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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fulani_Jihad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fulani_Jihad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fulani Jihad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fulani_Jihad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Flag-Bearers_of_the_Caliphate_and_their_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Flag-Bearers_of_the_Caliphate_and_their_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Notable Flag-Bearers of the Caliphate and their Emirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Flag-Bearers_of_the_Caliphate_and_their_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Into_the_Nupe_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Into_the_Nupe_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Into the Nupe Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Into_the_Nupe_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Into_the_Oyo_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Into_the_Oyo_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Into the Oyo Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Into_the_Oyo_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Into_other_parts_of_Hausaland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Into_other_parts_of_Hausaland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Into other parts of Hausaland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Into_other_parts_of_Hausaland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Into_the_Kanem-Bornu_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Into_the_Kanem-Bornu_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Into the Kanem-Bornu empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Into_the_Kanem-Bornu_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_other_Fula_Jihad_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_other_Fula_Jihad_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Influence on other Fula Jihad states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_other_Fula_Jihad_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administrative structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viziers_of_Sokoto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viziers_of_Sokoto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Viziers of Sokoto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viziers_of_Sokoto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sokoto Caliphate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88" title="خلافة صكتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلافة صكتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califatu_de_Sokoto" title="Califatu de Sokoto – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Califatu de Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="سوکوتو خیلافتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوکوتو خیلافتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_de_Sokoto" title="Sultanat de Sokoto – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sultanat de Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokotsk%C3%BD_sultan%C3%A1t" title="Sokotský sultanát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sokotský sultanát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifat_von_Sokoto" title="Kalifat von Sokoto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalifat von Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califato_de_Sokoto" title="Califato de Sokoto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Califato de Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Kaliflando" title="Sokoto Kaliflando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sokoto Kaliflando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokotoko_Kalifa-herria" title="Sokotoko Kalifa-herria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sokotoko Kalifa-herria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88" title="خلافت سوکوتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلافت سوکوتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_de_Sokoto" title="Empire de Sokoto – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire de Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%BD%94%ED%86%A0_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%EA%B5%AD" title="소코토 칼리파국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소코토 칼리파국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Sokoto" title="Daular Sokoto – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekhalifahan_Sokoto" title="Kekhalifahan Sokoto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekhalifahan Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_fulani" title="Impero fulani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero fulani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%27%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95" title="ח'ליפות סוקוטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ח'ליפות סוקוטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Sokoto" title="Imperium Sokoto – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_kalifatas" title="Sokoto kalifatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sokoto kalifatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifah_Sokoto" title="Khalifah Sokoto – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khalifah Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifaat_Sokoto" title="Kalifaat Sokoto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kalifaat Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B3%E3%83%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ソコト帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソコト帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califat_de_Sokoto" title="Califat de Sokoto – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Califat de Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="سکوٹو خلافت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سکوٹو خلافت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifat_Sokoto" title="Kalifat Sokoto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalifat Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califado_de_Socoto" title="Califado de Socoto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Califado de Socoto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Сокото (государство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сокото (государство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сокотски калифат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сокотски калифат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoton_kalifaatti" title="Sokoton kalifaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sokoton kalifaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokotokalifatet" title="Sokotokalifatet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sokotokalifatet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சொகோட்டோ கலீபகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொகோட்டோ கலீபகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Halifeli%C4%9Fi" title="Sokoto Halifeliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sokoto Halifeliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Сокото (держава) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сокото (держава)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88" title="خلافت سکوٹو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلافت سکوٹو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sokoto_Caliphate&params=13_04_02_N_05_14_52_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°04′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">05°14′52″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.06722°N 5.24778°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.06722; 5.24778</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Islamic state in West Africa (1804–1903)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 19th century state. For the Nigerian traditional state, see <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Sultanate_Council" title="Sokoto Sultanate Council">Sokoto Sultanate Council</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sokoto Caliphate</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Hausa-language text"><span lang="ha"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1221277196">.mw-parser-output .alkalami-regular{font-size:1.25em;font-weight:400;font-family:"Alkalami",sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="alkalami-regular script-hausawi" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دَوْلَارْ خَلِيفرْ سَݣَُوتُواْ</span>‎</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Daular Khalifar Sakkwato</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دَوْلَةُ الخِلَافَة فَي بِلَاد السُودَان</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Dawlatu'l-Khilāfah fī Bilād as-Sūdān</span></li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1804–1903</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sokoto Caliphate"><img alt="Flag of Sokoto Caliphate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> </div> <div>Flag</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokoto_Sultanate_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sokoto Sultanate during the reign of Sultan Ahmadu Rufai"><img alt="Sokoto Sultanate during the reign of Sultan Ahmadu Rufai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sokoto_Sultanate_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Sokoto_Sultanate_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sokoto_Sultanate_%28cropped%29.png/375px-Sokoto_Sultanate_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sokoto_Sultanate_%28cropped%29.png/500px-Sokoto_Sultanate_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3457" data-file-height="2146" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Sokoto Sultanate during the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Rufai" title="Ahmadu Rufai">Ahmadu Rufai</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gudu" title="Gudu">Gudu</a><br />(1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto">Sokoto</a><br />(1804–1850, 1851–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birnin_Konni" class="mw-redirect" title="Birnin Konni">Birnin Konni</a><br />(1850)</li> <li>Burmi, (near <a href="/wiki/Bajoga" title="Bajoga">Bajoga</a>)<br />(1903)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir<br />al-Mu'minin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1804–1817 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Usman dan Fodio</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1902–1903 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Attahiru_I" title="Muhammadu Attahiru I">Muhammadu Attahiru</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Grand_Vizier" title="Sokoto Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1804–1817 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_dan_Fodio" title="Abdullahi dan Fodio">Abdullahi dan Fodio</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1886–1903 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammadu_al-Bukhari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammadu al-Bukhari (page does not exist)">Muhammadu al-Bukhari</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fula_jihads" title="Fula jihads">Fula jihads</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fulani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani War">Founded</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 February 1804</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Tabkin_Kwatto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabkin Kwatto">Tabkin Kwatto</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 June 1804</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Alkalawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fall of Alkalawa (page does not exist)">Fall of Alkalawa</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1808</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Abd_al-Salam" title="Revolt of Abd al-Salam">Revolt of Abd al-Salam</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">September 1817</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Protectorate_of_Northern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria">Proclamation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1897</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Burmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Burmi (page does not exist)">Second Battle of Burmi</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 1903</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,200,000 km<sup>2</sup> (850,000 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">Dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_thaler" title="Maria Theresa thaler">Maria Theresa thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowrie" title="Cowrie">Cowrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kano_flag.svg/20px-Kano_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kano_flag.svg/30px-Kano_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kano_flag.svg/40px-Kano_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kano" title="Sultanate of Kano">Sultanate of Kano</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Katsina_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsina Emirate">Sultanate of Katsina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Sultanate of Gobir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_Zaria_Emirate.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Zaria_Emirate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_Zaria_Emirate.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Zaria_Emirate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_Zaria_Emirate.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Zaria_Emirate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zazzau#Early_Hausa_kingdom" title="Zazzau">Sultanate of Zazzau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Bornu_Empire.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Bornu_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Bornu_Empire.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Bornu_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_Bornu_Empire.