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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Bodhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prajna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prajna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Prajna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prajna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wu,_kensho_and_satori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wu,_kensho_and_satori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Wu, kensho and satori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wu,_kensho_and_satori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nirvana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nirvana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Nirvana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nirvana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddha's_awakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddha's_awakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Buddha's awakening</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddha's_awakening-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddha's awakening subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddha's_awakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhahood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhahood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Buddhahood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhahood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_awakening_of_the_Buddha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_awakening_of_the_Buddha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The awakening of the Buddha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_awakening_of_the_Buddha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canonical_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonical_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Canonical accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonical_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Critical assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Understanding_of_bodhi_and_Buddhahood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Understanding_of_bodhi_and_Buddhahood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Understanding of <i>bodhi</i> and Buddhahood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Understanding_of_bodhi_and_Buddhahood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Understanding of <i>bodhi</i> and Buddhahood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Understanding_of_bodhi_and_Buddhahood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theravada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Theravada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theravada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mahayana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddha-nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddha-nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Buddha-nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddha-nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vajrayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vajrayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Vajrayana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vajrayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bodhi_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodhi_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bodhi Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodhi_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verligting_in_Boeddhisme" title="Verligting in Boeddhisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verligting in Boeddhisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="التنوير في البوذية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التنوير في البوذية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="বোধোদয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বোধোদয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliwanagan_sa_Budismo" title="Kaliwanagan sa Budismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kaliwanagan sa Budismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgumine" title="Virgumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Virgumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_(%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85)" title="روشنیدگی (بودیسم) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روشنیدگی (بودیسم)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EA%B2%BD%EA%B0%81" title="구경각 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구경각" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi" title="Bodhi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bodhi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminazione_nel_buddismo" title="Illuminazione nel buddismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Illuminazione nel buddismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atbudimas_(budizmas)" title="Atbudimas (budizmas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atbudimas (budizmas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megvil%C3%A1gosod%C3%A1s_a_buddhizmusban" title="Megvilágosodás a buddhizmusban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Megvilágosodás a buddhizmusban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlichting_(boeddhisme)" title="Verlichting (boeddhisme) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verlichting (boeddhisme)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%9A" title="正覚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="正覚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opplysning_i_buddhismen" title="Opplysning i buddhismen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Opplysning i buddhismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%9A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%90" title="روښانتیا په بودیزم کې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روښانتیا په بودیزم کې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)" title="Просветление (буддизм) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Просветление (буддизм)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(Buddhism)" title="Enlightenment (Buddhism) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Enlightenment (Buddhism)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89" title="ตรัสรู้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตรัสรู้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1c_ng%E1%BB%99_trong_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_gi%C3%A1o" title="Giác ngộ trong Phật giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giác ngộ trong Phật giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%8A%E6%AD%A3%E7%AD%89%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%BA" title="無上正等正覺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="無上正等正覺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1137019#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a 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(Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The English term <i><b>enlightenment</b></i> is the Western translation of various <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> terms, most notably <i><b>bodhi</b></i> and <i><b>vimutti</b></i>. The abstract noun <i>bodhi</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:बोधि">बोधि</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>: <i>bodhi</i>) means the knowledge or <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">wisdom</a>, or awakened intellect, of a Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_bodhi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_bodhi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verbal root <i>budh-</i> means "to awaken", and its literal meaning is closer to <b>awakening</b>. Although the term <i><a href="/wiki/Buddhi" title="Buddhi">buddhi</a></i> is also used in other Indian philosophies and traditions, its most common usage is in the context of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vimukti#Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimukti">Vimutti</a></i> is the freedom from or release of the <a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">fetters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">hindrances</a>. </p><p>The term <i>enlightenment</i> was popularised in the Western world through the 19th-century translations of British philologist <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>. It has the Western connotation of general insight into transcendental truth or reality. The term is also being used to translate several other Buddhist terms and concepts, which are used to denote (initial) insight (<i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">prajna</a></i> (Sanskrit), <i><a href="/wiki/Wu_(awareness)" title="Wu (awareness)">wu</a></i> (Chinese), <i><a href="/wiki/Kensho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensho">kensho</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">satori</a></i> (Japanese));<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener20085051,_lemma_"bodhi"_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener20085051,_lemma_"bodhi"-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimello2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimello2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> knowledge (<i><a href="/wiki/Vidya_(Knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidya (Knowledge)">vidya</a></i>); the "blowing out" (<i><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvana</a></i>) of disturbing emotions and desires; and the attainment of supreme <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a> (<i>samyak sam bodhi</i>), as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>. </p><p>What exactly constituted the Buddha's awakening is unknown. It may have involved the knowledge that liberation was attained by the combination of mindfulness and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">dhyāna</a></i>, applied to the understanding of the arising and ceasing of craving. The relation between <i>dhyana</i> and insight is a core problem in the study of Buddhism, and is one of the fundamentals of Buddhist practice. