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<li id="toc-Modern_Cornish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Cornish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern Cornish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Cornish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cornish_Language_Partnership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cornish_Language_Partnership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Cornish Language Partnership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cornish_Language_Partnership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_Written_Form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_Written_Form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Standard Written Form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_Written_Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kernowek_Standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kernowek_Standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Kernowek Standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kernowek_Standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison tables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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revival</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adfywiad_yr_iaith_Gernyweg" title="Adfywiad yr iaith Gernyweg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Adfywiad yr iaith Gernyweg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athbheochan_na_Coirnise" title="Athbheochan na Coirnise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Athbheochan na Coirnise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexurdimento_da_lingua_c%C3%B3rnica" title="Rexurdimento da lingua córnica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rexurdimento da lingua córnica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebangkitan_bahasa_Cornwall" title="Kebangkitan bahasa Cornwall – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebangkitan bahasa Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasserghyans_Kernewek" title="Dasserghyans Kernewek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dasserghyans Kernewek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_revival&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish revival">Cornish revival</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language revival project</div> <p> The <b>Cornish language revival</b> (<a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>: <i lang="kw">dasserghyans Kernewek</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>''resurrection of Cornish'') is an ongoing process to revive the use of the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England. The Cornish language's disappearance began to hasten during the 13th century, but its decline began with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> in the 5th and 6th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Last_speaker_of_the_Cornish_language" title="Last speaker of the Cornish language">The last reported person</a> to have full knowledge of a traditional form of Cornish, John Davey, died in 1891. The revival movement started in the late 19th century as a result of <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a> and academic interest in the language, which was already <a href="/wiki/Language_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Language extinction">extinct</a>, and also as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic revival">Celtic revival</a> movement. In 2009, UNESCO changed its classification of Cornish from "extinct" to "critically endangered", seen as a milestone for the revival of the language. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revival">Revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cornish_language_revival" title="Special:EditPage/Cornish language revival">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSCN1082JennerPlaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DSCN1082JennerPlaque.jpg/220px-DSCN1082JennerPlaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DSCN1082JennerPlaque.jpg/330px-DSCN1082JennerPlaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DSCN1082JennerPlaque.jpg/440px-DSCN1082JennerPlaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque on Henry Jenner's home with bilingual inscription</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 19th century the Cornish language was the subject of antiquarian interest and a number of lectures were given on the subject and pamphlets on it were published. In 1904, the Celtic language scholar and Cornish cultural activist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenner" title="Henry Jenner">Henry Jenner</a> published <i>A Handbook of the Cornish Language</i>. The publication of this book is often considered to be the start of the current revival movement. The spelling in this book was based on that used when Cornish was last a community language in the 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unified_Cornish">Unified Cornish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unified Cornish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a></div> <p>The first project to codify Cornish spelling and provide a regular orthography for the revived language was that of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morton_Nance" title="Robert Morton Nance">Robert Morton Nance</a> who outlined his work in <i>Cornish for All</i> in 1929. Unlike the Late Cornish-based work of Jenner, Nance's orthography, called <a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw-uccor">Kernewek Unys</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was based mainly on the Middle Cornish of the 14th and 15th centuries. Nance believed that this period represented a high point for Cornish literature. As well as presenting a standardised spelling system, Nance also extended the attested vocabulary with forms based largely on <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, and published a dictionary of Unified Cornish in 1938. Nance's purist approach favoured older 'Celtic' forms