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Bornu_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Damagaram" title="Sultanate of Damagaram">Sultanate of Damagaram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kwararafa" title="Kwararafa">Jukun Kingdoms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_Emirate" title="Kebbi Emirate">Kebbi Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nupe_people" title="Nupe people">Nupe Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dendi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendi Kingdom">Dendi Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Agadez" title="Sultanate of Agadez">Sultanate of Agadez</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_Oligarchy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuareg Oligarchy (page does not exist)">Tuareg Oligarchy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Zamfara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanate of Zamfara (page does not exist)">Sultanate of Zamfara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yauri_Emirate" title="Yauri Emirate">Sultanate of Yauri</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria Protectorate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate_%281900%E2%80%931914%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate_%281900%E2%80%931914%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate_%281900%E2%80%931914%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate_%281900%E2%80%931914%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate_%281900%E2%80%931914%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate_%281900%E2%80%931914%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/German_Kamerun" class="mw-redirect" title="German Kamerun">German Kamerun</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/20px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/30px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/40px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Maiurno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanate of Maiurno (page does not exist)">Sultanate of Maiurno</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sokoto Caliphate</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دولة الخلافة في بلاد السودان</span>), also known as the <b>Sultanate of Sokoto</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Usman dan Fodio</a> in 1804 during the <a href="/wiki/Fula_jihads" title="Fula jihads">Fulani jihads</a> after defeating the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa Kingdoms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fulani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani War">Fulani War</a>. The boundaries of the caliphate are part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1837, the Sokoto state had a population of around 10-20 plus million people, becoming the most populous empire in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Falola_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falola-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was dissolved when the British, French and Germans conquered the area in 1903 and annexed it into the newly established <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria Protectorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegambia_and_Niger" title="Senegambia and Niger">Senegambia and Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> respectively. </p><p>The caliphate emerged after the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa King</a> <a href="/wiki/Yunfa" title="Yunfa">Yunfa</a> attempted to assassinate Usman dan Fodio in 1802. In order to escape persecution, Usman and his followers migrated towards <a href="/wiki/Gudu" title="Gudu">Gudu</a> in February 1804. Usman's followers pledged allegiance to Usman as the <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Commander of the Faithful</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Amīr al-Muʾminīn</i></span>). By 1808, the Sokoto Caliphate had gained control over Hausaland and several surrounding states. Under the sixth caliph <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Rufai" title="Ahmadu Rufai">Ahmadu Rufai</a>, the state reached its maximum extent, covering a large swath of West Africa. In 1903, the twelfth and last caliph Attahiru was assassinated by British forces, marking the end of the caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-Falola2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falola2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Developed in the context of multiple independent <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa Kingdoms</a>, at its peak, the caliphate linked over 30 different emirates and 10–20+ million people in the largest independent polity in the continent at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/John_Iliffe_(historian)" title="John Iliffe (historian)">John Iliffe</a>, Sokoto was the most developed state of pre-modern Subsaharan Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The caliphate was a loose confederation of emirates that recognized the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Sokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Sokoto">Sultan of Sokoto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An estimated 1 to 2.5 million non-Muslim slaves were captured during the <a href="/wiki/Fulani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani War">Fulani War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_World_Societies-755_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_World_Societies-755-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves worked plantations and much of the population converted to Islam despite being encouraged not to.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900, Sokoto had "at least 1 million and perhaps as many as 2.5 million slaves" second only to the American South (which had four million in 1860) in size among all modern slave societies.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_World_Societies-755_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_World_Societies-755-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although European colonists abolished the political authority of the caliphate, the title of sultan was retained and remains an important religious position for Sunni Muslims in the region to the current day.<sup id="cite_ref-Falola_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falola-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usman dan Fodio's jihad provided the inspiration for a series of related <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihads</a> in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Sudanian_Savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanian Savanna">Sudanian Savanna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> far beyond the borders of what is now Nigeria that led to the foundation of Islamic states in the regions that are now in modern-day Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Chad, the Central African Republic, and Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legacy of the Sokoto Caliphate and <a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Usman dan Fodio</a>'s teachings has left a lasting impact on the region's history, including contemporary <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. The Sokoto era produced some of the most renowned writers in West Africa with the three main reformist leaders, Usman, <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_dan_Fodio" title="Abdullahi dan Fodio">Abdullahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Bello" title="Muhammed Bello">Bello</a>, writing more than three hundred books combined on a wide variety of topics including logic, tafsir, mathematics, governance, law, astronomy, grammar, medicine and so on. Some other famous scholars of that era were <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_dan_Tafa" title="Abd al-Qadir dan Tafa">Shaikh Dan Tafa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nana_Asma%27u" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Asma'u">Nana Asma'u</a>. All of these scholars are still being widely studied around West Africa and some as far as the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major power in the region in the 17th and 18th centuries had been the <a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu Empire</a>. However, revolutions and the rise of new powers decreased the power of the Bornu empire and by 1759 its rulers had lost control over the oasis town of <a href="/wiki/Bilma" title="Bilma">Bilma</a> and access to the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maishanu_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maishanu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vassal cities of the empire gradually became autonomous, and the result by 1780 was a political array of independent states in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Maishanu_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maishanu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fall of the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a> in 1591 to Morocco also had freed much of the central Bilad as-Sudan, and a number of Hausa sultanates led by different Hausa aristocracies had grown to fill the void. Three of the most significant to develop were the sultanates of <a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebbi_Emirate" title="Kebbi Emirate">Kebbi</a> (both in the <a href="/wiki/Rima_River" title="Rima River">Rima River</a> valley), and <a href="/wiki/Zamfara" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamfara">Zamfara</a>, all in present-day Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-Maishanu_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maishanu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swindell_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swindell-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These kingdoms engaged in regular warfare against each other, especially in conducting slave raids. In order to pay for the constant warfare, they imposed high taxes on their citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Chafe_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chafe-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokoto_River_system.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sokoto_River_system.png/220px-Sokoto_River_system.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Sokoto_River_system.png 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>The Sokoto-Rima river system</figcaption></figure> <p>The region between the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> was largely populated with the Fulani, the Hausa, and other ethnic groups that had immigrated to the area such as the Tuareg.<sup id="cite_ref-Maishanu_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maishanu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chafe_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chafe-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the population had converted to Islam in the centuries before; however, local pagan beliefs persisted in many areas, especially in the aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Swindell_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swindell-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end of the 1700s, an increase in Islamic preaching occurred throughout the Hausa kingdoms. A number of the preachers were linked in a shared <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a> of Islamic study.<sup id="cite_ref-Maishanu_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maishanu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maliki scholars were invited or traveled to the Hausa lands from the Maghreb and joined the courts of some sultanates such as in Kano. These scholars preached a return to adherence to Islamic tradition. The most important of these scholars is <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Maghili" title="Muhammad al-Maghili">Muhammad al-Maghili</a>, who brought the Maliki jurisprudence to Nigeria.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fulani_Jihad">Fulani Jihad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fulani Jihad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fulani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani War">Fulani War</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Usman dan Fodio</a>, an Islamic scholar and an urbanized Fulani, had been actively educating and preaching in the city of Gobir with the approval and support of the Hausa leadership of the city. However, when <a href="/wiki/Yunfa" title="Yunfa">Yunfa</a>, a former student of dan Fodio, became the sultan of Gobir, he restricted dan Fodio's activities, eventually forcing him into exile in <a href="/wiki/Gudu" title="Gudu">Gudu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maishanu_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maishanu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComolli201515_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComolli201515-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of people left Gobir to join dan Fodio, who also began to gather new supporters from other regions. Feeling threatened by his former teacher, Sultan Yunfa declared war on dan Fodio<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComolli201515_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComolli201515-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on February 21, 1804. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png/265px-Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png/398px-Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png/530px-Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fula_jihads" title="Fula jihads">Fulani jihad states</a> of West Africa, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Usman dan Fodio was elected as the "Commander of the Faithful" (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></i></span>) by his followers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComolli201515_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComolli201515-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marking the beginning of the Sokoto state. Usman dan Fodio then created a number of flag bearers amongst those following him, creating an early political structure of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Maishanu_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maishanu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Declaring a jihad against the Hausa kings, dan Fodio rallied his primarily Fulani "warrior-scholars" against Gobir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComolli201515_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComolli201515-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite early losses at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsuntua" title="Battle of Tsuntua">Battle of Tsuntua</a> and elsewhere, the forces of dan Fodio began taking over some key cities starting in 1805.<sup id="cite_ref-Maishanu_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maishanu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fulani used <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> to turn the conflict in their favor, and gathered support from the civilian population, which had come to resent the despotic rule and high taxes of the Hausa kings. Even some non-Muslim Fulani started to support dan Fodio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComolli201515_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComolli201515-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war lasted from 1804 until 1808 and resulted in thousands of deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComolli201515_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComolli201515-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maishanu_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maishanu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forces of dan Fodio were able to capture the states of <a href="/wiki/Katsina" title="Katsina">Katsina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daura" title="Daura">Daura</a>, the important kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kano_Emirate" title="Kano Emirate">Kano</a> in 1807,<sup id="cite_ref-Maishanu_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maishanu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally conquered Gobir in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComolli201515_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComolli201515-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Bello" title="Muhammed Bello">Muhammed Bello</a>, the son of dan Fodio, founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto">Sokoto</a>, which became the capital of the Sokoto state.<sup id="cite_ref-Chafe_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chafe-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The jihad had created "a new slaving frontier on the basis of rejuvenated Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_World_Societies-755_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_World_Societies-755-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900, the Sokoto state had "at least 1 million and perhaps as many as 2.5 million slaves", second only to the United States (<a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">which had 4 million in 1860</a>) in size among all modern slave societies.