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Bodhi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">बोधि</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-SDSS_bodhi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDSS_bodhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "awakening",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell200450_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell200450-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "perfect knowledge",<sup id="cite_ref-SDSS_bodhi_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDSS_bodhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "perfect knowledge or wisdom (by which a man becomes a बुद्ध [Buddha<sup id="cite_ref-SDSS_budh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDSS_budh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>] or जिन [<i>jina</i>, <i>arahant</i>; "victorious", "victor"<sup id="cite_ref-MW_jina_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_jina-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>], the illuminated or enlightened intellect (of a Buddha or जिन)".<sup id="cite_ref-MW_bodhi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_bodhi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word Bodhi is an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract noun">abstract noun</a>, formed from the verbal root <i>*budh-</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell200450_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell200450-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanskrit <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">बुध</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-SDSS_budh_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDSS_budh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MW_budh_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_budh-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "to awaken, to know",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell200450_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell200450-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "to wake, wake up, be awake",<sup id="cite_ref-MW_budh_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_budh-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "to recover consciousness (after a swoon)",<sup id="cite_ref-MW_budh_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_budh-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "to observe, heed, attend to".<sup id="cite_ref-MW_budh_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_budh-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It corresponds to the verbs <i>bujjhati</i> (Pāli) and <i>bodhati</i>, बोदति, "become or be aware of, perceive, learn, know, understand, awake"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>budhyate</i> (Sanskrit). </p><p>The feminine Sanskrit noun of <i>*budh-</i> is <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">बुद्धि</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Buddhi" title="Buddhi">buddhi</a></i>, "prescience, intuition, perception, point of view".<sup id="cite_ref-SDSS_budh_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDSS_budh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translation">Translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert S. Cohen notes that the majority of English books on Buddhism use the term "enlightenment" to translate the term <i>bodhi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20061_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20061-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The root <i>budh</i>, from which both <i>bodhi</i> and <i>Buddha</i> are derived, means "to wake up" or "to recover consciousness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20061_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20061-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cohen notes that <i>bodhi</i> is not the result of an illumination, but of a path of realization, or coming to understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20061_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20061-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "enlightenment" is event-oriented, whereas the term "awakening" is process-oriented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20061_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20061-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The western use of the term "enlighten" has Christian roots, as in Calvin's "It is God alone who enlightens our minds to perceive his truths".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20062_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20062-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early 19th-century <i>bodhi</i> was translated as "intelligence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20062_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20062-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "enlighten" was first being used in 1835, in an English translation of a French article,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20062–3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20062–3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the first recorded use of the term 'enlightenment' is credited (by the Oxford English Dictionary) to the <i>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</i> (February 1836). In 1857 <i>The Times</i> used the term "the Enlightened" for the Buddha in a short article, which was reprinted the following year by <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20063_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20063-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, the use of the term subsided, but reappeared with the publication of Max Müller's <i>Chips from a german Workshop</i>, which included a reprint from the <i>Times</i> article. The book was translated in 1969 into German, using the term "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der Erleuchtete</i></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20069_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20069-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Max Müller was an <a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">essentialist</a>, who believed in a <a href="/wiki/Natural_religion" title="Natural religion">natural religion</a>, and saw religion as an inherent capacity of human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20064_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20064-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Enlightenment" was a means to capture natural religious truths, as distinguished from mere mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20066–7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20066–7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perspective was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kantian</a> thought, particularly Kant's definition of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> as the free, unimpeded use of reason. Müller's translation echoed this idea, portraying Buddhism as a rational and enlightened religion that aligns with the natural religious truths inherent to human beings. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1870s it had become commonplace to call the Buddha "enlightened", and by the end of the 1880s the terms "enlightened" and "enlightenment" dominated the English literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20063_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20063-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insight">Insight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Insight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bodhi">Bodhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bodhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bodhi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bodhi (disambiguation)">Bodhi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>While the Buddhist tradition regards <i>bodhi</i> as referring to full and complete liberation (<i>samyaksambudh</i>), it also has the more modest meaning of knowing that the path that is being followed leads to the desired goal. According to <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tillman Vetter,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and K.R. Norman,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman199729_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman199729-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>bodhi</i> was at first not specified. K.R. Norman: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is not at all clear what gaining <i>bodhi</i> means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for <i>bodhi</i>, but this is misleading ... It is not clear what the buddha was awakened to, or at what particular point the awakening came.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200525_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200525-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Norman, <i>bodhi</i> may basically have meant the knowledge that <i>nibbana</i> was attained,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman199730_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman199730-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxix,_xxxi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxix,_xxxi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the practice of <i>dhyana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman199729_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman199729-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally only "prajna" may have been mentioned,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tillman Vetter even concludes that originally dhyana itself was deemed liberating, with the stilling of pleasure or pain in the fourth jhana, not the gaining of some perfect wisdom or insight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gombrich also argues that the emphasis on insight is a later development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich1997_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich1997-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism, <i>bodhi</i> refers to the realisation of the <a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of enlightenment">four stages of enlightenment</a> and becoming an <a href="/wiki/Arahant" class="mw-redirect" title="Arahant">Arahant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200850_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200850-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Theravada Buddhism, <i>bodhi</i> is equal to supreme insight, and the realisation of the four noble truths, which leads to deliverance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200850_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200850-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nyanatiloka, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(Through Bodhi) one awakens from the slumber or stupor (inflicted upon the mind) by the defilements (<i><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">kilesa</a></i>, q.v.) and comprehends the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">sacca</a></i>, q.v.