rather than the historically more recent forms deriving from Middle and Early Modern English. </p><p>Nance's work became the basis of revived Cornish and his orthography was the only one in use for most of the 20th century. However, as the focus shifted from written to spoken Cornish, Nance's stiff, archaic formulation of the language seemed less suitable for a spoken revival. Also, Nance's phonology lacked some distinctions which later research showed must have existed in traditional Cornish. Unified Cornish is still in use by some speakers who, while acknowledging its shortcomings, feel it has served well for the first decades of the revival. </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF language tag</a> is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">kw-uccor</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-IETF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kernewek_Kemmyn"><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernewek Kemmyn</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kernewek Kemmyn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a></div> <p>In 1986, in response to dissatisfaction with Unified Cornish, <a href="/wiki/Ken_George" title="Ken George">Ken George</a> undertook a study of the sounds of Cornish and devised a new orthography, <span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw-kkcor">Kernewek Kemmyn</i></span> or <i>Common Cornish</i>, based on his research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Unified Cornish, Kernewek Kemmyn retained a Middle Cornish base but implemented an orthography that aspired to be as <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic</a> as possible. George argued that this much closer relationship between sounds and writing would make Cornish much easier to teach and learn. </p><p>In 1987, after one year of discussion, the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Language_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Language Board">Cornish Language Board</a> agreed to adopt it. Its adoption by the Cornish Language Board caused a division in the Cornish language community, especially since people had been using Nance's old system for many years and were unfamiliar with the new one. While it was adopted by a majority of Cornish speakers (various estimates put it at around 55–80%), it was criticised by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Williams_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Williams (poet)">Nicholas Williams</a> and Jon Mills for various reasons, as well as those who found its novel orthography too different from traditional Cornish spelling conventions. </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF language tag</a> is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">kw-kkcor</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-IETF_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unified_Cornish_Revised">Unified Cornish Revised</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unified Cornish Revised"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995, <span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernewek Kemmyn</i></span> was itself challenged by Nicholas Williams who in his book <i>Cornish Today</i> listed 26 supposed flaws in <span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernewek Kemmyn</i></span>. As an alternative, Williams devised and proposed a revision of Unified Cornish, called Unified Cornish Revised (or UCR). UCR built on Unified Cornish, making the spellings regular while keeping as close as possible to the orthographic practices of the medieval scribes. In common with <span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernewek Kemmyn</i></span>, UCR made use of Tudor and Late Cornish prose materials unavailable to Nance. A comprehensive English-Cornish dictionary of Unified Cornish Revised was published in 2000 and sold enough copies to merit a second edition. A response to the criticisms in <i>Cornish Today</i> appeared soon after in <i><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernewek Kemmyn</i></span> – Cornish for the Twenty First Century</i> by Ken George and Paul Dunbar. A counter-reply to the latter appeared in 2007. </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF language tag</a> is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">kw-ucrcor</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-IETF_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Cornish">Modern Cornish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern Cornish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a></div> <p>In the early 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gendall" title="Richard Gendall">Richard Gendall</a>, who had worked with Nance, published a new system based on the works of the later Cornish writers of the 17th and 18th centuries, just before the language died out. This variety, called Modern Cornish, also known as Late Cornish, uses later, somewhat simpler grammatical constructions and a vocabulary and spelling that was more influenced by English. The orthography has undergone a number of changes. The main body promoting Modern Cornish is <a href="/wiki/Cussel_an_Tavas_Kernuak" title="Cussel an Tavas Kernuak">Cussel an Tavas Kernuak</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cornish_Language_Partnership">Cornish Language Partnership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cornish Language Partnership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Language_Partnership" title="Cornish Language Partnership">Cornish Language Partnership</a></div> <p>In practice these different written forms did not prevent Cornish speakers from communicating with each other effectively. However, the existence of multiple orthographies was unsustainable with regards to using the language in education and public life, as no single orthography had ever achieved a wide consensus. Following the recognition in 2002 of Cornish under Part II of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, and the subsequent establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Language_Partnership" title="Cornish Language