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_World_Societies-755_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_World_Societies-755-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFR_V3_D371_A_Sokoto_Fulah_-_Brother_of_the_Sultan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AFR_V3_D371_A_Sokoto_Fulah_-_Brother_of_the_Sultan.jpg/304px-AFR_V3_D371_A_Sokoto_Fulah_-_Brother_of_the_Sultan.jpg" decoding="async" width="304" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AFR_V3_D371_A_Sokoto_Fulah_-_Brother_of_the_Sultan.jpg/456px-AFR_V3_D371_A_Sokoto_Fulah_-_Brother_of_the_Sultan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AFR_V3_D371_A_Sokoto_Fulah_-_Brother_of_the_Sultan.jpg/608px-AFR_V3_D371_A_Sokoto_Fulah_-_Brother_of_the_Sultan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="2205" /></a><figcaption>A brother of <a href="/wiki/Umaru_bin_Ali" title="Umaru bin Ali">Sultan Umaru bin Ali</a> (1888) by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Élisée Reclus</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Flag-Bearers_of_the_Caliphate_and_their_Emirates">Notable Flag-Bearers of the Caliphate and their Emirates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable Flag-Bearers of the Caliphate and their Emirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Emirates of the Sokoto Caliphate">Emirates of the Sokoto Caliphate</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Emirate </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_dan_Fodio" title="Abdullahi dan Fodio">Abdullahi dan Fodio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwandu_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwandu Emirate">Gwandu Emirate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ummarun_Dallaje" title="Ummarun Dallaje">Umar Dallaji</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katsina_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsina Emirate">Katsina Emirate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulaimanu" title="Sulaimanu">Suleiman dan Abu Hamma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kano_Emirate" title="Kano Emirate">Kano Emirate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yaqubu dan Dadi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bauchi_Emirate" title="Bauchi Emirate">Bauchi Emirate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ishaq </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daura_Emirate" title="Daura Emirate">Daura Emirate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Musa ibn Suleiman Ibn Muhammad </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zazzau_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zazzau Emirate">Zazzau Emirate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ibrahim Zakiyul Kalbi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katagum_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Katagum Emirate">Katagum Emirate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Adama" title="Modibo Adama">Modibbo Adama</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa Lamidate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buba_Yero" title="Buba Yero">Buba Yero</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gombe_Emirate" title="Gombe Emirate">Gombe Emirate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shehu Alimi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilorin_Emirate" title="Ilorin Emirate">Ilorin Emirate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mallam_Dendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallam Dendo">Mallam Dendo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bida_Emirate" title="Bida Emirate">Nupe Emirate</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate">Expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1808 until the mid-1830s, the Sokoto state expanded, gradually annexing the plains to the west and key parts of <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a>. It became one of the largest states in Africa, stretching from modern-day Burkina Faso to Cameroon and including most of northern Nigeria and southern Niger. At its height, the Sokoto state included over 30 different emirates under its political structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Falola_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falola-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political structure of the state was organized with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Sokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Sokoto">Sultan of Sokoto</a> ruling from the city of Sokoto (and for a brief period under Muhammad Bello from <a href="/wiki/Wurno" title="Wurno">Wurno</a>). The leader of each emirate was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> as the flag-bearer for that city but was given wide independence and autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnham_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the growth of the state occurred through the establishment of an extensive system of <a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">ribats</a> as part of the consolidation policy of Muhammed Bello, the second Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-Salau_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salau-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ribats were established, founding a number of new cities with walled fortresses, schools, markets, and other buildings. These proved crucial in expansion through developing new cities, settling the pastoral Fulani people, and supporting the growth of plantations which were vital to the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate had significant impacts on local populations. In many cases, conquered peoples were assimilated into the Caliphate, adopting Islam and becoming part of the Caliphate's political and social structures. In other cases, communities resisted the Caliphate's rule, leading to conflicts and tensions that sometimes persisted for years.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant impact was the spread of Islam among the local populations. The Sokoto Caliphate was intensely Islamic, and it actively sought to convert the peoples of the territories it conquered. As a result, Islam became the dominant religion in the region, with profound implications for local cultures, legal systems, and social norms. The imposition of Islamic law (Sharia) brought about changes in areas such as property rights, marriage, and criminal justice.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all local populations accepted the Caliphate's rule, and there were instances of resistance. Some communities maintained their traditional religions and practices despite the Caliphate's efforts to enforce Islam. There were also armed rebellions against the Caliphate's rule, some of which were successful in achieving local autonomy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fulani_in_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fulani_in_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.jpg/220px-Fulani_in_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fulani_in_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.jpg/330px-Fulani_in_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fulani_in_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.jpg/440px-Fulani_in_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>A Fulani from the Sokoto Caliphate</figcaption></figure> <p>The expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate can be understood as a three-stage process. Initially, from 1804 to 1808, the consolidation of power occurred in Gobir and the neighboring Hausa states. The successful military campaigns against these rulers won him considerable support, establishing the foundation for the forthcoming expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second stage (1809-1815) marked the eastward and southward expansion, reaching the <a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a>. Dan Fodio and his lieutenants led a series of jihads, framed as a battle against un-Islamic practices. The success of these jihads was due not only to military prowess, but he appealed to the Fulani through the desire for conquest and enslavement of the polytheists. The Fulani were instrumental in the expansion of the Caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final stage (1815-1840) involved further consolidation and minor campaigns against resistant elements. By this time, the Caliphate had grown into one of the largest empires in Africa, extending over present-day <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Nigeria">northern Nigeria</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This expansion led to profound changes on local populations. The spread of Islam was a significant outcome, transforming the religious landscape of the region. <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> was imposed, affecting local customs and norms, especially concerning <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">marriage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">criminal justice</a>. This religious influence continues to shape the socio-cultural dynamics of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the Caliphate's administrative and social structures were imposed on conquered territories. The Caliphate established a system of emirates, with appointed emirs overseeing local governance. The social hierarchy saw the Sultan and the ruling elite at the top, followed by free Muslims, non-Muslims, and slaves. This system significantly altered the political fabric of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_World_Societies-755_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_World_Societies-755-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Into_the_Nupe_Kingdom">Into the Nupe Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Into the Nupe Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bida_Emirate" title="Bida Emirate">Nupe Kingdom</a>, historically a powerful state in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Belt" title="Middle Belt">Central Nigeria</a>, was conquered by the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 19th century as part of its expansionist campaigns. The Sokoto forces, under the leadership of Usman dan Fodio's brother, <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_dan_Fodio" title="Abdullahi dan Fodio">Abdullahi dan Fodio</a>, advanced towards the Nupe Kingdom <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1806</span>. The Nupe Kingdom, under the rule of Etsu Majiya II, was a prosperous state known for its military prowess. However, the kingdom was internally divided due to succession disputes and other political tensions. Abdullahi dan Fodio exploited these internal divisions and launched a military campaign against the Nupe Kingdom. Despite the initial resistance, the Nupe Kingdom was eventually defeated. Etsu Majiya II was killed in battle, and the kingdom fell to the Sokoto forces <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1808</span>. After the conquest, the Sokoto Caliphate established the <a href="/wiki/Bida_Emirate" title="Bida Emirate">Bida Emirate</a> in the Nupe Kingdom. The Caliphate appointed a local <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> leader, known <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Bangana" title="Muhammadu Bangana">Mallam Dendo</a>, as the emir, who ruled on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Sokoto" title="List of sultans of Sokoto">Sultan of Sokoto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emir was expected to enforce <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> and pay tribute to the Sultan. The conquest of the Nupe Kingdom had significant impacts on the region. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> became the dominant religion, and the <a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Arabic script</a> was introduced for writing the local <a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe language</a>. The Sokoto Caliphate also established new trade routes and markets in the region, leading to economic changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Into_the_Oyo_Empire">Into the Oyo Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Into the Oyo Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a>, located in present-day southwestern Nigeria, was one of the most powerful kingdoms in West Africa during the 18th century. However, by the early 19th century, the Oyo Empire was in decline due to internal conflicts, succession disputes, and pressures from external enemies. The Sokoto Caliphate, on the other hand, was on the rise. The Sokoto Caliphate's main involvement with the Oyo Empire was through <a href="/wiki/Ilorin_Emirate" title="Ilorin Emirate">Ilorin</a>, a northern Yoruba vassal state of the Oyo Empire. The Ilorin, backed by the Sokoto Caliphate, launched a series of attacks against the Oyo Empire. These attacks, combined with internal conflicts, led to the final collapse of the Oyo Empire by the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Into_other_parts_of_Hausaland">Into other parts of Hausaland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Into other parts of Hausaland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_brother_of_Sultan_Abdu_Rahman_Atiku.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_brother_of_Sultan_Abdu_Rahman_Atiku.png/313px-A_brother_of_Sultan_Abdu_Rahman_Atiku.png" decoding="async" width="313" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_brother_of_Sultan_Abdu_Rahman_Atiku.png/470px-A_brother_of_Sultan_Abdu_Rahman_Atiku.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_brother_of_Sultan_Abdu_Rahman_Atiku.png/626px-A_brother_of_Sultan_Abdu_Rahman_Atiku.png 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>A brother of <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Atiku" title="Abdur Rahman Atiku">Sultan Abdur Rahman Atiku</a> taking a leave from <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Mizon" title="Antoine Mizon">Antoine Mizon</a> (1894)</figcaption></figure> <p>Parts of present-day Niger, particularly the regions bordering Nigeria, were conquered by the Sokoto Caliphate. The town of <a href="/wiki/Birni-N%27Konni" title="Birni-N'Konni">Birnin Konni</a>, for instance, was a significant center of the Caliphate in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sokoto Caliphate extended its influence into the northern areas of present-day Benin, which borders Nigeria to the west. The process of expansion into these regions was similar to that within Nigeria. The Caliphate launched military campaigns against local rulers, often exploiting internal conflicts and divisions. Upon conquering an area, the Caliphate would typically establish an emirate, appointing an emir to govern on behalf of the Sultan of Sokoto. The new rulers were expected to enforce Islamic law and pay tribute to the Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Into_the_Kanem-Bornu_empire">Into the Kanem-Bornu empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Into the Kanem-Bornu empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last major expansion of the Fulani jihadists was their part in the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Sayfawa_dynasty" title="Sayfawa dynasty">Sayfawa dynasty</a> in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sokoto Caliphate did not directly overthrow the dynasty that ruled the <a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu Empire</a>, but the jihadist movements of the 19th century certainly had an impact on it. The empire was weakened by internal conflicts, as well as by external threats, including the expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate and the encroachment of other jihadist groups. The Fulani jihadists, under Usman dan Fodio's banner tried to conquer Borno, who was governed by <a href="/wiki/Dunama_IX_Lefiami" title="Dunama IX Lefiami">Mai Dunama IX Lefiami</a>, in 1808. They partly succeeded. They burnt the capital, <a href="/wiki/Ngazargamu" title="Ngazargamu">Ngazargamu</a> and defeated the main army of the Mai of Borno.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_other_Fula_Jihad_states">Influence on other Fula Jihad states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influence on other Fula Jihad states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 19th century was a period of significant Islamic reform and jihads in West Africa, and the Sokoto Caliphate was just one of several powerful states that emerged during this time. In present-day Mali, the <a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a> were examples of states established through similar processes of Islamic reform and military expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Massina Empire, also known as the Diina of Hamdullahi, was an early 19th-century Fulani Jihad state centered in the Inner Niger Delta area of present-day Mali. This West African state was founded by <a href="/wiki/Seku_Amadu" title="Seku Amadu">Seku Amadu</a>, also known as Sheikh Amadu Sheikh, who started a jihad movement among the Fulani people in the region. In the early 1800s, Seku Amadu, inspired by the teachings of Usman dan Fodio and the success of the Sokoto Caliphate, was authorized by Fodio to carry out jihad in the Massina region. Seku Amadu's forces succeeded in overthrowing the ruling elites and establishing a new jihadist state. The capital of the Massina Empire was Hamdullahi, a city founded by Seku Amadu.