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka198040_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka198040-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This equation of <i>bodhi</i> with the four noble truths is a later development, in response to developments within Indian religious thought, where "liberating insight" was deemed essential for <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four noble truths as the liberating insight of the Buddha eventually were superseded by <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a>, the twelvefold chain of causation, and still later by anatta, the emptiness of the self.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism, <i>bodhi</i> is equal to <i>prajna</i>, insight into the <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunyata">sunyata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tathat%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathatā">tathatā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is equal to the realisation of the non-duality of <a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">absolute and relative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prajna">Prajna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prajna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā (Buddhism)</a></div> <p>In Theravada Buddhism <i>pannā</i> (Pali) means "understanding", "wisdom", "insight".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980150_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980150-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Insight" is equivalent to <i><a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">vipassana</a></i>, insight into the three marks of existence, namely <i><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">anicca</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">anatta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980150_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980150-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insight leads to the four stages of enlightenment and Nirvana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980150_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980150-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Mahayana Buddhism Prajna (Sanskrit) means "insight" or "wisdom", and entails insight into <i>sunyata</i>. The attainment of this insight is often seen as the attainment of "enlightenment".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008281_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008281-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (January 2015)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wu,_kensho_and_satori"><span id="Wu.2C_kensho_and_satori"></span>Wu, kensho and satori</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wu, kensho and satori"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_(awareness)" title="Wu (awareness)">Wu</a></i> is the Chinese term for initial insight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimello2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimello2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Kensho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensho">Kensho</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">satori</a></i> are Japanese terms used in <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> traditions. <i>Kensho</i> means "seeing into one's true nature". <i>Ken</i> means "seeing", <i>sho</i> means "nature", "essence",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapleau1989_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapleau1989-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> c.q Buddha-nature. <i>Satori</i> (Japanese) is often used interchangeably with kensho, but refers to the <i>experience</i> of kensho.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapleau1989_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapleau1989-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> tradition sees <i>kensho</i> as essential to the attainment of <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>, but considers <a href="/wiki/Hakuin#Four_ways_of_knowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakuin">further practice</a> essential to attain Buddhahood. </p><p>East-Asian (Chinese) Buddhism emphasizes insight into Buddha-nature. This term is derived from Indian tathagata-garbha thought, "the womb of the thus-gone" (the Buddha), the inherent potential of every sentient being to become a <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>. This idea was integrated with the Yogacara-idea of the <i>ālaya vijñāna</i>, and further developed in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, which integrated <a href="/wiki/Indian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buddhism">Indian Buddhism</a> with native Chinese thought. Buddha-nature came to mean both the potential of awakening <i>and</i> the whole of reality, a dynamic interpenetration of absolute and relative. In this awakening it is realized that observer and observed are not distinct entities, but mutually co-dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELusthaus1998_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELusthaus1998-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge">Knowledge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>vidhya</i> is being used in contrast to <i><a href="/wiki/Avidhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Avidhya">avidhya</a></i>, ignorance or the lack of knowledge, which binds us to <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a>. The <i>Mahasaccaka Sutta</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes the three knowledges which the Buddha attained:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995340–342_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995340–342-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200047–48_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder200047–48-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling198727_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling198727-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Insight into his past lives</li> <li>Insight into the workings of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a></li> <li>Insight into the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li></ol> <p>According to Bronkhorst, the first two knowledges are later additions, while insight into the four truths represents a later development, in response to concurring religious traditions, in which "liberating insight" came to be stressed over the practice of <i>dhyana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom">Freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vimukthi, also called <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i>, means "freedom",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "release",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "deliverance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980239_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980239-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes a distinction is being made between <i>ceto-vimukthi</i>, "liberation of the mind", and <i>panna-vimukthi</i>, "liberation by understanding".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich2005147_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2005147-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddhist tradition recognises two kinds of <i>ceto-vimukthi</i>, one temporarily and one permanent, the last being equivalent to <i>panna-vimukthi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich2005147_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2005147-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> uses the term <i>āśraya parāvŗtti</i>, "revolution of the basis",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark1983126–132_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark1983126–132-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... a sudden revulsion, turning, or re-turning of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses#Ālayavijñāna" title="Eight Consciousnesses">ālaya vijñāna</a> back into its original state of purity [...] the Mind returns to its original condition of non-attachment, non-discrimination and non-duality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark1983127_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark1983127-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nirvana">Nirvana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nirvana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nirvana is the "blowing out" of disturbing emotions, which is the same as liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-Berzin_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berzin-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usage of the term "enlightenment" to translate "nirvana" was popularized in the 19th century, in part, due to the efforts of Max Müller, who used the term consistently in his translations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott20098_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott20098-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddha's_awakening"><span id="Buddha.27s_awakening"></span>Buddha's awakening</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Buddha's awakening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Buddhahood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">three recognized types</a> of Buddha:<sup id="cite_ref-Snelling-1987_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snelling-1987-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arhat_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arhat (Buddhism)">Arhat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>: <i>arahant</i>), those who reach Nirvana by following the teachings of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-Snelling-1987_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snelling-1987-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the term <a href="/wiki/Savakabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Savakabuddha">Śrāvakabuddha</a> (Pali: <i>sāvakabuddha</i>) is used to designate this kind of awakened person;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddhas</a> (Pali: <i>paccekabuddha</i>), those who reach Nirvana through self-realisation, without the aid of spiritual guides and teachers, but do not teach the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Snelling-1987_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snelling-1987-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Samyaksambuddha (Pali: <i>samma sambuddha</i>), often simply referred to as <i>Buddha</i>, one who has reached Nirvana by his own efforts and wisdom and teaches it skillfully to others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling198781_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling198781-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Siddhartha Gautama</a>, known as the Buddha, is said to have achieved full awakening, known as <i>samyaksaṃbodhi</i> (Sanskrit; Pāli: <i>sammāsaṃbodhi</i>), "perfect Buddhahood", or <i>anuttarā-samyak-saṃbodhi</i>, "highest perfect awakening".