Google Account Linking with OAuth | Authorization

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 |  Google for Developers"><meta property="og:url" content="https://developers.google.com/identity/account-linking/oauth-linking"><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/developers/images/opengraph/teal.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675"><meta property="og:locale" content="en"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "headline": "Google Account Linking with OAuth" } </script><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Google Identity", "item": "https://developers.google.com/identity" },{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Authorization", "item": 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aria-label="Upper tabs"> <tab class="devsite-dropdown "> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/authentication" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/authentication" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authentication" track-name="authentication" > Authentication </a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Authentication" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/authentication" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authentication" track-name="authentication" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Sign In with Google SDKs</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/android-credential-manager" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/android-credential-manager" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Credential Manager for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/gsi/web/guides/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/gsi/web/guides/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Sign In with Google for Web (including One Tap) </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/ios/start" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/ios/start" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Sign-In for iOS and macOS </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Industry standards</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/passkeys" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/passkeys" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Passkeys </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/openid-connect/openid-connect" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/openid-connect/openid-connect" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> OpenID Connect </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Legacy Sign In</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/one-tap/android/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/one-tap/android/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> One Tap sign-up/sign-in for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/android/legacy-start-integrating" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/android/legacy-start-integrating" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Sign-In for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/web/sign-in" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/web/sign-in" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Sign-In for Web </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-active "> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/authorization" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/authorization" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="primary nav" aria-label="Authorization, selected" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authorization" track-name="authorization" > Authorization </a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Authorization" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/authorization" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authorization" track-name="authorization" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Call Google APIs</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/android/authorize-access" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/android/authorize-access" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="call google apis" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Authorizing for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/oauth2/web/guides/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/oauth2/web/guides/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="call google apis" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Authorizing for Web </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/ios/api-access" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/ios/api-access" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="call google apis" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Authorizing for iOS/macOS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="call google apis" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Using OAuth 2.0 </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Share data with Google apps and devices</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/account-linking" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/account-linking" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="call google apis" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Account Linking </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown "> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-management" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-management" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential management" track-name="credential management" > Credential management </a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Credential management" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-management" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential management" track-name="credential management" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Android</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/android-credential-manager" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/android-credential-manager" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Credential Manager </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/blockstore/android" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/blockstore/android" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Blockstore </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/smartlock-passwords/android/associate-apps-and-sites" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/smartlock-passwords/android/associate-apps-and-sites" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Digital Asset Links </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/text/autofill" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/text/autofill" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android autofill framework </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Web</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://web.dev/sign-in-form-best-practices/" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://web.dev/sign-in-form-best-practices/" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Autocomplete </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Cross-platform</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-sharing" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-sharing" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Seamless credential sharing </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown "> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-verification" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-verification" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - credential verification" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential verification" track-name="credential verification" > Credential verification </a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Credential verification" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-verification" track-metadata-position="nav - credential verification" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential verification" track-name="credential verification" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Android</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/sms-retriever/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/sms-retriever/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - credential verification" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Verify users by SMS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/phone-number-hint/android" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/phone-number-hint/android" track-metadata-position="nav - credential verification" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Phone Number Hint </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Web</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://web.dev/web-otp/" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://web.dev/web-otp/" track-metadata-position="nav - credential verification" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Verify phone numbers on the web </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> </nav> </devsite-tabs> </div> <devsite-search enable-signin enable-search enable-suggestions enable-query-completion project-name="Authorization" tenant-name="Google for Developers" project-scope="/identity/authorization" url-scoped="https://developers.google.com/s/results/identity/authorization" > <form class="devsite-search-form" action="https://developers.google.com/s/results" method="GET"> <div class="devsite-search-container"> <button type="button" search-open class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Open search"></button> <div class="devsite-searchbox"> <input aria-activedescendant="" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-label="Search" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="listbox" autocomplete="off" class="devsite-search-field devsite-search-query" name="q" placeholder="Search" role="combobox" type="text" value="" > <div class="devsite-search-image material-icons" aria-hidden="true"> </div> <div class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon-container" aria-hidden="true"> <kbd class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon">/</kbd> </div> </div> </div> </form> <button type="button" search-close class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Close search"></button> </devsite-search> </div> <devsite-language-selector> <ul role="presentation"> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="en" >English</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="de" >Deutsch</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es" >Español</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es_419" >Español – América Latina</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fr" >Français</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="id" >Indonesia</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="it" >Italiano</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pl" >Polski</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pt_br" >Português – Brasil</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="vi" >Tiếng Việt</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="tr" >Türkçe</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ru" >Русский</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="he" >עברית</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ar" >العربيّة</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fa" >فارسی</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="hi" >हिंदी</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="bn" >বাংলা</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="th" >ภาษาไทย</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_cn" >中文 – 简体</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_tw" >中文 – 繁體</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ja" >日本語</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ko" >한국어</a> </li> </ul> </devsite-language-selector> <devsite-user enable-profiles fp-auth id="devsite-user"> <span class="button devsite-top-button" aria-hidden="true" visually-hidden>Sign in</span> </devsite-user> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-collapsible-section "> <div class="devsite-header-background"> <div class="devsite-product-id-row" > <div class="devsite-product-description-row"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/authorization" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Lower Header" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Authorization" > Authorization </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-doc-set-nav-row"> <devsite-tabs class="lower-tabs"> <nav class="devsite-tabs-wrapper" aria-label="Lower tabs"> <tab > <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - oauth 2.0" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: OAuth 2.0" track-name="oauth 2.0" > OAuth 2.0 </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/authorization/android" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/authorization/android" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - android" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Android" track-name="android" > Android </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/oauth2/web/guides/overview" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/oauth2/web/guides/overview" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - web" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Web" track-name="web" > Web </a> </tab> <tab class="devsite-active"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/account-linking" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/account-linking" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - google account linking" track-metadata-module="primary nav" aria-label="Google Account Linking, selected" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Google Account Linking" track-name="google account linking" > Google Account Linking </a> </tab> </nav> </devsite-tabs> </div> </div> </div> </div> </devsite-header> <devsite-book-nav scrollbars > <div class="devsite-book-nav-filter" > <span class="filter-list-icon material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></span> <input type="text" placeholder="Filter" aria-label="Type to filter" role="searchbox"> <span class="filter-clear-button hidden" data-title="Clear filter" aria-label="Clear filter" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <nav class="devsite-book-nav devsite-nav nocontent" aria-label="Side menu"> <div class="devsite-mobile-header"> <button type="button" id="devsite-close-nav" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close navigation" aria-label="Close navigation"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item devsite-has-google-wordmark"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Upper Header" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Google Identity" > <svg class="devsite-google-wordmark" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 148 48"> <title>Google</title> <path class="devsite-google-wordmark-svg-path" d="M19.58,37.65c-9.87,0-18.17-8.04-18.17-17.91c0-9.87,8.3-17.91,18.17-17.91c5.46,0,9.35,2.14,12.27,4.94l-3.45,3.45c-2.1-1.97-4.93-3.49-8.82-3.49c-7.21,0-12.84,5.81-12.84,13.02c0,7.21,5.64,13.02,12.84,13.02c4.67,0,7.34-1.88,9.04-3.58c1.4-1.4,2.32-3.41,2.66-6.16H19.58v-4.89h16.47c0.18,0.87,0.26,1.92,0.26,3.06c0,3.67-1.01,8.21-4.24,11.44C28.93,35.9,24.91,37.65,19.58,37.65z M61.78,26.12c0,6.64-5.1,11.53-11.36,11.53s-11.36-4.89-11.36-11.53c0-6.68,5.1-11.53,11.36-11.53S61.78,19.43,61.78,26.12z M56.8,26.12c0-4.15-2.96-6.99-6.39-6.99c-3.43,0-6.39,2.84-6.39,6.99c0,4.11,2.96,6.99,6.39,6.99C53.84,33.11,56.8,30.22,56.8,26.12z M87.25,26.12c0,6.64-5.1,11.53-11.36,11.53c-6.26,0-11.36-4.89-11.36-11.53c0-6.68,5.1-11.53,11.36-11.53C82.15,14.59,87.25,19.43,87.25,26.12zM82.28,26.12c0-4.15-2.96-6.99-6.39-6.99c-3.43,0-6.39,2.84-6.39,6.99c0,4.11,2.96,6.99,6.39,6.99C79.32,33.11,82.28,30.22,82.28,26.12z M112.09,15.29v20.7c0,8.52-5.02,12.01-10.96,12.01c-5.59,0-8.95-3.76-10.22-6.81l4.41-1.83c0.79,1.88,2.71,4.1,5.81,4.1c3.8,0,6.16-2.36,6.16-6.77v-1.66h-0.18c-1.14,1.4-3.32,2.62-6.07,2.62c-5.76,0-11.05-5.02-11.05-11.49c0-6.51,5.28-11.57,11.05-11.57c2.75,0,4.93,1.22,6.07,2.58h0.18v-1.88H112.09z M107.64,26.16c0-4.06-2.71-7.03-6.16-7.03c-3.49,0-6.42,2.97-6.42,7.03c0,4.02,2.93,6.94,6.42,6.94C104.93,33.11,107.64,30.18,107.64,26.16z M120.97,3.06v33.89h-5.07V3.06H120.97z M140.89,29.92l3.93,2.62c-1.27,1.88-4.32,5.11-9.61,5.11c-6.55,0-11.28-5.07-11.28-11.53c0-6.86,4.77-11.53,10.71-11.53c5.98,0,8.91,4.76,9.87,7.34l0.52,1.31l-15.42,6.38c1.18,2.31,3.01,3.49,5.59,3.49C137.79,33.11,139.58,31.84,140.89,29.92zM128.79,25.77l10.31-4.28c-0.57-1.44-2.27-2.45-4.28-2.45C132.24,19.04,128.66,21.31,128.79,25.77z"/> </svg>Identity </a> </li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-book-nav-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-top"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/authentication" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authentication" track-name="authentication" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Authentication" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Authentication </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authentication" track-name="authentication" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Authentication"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Authentication"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/authorization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authorization" track-name="authorization" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Authorization" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Authorization </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authorization" track-name="authorization" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Authorization"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Authorization"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/protocols/oauth2" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: OAuth 2.0" track-name="oauth 2.0" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: OAuth 2.0" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > OAuth 2.0 </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/authorization/android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Android" track-name="android" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/oauth2/web/guides/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Web" track-name="web" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Web" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Web </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/account-linking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Google Account Linking" track-name="google account linking" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Account Linking" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="_book"> Google Account Linking </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="_book"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/credential-management" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential management" track-name="credential management" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Credential management" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Credential management </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential management" track-name="credential management" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Credential management"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Credential management"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/credential-verification" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential verification" track-name="credential verification" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Credential verification" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Credential verification </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential verification" track-name="credential verification" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Credential