under a single large mound.<sup id="cite_ref-RICE_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICE-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little studied are their four reported village sites,<sup id="cite_ref-MCMICHAEL_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCMICHAEL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which appear to have been abandoned by about 500 CE. As of 2009, new local researchers are looking at this area period and may provide future insight.<sup id="cite_ref-SPEEDY_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPEEDY-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_decline">Cultural decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cultural decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sterling_Il_Sinnissippi_Site1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sterling_Il_Sinnissippi_Site1.jpg/170px-Sterling_Il_Sinnissippi_Site1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sterling_Il_Sinnissippi_Site1.jpg/255px-Sterling_Il_Sinnissippi_Site1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sterling_Il_Sinnissippi_Site1.jpg/340px-Sterling_Il_Sinnissippi_Site1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sinnissippi_Mounds" title="Sinnissippi Mounds">Sinnissippi Mounds</a>, Sinnissippi Park, <a href="/wiki/Sterling,_Illinois" title="Sterling, Illinois">Sterling, Illinois</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around 500 CE, the Hopewell exchange ceased, mound building stopped, and characteristic art forms were no longer produced. War is a possible cause, as villages dating to the Late Woodland period shifted to larger communities protected by palisade walls and ditches.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colder climatic conditions could have driven game animals north or west in search of grazing land. The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow and arrow</a> may have led to over-hunting of game populations, as well as making warfare more deadly. With fewer people using trade routes, the transmission of traditions may have dwindled away.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breakdown in social organization could also have resulted from adoption of full-scale agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conclusive reasons for the evident dispersal of the people have not yet been determined. </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period#Early_Woodland_period_(1000–200_BCE)" title="Woodland period">Early Woodland period</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Hopewell tradition </b><br />200 BCE – 500 CE </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period#Late_Woodland_period_(500–1000_CE)" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Ceremonial_Earthworks" title="Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks">Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks</a> - World Heritage Site preserving Ohio Hopewell sites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A. Martin Byers and DeeAnne Wymer, eds. <i>Hopewell Settlement Patterns, Subsistence, and Symbolic Landscapes</i> (University Press of Florida, 2010); 400 pages</li></ul> <ul><li>Christopher Carr and D. Troy Case, eds. <i>Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction</i> (Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology, Springer Verlag, 2005)' 733 pages</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Price-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Price_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_T._PriceGary_M._Feinman2008" class="citation book cs1">Douglas T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancestral+Art-Information+on+Hopewell+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestral.com%2Fcultures%2Fnorth_america%2Fhopewell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pow4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pow4_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pow4_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pow4_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pow4_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2004" class="citation book cs1">Power, Susan (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyartofsouthe0000powe"><i>Early Art of the Southeastern Indians – Feathered Serpents and Winged Beings</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2501-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2501-9"><bdi>978-0-8203-2501-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Art+of+the+Southeastern+Indians+%E2%80%93+Feathered+Serpents+and+Winged+Beings&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2501-9&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyartofsouthe0000powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hope/hd_hope.htm">"Hopewell (1–400 A.D.)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hopewell+%281%E2%80%93400+A.D.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fhope%2Fhd_hope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2750">"Tremper Mound and Earthworks-Ohio History Central"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tremper+Mound+and+Earthworks-Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fentry.php%3Frec%3D2750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306000601/http://www.bsu.edu/web/01bkswartz/POR%20TRAIT.pdf">"A Survey of Adena-Hopewell (Scioto) Anthropomorphic Portraiture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsu.edu/web/01bkswartz/POR%20TRAIT.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Adena-Hopewell+%28Scioto%29+Anthropomorphic+Portraiture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsu.edu%2Fweb%2F01bkswartz%2FPOR%2520TRAIT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRAGOO-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DRAGOO_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DRAGOO_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDragoo1963" class="citation book cs1">Dragoo, Don W. (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moundsfordeadana00drag"><i>Mounds for the Dead</i></a></span>. Annals of the Carnegie Museum. Vol. 37. Woodward and McDonald; Carnegie Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911239-09-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911239-09-6"><bdi>978-0-911239-09-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mounds+for+the+Dead&rft.series=Annals+of+the+Carnegie+Museum&rft.pub=Woodward+and+McDonald%3B+Carnegie+Museum&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-911239-09-6&rft.aulast=Dragoo&rft.aufirst=Don+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoundsfordeadana00drag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCMICHAEL-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MCMICHAEL_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCMICHAEL_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCMICHAEL_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCMICHAEL_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMichael1968" class="citation book cs1">McMichael, Edward V. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/artgumbus/copena.html">the original</a> on 2007-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.aol.com%2Fartgumbus%2Fcopena.