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion of the Massina Empire occurred mainly through military conquest. The Empire extended its control over the Inner Niger Delta and parts of the surrounding Sahelian and savannah regions. Some of the notable areas that came under the control of the Massina Empire include Timbuktu and Djenné, key centers of trans-Saharan slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Massina Empire's rule was characterized by a strict interpretation of Islamic law. Seku Amadu implemented legal and social reforms, including the outlawing of many traditional polytheist practices as well as forcing many polytheists into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Massina Empire also faced resistance. Some local communities resisted the imposition of Islamic law and the centralization of political power. Furthermore, the Massina Empire faced external threats from neighboring states, including the Toucouleur Empire under El Hadj Umar Tall. The Massina Empire fell to the Toucouleur Empire in 1862. Despite its relatively short lifespan, the Massina Empire had a significant impact on the region. It played a key role in spreading Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Sokoto_(1890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/View_of_Sokoto_%281890%29.jpg/313px-View_of_Sokoto_%281890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="313" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/View_of_Sokoto_%281890%29.jpg/470px-View_of_Sokoto_%281890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/View_of_Sokoto_%281890%29.jpg/626px-View_of_Sokoto_%281890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2861" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption>View of the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto">Sokoto</a> (1890)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a>, also known as the Tukulor Empire, was a significant West African state that emerged during the 19th century, in what is now Mali, Senegal, and Guinea. It was founded by El Hadj Umar Tall, an Islamic leader of Tukulor descent, who sought to establish a jihadist state and conquer and enslave the polytheists in the region. Umar Tall began his jihad, or holy war, in the 1850s after studying in the Sokoto Caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1854, Umar Tall declared a jihad against the un-Islamic practices of the local rulers. He assembled a large army, which included his fellow Toucouleurs, as well as other Muslim groups and enslaved individuals. With this army, he undertook a series of successful military campaigns against various West African kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Segou in 1861 and the Massina Empire in 1862. At its height, the Toucouleur Empire stretched from modern-day Senegal in the west to Timbuktu in the east. Its capital was established at Segou, in present-day Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though not strictly a jihadist state, the <a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou Empire</a>, founded by Samori Ture, was a significant Islamic state during this period. Located in what is now Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Ivory Coast. The Wassoulou Empire was known for its strict implementation of Islam and enslavement of polytheists.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During and subsequent to the 18th century, the Wolof people were significantly affected by the tumultuous jihads spreading across West Africa. These militant Islamic campaigns faced heavy resistance from the Wolof kingdoms. However, in the 19th century, as the French colonial forces began taking territory in West Africa, the Wolof resisted French rule and increasingly turned towards Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their eventual dissolution, these jihadist states played a significant role in the spread of Islam and shaping of West Africa. They marked a crucial phase in the regional spread of Islam and a turbulent period in the region's indigenous political and social structures. Many of the jihadist movements began with the overthrow of traditional rulers who were accused of un-Islamic practices. These rulers were often replaced with leaders who had led the jihad and who sought to establish governance in diverse communities such as the <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yoruba</a> Kingdoms, based on their new rules. The jihads often led to shifts in the social hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:History_of_Northern_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:History of Northern Nigeria (page does not exist)">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Nigeria" title="History of Northern Nigeria">History of <span class="fn org label">Northern Nigeria</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Hausa_people.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Nigeria"><img alt="Northern Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Hausa_people.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Hausa_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Hausa_people.svg/210px-Flag_of_the_Hausa_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Hausa_people.svg/280px-Flag_of_the_Hausa_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Northern_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of Northern Nigeria (page does not exist)">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Northern_Nigeria" title="Prehistory of Northern Nigeria">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwararafa" title="Kwararafa">Kwararafa Confederacy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sokoto Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_history_of_Northern_Nigeria" title="Pre-colonial history of Northern Nigeria">Pre-colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Northern_Nigeria" title="Colonial history of Northern Nigeria">Colonial Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Protectorate Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Northern Region, Nigeria">1953–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nigerian_Republic" title="First Nigerian Republic">1963–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_of_Nigeria_(1966%E2%80%931979)" title="Supreme Military Council of Nigeria (1966–1979)">1966–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nigerian_Republic" title="Second Nigerian Republic">1979–1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_of_Nigeria_(1983%E2%80%931985)" title="Supreme Military Council of Nigeria (1983–1985)">1983–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Nigerian coup d'état">1993–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nigerian_Republic" title="Fourth Nigerian Republic">1999–present</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By ethnicity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_people" title="Nupe people">Nupe People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbirra" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbirra">Igbirra People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacification_of_Northern_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacification of Northern Nigeria (page does not exist)">Pacification of Northern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_history_of_Northern_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural history of Northern Nigeria (page does not exist)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographic_history_of_Northern_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographic history of Northern Nigeria (page does not exist)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Northern_Nigerian_Diplomacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Northern Nigerian Diplomacy (page does not exist)">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Northern_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Northern Nigeria (page does not exist)">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Northern_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Northern Nigeria (page does not exist)">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_medicine_in_Northern_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of medicine in Northern Nigeria (page does not exist)">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Northern_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Northern Nigeria (page does not exist)">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_women_in_Northern_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of women in Northern Nigeria (page does not exist)">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benue_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Benue state">Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borno_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Borno state">Borno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombe_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Gombe state">Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigawa_State" title="Jigawa State">Jigawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduna_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaduna state">Kaduna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Kano state">Kano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Katsina" title="History of Katsina">Katsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_Emirate" title="Kebbi Emirate">Kebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogi_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogi state">Kogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwara_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwara state">Kwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassarawa_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassarawa state">Nassarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_State" title="Sokoto State">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taraba_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Taraba state">Taraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zamfara" title="History of Zamfara">Zamfara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Northern_Nigeria" title="Template:History of Northern Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Northern_Nigeria" title="Template talk:History of Northern Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Northern_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Northern Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>European attention had been focusing on the region for colonial expansion for much of the last part of the 19th century. The French in particular had sent multiple exploratory missions to the area to assess colonial opportunities after 1870.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>French explorer <a href="/wiki/Parfait-Louis_Monteil" title="Parfait-Louis Monteil">Parfait-Louis Monteil</a> visited Sokoto in 1891 and noted that the Caliphate was at war with the <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Argungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir of Argungu">Emir of Argungu</a>, defeating Argungu the next year. Monteil claimed that Fulani power was tottering because of the war and the accession of the unpopular Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abderrahman_dan_Abi_Bakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abderrahman dan Abi Bakar">Abderrahman dan Abi Bakar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirshfield_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirshfield-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, following the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a>, the British had expanded into Southern Nigeria, and by 1901 had begun to move into the Sokoto Caliphate while <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Wars" title="Adamawa Wars">simultaneous German efforts occurred in Cameroon</a>. British General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lugard,_1st_Baron_Lugard" title="Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard">Frederick Lugard</a> used rivalries between many of the emirs in the south and the central Sokoto administration to prevent any defense as he marched toward the capital,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Germans conquered Adamawa. As the British approached the city of Sokoto, the new Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Attahiru_I" title="Muhammadu Attahiru I">Muhammadu Attahiru I</a> along with Muhammad bin Anabwani organized a quick defense of the city and fought the advancing British-led forces. The British force quickly won, sending Attahiru I and thousands of followers on a <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdist</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">hijra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Falola-2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falola-2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim supporters and officials moved from Hausaland, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gou" title="Ségou">Segu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a> towards to Burmi, a military station on the far-eastern border of the Empire. </p><p>The now shattered Caliphate was partitioned by Britain and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 13, 1903, at the grand market square of Sokoto, the last Vizier of the Caliphate officially conceded to British Rule. The British appointed <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Attahiru_II" title="Muhammadu Attahiru II">Muhammadu Attahiru II</a> as the new Caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-Falola-2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falola-2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lugard,_1st_Baron_Lugard" title="Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard">Fredrick Lugard</a> abolished the Caliphate, but retained the title <i>Sultan</i> as a symbolic position in the newly organized <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria Protectorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Falola_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falola-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This remnant became known as "<a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Sultanate_Council" title="Sokoto Sultanate Council">Sokoto Sultanate Council</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1903, the British defeated the remaining forces of Attahiru I in an engagement where he was <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a>; by 1906, armed resistance to British rule had ended.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_structure">Administrative structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Administrative structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sokoto state was largely organized around a number of largely independent emirates pledging allegiance to the sultan of Sokoto. The administration was initially built to follow those of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> during his time in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, but also the theories of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawardi" title="Al-Mawardi">Al-Mawardi</a> in "The Ordinances of Government".<sup id="cite_ref-Burnham_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hausa kingdoms prior to Usman dan Fodio had been run largely through hereditary succession.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The early rulers of Sokoto, dan Fodio and Bello, abolished systems of hereditary succession, preferring leaders to be appointed by virtue of their Islamic scholarship and moral standing.<sup id="cite_ref-Chafe_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chafe-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emirs were appointed by the sultan; they traveled yearly to pledge allegiance and deliver taxes in the form of crops, <a href="/wiki/Cowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowry">cowry shells</a>, and slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Falola_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falola-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a sultan died or retired from the office, an appointment council made up of the emirs would select a replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnham_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct lines of succession were largely not followed, although each sultan claimed direct descent from dan Fodio.