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMäll200583_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMäll200583-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, <i>anuttarā-samyak-saṃbodhi</i>, literally meaning unsurpassed, complete and perfect enlightenment, is often used to distinguish the enlightenment of a Buddha from that of an Arhat. </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Buddhology" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhology">Buddha</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_paths_to_liberation" title="Buddhist paths to liberation">way to Buddhahood</a> is understood somewhat differently in the various Buddhist traditions. An equivalent term for <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> is <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a>, "the thus-gone". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_awakening_of_the_Buddha">The awakening of the Buddha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The awakening of the Buddha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canonical_accounts">Canonical accounts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canonical accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Suttapitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Suttapitaka">suttapitaka</a>, the Buddhist canon as preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> tradition, a couple of texts can be found in which the Buddha's attainment of liberation forms part of the narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200045–50_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder200045–50-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faure_1991_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faure_1991-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Ariyapariyesana Sutta</i> (Majjhima Nikaya 26) describes how the Buddha was dissatisfied with the teachings of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80%E1%B8%B7%C4%81ra_K%C4%81l%C4%81ma" title="Āḷāra Kālāma">Āḷāra Kālāma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uddaka_R%C4%81maputta" title="Uddaka Rāmaputta">Uddaka Rāmaputta</a>, wandered further through Magadhan country, and then found "an agreeable piece of ground" which served for striving. The sutta then only says that he attained Nibbana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995259_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995259-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Vanapattha Sutta</i> (Majjhima Nikaya 17)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Buddha describes life in the jungle, and the attainment of awakening. The <i>Mahasaccaka Sutta</i> (Majjhima Nikaya 36) describes his ascetic practices, which he abandoned. Thereafter he remembered a spontaneous state of jhana, and set out for jhana-practice. Both suttas narrate how, after destroying the <a href="/wiki/Sankhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankhara">disturbances of the mind</a>, and attaining <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">concentration of the mind</a>, he attained three knowledges (vidhya):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995340–342_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995340–342-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200047–48_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder200047–48-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling198727_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling198727-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Insight into his past lives</li> <li>Insight into the workings of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a></li> <li>Insight into the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li></ol> <p>Insight into the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> is here called awakening.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200047–48_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder200047–48-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monk (<i><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhu</a></i>) has "...attained the unattained supreme security from bondage."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995199_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995199-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Awakening is also described as synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a>, the extinction of the passions whereby suffering is ended and no more rebirths take place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200049_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder200049-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insight arises that this liberation is certain: "Knowledge arose in me, and insight: my freedom is certain, this is my last birth, now there is no rebirth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200049_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder200049-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critical_assessment">Critical assessment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Critical assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schmithausen<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmithausen1981_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmithausen1981-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronkhorst notices that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...the accounts which include the Four Noble Truths had a completely different conception of the process of liberation than the one which includes the Four Dhyanas and the destruction of the intoxicants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993110_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993110-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It calls in question the reliability of these accounts, and the relation between <i>dhyana</i> and insight, which is a core problem in the study of early Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich1997_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich1997-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally the term <i>prajna</i> may have been used, which came to be replaced by the four truths in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993108_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993108-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronkhorst also notices that the conception of what exactly this "liberating insight" was developed throughout time. Whereas originally it may not have been specified, later on the four truths served as such, to be superseded by <i>pratityasamutpada</i>, and still later, in the Hinayana schools, by the doctrine of the non-existence of a substantial self or person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993100–101_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993100–101-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And Schmithausen notices that still other descriptions of this "liberating insight" exist in the Buddhist canon: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"that the five Skandhas are impermanent, disagreeable, and neither the Self nor belonging to oneself";<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the contemplation of the arising and disappearance (<i>udayabbaya</i>) of the five Skandhas";<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the realisation of the Skandhas as empty (<i>rittaka</i>), vain (<i>tucchaka</i>) and without any pith or substance (<i>asaraka</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993101_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993101-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An example of this substitution, and its consequences, is Majjhima Nikaya 36:42–43, which gives an account of the awakening of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993102–103_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993102–103-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Understanding_of_bodhi_and_Buddhahood">Understanding of <i>bodhi</i> and Buddhahood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Understanding of bodhi and Buddhahood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term bodhi acquired a variety of meanings and connotations during the development of Buddhist thoughts in the various schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Buddhism">Early Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Early Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></div> <p>In early Buddhism, <i>bodhi</i> carried a meaning synonymous to <i><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a></i>, using only a few different metaphors to describe the insight, which implied the extinction of <i><a href="/wiki/Lobha" title="Lobha">lobha</a></i> (greed), <i><a href="/wiki/Dvesha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvesha (Buddhism)">dosa</a></i> (hate) and <i><a href="/wiki/Moha_(Buddhism)" title="Moha (Buddhism)">moha</a></i> (delusion). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theravada">Theravada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Theravada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism#Contemporary_reassessment_-_the_"Jhana_wars"" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">Non-reactive and lucid awareness</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning: that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion. <i>Bodhi</i>, specifically, refers to the realisation of the <a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of enlightenment">four stages of enlightenment</a> and becoming an <a href="/wiki/Arahant" class="mw-redirect" title="Arahant">Arahant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200850_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200850-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is equal to supreme insight, the realisation of the four noble truths, which leads to deliverance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200850_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200850-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaching full awakening is equivalent in meaning to reaching <a href="/wiki/Nirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirvāṇa">Nirvāṇa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attaining Nirvāṇa is the ultimate goal of Theravada and other śrāvaka traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It involves the abandonment of the <a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">ten fetters</a> and the cessation of dukkha or suffering. Full awakening is reached in four stages. According to Nyanatiloka, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(Through Bodhi) one awakens from the slumber or stupor (inflicted upon the mind) by the defilements (<i><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">kilesa</a></i>, q.v.) and comprehends the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">sacca</a></i>, q.v.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka198040_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka198040-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Since the 1980s, western Theravada-oriented teachers have started to question the primacy of insight. According to <a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a>, <i>jhana</i> and <i>vipassana</i> (insight) form an integrated practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuli2008_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuli2008-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polak and Arbel, following scholars like Vetter and Bronkhorst, argue that <a href="/wiki/Right_effort" class="mw-redirect" title="Right effort">right effort</a>, c.q. the <a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">four right efforts</a> (sense restraint, preventing the arising of <a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">unwholesome states</a>, and the generation of <a href="/wiki/Seven_factors_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven factors of awakening">wholesome states</a>), mindfulness, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">dhyana</a></i> form an integrated practice, in which <i>dhyana</i> is the actualisation of insight, leading to an awakened awareness which is "non-reactive and lucid".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolak2011_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolak2011-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbel2017_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbel2017-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahayana">Mahayana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mahayana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></div> <p>In Mahayana-thought, bodhi is the realisation of the inseparability of <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>, and the unity of subject and object.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">prajna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kensho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensho">realizing of the Buddha-nature</a>, bodhi realizes <a href="/wiki/Sunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunyata">sunyata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suchness" class="mw-redirect" title="Suchness">suchness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time, the Buddha's awakening came to be understood as an immediate full awakening and liberation, instead of the insight into and certainty about the way to follow to reach enlightenment. In some Zen traditions, however, this perfection came to be relativized again; according to one contemporary Zen master, "Shakyamuni buddha and Bodhidharma are still practicing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2004103_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2004103-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahayana discerns three forms of awakened beings:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Arahat" class="mw-redirect" title="Arahat">Arahat</a> – Liberation for oneself;<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> – Liberation for living beings;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Full Buddhahood</a>.</li></ol> <p>Within the various Mahayana-schools exist various further explanations and interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> Buddhism, the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> is the ideal. The ultimate goal is not only of one's own liberation in Buddhahood, but the liberation of all living beings. The cosmology of Mahayana Buddhism regards a wide range of buddhas and bodhisattvas, who assist humans on their way to liberation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>, a branch of Mahayana Buddhism, regards Buddhahood as a state of perfect freedom, in which one is awakened to the eternal and ultimate truth that is the reality of all things. This supreme state of life is characterized by boundless wisdom and infinite compassion. The Lotus Sutra reveals that Buddhahood is a potential in the lives of all beings.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Buddha-nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Tathagatagarbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathagatagarbha">Tathagatagarbha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a> doctrines, bodhi becomes equivalent to the universal, natural and pure state of the mind: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Bodhi</i> is the final goal of a Bodhisattva's career [...] <i>Bodhi</i> is pure universal and immediate knowledge, which extends over all time, all universes, all beings and elements, conditioned and unconditioned. It is absolute and identical with Reality and thus it is <a href="/wiki/Tathata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathata">Tathata</a>. <i>Bodhi</i> is immaculate and non-conceptual, and it, being not an outer object, cannot be understood by discursive thought. It has neither beginning, nor middle nor end and it is indivisible. It is non-dual (<i>advayam</i>) [...] The only possible way to comprehend it is through <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a> by the yogin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebastian2005274_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebastian2005274-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to these doctrines, bodhi eternally exists within one's mind, although requiring the mind's defilements to be removed. This vision is expounded in texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shurangama Sutra">Shurangama Sutra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uttaratantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttaratantra">Uttaratantra</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a> as well, the state of Bodhi is regarded as naturally inherent in the mind. Bodhi is the mind's natural and pure state, where no distinction is being made between a perceiving subject and perceived objects. This is also the understanding of Bodhi found in <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> Buddhism. </p><p>To achieve this vision of non-duality, it is necessary to recognise one's own mind: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... it means that you are to know the inherent natural state of the mind by eliminating the split into a perceiving subject and perceived objects which normally occurs in the world and is wrongly thought to be real. This also corresponds to the Yogacara definition ... that emptiness (<i>sunyata</i>) is the absence of this imaginary split<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge200331–32_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge200331–32-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vajrayana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the development of Mahayana Buddhism, the various strands of thought on Bodhi were continuously being elaborated. Attempts were made to harmonize the various terms. </p><p>The Vajrayana Buddhist commentator <a href="/wiki/Buddhaguhya" title="Buddhaguhya">Buddhaguhya</a> treats various terms as synonyms: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For example, he defines emptiness (<i>sunyata</i>) as suchness (<i>tathata</i>) and says that suchness is the intrinsic nature (<i>svabhava</i>) of the mind which is Enlightenment (<i><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">bodhi-citta</a></i>). Moreover, he frequently uses the terms suchness (<i>tathata</i>) and Suchness-Awareness (<i>tathata-jnana</i>) interchangeably. But since Awareness (<i>jnana</i>) is non-dual, Suchness-Awareness is not so much the Awareness of Suchness, but the Awareness which <i>is</i> Suchness. In other words, the term Suchness-Awareness is functionally equivalent to Enlightenment. Finally, it must not be forgotten that this Suchness-Awareness or Perfect Enlightenment <i>is</i> Mahavairocana [the Primal Buddha, uncreated and forever existent]. In other words, the mind in its intrinsic nature is Mahavairocana, whom one "becomes" (or vice versa) when one is perfectly enlightened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge200331–32_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge200331–32-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bodhi_Day">Bodhi Day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bodhi Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sakyamuni's awakening is celebrated on <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Day" title="Bodhi Day">Bodhi Day</a>. In Sri Lanka and Japan, different days are used for this celebration. According to the Theravada tradition in Sri Lanka, Sakyamuni reached Buddhahood at the <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a> in May. This is celebrated at <a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesākha Pūjā</a>, the full moon in May, known as <a href="/wiki/Sambuddhatva_jayanthi" title="Sambuddhatva jayanthi">Sambuddhatva jayanthi</a> (or Sambuddha jayanthi).