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_K._deNeeve" class="citation web cs1">Ian K. deNeeve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516081328/http://www.midwestarchaeology.org/md2004.htm">"Midwest Archaeological Conference"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midwestarchaeology.org/md2004.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Midwest+Archaeological+Conference&rft.au=Ian+K.+deNeeve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midwestarchaeology.org%2Fmd2004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_1996-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1996_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1996_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1996" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, R. Barry (1996). <i>Kentucky Archaeology</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartowdig.com/Mannsite.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excavation+and+Archaeological+Investigation+at+Barstow+County%27s+Leake+Site-Evidence+for+Interaction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartowdig.com%2FMannsite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsletter-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newsletter_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hopewell Archeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley;</i> 4. "Current Research on the Goodall Focus;" Volume 2, Number 1, October 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_E._Gibbon,_Kenneth_M._Ames" class="citation book cs1">Guy E. Gibbon, Kenneth M. Ames. <i>Archaeology of prehistoric native America: an encyclopedia</i>. p. 347.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+prehistoric+native+America%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pages=347&rft.au=Guy+E.+Gibbon%2C+Kenneth+M.+Ames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124164336/http://www.culturalaffairs.org/shsi/sites/toolsboro/toolesboro_history.html">"Toolesboro Mounds History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalaffairs.org/shsi/sites/toolsboro/toolesboro_history.html">the original</a> on 2008-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toolesboro+Mounds+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalaffairs.org%2Fshsi%2Fsites%2Ftoolsboro%2Ftoolesboro_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.stlcc.edu/mfuller/trowbridge.html">"Trowbridge (14WY1) is an archaeological site located near Kansas City, Kansas"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trowbridge+%2814WY1%29+is+an+archaeological+site+located+near+Kansas+City%2C+Kansas.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.stlcc.edu%2Fmfuller%2Ftrowbridge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726183233/http://www.comp-archaeology.org/USWoodlandHopewell.htm">"Talk-Hopewell Tradition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comp-archaeology.org/USWoodlandHopewell.htm">the original</a> on 2008-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talk-Hopewell+Tradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comp-archaeology.org%2FUSWoodlandHopewell.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223165802/http://www.crt.state.la.us/archaeology/laprehis/marca.htm">"Louisiana Prehistory-Marksville"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crt.state.la.us/archaeology/laprehis/marca.htm">the original</a> on February 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louisiana+Prehistory-Marksville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crt.state.la.us%2Farchaeology%2Flaprehis%2Fmarca.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbonAmes1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M., eds. (1998). <i>Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: an encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 527–528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0725-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0725-9"><bdi>978-0-8153-0725-9</bdi></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC&q=pharr+mounds&pg=PA528">https://books.google.com/books?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC&q=pharr+mounds&pg=PA528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=527-528&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0725-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0u2y_SVnmoC%26q%3Dpharr%2Bmounds%26pg%3DPA528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GIBBON-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GIBBON_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GIBBON_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbonAmes2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M., eds. 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"Beyond Squier and Davis : Rediscovering Ohio's earthworks using geophysical remote sensing". <i>American Antiquity</i>. <b>78</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 667–689. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7183%2F0002-7316.76.4.667">10.7183/0002-7316.76.4.667</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41331917">41331917</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163239253">163239253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Beyond+Squier+and+Davis+%3A+Rediscovering+Ohio%27s+earthworks+using+geophysical+remote+sensing&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=667-689&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163239253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41331917%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7183%2F0002-7316.76.4.667&rft.aulast=Burks&rft.aufirst=Jarrod&rft.au=Cook%2C+Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2222">"Portsmouth Earthworks-Ohio Central History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portsmouth+Earthworks-Ohio+Central+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fentry.php%3Frec%3D2222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ontarioarchaeology.on.ca-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ontarioarchaeology.on.ca_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ontarioarchaeology.on.ca_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715213157/http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/summary/middlew.htm">"The Archaeology of Ontario-The Middle Woodland Period"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/summary/middlew.htm">the original</a> on 2009-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Ontario-The+Middle+Woodland+Period&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca%2Fsummary%2Fmiddlew.