Partnership">Cornish Language Partnership</a>, the need for consensus became more urgent. In response to this, the Partnership initiated a process to agree on a standard form for use in education and public life. </p><p>In 2007 an independent Cornish Language Commission consisting of sociolinguists and linguists from outside of Cornwall was formed to review the four existing forms (Unified, UCR, Late Cornish and Kemmyn) and consider whether any of these existing orthographies might be suitable for adoption as a standard form of Cornish, or whether a new fifth form should be adopted. Two groups made proposals of compromise orthographies: </p> <ul><li>The <i>UdnFormScrefys</i> (<i>Single Written Form</i>) Group developed and proposed an orthography, <a href="/wiki/Kernowak_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernowak Standard">Kernowak Standard</a>, based on traditional orthographic forms and having a clear relation between spelling and pronunciation, taking both Middle Cornish and Late Cornish dialects of Revived Cornish into account.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the publication of the Standard Written Form, Kernowak Standard has evolved to become a set of proposed amendments to the SWF.</li> <li>Two members of the CLP's Linguistic Working Group, Albert Bock and Benjamin Bruch, proposed another orthography called <i>Kernowek Dasunys</i> (Cornish Re-unified) which endeavoured to reconcile UC, KK, RLC, and UCR orthographies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal was used as a source of input for the SWF but is not being used as a separate orthography.</li> <li>Members of a group called <i>Kaskyrgh Kernewek Kemmyn</i> (Campaign for Kernewek Kemmyn) did not agree with the creation of a new standard, and argued that the existing Kernewek Kemmyn orthography should become the standard.</li></ul> <p>The SWF process eventually decided that the existing orthographies were too contentious to be considered and that a new compromise orthography that all groups could support was needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_Written_Form">Standard Written Form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Standard Written Form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a></div> <p>On 9 May 2008, the Cornish Language Partnership met with the specification for the Standard Written Form as the main item on the agenda. All four Cornish language groups, Unified Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised, Kernewek Kemmyn and Modern Cornish were represented at this meeting. Reactions to the proposed orthography were mixed from the various language groups, Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek, Cussel an Tavaz Kernûak, Kesva an Taves Kernewek and Agan Tavas, but the majority wanted resolution and acceptance. The Cornish Language Partnership said that it would 'create an opportunity to break down barriers and the agreement marked a significant stepping stone in the Cornish language'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The vote to ratify the SWF was carried and on 19 May 2008 it was announced that the orthography had been agreed on. Eric Brooke, chairman of the Cornish Language Partnership, said: <i>"This marks a significant stepping-stone in the development of the Cornish language. In time this step will allow the Cornish language to move forward to become part of the lives of all in Cornwall."</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth and final Standard Written Form draft was generated on 30 May 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 June 2009, the bards of the <a href="/wiki/Gorseth_Kernow" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorseth Kernow">Gorseth Kernow</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bard" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Bard">Grand Bard</a> Vanessa Beeman adopted, by overwhelming majority and after two decades of debate, the SWF for their ceremonies and correspondence. From the earliest days under Grand Bards <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenner" title="Henry Jenner">Henry Jenner</a> and Morton Nance, Unified Cornish had been used for the Gorseth ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kernowek_Standard">Kernowek Standard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kernowek Standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a></div> <p><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw-kscor">Kernowek Standard</i></span> (Standard Cornish) is a proposed set of revisions to the SWF. It is based on the initial proposal (called <i>Kernowak Standard</i> and now designated KS1) for the SWF, developed by a group called UdnFormScrefys. After the publication of the SWF specification, members of this group established a new group, Spellyans, to identify shortcomings in the SWF and propose solutions for consideration for the SWF review which took place in 2013. The orthography resulting from the application of these revisions, Kernowek Standard, has been used in a number of books, including an edition of the Bible and a comprehensive grammar, <i>Desky Kernowek</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF language tag</a> is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">kw-kscor</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-IETF_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_tables">Comparison tables</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comparison tables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table compares the spelling of some Cornish words in different orthographies (<a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish_Revised" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Cornish Revised">Unified Cornish Revised</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revived_Late_Cornish" class="mw-redirect" title="Revived Late Cornish">Revived Late Cornish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>UC</th> <th>UCR</th> <th>KK<sup id="cite_ref-kkdic_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kkdic-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>RLC</th> <th>SWF<sup