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Buddhism and psychology</a> – Buddhism, Mindfulness and Psychology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> – Buddhist philosophical tradition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a> – Human thought aided by divine grace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">Hongaku</a> – East Asian Buddhist doctrine<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a> – Islamic philosophy introduced by Suhrawardi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a> – Omniscience in Jainism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">Subitism</a> – Sudden awakening to Enlightenment<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.here-now4u.de/eng/theosophy_or_pantheism__friedr.htm">Lourens Peter van den Bosch, <i>Theosophy or Pantheism? Friedrich Max Müller's Gifford Lectures on Natural Religion</i></a>: "The three principal themes of his Gifford lectures on natural religion were the discovery of God, the discovery of the soul, and the discovery of the oneness of God and soul in the great religions of the world."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majjhima Nikaya chapter 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Gombrich, this distinction is artificial, and due to later, too literal, interpretations of the suttas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich2005147–148_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2005147–148-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Majjhima Nikaya chapter 4, 12, 26 & 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his often-cited article <i>On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majjhima Nikaya 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anguttara Nikaya II.45 (PTS)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samyutta Nikaya III.140–142 (PTS)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This also includes <a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a>, but is not being mentioned by <a href="#CITEREFFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008">Fischer-Schreiber, Ehrhard & Diener (2008)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener20085051,_lemma_"bodhi"-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener20085051,_lemma_"bodhi"_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008">Fischer-Schreiber, Ehrhard & Diener 2008</a>, p. 5051, lemma "bodhi".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimello2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimello2004_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimello2004_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGimello2004">Gimello 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell200450-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell200450_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell200450_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell200450_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswell2004">Buswell 2004</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20061-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20061_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20061_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20061_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20061_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2006">Cohen 2006</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20062-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20062_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20062_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2006">Cohen 2006</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20062–3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20062–3_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2006">Cohen 2006</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20063-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20063_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20063_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2006">Cohen 2006</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20069-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20069_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2006">Cohen 2006</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20064-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20064_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2006">Cohen 2006</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20066–7-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20066–7_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2006">Cohen 2006</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCummiskey2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cummiskey, David (2 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119424246.ch11">"Buddhist Modernism and Kant on Enlightenment"</a>. <i>Buddhist Philosophy</i>: 205–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119424246.ch11">10.1002/9781119424246.ch11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06824-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06824-2"><bdi>978-1-119-06824-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Modernism+and+Kant+on+Enlightenment&rft.pages=205-220&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119424246.ch11&rft.isbn=978-1-119-06824-2&rft.aulast=Cummiskey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2F9781119424246.ch11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVetter1988">Vetter 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman199729-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman199729_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman199729_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1997">Norman 1997</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200525-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200525_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2005">Norman 2005</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman199730-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman199730_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1997">Norman 1997</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxix,_xxxi-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxix,_xxxi_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVetter1988">Vetter 1988</a>, p. xxix, xxxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich1997-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich1997_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich1997_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGombrich1997">Gombrich 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200850-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200850_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200850_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200850_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200850_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008">Fischer-Schreiber, Ehrhard & Diener 2008</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka198040-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka198040_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka198040_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNyanatiloka1980">Nyanatiloka 1980</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener200851_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008">Fischer-Schreiber, Ehrhard & Diener 2008</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980150-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980150_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980150_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980150_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNyanatiloka1980">Nyanatiloka 1980</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008281-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008281_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008">Fischer-Schreiber, Ehrhard & Diener 2008</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapleau1989-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapleau1989_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapleau1989_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapleau1989">Kapleau 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELusthaus1998-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELusthaus1998_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLusthaus1998">Lusthaus 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLai2003">Lai 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995340–342-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995340–342_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995340–342_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNanamoliBodhi1995">Nanamoli & Bodhi 1995</a>, pp. 340–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder200047–48-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200047–48_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200047–48_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200047–48_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarder2000">Warder 2000</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling198727-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling198727_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling198727_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnelling1987">Snelling 1987</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowker1997">Bowker 1997</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980239-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka1980239_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNyanatiloka1980">Nyanatiloka 1980</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2005147-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich2005147_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich2005147_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGombrich2005">Gombrich 2005</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2005147–148-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich2005147–148_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGombrich2005">Gombrich 2005</a>, pp. 147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark1983126–132-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark1983126–132_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPark1983">Park 1983</a>, pp. 