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peterson map 5.1 1996-08:91; Maslowski 1973, 1978a, 1980, 1984a: "Cordage Twist and Ethnicity"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RICE-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RICE_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1993" class="citation book cs1">Rice, and Brown (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moundsfordeadana00drag"><i>West Virginia, a history</i></a></span>. Vol. 2. University Press of Kentucky; Google eBook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911239-09-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911239-09-6"><bdi>978-0-911239-09-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Virginia%2C+a+history&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky%3B+Google+eBook&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-911239-09-6&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=and+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoundsfordeadana00drag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPEEDY-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPEEDY_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_C._Johnson2009" class="citation book cs1">William C. Johnson, D. Scott Speedy (2009). <i>Grave Creek Mound Archaeology complex Research Facility and Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology</i> (abstract ed.). West Virginia Archeological Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grave+Creek+Mound+Archaeology+complex+Research+Facility+and+Society+for+Pennsylvania+Archaeology&rft.edition=abstract&rft.pub=West+Virginia+Archeological+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=William+C.+Johnson&rft.aufirst=D.+Scott+Speedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1283">"Hopewell culture"</a>. <i>Ohio History Central</i>. Ohio History Connection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hopewell+culture&rft.btitle=Ohio+History+Central&rft.pub=Ohio+History+Connection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fentry.php%3Frec%3D1283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827182625/http://www.free-essays-free-essays.com/dbase/1c/alx40.shtml">"Free Essays-Hopewell Indian Culture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.free-essays-free-essays.com/dbase/1c/alx40.shtml">the original</a> on 2008-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Essays-Hopewell+Indian+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.free-essays-free-essays.com%2Fdbase%2F1c%2Falx40.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHopewell+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopewell_tradition&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hopewell_culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hopewell culture">Hopewell culture</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistory.org/archaeology">Ohio Historical Society's Archaeology Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jqjacobs.net/archaeo/">Ancient Earthworks of Eastern North America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.octagonmoonrise.org/">Octagon Moonrise website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiomemory.org">Ohio Memory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/hocu/index.htm">Hopewell Culture, National Historical Park, Ohio, NPS</a></li></ul> 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png/25px-Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hopewellian peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">List of archaeological periods (North America)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ohio Hopewell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_Farm_Woodland_Archaeological_District" title="Beam Farm Woodland Archaeological District">Beam Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benham_Mound" title="Benham Mound">Benham Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_Village_Site" title="Cary Village Site">Cary Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar-Bank_Works" title="Cedar-Bank Works">Cedar-Bank Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunns_Pond_Mound" title="Dunns Pond Mound">Dunns Pond Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Mounds" title="Ellis Mounds">Ellis Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ety_Enclosure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ety Enclosure (page does not exist)">Ety Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ety_Habitation_Site" title="Ety Habitation Site">Ety Habitation Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Knoll_Complex" title="Everett Knoll Complex">Everett Knoll Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_Hill_Works" title="Fortified Hill Works">Fortified Hill Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hopewell_Road" title="Great Hopewell Road">Great Hopewell Road</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Banks_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Banks Works (page does not exist)">High Banks Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopeton_Earthworks" title="Hopeton Earthworks">Hopeton Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mound_Cemetery" title="Indian Mound Cemetery">Indian Mound Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiter_Mound" title="Keiter Mound">Keiter Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marietta_Earthworks" title="Marietta Earthworks">Marietta Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_of_Pipes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mound of Pipes (page does not exist)">Mound of Pipes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nettle_Lake_Mound_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nettle Lake Mound Group (page does not exist)">Nettle Lake Mound Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark_Earthworks" title="Newark Earthworks">Newark Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Mounds" title="Oak Mounds">Oak Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orators_Mound" title="Orators Mound">Orators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perin_Village_Site" title="Perin Village Site">Perin Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mound_Reserve" title="Indian Mound Reserve">Pollock Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Fork_Park_Site" title="Rocky Fork Park Site">Rocky Fork Enclosures</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Fork_Park_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocky Fork Park Group (page does not exist)">Rocky Fork Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seip_Earthworks_and_Dill_Mounds_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District (page does not exist)">Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Lookout_Archeological_District" title="Shawnee Lookout Archeological District">Shawnee Lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriver_Circle_Earthworks" title="Shriver Circle Earthworks">Shriver Circle Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stubbs_Earthworks" title="Stubbs Earthworks">Stubbs Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremper_Mound_and_Works" title="Tremper Mound and Works">Tremper Mound and Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson_Mound_Archeological_District" title="Williamson Mound Archeological District">Williamson Mound Archeological District</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg/100px-Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg/150px-Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg/200px-Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crab_Orchard_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab Orchard culture">Crab