verification"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Credential verification"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-bottom"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="_book"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/unlinking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/unlinking" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/unlinking" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Unlinking</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/registration" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/registration" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/registration" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Registration</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Linking types</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-linking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/oauth-linking" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/oauth-linking" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>OAuth linking</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-with-sign-in-linking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/oauth-with-sign-in-linking" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/oauth-with-sign-in-linking" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>OAuth-based Google Sign-in Streamlined linking</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/app-flip-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>OAuth-based App Flip linking</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/app-flip-android" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-android" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>App Flip for Android</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-ios" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/app-flip-ios" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-ios" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>App Flip for iOS</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/link-from-your-platform" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/link-from-your-platform" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/link-from-your-platform" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Link from your Platform</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Tools</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/error-logs-monitoring" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/error-logs-monitoring" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/error-logs-monitoring" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Error Monitoring</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/gal-validation-tool" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/gal-validation-tool" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/gal-validation-tool" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>OAuth Validation Test Tool</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Resources</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-external"><a href="/terms" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /terms" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/terms" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>APIs Terms of Service</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="external" data-title="External" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-external"><a href="/terms/api-services-user-data-policy" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /terms/api-services-user-data-policy" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/terms/api-services-user-data-policy" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>APIs User Data Policy</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="external" data-title="External" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Assistant platform</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-external"><a href="/assistant/smarthome/concepts/account-linking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /assistant/smarthome/concepts/account-linking" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/assistant/smarthome/concepts/account-linking" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google Assistant account linking</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="external" data-title="External" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Authentication" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Sign In with Google SDKs </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/android-credential-manager" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Credential Manager for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Credential Manager for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/gsi/web/guides/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Sign In with Google for Web (including One Tap)" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Sign In with Google for Web (including One Tap) </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/sign-in/ios/start" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Sign-In for iOS and macOS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Sign-In for iOS and macOS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Industry standards </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/passkeys" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Passkeys" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Passkeys </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/openid-connect/openid-connect" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: OpenID Connect" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > OpenID Connect </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Legacy Sign In </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/one-tap/android/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: One Tap sign-up/sign-in for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > One Tap sign-up/sign-in for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/sign-in/android/legacy-start-integrating" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Sign-In for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Sign-In for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/sign-in/web/sign-in" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Sign-In for Web" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Sign-In for Web </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Authorization" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Call Google APIs </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/sign-in/android/authorize-access" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Authorizing