126–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark1983127-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark1983127_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPark1983">Park 1983</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott20098-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott20098_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2009">Scott 2009</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snelling-1987-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snelling-1987_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snelling-1987_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snelling-1987_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnelling1987">Snelling 1987</a>, p. 83-4: "Instead of the <i>arhat</i>, who seeks release from the painful realm of cyclic existence for himself alone, and the <i>pratyeka-buddha</i>, who wins it privately and never seeks to impart the <i>Dharma</i> to others, we have in the Mahayana the <i>bodhisattva</i> [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling198781-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling198781_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnelling1987">Snelling 1987</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMäll200583-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMäll200583_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMäll2005">Mäll 2005</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder200045–50-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200045–50_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarder2000">Warder 2000</a>, pp. 45–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faure_1991-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faure_1991_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaure1991">Faure 1991</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995259-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995259_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNanamoliBodhi1995">Nanamoli & Bodhi 1995</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNanamoliBodhi1995">Nanamoli & Bodhi 1995</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995199-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanamoliBodhi1995199_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNanamoliBodhi1995">Nanamoli & Bodhi 1995</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder200049-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200049_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200049_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarder2000">Warder 2000</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmithausen1981-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmithausen1981_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmithausen1981">Schmithausen 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993110-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993110_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993108-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993108_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993100–101-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993100–101_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993101-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993101_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993102–103-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993102–103_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>, pp. 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuli2008-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuli2008_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuli2008">Quli 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolak2011-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolak2011_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolak2011">Polak 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbel2017-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArbel2017_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArbel2017">Arbel 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2004103-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2004103_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2004">Harris 2004</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESebastian2005274-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebastian2005274_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebastian2005">Sebastian 2005</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge200331–32-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge200331–32_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge200331–32_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodge2003">Hodge 2003</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbel2017" class="citation cs2">Arbel, Keren (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317383994"><i>Early Buddhist Meditation: The Four Jhanas as the Actualization of Insight</i></a>, Routledge, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404224523/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317383994">archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Meditation%3A+The+Four+Jhanas+as+the+Actualization+of+Insight&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Arbel&rft.aufirst=Keren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781317383994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker1997" class="citation cs2">Bowker, John, ed. (1997), <i>The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19213965-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19213965-8"><bdi>978-0-19213965-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19213965-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Bronkhorst, Johannes</a> (1993), <i>The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Traditions+Of+Meditation+In+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2004" class="citation cs2">Buswell, Robert, ed. (2004), <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>, MacMIllan reference USA</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=MacMIllan+reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2006" class="citation cs2">Cohen, Robert S. (2006), <i>Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Enlightenment%3A+Buddhism%2C+Religion%2C+Modernity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaure1991" class="citation cs2">Faure, Bernard (1991), <i>The Rhetoric of Immediacy. A Cultural Critique of Chan/Zen Buddhism</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02963-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02963-6"><bdi>0-691-02963-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Immediacy.+A+Cultural+Critique+of+Chan%2FZen+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-691-02963-6&rft.aulast=Faure&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008" class="citation cs2">Fischer-Schreiber, Ingrid; Ehrhard, Franz-Karl; Diener, Michael S. (2008), <i>Lexicon Boeddhisme. Wijsbegeerte, religie, psychologie, mystiek, cultuur an literatuur</i>, Asoka</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+Boeddhisme.+Wijsbegeerte%2C+religie%2C+psychologie%2C+mystiek%2C+cultuur+an+literatuur&rft.pub=Asoka&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Fischer-Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft.au=Ehrhard%2C+Franz-Karl&rft.au=Diener%2C+Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimello2004" class="citation cs2">Gimello, Robert M. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bodhi-awakening">"Bodhi"</a>, in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>, MacMillan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191105091351/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bodhi-awakening">archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bodhi&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gimello&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fbodhi-awakening&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGombrich1997" class="citation cs2">Gombrich, Richard F. (1997), <i>How Buddhism Began. The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings</i>, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Buddhism+Began.+The+Conditioned+Genesis+of+the+Early+Teachings&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gombrich&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGombrich2005" class="citation cs2">Gombrich, Richard (2005), <i>Kindness and compassion as a means to Nirvana. In: Paul Williams (ed.), "Buddhism: The early Buddhist schools and doctrinal history; Theravāda doctrine, Volume 2"</i>, Taylor & Francis</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kindness+and+compassion+as+a+means+to+Nirvana.+In%3A+Paul+Williams+%28ed.%29%2C+%22Buddhism%3A+The+early+Buddhist+schools+and+doctrinal+history%3B+Therav%C4%81da+doctrine%2C+Volume+2%22&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gombrich&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2004" class="citation cs2">Harris, Ishwar C. (2004), <i>The Laughing Buddha of Tofukuji: The Life of Zen Master Keido Fukushima</i>, World Wisdom Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-62-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-62-4"><bdi>978-0-941532-62-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laughing+Buddha+of+Tofukuji%3A+The+Life+of+Zen+Master+Keido+Fukushima&rft.pub=World+Wisdom+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-941532-62-4&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ishwar+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2003" class="citation cs2">Hodge, Stephen (2003), <i>The Maha-Vairocana-Abhisambodhi Tantra, With Buddhaguya's Commentary</i>, London: RoutledgeCurzon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maha-Vairocana-Abhisambodhi+Tantra%2C+With+Buddhaguya%27s+Commentary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapleau1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Kapleau, Phillip</a> (1989), <i>The Three Pillars of Zen: Teaching, Practice and Enlightenment</i>, New York: Anchor Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-26093-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-26093-8"><bdi>0-385-26093-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Pillars+of+Zen%3A+Teaching%2C+Practice+and+Enlightenment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-385-26093-8&rft.aulast=Kapleau&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLai2003" class="citation cs2">Lai, Whalen (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112205228/http://cw.routledge.com/ref/chinesephil/Buddhism.pdf"><i>Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enlightenment+in+Buddhism+and+Advaita+Vedanta%3A+Are+Nirvana+and+Moksha+the+Same%3F&rft.date=2010&rft.au=David+Loy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-AN%2F26715.