id="cite_ref-akdic_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akdic-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>KS</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw-uccor">Kernewek</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw-ucrcor">Kernowek</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernewek</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernûak</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernewek, Kernowek</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernowek</i></span></td> <td>Cornish </td></tr> <tr> <td>gwenenen</td> <td>gwenenen</td> <td>gwenenenn<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td>gwenen</td> <td>gwenenen</td> <td>gwenenen</td> <td>bee </td></tr> <tr> <td>cadar, chayr</td> <td>chayr, cadar</td> <td>kador</td> <td>cader, chair</td> <td>kador, cador</td> <td>chair, cadar</td> <td>chair </td></tr> <tr> <td>kēs</td> <td>cues</td> <td>keus</td> <td>keaz</td> <td>keus</td> <td>keus</td> <td>cheese </td></tr> <tr> <td>yn-mēs</td> <td>yn-mēs</td> <td>yn-mes</td> <td>a-vêz</td> <td>yn-mes</td> <td>in mes</td> <td>outside </td></tr> <tr> <td>codha</td> <td>codha</td> <td>koedha</td> <td>codha</td> <td>kodha, codha</td> <td>codha</td> <td>(to) fall </td></tr> <tr> <td>gavar</td> <td>gavar</td> <td>gaver</td> <td>gavar</td> <td>gaver</td> <td>gavar</td> <td>goat </td></tr> <tr> <td>chȳ</td> <td>chȳ</td> <td>chi</td> <td>choy, chi, chy</td> <td>chi, chei</td> <td>chy</td> <td>house </td></tr> <tr> <td>gwēus</td> <td>gwēus</td> <td>gweus<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td>gwelv, gweus</td> <td>gweus</td> <td>gweùs</td> <td>lip </td></tr> <tr> <td>aber, ryver</td> <td>ryver, aber</td> <td>aber<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td>ryvar</td> <td>aber</td> <td>ryver, aber</td> <td>river mouth </td></tr> <tr> <td>nyver</td> <td>nyver</td> <td>niver</td> <td>never</td> <td>niver</td> <td>nyver</td> <td>number </td></tr> <tr> <td>peren</td> <td>peren</td> <td>perenn<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td>peran</td> <td>peren</td> <td>peren</td> <td>pear </td></tr> <tr> <td>scōl</td> <td>scōl</td> <td>skol</td> <td>scoll</td> <td>skol, scol</td> <td>scol</td> <td>school </td></tr> <tr> <td>megy</td> <td>megy</td> <td>megi</td> <td>megi</td> <td>megi, megy</td> <td>megy</td> <td>(to) smoke </td></tr> <tr> <td>steren</td> <td>steren</td> <td>sterenn<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td>steran</td> <td>steren</td> <td>steren</td> <td>star </td></tr> <tr> <td>hedhyū</td> <td>hedhyw</td> <td>hedhyw</td> <td>hedhiu</td> <td>hedhyw</td> <td>hedhyw</td> <td>today </td></tr> <tr> <td>whybana</td> <td>whybana</td> <td>hwibana<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td>wiban, whiban</td> <td>hwibana, whibana</td> <td>whybana</td> <td>(to) whistle </td></tr> <tr> <td>whēl</td> <td>whēl</td> <td>hwel<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td>whêl 'work'</td> <td>hwel, whel<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td>whel</td> <td>quarry </td></tr> <tr> <td>lün</td> <td>luen</td> <td>leun</td> <td>lean</td> <td>leun</td> <td>leun</td> <td>full </td></tr> <tr> <td>arghans</td> <td>arhans</td> <td>arghans</td> <td>arrans</td> <td>arghans</td> <td>arhans</td> <td>silver </td></tr> <tr> <td>arghans, mona</td> <td>mona, arhans</td> <td>arghans, mona</td> <td>arghans, mona</td> <td>arghans, mona</td> <td>mona</td> <td>money </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisations">Organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are organisations set up to grow and strengthen the Cornish revival, many listed in the table below working together under the banner Speak Cornish.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gorsedh_Kernow" title="Gorsedh Kernow">Gorsedh Kernow</a> have an annual <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyer_an_Gof_Publishers_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holyer an Gof Publishers Awards (page does not exist)">Holyer an Gof Publishers Awards</a> with a class dedicated to publications in the Cornish language.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Existent Cornish language organisations and their relationship to orthographies </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Organisation</th> <th>Purpose</th> <th>Preferred Orthography</th> <th>Stance on SWF </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akademi_Kernewek" title="Akademi Kernewek">Akademi Kernewek</a></td> <td>To "advance knowledge and education of the public in the Cornish Language"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>SWF</td> <td>Maintainer of SWF </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agan_Tavas" title="Agan Tavas">Agan Tavas</a></td> <td>To "promote the use and study of the Cornish language"<sup id="cite_ref-aat_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aat-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Unified Cornish<sup id="cite_ref-aat_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aat-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>They are "fully committed [to SWF] for use in schools and public life"<sup id="cite_ref-aat_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aat-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cussel_an_Tavas_Kernuak" title="Cussel an Tavas Kernuak">Cussel an Tavas Kernuak</a></td> <td>To promote and support Modern Cornish<sup id="cite_ref-cussel_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cussel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Modern Cornish<sup id="cite_ref-cussel_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cussel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>They recognise "the need [for SWF] for pedagogic [teaching] and official purposes"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gorsedh_Kernow" title="Gorsedh Kernow">Gorsedh Kernow</a></td> <td>To "maintain the national Celtic spirit of Cornwall"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>SWF<sup id="cite_ref-gk_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>They "adopted the Standard Written Form" in June 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-gk_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kesva_an_Taves_Kernewek" title="Kesva an Taves Kernewek">Kesva an Taves Kernewek</a></td> <td>To promote the Cornish language<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Kernewek Kemmyn<sup id="cite_ref-kesva_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kesva-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>They recognise SWF "for use in schools and public life".