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The caliphate absorbed many of the structures of governments of their Hausa predecessors which they had conquered. It ruled under Islamic law with powers falling to the emirates which made up the caliphate. A large number of emirs and senior officials were Fulani clerics and scholars who participated in the Fulani War.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major administrative division was between Sokoto and the <a href="/wiki/Gwandu_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwandu Emirate">Gwandu Emirate</a>. In 1815, Usman dan Fodio retired from the administrative business of the state and divided the area taken over during the Fulani War with his brother <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_dan_Fodio" title="Abdullahi dan Fodio">Abdullahi dan Fodio</a> ruling in the west with the Gwandu Emirate and his son <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Bello" title="Muhammed Bello">Muhammed Bello</a> taking over administration of the Sokoto Sultanate. The Emir at Gwandu retained allegiance to the Sokoto Sultanate and spiritual guidance from the sultan, but the emir managed the separate emirates under his supervision independently from the sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnham_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg/330px-Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg/495px-Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg/660px-Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Sokoto Caliphate, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1875</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The administrative structure of loose allegiances of the emirates to the sultan did not always function smoothly. There was a series of revolutions by the Hausa aristocracy in 1816–1817 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Bello" title="Muhammed Bello">Muhammed Bello</a>, but the sultan ended these by granting the leaders titles to land.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were multiple crises that arose during the 19th century between the Sokoto Sultanate and many of the subservient emirates: notably, the <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa Emirate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kano_Emirate" title="Kano Emirate">Kano Emirate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Njeuma_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Njeuma-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A serious revolt occurred in 1836 in the city-state of Gobir, which was crushed by Muhammed Bello at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gawakuke" title="Battle of Gawakuke">Battle of Gawakuke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> community throughout the region proved crucial in the administration of the state. The <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a> brotherhoods, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a>, to which every successive sultan of Sokoto was an adherent,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided a group linking the distinct emirates to the authority of the sultan. Scholars Burnham and Last claim that this Islamic scholarship community provided an "embryonic bureaucracy" which linked the cities throughout the Sokoto state.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnham_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viziers_of_Sokoto">Viziers of Sokoto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Viziers of Sokoto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Grand_Vizier" title="Sokoto Grand Vizier">Sokoto Grand Vizier</a></div> <p>The Caliphate and its resulting emirates each had <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Viziers</a> (Waziris) as they are called in the Caliphate. Those Viziers mostly came from the most learned families in Sokoto, learned not only in the legal and political aspects of Islam but also in its mystical side. The classical vizierate is based on some verses from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fulani_from_Sokoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fulani_from_Sokoto.jpg/346px-Fulani_from_Sokoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="346" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fulani_from_Sokoto.jpg/519px-Fulani_from_Sokoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fulani_from_Sokoto.jpg/692px-Fulani_from_Sokoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:right" lang="ar" class="poem"> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">يَفْقَهُوا۟ قَوْلِى<br /> وَٱجْعَل لِّى وَزِيرًۭا مِّنْ أَهْلِى<br /> هَـٰرُونَ أَخِى<br /> ٱشْدُدْ بِهِۦٓ أَزْرِى<br /> وَأَشْرِكْهُ فِىٓ أَمْرِى</span>‎ </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>so people may understand my speech,<br /> and grant me a helper from my family,<br /> Aaron, my brother.<br /> Strengthen me through him,<br /> and let him share my task </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-right:1.6em;text-align:right">—Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/20?startingVerse=28">20:28-32</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> The vizierate in Sokoto was based on the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> version of the position. Shaikh Uthman dan Fodio's book, <i>Bayan wujab al-hijra,</i> justifies the existence of the position in the caliphate:</p><blockquote><p>The first pillar [of a kingdom] is an upright wazir (vizier) over the wilaya who wakens [the king] if he sleeps and gives him sight if he cannot see and reminds him if he is heedless. The greatest catastrophe which could befall the wilaya and its subjects is to be deprived of good wazirs and helpers. One of the requirements of a wazir is that he should truly be benevolent and kind-hearted towards the people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Grand_Vizier" title="Sokoto Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier of Sokoto</a> was <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_dan_Fodio" title="Abdullahi dan Fodio">Abdullahi dan Fodio</a>. He was described as a 'helper' to the Shaikh, the most important of his helpers. The 2nd Grand Vizier was <a href="/wiki/Gidado_dan_Laima" title="Gidado dan Laima">Waziri Gidado bin Abu Bakr</a> who was under <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Bello" title="Muhammed Bello">Sultan Muhammad Bello</a>. All subsequent 'Grand Vizier of Sokoto' came from his family, with his great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Gidado_Idris" title="Gidado Idris">Gidado Idris</a>, continuing the tradition of being the 'helper' to a Head of State by serving as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Government_of_the_Federation" title="Secretary to the Government of the Federation">Secretary to the Government of the Federation</a> under the government of <a href="/wiki/Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">General Sani Abacha</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gidado_dan_Laima" title="Gidado dan Laima">Waziri Gidado</a> was married to the Shaikh's daughter <a href="/wiki/Nana_Asma%CA%BCu" title="Nana Asmaʼu">Nana Asma'u dan Fodio</a>. Abdullahi dan Fodio, the previous Grand Vizier, refused to relinquish the position even though Sultan Bello chose Gidado but he later formally recognised Gidado as the new vizier after his reconciliation with Muhammad Bello, giving Gidado his robes in token.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Vizier, Gidado had considerable freedom of judgement. He retired the Emir of Daura, Ishaq, and appointed his son, Zubair bin Ishaq which was later approved by Sultan Bello.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The position had a 'considerable following'. The Scottish explorer <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Clapperton" title="Hugh Clapperton">Hugh Clapperton</a> in 1826 speaks of 'a numerous train of attendants on horseback and on foot';<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another explorer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Staudinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Staudinger (page does not exist)">Paul Staudinger</a> in 1886 says the Vizier had considerable 'house-power' ('eine ziemliche Hausmacht'), having a hundred gunmen in his following.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had several estates and villages under him but their inhabitants are often scattered and distant from Sokoto only joining him for a major expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign visitors between 1880 and 1890 often saw the position as all-powerful. The Scottish geologist and explorer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thomson_(explorer)" title="Joseph Thomson (explorer)">Joseph Thomson</a> described him as being 'more powerful than the Sultan himself' since 'nothing is done except by his advice';<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Staudinger reported that he was the most powerful of ministers, almost more so than the Sultan, since all government business went through him;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Wallace found that 'the grand Vizier practically rules the Fulah Empire' and holds 'all the real power, the Sultans being completely hedged in by formalities'.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though these impressions are exaggerated, the Vizier did appear to have the whole civil service under his control. The vizierate never rivalled the Caliph's position. The Vizier was the chief supporter, adviser and friend to the Caliph, and in that position was able to reassert the Islamic tradition in Sokoto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokoto_cavalry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sokoto_cavalry.png/263px-Sokoto_cavalry.png" decoding="async" width="263" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sokoto_cavalry.png/396px-Sokoto_cavalry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sokoto_cavalry.png/527px-Sokoto_cavalry.png 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>A Sokoto cavalryman carrying a large shield of <a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">oryx</a> hide.</figcaption></figure> <p>The military, which was commanded by the Sarkin Yaki (war commander) the title still held by the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Jedo" title="Ali Jedo">Ali Jedo</a>, at the time of the jihad was organized into a standing army and a cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standing army was composed of Hausa and Fulani warriors who were trained in warfare and were responsible for the Caliphate's defense and the expansion of its territories. The cavalry was an essential part of the military, as horses were the primary mode of transportation during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1989_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1989-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the expansion, the Caliphate's military utilized a strategy of establishing emirates in conquered territories. These emirates were governed by emirs, who were either appointed by the Sultan or were local rulers who had submitted to the Caliphate's authority. This strategy helped in maintaining control over the vast territories of the Caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1989_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1989-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sokoto Caliphate relied heavily on the use of cavalry in its military campaigns. The Fulani horsemen, renowned for their equestrian skills, formed the core of the Caliphate's cavalry. They were instrumental in the rapid expansion of the Caliphate's territories.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parfait-Louis_Monteil" title="Parfait-Louis Monteil">Parfait-Louis Monteil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="French explorer">french explorer</a> who visited the caliphate in 1890, claimed that he witnessed Sultan <a href="/wiki/Umaru_bin_Ali" title="Umaru bin Ali">Umaru bin Ali</a> raise "an army of forty thousand men, half of whom were cavalry, to lay siege to Argungu."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, the Caliphate's military strategy involved a system of alliances with local rulers. In some cases, these rulers were allowed to maintain their positions under the condition that they pledged allegiance to the Caliphate and adopted Islam. This strategy helped to solidify the Caliphate's control over conquered territories.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate had significant social, political, and economic impacts. It led to the spread of Islam and the <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulani language</a> and culture in the region. The Caliphate's rule also resulted in changes in local governance systems and the economy, with the introduction of new administrative structures and trade networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yan_Taru" title="Yan Taru">Yan Taru</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a><br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خِلافة</span>‎</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/250px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/375px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/500px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="413" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Main caliphates</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Parallel caliphates</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Cordoba Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sokoto Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifian_Caliphate" title="Sharifian Caliphate">Sharifian Caliphate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caliphate" title="Template:Caliphate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caliphate" title="Template talk:Caliphate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caliphate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caliphate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><a href="/wiki/Muslim_scholarship_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Muslim scholarship (disambiguation)">Islamic scholarship</a> was a crucial aspect of the Caliphate from its founding. <a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Sultan Usman dan Fodio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Bello" title="Muhammed Bello">Sultan Muhammed Bello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_dan_Fodio" title="Abdullahi dan Fodio">Emir Abdullahi dan Fodio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Atiku" title="Abu Bakr Atiku">Sultan Abu Bakr Atiku</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nana_Asma%CA%BCu" title="Nana Asmaʼu">Nana Asma'u</a> devoted significant time to chronicling histories, writing poetry, and Islamic studies. A number of manuscripts are available, and they provide crucial historical information and important spiritual texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Falola_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falola-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This role did diminish after the reign of Bello and Atiku.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although veiling was practiced, it did not stop women from being educated in the caliphate. Many of the women around Shaikh Uthman dan Fodio, like his wives and daughters, were also his students and attained great learning. Slaves were encouraged to become Muslims and their children were given Muslim education and were taught Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fulahs_of_Sokoto-1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fulahs_of_Sokoto-1900.jpg/220px-Fulahs_of_Sokoto-1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fulahs_of_Sokoto-1900.jpg/330px-Fulahs_of_Sokoto-1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fulahs_of_Sokoto-1900.jpg/440px-Fulahs_of_Sokoto-1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Photo of residents of Kano, Sokoto Caliphate in 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>After the establishment of the Caliphate, there were decades of economic growth throughout the region, particularly after a wave of revolts in 1816–1817.