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span> As of September 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/G/66">"Gosho"</a>. <i>Nichiren Buddhism Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927130703/http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/G/66">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nichiren+Buddhism+Library&rft.atitle=Gosho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichirenlibrary.org%2Fen%2Fdic%2FContent%2FG%2F66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dedunu.wordpress.com/2008/06/12/vesak-full-moon-poya-day/">"Vesak full moon poya day"</a>. 12 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006104841/https://dedunu.wordpress.com/2008/06/12/vesak-full-moon-poya-day/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vesak+full+moon+poya+day&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdedunu.wordpress.com%2F2008%2F06%2F12%2Fvesak-full-moon-poya-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-ISBN plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg/40px-Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg/60px-Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg/80px-Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>lacks <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBNs</a> for the books listed</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism&action=edit">add the ISBNs</a> or run the <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/process_page.php?edit=template&slow=1&user=Biblio+template+user&page=Enlightenment_in_Buddhism">citation bot</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Carrithers, Michael (1983), <i>The Forest Monks of Sri Lanka: An Anthropological and Historical Study</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forest+Monks+of+Sri+Lanka%3A+An+Anthropological+and+Historical+Study&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Carrithers&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Cousins, L. S. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507005729/http://www.shin-ibs.edu/documents/bForum/v4/03Cousins.pdf">"The origins of insight meditation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Skorupski, T. (ed.), <i>The Buddhist Forum IV, seminar papers 1994–1996</i>, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, pp. 35–58, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shin-ibs.edu/documents/bForum/v4/03Cousins.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+insight+meditation&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Forum+IV%2C+seminar+papers+1994%E2%80%931996&rft.place=London&rft.pages=35-58&rft.pub=School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Cousins&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shin-ibs.edu%2Fdocuments%2FbForum%2Fv4%2F03Cousins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Dumoulin, Heinrich (2000), <i>A History of Zen Buddhism</i>, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zen+Buddhism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dumoulin&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005a), <i>Zen Buddhism: A History</i>, vol. 1: India and China, World Wisdom Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-89-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-89-1"><bdi>978-0-941532-89-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Buddhism%3A+A+History&rft.pub=World+Wisdom+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-941532-89-1&rft.aulast=Dumoulin&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005b), <i>Zen Buddhism: A History</i>, vol. 2: Japan, World Wisdom Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-90-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-90-7"><bdi>978-0-941532-90-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Buddhism%3A+A+History&rft.pub=World+Wisdom+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-941532-90-7&rft.aulast=Dumoulin&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hori, Victor Sogen (Winter 1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707224132/http://www.essenes.net/pdf/Teaching%2Band%2BLearning%2Bin%2Bthe%2BRinzai%2BZen%2BMonastery%2B.pdf">"Teaching and Learning in the Zen Rinzai Monastery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of Japanese Studies</i>, <b>20</b> (1): 5–35, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F132782">10.2307/132782</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/132782">132782</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essenes.net/pdf/Teaching%20and%20Learning%20in%20the%20Rinzai%20Zen%20Monastery%20.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Teaching+and+Learning+in+the+Zen+Rinzai+Monastery&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-35&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F132782&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F132782%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hori&rft.aufirst=Victor+Sogen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essenes.net%2Fpdf%2FTeaching%2520and%2520Learning%2520in%2520the%2520Rinzai%2520Zen%2520Monastery%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hori, Victor Sogen (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/translating_zen_phrasebook.pdf">"Translating the <i>Zen Phrase Book</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Nanzan Bulletin</i>, <b>23</b>: 44–58, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116220519/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/translating_zen_phrasebook.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nanzan+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Translating+the+Zen+Phrase+Book&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=44-58&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hori&rft.aufirst=Victor+Sogen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2Ftranslating_zen_phrasebook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Kalupahana, David J. (1992), <i>The Principles of Buddhist Psychology</i>, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Buddhist+Psychology&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Sri+Satguru+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kalupahana&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">King, Richard (2002), <i>Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+Religion%3A+Post-Colonial+Theory%2C+India+and+%22The+Mystic+East%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Low, Albert (2006), <i>Hakuin on Kensho: The Four Ways of Knowing</i>, Boston & London: Shambhala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hakuin+on+Kensho%3A+The+Four+Ways+of+Knowing&rft.place=Boston+%26+London&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">McMahan, David L. (2008), <i>The Making of Buddhist Modernism</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199720293" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199720293"><bdi>978-0199720293</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Buddhist+Modernism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0199720293&rft.aulast=McMahan&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">McRae, John (2003), <i>Seeing Through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism</i>, The University Press Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520237988" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520237988"><bdi>978-0520237988</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+Through+Zen%3A+Encounter%2C+Transformation%2C+and+Genealogy+in+Chinese+Chan+Buddhism&rft.pub=The+University+Press+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0520237988&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Mohr, Michel (2000), "Emerging from Nonduality: Koan Practice in the Rinzai Tradition since Hakuin", in Heine, Steven; Wright, Dale S. (eds.), <i>The Koan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emerging+from+Nonduality%3A+Koan+Practice+in+the+Rinzai+Tradition+since+Hakuin&rft.btitle=The+Koan%3A+Texts+and+Contexts+in+Zen+Buddhism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Sekida, Katsuki (1985), <i>Zen Training: Methods and Philosophy</i>, New York, Tokyo: Weatherhill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Training%3A+Methods+and+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York%2C+Tokyo&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Sekida&rft.aufirst=Katsuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Shankman, R. (2008), <i>The Experience of Samadhi: An In-depth Exploration of Buddhist Meditation</i>, Shambhala, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590305218" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590305218"><bdi>978-1590305218</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experience+of+Samadhi%3A+An+In-depth+Exploration+of+Buddhist+Meditation&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1590305218&rft.aulast=Shankman&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Wright, Dale S. (2000), <i>Philosophical Meditations on Zen Buddhism</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Meditations+on+Zen+Buddhism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Dale+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Wright, Dale (2016), <i>What is Buddhist Enlightenment?</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190622596" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190622596"><bdi>978-0190622596</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Buddhist+Enlightenment%3F&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0190622596&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Wynne, Alexander (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-reading.link/bookreader.php/134839/Wynne_-_The_Origin_of_Buddhist_Meditation.pdf"><i>The Origin of Buddhist Meditation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Routledge, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216142015/http://www.e-reading.link/bookreader.php/134839/Wynne_-_The_Origin_of_Buddhist_Meditation.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Buddhist+Meditation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-reading.link%2Fbookreader.php%2F134839%2FWynne_-_The_Origin_of_Buddhist_Meditation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnlightenment+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on 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