for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Authorizing for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/oauth2/web/guides/overview" class="devsite-nav-title 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tooltip > Using OAuth 2.0 </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Share data with Google apps and devices </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/account-linking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Account Linking" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Account Linking </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Credential management" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/android-credential-manager" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Credential Manager" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Credential Manager </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/blockstore/android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Blockstore" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Blockstore </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/smartlock-passwords/android/associate-apps-and-sites" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Digital Asset Links" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Digital Asset Links </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/text/autofill" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android autofill framework" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android autofill framework </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Web </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://web.dev/sign-in-form-best-practices/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Autocomplete" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Autocomplete </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Cross-platform </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/credential-sharing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Seamless credential sharing" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Seamless credential sharing </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Credential verification" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/sms-retriever/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Verify users by SMS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Verify users by SMS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/phone-number-hint/android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Phone Number Hint" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Phone Number Hint </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Web </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://web.dev/web-otp/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Verify phone numbers on the web" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Verify phone numbers on the web </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </devsite-book-nav> <section id="gc-wrapper"> <main role="main" class="devsite-main-content" has-book-nav > <devsite-content> <article class="devsite-article"> <div class="devsite-article-meta nocontent" role="navigation"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://developers.google.com/" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Home </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developers.google.com/products" 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data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="4" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="4" track-metadata-eventdetail="Authorization" > Authorization </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/account-linking" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="5" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="5" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Google Account Linking </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <devsite-feedback position="header" project-name="Authorization" product-id="5186570" bucket="Identity guides" context="External devsite feedback" version="t-devsite-webserver-20241114-r00-rc02.464922260396498922" data-label="Send Feedback Button" track-type="feedback" track-name="sendFeedbackLink" track-metadata-position="header" class="nocontent" project-icon="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/developers/images/touchicon-180-new.png" > <button> Send feedback </button> </devsite-feedback> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> Google Account Linking with OAuth </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <p>Accounts are linked using industry standard OAuth 2.0 <em>implicit</em> and <em>authorization code</em> flows. Your service must support OAuth 2.0 compliant <em>authorization</em> and <em>token exchange</em> endpoints.</p> <p>In the <em>implicit</em> flow, Google opens your authorization endpoint in the user's browser. After successful sign in, you return a long-lived access token to Google. This access token is now included in every request sent from Google.</p> <p>In the <em>authorization code</em> flow, you need two endpoints:</p> <ul> <li><p>The <em>authorization</em> endpoint, which presents the sign-in UI to your users that aren't already signed in. The authorization endpoint also creates a short-lived authorization code to record users' consent to the requested access.</p></li> <li><p>The <em>token exchange</em> endpoint, which is responsible for two types of exchanges:</p> <ol> <li>Exchanges an authorization code for a long-lived refresh token and a short-lived access token. This exchange happens when the user goes through the account linking flow.</li> <li>Exchanges a long-lived refresh token for a short-lived access token. This exchange happens when Google needs a new access token because the one it had expired.</li> </ol></li> </ul> <h3 id="choose_an_oauth_20_flow" data-text="Choose an OAuth 2.0 flow" tabindex="-1">Choose an OAuth 2.0 flow</h3> <p>Although the <em>implicit</em> flow is simpler to implement, Google recommends that access tokens issued by the implicit flow never expire. This is because the user is forced to link their account again after a token expires with the implicit flow. If you need token expiration for security reasons, we strongly recommend that you use the <em>authorization code</em> flow instead.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> Use the following buttons to choose which OAuth 2.0 flow you want to implement. If needed, the content of this guide will reload to match your choice.