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had significant trade over the trans-Saharan routes.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fulani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani War">Fulani War</a>, all land in the empire was declared <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> or owned by the entire community. However, the Sultan allocated land to individuals or families, as could an emir. Such land could be inherited by family members but could not be sold.<sup id="cite_ref-Swindell_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swindell-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exchange was based largely on slaves, cowries or gold.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major crops produced included cotton, indigo, kola and shea nuts, grain, rice, tobacco, and onion.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considerable numbers of scholars and the poor depended on the "great houses" for basic amenities like food and clothing. Food was prepared in the houses, which then acted like communal canteens. Clothing came largely from the payments from the other emirates in the caliphate and was redistributed to the community. This system helped Sokoto maintain a large scholar community.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its commercial prosperity was also based on Islamic traditions, market integration, internal peace and an extensive export-trade network.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery">Slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">History of slavery in the Muslim world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></div> <p>Slavery remained a large part of the economy, although its operation had changed with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. Slaves were gained through raiding and via markets as had operated earlier in West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founder of the Caliphate allowed slavery only for non-Muslims; slavery was viewed as a process to bring such peoples into the Muslim community.<sup id="cite_ref-Chafe_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chafe-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least half of the Caliphate's population were enslaved people in the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a huge expansion of slaves due to the jihad campaigns, frontier wars and slave raids.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion of agricultural plantations under the Caliphate was dependent on slave labor. These plantations were established around the ribats, and large areas of agricultural production took place around the cities of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institution of slavery was mediated by the lack of a racial barrier among the peoples, and by a complex and varying set of relations between owners and slaves, which included the right to accumulate property by working on their own plots, manumission, and the potential for slaves to convert and become members of the Islamic community.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are historical records of slaves reaching high levels of government and administration in the Sokoto Caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-Stilwell_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stilwell-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand these liniments to the slaving system were, like those in other slave societies, a buttress rather than a detriment although in some cases undoubtedly beneficial to individual slaves as Mohammed Bashir Salau writes: "Unfortunately for most slaves, however, masters often selected those they granted freedom in part because to maintain the plantation order, and in part to prevent the formation of a group consciousness among slaves....Similarly, although the Islamic religion encouraged voluntary emancipation, and slave-owners were convinced that God would reward them when they freed slaves, most masters were very selective about whom they freed. They often gave first preference to slaves who exhibited “good behavior” and were “honest” and “hardworking”; also to those who were “too sick” and “too old” (to engage in rigorous plantation activities). This not only perpetuated the plantation’s social order, but also reduced the slave-owner’s expenditures; by freeing elderly and infirm slaves, the owner did not have to pay for their care."<sup id="cite_ref-:9_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed the incorrigible slave would have the worst treatment visited upon them by the state slave prison system. In 1829 <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Clapperton" title="Hugh Clapperton">Bain Hugh Clapperton</a> wrote: "In this space is also the prison, a building of about eighty feet long, and nearly the same in breadth, covered at top with a flat clay roof, overlaid with boughs. Inside is a deep pit, where those who have committed the greatest crimes are confined. No person is put in prison for debt ; only thieves, prisoners of war (taken singly), such as spies, and disobedient slaves, who, on a complaint to the sultan that they will not work, are sent to prison. Their only food is the bran or husks of millet and dourra, with water ; but their friends are allowed to give them food, if they have any. It is a filthy place, and the terror of the men-slaves of Soccatoo. The prisoners are taken out, two and two, every day to work at the walls, or any laborious work which may occur."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In the Kano area, for instance, Gidan Ma’ajin Watari was the primary slave prison."<sup id="cite_ref-:10_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If not desiring sale the slave-owner would lay out the particular charge and "Thereafter, the erring slave was admitted into the facility through a succession of two doors, being severely beaten in the process."<sup id="cite_ref-:10_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lugard,_1st_Baron_Lugard" title="Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard">Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard</a> in a 1903 colonial account wrote thusly about conditions: "I visited the dungeon myself. A small doorway 2 feet 6 inches by 1 foot 6 inches gives access into it. The interior is divided (by a thick mud wall with a similar hole through it) into two compartments, each 17 feet by 7 feet and 11 feet high. This wall was pierced with holes at its base through which the legs of those sentenced to death were thrust up to the thigh, and they were left to be trodden on by the mass of other prisoners till they died of thirst and starvation. The place is entirely air-tight and unventilated except for the one small doorway, or rather hole, in the wall through which you creep. The total space inside is 2,618 cubic feet, and at the time we took Kano 135 human beings were confined here each night, being let out during the day to cook their food, &c., in a small adjoining area. Recently as many as 200 have been interned at one time. As the superficial ground area was only 238 square feet there was not, of course, even standing room. Victims were crushed to death every night and their corpses were hauled out each morning. The stench, I am told, inside the place when <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morland" title="Thomas Morland">Colonel Morland</a> visited it was intolerable, though it was empty, and when I myself went inside three weeks later the effluvium was unbearable for more than a few seconds. A putrid corpse even then lay near the doorway."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salau adds that "While in prison, a slave was usually subjected to torture by fellow inmates as well as by guards....Ultimately, it was the master who decided how many days the slave would spend in the facility."<sup id="cite_ref-:10_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early twentieth-century, the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria inherited one of the biggest slave populations in the world, one to two and a half million slaves, a flourishing slave trade supplied by slave raids and thousands of slaves given as tributes to the Sultan of Sokoto and his emirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Miers_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> The British high commissioner Lugard abolished the legal status of slavery without compensation and officially declared all children born to slaves after 31 March 1901 as born free; however the slaves were given no assistance and cases of fugitive slaves were often handed over to indigenous Islamic sharia courts, which often restored them back to their Muslim owners.<sup id="cite_ref-Miers_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37–8">: 37–8 </span></sup> By the 1920s big slave trade caravans had been eradicated by the colonial officials, but small scale slave trading was difficult to fully abolish. One example was the trade in Adamawa girls, who were bought by merchants and kept for a year in Cameroon learning Hausa until they could be smuggled in to Nigeria to be sold in Kano for concubinage or domestic service.<sup id="cite_ref-Miers_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> "Slave brokers, who themselves were formerly concubines, were procuring young girls for purposes of sale into slavery. Despite legal prohibitions which dated from the colonial era to the contrary, slave concubinage was a functioning institution in the northern states of Nigeria in 1988."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even in the early twenty-first century the practice of <a href="/wiki/Wahaya" title="Wahaya">wahaya</a> (taking a "fifth wife") still existed in parts of Niger and the Sultanate of Sokoto: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“in the last quarter of 2008, prominent members of the Sultanate of Sokoto went to Zouraré, Tajaé, in search of young wahayu. Three female slaves were presented to them. They declined the offer of these three girls; they were not suitable. A two-month deadline was given to the suppliers to find ‘suitable’ girls from other nomadic groups. Girls had to be found, because it would be dishonourable for the Touareg elites and their groups to say that they do not have slaves available.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Anti-Slavery International, citing Chaibou Sarkin Bouzayé of Wournoc<sup id="cite_ref-ISI_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISI-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fulani ruling class engaged in marriage alliances with Hausa families. The <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa language</a> became the language of administration and main medium of poetry in the caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Sultanate_Council" title="Sokoto Sultanate Council">Sokoto Sultanate Council</a></div> <p>Although it has lost its former political power, the Sokoto Sultanate Council continues to exist, and the Sokoto Sultans are still "leading figures in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian</a> society". Even the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">Presidents of Nigeria</a> have sought their support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComolli201515_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComolli201515-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to its impact, the Sokoto Caliphate is also revered by Islamists in modern Nigeria. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadist</a> militant group <a href="/wiki/Ansaru" title="Ansaru">Ansaru</a> has vowed to revive the Sokoto Caliphate in order to restore the "lost dignity of Muslims in black Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComolli2015103_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComolli2015103-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of the Sokoto Caliphate can also be seen in extremist groups like <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>. Boko Haram, based in <a href="/wiki/North_East_(Nigeria)" title="North East (Nigeria)">northeastern Nigeria</a>, promotes an extremist interpretation of Islam and seeks to establish an Islamic state governed by strict <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a>. While they have occasionally referenced <a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Usman dan Fodio</a>'s legacy to justify their actions, presenting their struggle as a continuation of the original jihad, there are fundamental differences between the two jihadist movements. <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokoto Revolution">The Sokoto Jihad</a>'s intellectual thought, according to historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Michael Cook</a>, can be described as part of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries Islamic world's "conservative orientation towards intellectual innovation". The three leaders of the jihad, namely Usman, Abdullahi and Bello, drew heavily from <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadriyya</a> texts, with connections to wider Islamic intellectual networks. In contrast, Boko Haram operates in a globalized world and draws influences from <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> ideology and is connected and influenced by global Salafi jihadist networks.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boko Haram operates primarily in <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno State</a>, and the historical context of the state, which is the central fragment of the old <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem-Bornu empire</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri people</a>, has efffects today. Bornu, led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Amin_al-Kanemi" title="Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi">Shaikh al-Kanemi</a>, had a history of resistance against the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokoto Revolution">Sokoto jihad</a> and actively opposed the encroachment and ideology of the caliphate. There were intense debates and correspondence between <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Bello" title="Muhammed Bello">Bello</a> and al-Kanemi during the jihad, reflecting their differing perspectives. While the Sokoto Caliphate had limited success in fully subjugating Bornu, Boko Haram, founded by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Yusuf_(Boko_Haram)" title="Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)">Muhammad Yusuf</a> and later led by <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Shekau</a>, emerged from the Kanuri community. Their ideology criticized the established Islamic tradition of the Sokoto Caliphate, considering it impure and in need of reform. They sought to return to what they perceived as more orthodox practices based on Salafi thought, rejecting the Maliki law and Sufi influences of the Sokoto Caliphate. Influential Salafi scholars in Nigeria critique Boko Haram, highlighting their leaders' lack of proper education in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> (Islamic jurisprudence) and their misinterpretation and misuse of Salafi texts. This is in contrast to the Sokoto jihad leaders who were renowned Maliki scholars, with Usman and Abdullahi already being respected scholars prior to the jihad.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLast2021" class="citation book cs1">Last, M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sokotocaliphate0000last/page/152/mode/2up"><i>The Sokoto Caliphate</i></a>. [New York] Humanities Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sokoto+Caliphate&rft.pub=%5BNew+York%5D+Humanities+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Last&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsokotocaliphate0000last%2Fpage%2F152%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2015" class="citation book cs1">Overy, Richard, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=388mswEACAAJ"><i>The Times Complete History of the World</i></a> (9th ed.). London: Times Books. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-795956-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-795956-3"><bdi>978-0-00-795956-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Times+Complete+History+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=265&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-00-795956-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D388mswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLofkrantz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lofkrantz, Jennifer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24393055">"Intellectual Discourse in the Sokoto Caliphate: The Triumvirate's Opinions on the Issue of Ransoming, ca. 1810"</a>. <i>The International Journal of African Historical Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (3): 385–401. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24393055">24393055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Intellectual+Discourse+in+the+Sokoto+Caliphate%3A+The+Triumvirate%27s+Opinions+on+the+Issue+of+Ransoming%2C+ca.+1810&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=385-401&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24393055%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lofkrantz&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24393055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKay, Hill, Buckler, Ebrey, Beck, Crowston, Weisner-Hanks. <i>A History of World Societies.</i> 8th edition. Volume C - From 1775 to the Present. 2009 by Bedford/St. Martin's. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-68298-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-68298-9">978-0-312-68298-9</a>. "The most important of these revivalist states, the enormous Sokoto caliphate, illustrates the general pattern. It was founded by Usuman dan Fodio (1754-1817), an inspiring Muslim teacher who first won zealous followers among both the Fulani herders and Hausa peasants in the Muslim state of Gobir in the northern Sudan." p. 736.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falola-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Falola_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falola_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falola_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falola_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falola_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falola_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalola2009" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin (2009). <i>Historical Dictionary of Nigeria</i>. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Nigeria&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/usman-dan-fodio-founder-of-the-sokoto-caliphate/a-51995841#:~:text=In%201837%2C%20the%20Sokoto%20Caliphate,April%2020%2C%201817%20in%20Sokoto.">"Usman dan Fodio: Sokoto Caliphate founder – DW – 02/24/2020"</a>. <i>dw.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Usman+dan+Fodio%3A+Sokoto+Caliphate+founder+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+02%2F24%2F2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fusman-dan-fodio-founder-of-the-sokoto-caliphate%2Fa-51995841%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%25201837%252C%2520the%2520Sokoto%2520Caliphate%2CApril%252020%252C%25201817%2520in%2520Sokoto.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falola2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Falola2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalola2009" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin (2009). <i>Historical Dictionary of Nigeria</i>. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Nigeria&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLast2021" class="citation book cs1">Last, Murray (3 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/39071/chapter-abstract/338399135?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"The Sokoto Caliphate"</a>. <i>The Oxford World History of Empire</i>. pp. 1082–1110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197532768.003.0040">10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753276-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753276-8"><bdi>978-0-19-753276-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sokoto+Caliphate&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+World+History+of+Empire&rft.pages=1082-1110&rft.date=2021-03-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197532768.003.0040&rft.isbn=978-0-19-753276-8&rft.aulast=Last&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F39071%2Fchapter-abstract%2F338399135%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe1995" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe, John (25 August 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dlHE51ScKTUC"><i>Africans: The History of a Continent</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48422-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48422-0"><bdi>978-0-521-48422-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africans%3A+The+History+of+a+Continent&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995-08-25&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48422-0&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdlHE51ScKTUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-countrystudies-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Metz, Helen Chapin</a>, ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/9.htm">"Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate"</a>. <i>Nigeria: A Country Study</i>. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Usman+dan+Fodio+and+the+Sokoto+Caliphate&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=GPO+for+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fnigeria%2F9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_World_Societies-755-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_World_Societies-755_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_World_Societies-755_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_World_Societies-755_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_World_Societies-755_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_World_Societies-755_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKayHill2011" class="citation book cs1">McKay, John P.; Hill, Bennett D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NF-mWCNY_boC&q=%22islamic+revival%22+slavery&pg=PA755"><i>A History of World Societies, Volume 2: Since 1450, Volume 2</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 755. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312666934" title="Special:BookSources/9780312666934"><bdi>9780312666934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+World+Societies%2C+Volume+2%3A+Since+1450%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=755&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780312666934&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft.au=Hill%2C+Bennett+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNF-mWCNY_boC%26q%3D%2522islamic%2Brevival%2522%2Bslavery%26pg%3DPA755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lovejoy1978-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy1978_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovejoy1978" class="citation journal cs1">Lovejoy, Paul E. (1978). 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Hunwick, Razaq Abubakre (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/arabic-literature-of-africa-the-writings-of-central-sudanic-africa"><i>Arabic Literature of Africa: The writings of Central Sudanic Africa. Vol. 2</i></a>. p. 220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Literature+of+Africa%3A+The+writings+of+Central+Sudanic+Africa.+Vol.+2&rft.pages=220&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=John+O.+Hunwick&rft.aufirst=Razaq+Abubakre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabic-literature-of-africa-the-writings-of-central-sudanic-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maishanu-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maishanu_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maishanu_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maishanu_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maishanu_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maishanu_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maishanu_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maishanu_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maishanu_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maishanu_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maishanu_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaishanuIsa_Muhammad_Maishanu1999" class="citation journal cs1">Maishanu, Hamza Muhammad; Isa Muhammad Maishanu (1999). 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Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLast1967" class="citation book cs1">Last, Murray (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/sokotocaliphate0000last"><i>The Sokoto Caliphate</i></a>. 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Berlin. p. 365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Im+Herzen+der+Haussa+L%C3%A4nder&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=365&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Staudinger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1896" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace, William (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774182">"Notes on a Journey through the Sokoto Empire and Borgu in 1894"</a>. <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 211–219. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1896GeogJ...8..211W">1896GeogJ...8..211W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1774182">10.2307/1774182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7398">0016-7398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774182">1774182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Notes+on+a+Journey+through+the+Sokoto+Empire+and+Borgu+in+1894&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=211-219&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1774182&rft.issn=0016-7398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1774182%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1896GeogJ...8..211W&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1774182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheriff" class="citation journal cs1">Sheriff, Vaffi Foday. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijhssi.org/papers/v5(8)/G050801041047.pdf">"Transformation of Sokoto Caliphate by Sheik Usman Danfodiyo: A Social Thought Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention</i>. <b>5</b> (8): 41–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Humanities+and+Social+Science+Invention&rft.atitle=Transformation+of+Sokoto+Caliphate+by+Sheik+Usman+Danfodiyo%3A+A+Social+Thought+Perspective&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=41-47&rft.aulast=Sheriff&rft.aufirst=Vaffi+Foday&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijhssi.org%2Fpapers%2Fv5%288%29%2FG050801041047.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1989-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1989_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1989_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1989" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robert Sydney (1989). <i>Warfare and diplomacy in pre-colonial West Africa</i> (2nd ed.). 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"Power, Honour and Shame: The Ideology of Royal Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate". <i>Africa: Journal of the International African Institute</i>. <b>70</b> (3): 394–421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fafr.2000.70.3.394">10.3366/afr.2000.70.3.394</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145784764">145784764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%3A+Journal+of+the+International+African+Institute&rft.atitle=Power%2C+Honour+and+Shame%3A+The+Ideology+of+Royal+Slavery+in+the+Sokoto+Caliphate&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=394-421&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fafr.2000.70.3.394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145784764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stilwell&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalau2018" class="citation book cs1">Salau, Mohammed Bashir (2018). <i>Plantation Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate A Historical and Comparative Study</i>. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. pp. 106–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-938-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-938-8"><bdi>978-1-58046-938-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plantation+Slavery+in+the+Sokoto+Caliphate+A+Historical+and+Comparative+Study&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pages=106-107&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-938-8&rft.aulast=Salau&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Bashir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapperton1829" class="citation book cs1">Clapperton, Bain Hugh (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofseconde00inclap"><i>Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa, from the Bight of Benin to Soccatoo</i></a>. London: John Murray. p. 210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+a+Second+Expedition+into+the+Interior+of+Africa%2C+from+the+Bight+of+Benin+to+Soccatoo&rft.place=London&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Clapperton&rft.aufirst=Bain+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofseconde00inclap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalau2018" class="citation book cs1">Salau, Mohammed Bashir (2018). <i>Plantation Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate A Historical and Comparative Study</i>. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-938-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-938-8"><bdi>978-1-58046-938-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plantation+Slavery+in+the+Sokoto+Caliphate+A+Historical+and+Comparative+Study&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-938-8&rft.aulast=Salau&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Bashir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLugard1903" class="citation book cs1">Lugard, Frederick John Dealtry (December 1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/3064634/3064634_1902_northern_nigeria/3064634_1902_northern_nigeria_opt.pdf"><i>Colonial Reports – Annual No. 409. Northern Nigeria. Report for 1902</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 30–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Reports+%E2%80%93+Annual+No.+409.+Northern+Nigeria.+Report+for+1902.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=His+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1903-12&rft.aulast=Lugard&rft.aufirst=Frederick+John+Dealtry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibsysdigi.library.illinois.edu%2Filharvest%2FAfricana%2FBooks2011-05%2F3064634%2F3064634_1902_northern_nigeria%2F3064634_1902_northern_nigeria_opt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miers-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miers_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miers_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miers_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Miers2003" class="citation book cs1">S. Miers (2003). <i>Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem</i>. Uk: AltaMira Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Global+Problem&rft.place=Uk&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=S.+Miers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovejoy1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lovejoy, Paul E. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4738161">"Concubinage in the Sokoto caliphate (1804–1903)"</a>. <i>Slavery & Abolition a Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 159–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440399008575005">10.1080/01440399008575005</a> – via ACADEMIA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavery+%26+Abolition+a+Journal+of+Slave+and+Post-Slave+Studies&rft.atitle=Concubinage+in+the+Sokoto+caliphate+%281804%E2%80%931903%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-189&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440399008575005&rft.aulast=Lovejoy&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4738161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISI-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISI_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403133801/http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2012/w/wahaya_report_eng.pdf">"Wahaya: Domestic and sexual slavery in Niger"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Anti-Slavery International. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2012/w/wahaya_report_eng.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wahaya%3A+Domestic+and+sexual+slavery+in+Niger&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Anti-Slavery+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antislavery.org%2Fincludes%2Fdocuments%2Fcm_docs%2F2012%2Fw%2Fwahaya_report_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span> Citing Chaibou Sarkin Bouzayé of Wournoc</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEComolli2015103-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComolli2015103_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFComolli2015">Comolli (2015)</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLofkrantz2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lofkrantz, Jennifer (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/jwestafrihist.4.1.0075">"Intellectual Traditions, Education, and Jihad: The (Non)Parallels between the Sokoto and Boko Haram Jihads"</a>. <i>Journal of West African History</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 75–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14321%2Fjwestafrihist.4.1.0075">10.14321/jwestafrihist.4.1.0075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2327-1868">2327-1868</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/jwestafrihist.4.1.0075">10.14321/jwestafrihist.4.1.0075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158164424">158164424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+West+African+History&rft.atitle=Intellectual+Traditions%2C+Education%2C+and+Jihad%3A+The+%28Non%29Parallels+between+the+Sokoto+and+Boko+Haram+Jihads&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-98&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2327-1868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158164424%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.14321%2Fjwestafrihist.4.1.0075%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14321%2Fjwestafrihist.4.1.0075&rft.aulast=Lofkrantz&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.14321%2Fjwestafrihist.4.1.0075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLast2013" class="citation journal cs1">Last, Murray (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43904924">"Contradictions in Creating a Jihadi Capital: Sokoto in the Nineteenth Century and Its Legacy"</a>. <i>African Studies Review</i>. <b>56</b> (2): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fasr.2013.38">10.1017/asr.2013.38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0206">0002-0206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43904924">43904924</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201777045">201777045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Contradictions+in+Creating+a+Jihadi+Capital%3A+Sokoto+in+the+Nineteenth+Century+and+Its+Legacy&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0002-0206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201777045%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43904924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fasr.2013.38&rft.aulast=Last&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43904924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComolli2015" class="citation book cs1">Comolli, Virginia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYmMCwAAQBAJ"><i>Boko Haram: Nigeria's Islamist Insurgency</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849044912" title="Special:BookSources/9781849044912"><bdi>9781849044912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boko+Haram%3A+Nigeria%27s+Islamist+Insurgency&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781849044912&rft.aulast=Comolli&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYmMCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+Caliphate" 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class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nigeria_topics" title="Template:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nigeria_topics" title="Template talk:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nigeria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nigeria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="Index of Nigeria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="KingdomsEmpires" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="hlist"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Kingdoms</li><li>Empires</li></ul></div> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Kanem-Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Nri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausa kingdoms">Hausa kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kano" title="Kingdom of Kano">Kano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daura_Emirate" title="Daura Emirate">Daura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Katsina" title="History of Katsina">Katsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazzau" title="Zazzau">Zazzau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadejia" title="Hadejia">Biram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rano" title="Rano">Rano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_Emirate" title="Kebbi Emirate">Kebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwararafa" title="Kwararafa">Kwararafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nigerian_history" title="Timeline of Nigerian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Nigeria">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_before_1500" title="History of Nigeria before 1500">before 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Nigeria (1500–1800)">1500-1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nigerian_Republic" title="First Nigerian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Nigeria" title="Military dictatorship in Nigeria">Military dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nigerian_Republic" title="Second Nigerian Republic">Second Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Nigerian_Republic" title="Third Nigerian Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nigerian_Republic" title="Fourth Nigerian Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Plateau" title="Adamawa Plateau">Adamawa Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Nigeria" title="Template:Borders of Nigeria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Nigeria" title="List of populated places in Nigeria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nigeria" title="Climate change in Nigeria">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Nigeria" title="List of ecoregions in Nigeria">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Environmental issues in the Niger Delta">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Islands of Nigeria">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos_Plateau" title="Jos Plateau">Jos Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Mountains of Nigeria">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Nigeria" title="List of national parks of Nigeria">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Rivers of Nigeria">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Benue" class="mw-redirect" title="River Benue">Benue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nigeria" title="Wildlife of Nigeria">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife conservation in Nigeria">Wildlife conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Nigeria" title="Subdivisions of Nigeria">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_villages_in_Nigeria" title="Lists of villages in Nigeria">Villages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nigeria" title="Cabinet of Nigeria">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nigeria" title="Elections in Nigeria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministries_of_Nigeria" title="Federal Ministries of Nigeria">Federal Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria" title="Foreign relations of Nigeria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nigeria">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nigeria" title="Human trafficking in Nigeria">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Law enforcement in Nigeria">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Nigeria">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nigeria" title="List of political parties in Nigeria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">APC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Nigeria">Vice-President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nigeria" title="Agriculture in Nigeria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Drain_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Drain in Nigeria">Brain Drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nigeria" title="Economic history of Nigeria">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nigeria" title="Energy in Nigeria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Nigeria" title="Mining industry of Nigeria">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Naira <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum in Nigeria">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nigeria" title="Tourism in Nigeria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nigeria" title="Transport in Nigeria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Society of Nigeria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nigeria" title="Censorship in Nigeria">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria#Baby_factories" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Baby factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nigeria" title="Capital punishment in Nigeria">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nigeria" title="Child labour in Nigeria">Child labour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girl_child_labour_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl child labour in Nigeria">Girl child labour</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Nigeria">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Nigeria" title="Crime in Nigeria">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Domestic violence in Nigeria">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nigeria">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">MASSOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People" title="Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People">MOSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oodua_Peoples_Congress" title="Oodua Peoples Congress">Oodua Peoples Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_in_Nigeria" title="Female genital mutilation in Nigeria">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Nigeria" title="Gender inequality in Nigeria">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nigeria" title="Health in Nigeria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Nigeria" title="Polygamy in Nigeria">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nigeria" title="Poverty in Nigeria">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Nigeria" title="Prostitution in Nigeria">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_in_Nigeria" title="List of protests in Nigeria">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of Nigeria">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Nigeria" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Nigeria" title="Youth in Nigeria">Youth</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Conflicts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="hlist"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Conflicts in Nigeria">Conflicts</a></li></ul></div> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist insurgency in Nigeria">Islamist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Culture of Nigeria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria,_We_Hail_Thee" title="Nigeria, We Hail Thee">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria" title="Coat of arms of Nigeria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nigeria" title="Flag of Nigeria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerians" title="List of Nigerians">List of Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nigeria">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nigeria" title="Public holidays in Nigeria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria" title="Sharia in Nigeria">Sharia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Nigeria" title="Smoking in Nigeria">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Nigeria">Video gaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nigeria" title="Outline of Nigeria">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="Index of Nigeria-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigeria" title="Category:Nigeria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sahelian_kingdoms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Template:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Template talk:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sahelian_kingdoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Bamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Baol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayor" title="Cayor">Cayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Dagbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daju_kingdom" title="Daju kingdom">Daju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_(province)" title="Dendi (province)">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Jallon" title="Imamate of Futa Jallon">Futa Jallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Toro" title="Imamate of Futa Toro">Futa Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Empire" title="Gao Empire">Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Great_Fulo" title="Empire of Great Fulo">Great Fulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolof_Empire" title="Jolof Empire">Jolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaabu" title="Kaabu">Kaabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Empire" title="Kong Empire">Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdiyya caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">Mossi kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Niani" title="Kingdom of Niani">Niani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Niumi">Niumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funj_Sultanate" title="Funj Sultanate">Sennar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takrur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjur_kingdom" title="Tunjur kingdom">Tunjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waalo" title="Waalo">Waalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadai Empire">Wadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wuli" title="Kingdom of Wuli">Wuli</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Magadha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">Permian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kyivan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#66CC33;background:#66CC33"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_state" title="Template:Islamic state"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Imamah_(Nizari_Ismaili_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Nizari Ismaili doctrine)">Sevener</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Islamic emirate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130323648">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136184-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91109959">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567746605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sokoto_Caliphate&params=13_04_02_N_05_14_52_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°04′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">05°14′52″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.06722°N 5.24778°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.06722; 5.24778</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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