Orchard culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Mills_Archaeological_District" title="Carrier Mills Archaeological District">Carrier Mills Archaeological District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleiman_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Cleiman Mound and Village Site">Cleiman Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubele_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Hubele Mounds and Village Site">Hubele site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann_site" title="Mann site">Mann site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Site" title="Mount Vernon Site">Mount Vernon Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27byams_Fort_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O'byams Fort site (page does not exist)">O'byams Fort site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Wilson Mounds and Village Site">Wilson site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankeetown_site" title="Yankeetown site">Yankeetown site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goodall_focus" title="Goodall focus">Goodall focus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goodall_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goodall site (page does not exist)">Goodall site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Mound_group" title="Norton Mound group">Norton Mound group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Havana_Hopewell_culture" title="Havana Hopewell culture">Havana Hopewell culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Albany Mounds State Historic Site">Albany Mounds State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickson_Mounds" title="Dickson Mounds">Dickson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Farm_(Grafton,_Illinois)" title="Duncan Farm (Grafton, Illinois)">Duncan Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Eagle-Toppmeyer_Site" title="Golden Eagle-Toppmeyer Site">Golden Eagle-Toppmeyer Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Mound_Site" title="Kamp Mound Site">Kamp Mound Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_House_(Greene_County,_Illinois)" title="Mound House (Greene County, Illinois)">Mound House site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_Archeological_District" title="Naples Archeological District">Naples Archeological District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_Mound_8" title="Naples Mound 8">Naples Mound 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden-Fettie_Site" title="Ogden-Fettie Site">Ogden-Fettie Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Mound" title="Rockwell Mound">Rockwell Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinnissippi_Mounds" title="Sinnissippi Mounds">Sinnissippi Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toolesboro_Mound_Group" title="Toolesboro Mound Group">Toolesboro Mound Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Hopewell" title="Kansas City Hopewell">Kansas City Hopewell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverdale_archaeological_site" title="Cloverdale archaeological site">Cloverdale archaeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renner_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Renner Village Archeological Site">Renner Village Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trowbridge_Archeological_Site" title="Trowbridge Archeological Site">Trowbridge Archeological Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crooks_Mound" title="Crooks Mound">Crooks Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Gulf_Mound" title="Grand Gulf Mound">Grand Gulf Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_Prehistoric_Indian_Site" title="Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site">Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_Archaeological_Preserve" title="Mott Archaeological Preserve">Mott Archaeological Preserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Miller_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller culture">Miller culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bynum_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Bynum Mound and Village Site">Bynum Mound and Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingomar_Mound" title="Ingomar Mound">Ingomar Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miller Site (page does not exist)">Miller Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharr_Mounds" title="Pharr Mounds">Pharr Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Point_Peninsula_complex" title="Point Peninsula complex">Point Peninsula complex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewiston_Mound" title="Lewiston Mound">Lewiston Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mounds_Park" title="Serpent Mounds Park">Serpent Mounds Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LeVescounte_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LeVescounte Mounds (page does not exist)">LeVescounte Mounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_culture" title="Swift Creek culture">Swift Creek culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River Archaeological State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leake_Mounds" title="Leake Mounds">Leake Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miner%27s_Creek_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miner's Creek site (page does not exist)">Miner's Creek site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Site" title="Pierce Site">Pierce Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_mound_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift Creek mound site">Swift Creek mound site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Gulf_Breeze" title="Third Gulf Breeze">Third Gulf Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yearwood_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yearwood site (page does not exist)">Yearwood site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yent_Mound" title="Yent Mound">Yent Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Hopewellian peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_culture" title="Armstrong culture">Armstrong culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copena_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Copena culture">Copena culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourche_Maline_culture" title="Fourche Maline culture">Fourche Maline culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_complex" title="Laurel complex">Laurel complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saugeen_complex" title="Saugeen complex">Saugeen complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exotic trade items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">Galena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">Mica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl#Freshwater_and_saltwater_pearls" title="Pearl">Fresh water pearls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catlinite" title="Catlinite">Pipestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">Sea