</span></aside> <div> <devsite-nav-buttons name="oauth"> <button value="implicit" default>Implicit flow</button> <button value="code">Authorization code</button> </devsite-nav-buttons> </div> <h3 id="design_guidelines" data-text="Design guidelines" tabindex="-1">Design guidelines</h3> <p>This section describes the design requirements and recommendations for the user screen that you host for OAuth linking flows. After it's called by Google's app, your platform displays a sign in to Google page and account linking consent screen to the user. The user is directed back to Google's app after giving their consent to link accounts.</p> <figure id="oauth-linking-flow"> <img src="/static/identity/images/oauth-linking-flow.png" alt="This figure shows the steps for a user to link their Google account to your authentication system. The first screenshot shows user-initiated linking from your platform. The second image shows user sign-in to Google, while the third shows the user consent and confirmation for linking their Google account with your app. The final screenshot shows a successfully linked user account in the Google app."> <figcaption> <b>Figure 1.</b> Account linking user sign in to Google and consent screens. </figcaption> </figure> <h3 id="requirements" data-text="Requirements" tabindex="-1">Requirements</h3> <ol class="upper-alpha"> <li>You must communicate that the user’s account will be linked to Google, <em>not</em> a specific Google product like Google Home or Google Assistant. </li> </ol> <h3 id="recommendations" data-text="Recommendations" tabindex="-1">Recommendations</h3> <p>We recommend that you do the following:</p> <ol> <li><p><strong>Display Google's Privacy Policy.</strong> Include a link to <a href="http://policies.google.com">Google’s Privacy Policy</a> on the consent screen.</p></li> <li><p><strong>Data to be shared.</strong> Use clear and concise language to tell the user what data of theirs Google requires and why.</p></li> <li><p><strong>Clear call-to-action.</strong> State a clear call-to-action on your consent screen, such as “Agree and link.” This is because users need to understand what data they're required to share with Google to link their accounts.</p></li> <li><p><strong>Ability to cancel.</strong> Provide a way for users to go back or cancel, if they choose not to link.</p></li> <li><p><strong>Clear sign-in process.</strong> Ensure that users have clear method for signing in to their Google account, such as fields for their username and password or <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/">Sign in with Google</a>.</p></li> <li><p><strong>Ability to unlink.</strong> Offer a mechanism for users to unlink, such as a URL to their account settings on your platform. Alternatively, you can include a link to <a href="https://myaccount.google.com/">Google Account</a> where users can manage their linked account.</p></li> <li><p><strong>Ability to change user account.</strong> Suggest a method for users to switch their account(s). This is especially beneficial if users tend to have multiple accounts.</p> <ul> <li>If a user must close the consent screen to switch accounts, send a recoverable error to Google so the user can sign in to the desired account with <em>OAuth linking</em> and the <em>implicit</em> flow.</li> </ul></li> <li><p><strong>Include your logo.</strong> Display your company logo on the consent screen. Use your style guidelines to place your logo. If you wish to also display Google's logo, see <a href="https://www.google.com/permissions/logos-trademarks/" class="external">Logos and trademarks</a>.</p></li> </ol> <figure id="oauth-linking-consent"> <img src="/static/identity/images/oauth-linking-consent.png" alt="This figure shows example user sign in and consent screens with call-outs to the individual requirements and recommendations to follow when you design a user sign in and consent screen."> <figcaption> <b>Figure 2.</b> Design guidelines for user sign in to Google and consent screens. </figcaption> </figure> <h2 id="create_the_project" data-text="Create the project" tabindex="-1">Create the project</h2> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> You can reuse an existing project and do not need to create a new project primarily for account linking.</span></aside> <p>To create your project to use account linking:</p> <ol> <li>Go to the <a href="https://console.developers.google.com/project">Google API Console</a>.</li> <li>Click <b>Create project</b>.</li> <li>Enter a name or accept the generated suggestion.</li> <li>Confirm or edit any remaining fields.</li> <li>Click <b>Create</b>.</li> </ol> <p>To view your project ID:</p> <ol> <li>Go to the <a href="https://console.developers.google.com/project">Google API Console</a>.</li> <li>Find your project in the table on the landing page. The project ID appears in the <b>ID</b> column.</li> </ol> <h2 id="configure_your_oauth_consent_screen" data-text="Configure your OAuth Consent Screen" tabindex="-1">Configure your OAuth Consent Screen</h2> <p>The Google Account Linking process includes a consent screen which tells users the application requesting access to their data, what kind of data they are asking for and the terms that apply. You will need to configure your OAuth consent screen before generating a Google API client ID.</p> <ol> <li>Open the <a href="https://console.developers.google.com/apis/credentials/consent" target="_blank" class="external">OAuth consent screen</a> page of the Google APIs console.</li> <li>If prompted, select the project you just created.</li> <li><p>On the "OAuth consent screen" page, fill out the form and click the “Save” button.</p> <p><strong>Application name:</strong> The name of the application asking for consent. The name should accurately reflect your application and be consistent with the application name users see elsewhere. The application name will be shown on the Account Linking consent screen.</p> <p><strong>Application logo:</strong> An image on the consent screen that will help users recognize your app. The logo is shown on Account linking consent screen and on <a href="https://myaccount.google.com/permissions" target="_blank" class="external">account settings</a> </p> <p><strong>Support email:</strong> For users to contact you with questions about their consent.</p> <p><strong>Scopes for Google APIs:</strong> Scopes allow your application to access your user's private Google data. For the Google Account Linking use case, default scope (email, profile, openid) is sufficient, you don’t need to add any sensitive scopes. It is generally a best practice to request scopes incrementally, at the time access is required, rather than up front. <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2/scopes" target="_blank" class="external">Learn more</a>.</p> <p><strong>Authorized domains:</strong> To protect you and your users, Google only allows applications that authenticate using OAuth to use Authorized Domains. Your applications' links must be hosted on Authorized Domains. <a href="https://support.google.com/cloud/answer/6158849#authorized-domains" target="_blank" class="external">Learn more</a>.