<sup id="cite_ref-kesva_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kesva-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also produce publications in SWF.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kowethas_an_Yeth_Kernewek" title="Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek">Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek</a></td> <td>To promote "the Cornish language through a wide range of publications, projects and events"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revived_languages" title="List of revived languages">List of revived languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language_revival" title="Livonian language revival">Livonian language revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language_revival" title="Māori language revival">Māori language revival</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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class="reference-text">Ferdinand, Siarl (2-December-2013). 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Evertype.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desky+Kernowek%3A+A+complete+guide+to+Cornish&rft.pub=Evertype&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904808-99-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904808-99-2">978-1-904808-99-2</a> (hardcover), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904808-95-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904808-95-4">978-1-904808-95-4</a> (paperback)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernowek.net">Kernowek Standard: An orthography for the Cornish Language/Wolcum dhe Gernowek Standard! Standard rag Screfa an Tavas Kernowek</a> (in Cornish and English), kernowek.net; accessed 17 January 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kkdic-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kkdic_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay_Edwards" class="citation web cs1">Ray Edwards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kesva.org//sites/default/files/kdl-files/Gerva%202005.pdf">"Gerva Kynsa dhe Dressa Gradh"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kesva.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerva+Kynsa+dhe+Dressa+Gradh&rft.pub=Kesva&rft.au=Ray+Edwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkesva.org%2F%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fkdl-files%2FGerva%25202005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-akdic-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-akdic_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akademikernewek.org.uk/panels?locale=en">"Cornish Dictionary"</a>. Akademi Kernewek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornish+Dictionary&rft.pub=Akademi+Kernewek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.akademikernewek.org.uk%2Fpanels%3Flocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speakcornish.com/about-us.html">"About Us"</a>. Speak Cornish.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Speak+Cornish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speakcornish.com%2Fabout-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gorsedhkernow.org.uk/holyer-an-gof-winners-announced-at-kresen-kernow-ceremony/">"Holyer an Gof winners announced at Kresen Kernow ceremony"</a>. Gorsedh Kernow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holyer+an+Gof+winners+announced+at+Kresen+Kernow+ceremony&rft.pub=Gorsedh+Kernow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgorsedhkernow.org.uk%2Fholyer-an-gof-winners-announced-at-kresen-kernow-ceremony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akademikernewek.org.uk/about?locale=en">"About"</a>. Akademi Kernewek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=Akademi+Kernewek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.akademikernewek.org.uk%2Fabout%3Flocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aat-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aat_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aat_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aat_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agantavas.com/about-agan-tavas/">"About Agan Tavas"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Agan+Tavas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagantavas.com%2Fabout-agan-tavas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cussel-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cussel_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cussel_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moderncornish.net/">"Modern Cornish"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Cornish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moderncornish.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moderncornish.net/submission.pdf">"Time for change: the case for Modern Cornish"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+for+change%3A+the+case+for+Modern+Cornish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moderncornish.net%2Fsubmission.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gorsedhkernow.org.uk/">"Welcome"</a>. Gorsedh Kernow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome&rft.pub=Gorsedh+Kernow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgorsedhkernow.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gk-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gk_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gk_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gorsedhkernow.org.uk/2020/archivedsite/english/welcome.htm">"Welcome to Gorsedh Kernow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gorsedh_Kernow" title="Gorsedh Kernow">Gorsedh Kernow</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Gorsedh+Kernow&rft.pub=Gorsedh+Kernow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgorsedhkernow.org.uk%2F2020%2Farchivedsite%2Fenglish%2Fwelcome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kesva.org/who-we-are">"Who We Are"</a>. Kesva an Taves Kernewek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+We+Are&rft.pub=Kesva+an+Taves+Kernewek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kesva.org%2Fwho-we-are&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kesva-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kesva_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kesva_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kesva.org/">"Welcome The Cornish Language Board"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+The+Cornish+Language+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kesva.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cornish-language.org/product-category/standard-written-form/">"Standard Written Form"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kowethas_an_Yeth_Kernewek" title="Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek">Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Written+Form&rft.pub=Kowethas+an+Yeth+Kernewek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcornish-language.org%2Fproduct-category%2Fstandard-written-form%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cornish-language.org/about/">"About Us"</a>. Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Kowethas+an+Yeth+Kernewek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcornish-language.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language+revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Cornish_language194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cornish_language194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_speaker_of_the_Cornish_language" title="Last speaker of the Cornish language">Last speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_numerals" title="Cornish numerals">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasney_College" title="Glasney College">Glasney College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plen-an-gwary" title="Plen-an-gwary">Plen-an-gwary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodmin_manumissions" title="Bodmin manumissions">Bodmin manumissions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pascon_agan_Arluth" title="Pascon agan Arluth">Pascon agan Arluth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordinalia" title="Ordinalia">Ordinalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beunans_Meriasek" title="Beunans Meriasek">Beunans Meriasek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bewnans_Ke" title="Bewnans Ke">Bewnans Ke</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cranken_Rhyme" title="Cranken Rhyme">Cranken Rhyme</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Cornish" title="Bible translations into Cornish">Bible translations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Organisations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akademi_Kernewek" title="Akademi Kernewek">Akademi Kernewek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agan_Tavas" title="Agan Tavas">Agan Tavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Language_Partnership" title="Cornish Language Partnership">Cornish Language Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cussel_an_Tavas_Kernuak" title="Cussel an Tavas Kernuak">Cussel an Tavas Kernuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedh_Kernow" title="Gorsedh Kernow">Gorsedh Kernow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesva_an_Taves_Kernewek" title="Kesva an Taves Kernewek">Kesva an Taves Kernewek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowethas_an_Yeth_Kernewek" title="Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek">Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movyans_Skolyow_Meythrin" title="Movyans Skolyow Meythrin">Movyans Skolyow Meythrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skol_Veythrin_Karenza" title="Skol Veythrin Karenza">Skol Veythrin Karenza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Davey_(Cornish_speaker)" title="John Davey (Cornish speaker)">John Davey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gendall" title="Richard Gendall">Richard Gendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_George" title="Ken George">Ken George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenner" title="Henry Jenner">Henry Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Lee_Jenner" title="Kitty Lee Jenner">Kitty Lee Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morton_Nance" title="Robert Morton Nance">Robert Morton Nance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Pentreath" title="Dolly Pentreath">Dolly Pentreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._S._D._Smith" title="A. S. D. Smith">A. S. D. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Williams_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Williams (poet)">Nicholas Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cornwall" title="Portal:Cornwall">Cornwall Portal</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&oldid=1269090872">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language_revival&oldid=1269090872</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cornish_language_revival" title="Category:Cornish language revival">Cornish language revival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Celtic_language_revival" title="Category:Celtic language revival">Celtic language revival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_revival" title="Category:Language revival">Language revival</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Cornish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Cornish-language text">Articles containing Cornish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2016">Articles needing additional references from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 January 2025, at 00:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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