shells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_of_the_Mississippi_Valley" title="Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley">Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burial_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial mound">burial mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_pottery" title="Hopewell pottery">Hopewell pottery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Ceremonial_Earthworks" title="Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks">Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template talk:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio"><img alt="Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></span> Native Americans in Ohio</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">History of Ohio</a> – <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> – <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History of Native Americans in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Historic tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalahgawtha" title="Chalahgawtha">Chalahgawtha</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware people">Delaware</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_people" title="Erie people">Erie people</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honniasont" title="Honniasont">Honniasont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron people">Huron</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingo" title="Mingo">Mingo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a> speaking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosopelea" title="Mosopelea">Mosopelea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> speaking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekowi" title="Pekowi">Pekowi</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piankeshaw" title="Piankeshaw">Piankeshaw</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Former reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_Fork_Reserve,_Ohio" title="Blanchard's Fork Reserve, Ohio">Blanchard's Fork Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Indian_Grants" title="Moravian Indian Grants">Moravian Indian Grants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawash-Kinjoano_Reservation" title="Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation">Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Mile_Square_Reservation" title="Two Mile Square Reservation">Two Mile Square Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sandusky_Reservation" title="Upper Sandusky Reservation">Upper Sandusky Reservation</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Jacket" title="Blue Jacket">Blue Jacket</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckongahelas" title="Buckongahelas">Buckongahelas</a> (Lenape)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornstalk_(Shawnee_leader)" title="Cornstalk (Shawnee leader)">Cornstalk</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egushawa" title="Egushawa">Egushawa</a> (Odawa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a> (Mohawk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakowatcheky" title="Kakowatcheky">Kakowatcheky</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhead_(Wyandot)" title="Roundhead (Wyandot)">Roundhead</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa">Tenskwatawa</a> (Shawnee)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Town,_Ohio" title="Hell Town, Ohio">Hell Town, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_settlements" title="Lenape settlements">Lenape settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shawneetown" title="Lower Shawneetown">Lower Shawneetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_(village)" title="Muskingum (village)">Muskingum (village)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickawillany" title="Pickawillany">Pickawillany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> (Early Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame culture</a> (Archaic)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hopewell</a> (Middle Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a> (Late Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittlesey_culture" title="Whittlesey culture">Whittlesey culture</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric communities or sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio">Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Ohio">Archaeological sites in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Site" title="Tower Site">Tower Site</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road" title="Wilderness Road">Wilderness Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Birdstone</a> (sculpture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Ridge_State_Memorial" title="Flint Ridge State Memorial">Flint Ridge State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill_State_Memorial" title="Fort Hill State Memorial">Fort Hill State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Recovery" title="Fort Recovery">Fort Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson-Humrickhouse_Museum" title="Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum">Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Indian_Ridge_Museum" title="New Indian Ridge Museum">New Indian Ridge Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Woodland_Native_American_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum">Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zane_Shawnee_Caverns" title="Zane Shawnee Caverns">Zane Shawnee Caverns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609-1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanfan_Treaty" title="Nanfan Treaty">Nanfan Treaty</a> (1701, 1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Pickawillany" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Pickawillany">Raid on Pickawillany</a> (1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_massacre" title="Yellow Creek massacre">Yellow Creek massacre</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Camp_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Camp Charlotte">Treaty of Camp Charlotte</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> (1785–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_defeat" title="St. Clair's defeat">St. Clair's defeat</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Recovery">Siege of Fort Recovery</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grouseland" title="Treaty of Grouseland">Treaty of Grouseland</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brownstown" title="Treaty of Brownstown">Treaty of Brownstown</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Treaty of Fort Meigs">Treaty of Fort Meigs</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of St. Mary's">Treaty of St. Mary's</a> (1818)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Native_American_origin_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of place names of Native American origin in Ohio">Native American place names in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1305793#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td 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