</p> <p><strong>Application Homepage link:</strong> Home page for your application. Must be hosted on an Authorized Domain.</p> <p><strong>Application Privacy Policy link:</strong> Shown on Google Account Linking consent screen. Must be hosted on an Authorized Domain.</p> <p><strong>Application Terms of Service link (Optional):</strong> Must be hosted on an Authorized Domain.</p> <figure> <img src="/static/identity/account-linking/images/gal-consent-screen.png" alt> </figure> <p><b>Figure 1</b>. Google Account Linking Consent Screen for a fictitious Application, Tunery</p></li> <li><p>Check "Verification Status", if your application needs verification then click the "Submit For Verification" button to submit your application for verification. Refer to <a href="https://support.google.com/cloud/answer/9110914" target="_blank" class="external">OAuth verification requirements</a> for details.</p></li> </ol> <h2 id="implement_your_oauth_server" data-text="Implement your OAuth server" tabindex="-1">Implement your OAuth server</h2> <p>To support the OAuth 2.0 <em>implicit</em> flow, your service makes an authorization endpoint available by HTTPS. This endpoint is responsible for authentication and obtaining consent from users for data access. The authorization endpoint presents a sign-in UI to your users that aren't already signed in and records consent to the requested access.</p> <p>When a Google application needs to call one of your service's authorized APIs, Google uses this endpoint to get permission from your users to call these APIs on their behalf.</p> <p>A typical OAuth 2.0 implicit flow session initiated by Google has the following flow:</p> <ol> <li>Google opens your authorization endpoint in the user's browser. The user signs in, if not signed in already, and grants Google permission to access their data with your API, if they haven't already granted permission.</li> <li>Your service creates an <em>access token</em> and returns it to Google. To do so, redirect the user's browser back to Google with the access token attached to the request.</li> <li>Google calls your service's APIs and attaches the access token with each request. Your service verifies that the access token grants Google authorization to access the API and then completes the API call.</li> </ol> <h4 id="handle_authorization_requests" data-text="Handle authorization requests" tabindex="-1">Handle authorization requests</h4> <p>When a Google application needs to perform account linking via an OAuth 2.0 implicit flow, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with a request that includes the following parameters:</p> <table class="responsive"> <tr> <th colspan="2">Authorization endpoint parameters</th> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">client_id</code></td> <td>The client ID you assigned to Google.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">redirect_uri</code></td> <td>The URL to which you send the response to this request.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">state</code></td> <td>A bookkeeping value that is passed back to Google unchanged in the redirect URI.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">response_type</code></td> <td>The type of value to return in the response. For the OAuth 2.0 implicit flow, the response type is always <code translate="no" dir="ltr">token</code>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">user_locale</code></td> <td> The Google Account language setting in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5646" class="external">RFC5646</a> format used to localize your content in the user's preferred language. </td> </tr> </table> <p>For example, if your authorization endpoint is available at <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://myservice.example.com/auth</code>, a request might look like the following:</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded>GET https://myservice.example.com/auth?client_id=<var translate="no">GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID</var>&redirect_uri=<var translate="no">REDIRECT_URI</var>&state=<var translate="no">STATE_STRING</var>&response_type=token&user_locale=<var translate="no">LOCALE</var></pre></devsite-code> <p>For your authorization endpoint to handle sign-in requests, do the following steps:</p> <ol> <li><p>Verify the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">client_id</code> and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">redirect_uri</code> values to prevent granting access to unintended or misconfigured client apps:</p> <ul> <li>Confirm that the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">client_id</code> matches the client ID you assigned to Google.</li> <li>Confirm that the URL specified by the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">redirect_uri</code> parameter has the following form: <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/<var translate="no">YOUR_PROJECT_ID</var> https://oauth-redirect-sandbox.googleusercontent.com/r/<var translate="no">YOUR_PROJECT_ID</var> </pre></devsite-code></li> </ul></li> <li><p>Check if the user is signed in to your service. If the user isn't signed in, complete your service's sign-in or sign-up flow.</p></li> <li><p>Generate an access token for Google to use to access your API. The access token can be any string value, but it must uniquely represent the user and the client the token is for and must not be guessable.</p></li> <li><p>Send an HTTP response that redirects the user's browser to the URL specified by the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">redirect_uri</code> parameter. Include all of the following parameters in the URL fragment:</p> <ul> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">access_token</code>: The access token you just generated</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">token_type</code>: The string <code translate="no" dir="ltr">bearer</code></li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">state</code>: The unmodified state value from the original request</li> </ul> <p>The following is an example of the resulting URL: <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded>https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/<var translate="no">YOUR_PROJECT_ID</var>#access_token=<var translate="no">ACCESS_TOKEN</var>&token_type=bearer&state=<var translate="no">STATE_STRING</var></pre></devsite-code></p></li> </ol> <p>Google's OAuth 2.0 redirect handler receives the access token and confirms that the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">state</code> value hasn't changed. After Google has obtained an access token for your service, Google attaches the token to subsequent calls to your service APIs.</p> <h5 id="handle_userinfo_requests" data-text="Handle userinfo requests" tabindex="-1">Handle userinfo requests</h5> <p>The <a href="https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html#userinfo">userinfo endpoint</a> is an OAuth 2.0 protected resource that return claims about the linked user. Implementing and hosting the userinfo endpoint is optional, except for the following use cases:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/one-tap/android/linked-account-signin">Linked Account Sign-In</a> with Google One Tap.</li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARuf97ncE4w">Frictionless subscription</a> on AndroidTV.</li> </ul> <p>After the access token has been successfully retrieved from your token endpoint, Google sends a request to your userinfo endpoint to retrieve basic profile information about the linked user.</p> <table class="responsive"> <tr> <th colspan="2">userinfo endpoint request headers</th> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">Authorization header</code></td> <td>The access token of type Bearer.</td> </tr> </table> <p>For example, if your userinfo endpoint is available at <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://myservice.example.com/userinfo</code>, a request might look like the following:</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> GET /userinfo HTTP/1.1 Host: myservice.example.com Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN </pre></devsite-code> <p>For your userinfo endpoint to handle requests, do the following steps:</p> <ol> <li>Extract access token from the Authorization header and return information for the user associated with the access token.</li> <li>If the access token is invalid, return an HTTP 401 Unauthorized error with using the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">WWW-Authenticate</code> Response Header. Below is an example of a userinfo error response: <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized WWW-Authenticate: error="invalid_token", error_description="The Access Token expired" </pre></devsite-code> If a 401 Unauthorized, or any other unsuccessful error response is returned during the linking process, the error will be non-recoverable, the retrieved token will be discarded and the user will have to initiate the linking process again.</li> <li><p>If the access token is valid, return and HTTP 200 response with the following JSON object in the body of the HTTPS response: <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="scdoc">{ "sub": "<var translate="no">USER_UUID</var>", "email": "<var translate="no">EMAIL_ADDRESS</var>", "given_name": "<var translate="no">FIRST_NAME</var>", "family_name": "<var translate="no">LAST_NAME</var>", "name": "<var translate="no">FULL_NAME</var>", "picture": "<var translate="no">PROFILE_PICTURE</var>", }</pre></devsite-code> If your userinfo endpoint returns an HTTP 200 success response, the retrieved token and claims are registered against the user's Google account.</p> <table class="responsive"> <tr> <th colspan="2">userinfo endpoint response</th> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">sub</code></td> <td>A unique ID that identifies the user in your system.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">email</code></td> <td>Email address of the user.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">given_name</code></td> <td><b>Optional:</b> First name of the user.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">family_name</code></td> <td><b>Optional:</b> Last name of the user.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">name</code></td> <td><b>Optional:</b> Full name of the user.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">picture</code></td> <td><b>Optional:</b> Profile picture of the user.</td> </tr> </table></li> </ol> <h2 id="validating_your_implementation" data-text="Validating your implementation" tabindex="-1">Validating your implementation</h2> <p>You can validate your implementation by using the <a href="https://developers.google.com/oauthplayground/" class="external">OAuth 2.0 Playground</a> tool.</p> <p>In the tool, do the following steps:</p> <ol> <li>Click <strong>Configuration</strong> <span class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true" translate="no">settings</span> to open the OAuth 2.0 Configuration window.</li> <li>In the <strong>OAuth flow</strong> field, select <strong>Client-side</strong>.</li> <li>In the <strong>OAuth Endpoints</strong> field, select <strong>Custom</strong>.</li> <li>Specify your OAuth 2.0 endpoint and the client ID you assigned to Google in the corresponding fields.</li> <li>In the <strong>Step 1</strong> section, don't select any Google scopes. Instead, leave this field blank or type a scope valid for your server (or an arbitrary string if you don't use OAuth scopes). When you're done, click <strong>Authorize APIs</strong>.</li> <li>In the <strong>Step 2</strong> and <strong>Step 3</strong> sections, go through the OAuth 2.0 flow and verify that each step works as intended.</li> </ol> <p>You can validate your implementation by using the <a href="https://gal-demo.withgoogle.com" class="external">Google Account Linking Demo</a> tool.</p> <p>In the tool, do the following steps:</p> <ol> <li>Click the <strong>Sign-in with Google</strong> button.</li> <li>Choose the account you'd like to link.</li> <li>Enter the service ID.</li> <li>Optionally enter one or more scopes that you will request access for.</li> <li>Click <strong>Start Demo</strong>.</li> <li>When prompted, confirm that you may consent and deny the linking request.</li> <li>Confirm that you are redirected to your platform.</li> </ol> </div> <devsite-recommendations display="in-page" hidden yield> </devsite-recommendations> <devsite-thumb-rating position="footer"> </devsite-thumb-rating> <devsite-feedback position="footer" project-name="Authorization" product-id="5186570" bucket="Identity guides" context="External devsite feedback" version="t-devsite-webserver-20241114-r00-rc02.464922260396498922" data-label="Send Feedback Button" track-type="feedback" track-name="sendFeedbackLink" track-metadata-position="footer" class="nocontent" project-icon="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/developers/images/touchicon-180-new.png" > <button> Send feedback </button> </devsite-feedback> <devsite-recommendations id="recommendations-link" yield></devsite-recommendations> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-content-footer class="nocontent"> <p>Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License</a>, and code samples are licensed under the <a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache 2.0 License</a>. 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