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History and services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Colonial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Forces_in_Australia,_1788–1870" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Forces_in_Australia,_1788–1870"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 British Forces in Australia, 1788–1870 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Forces_in_Australia,_1788–1870-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frontier_warfare,_1788–1934" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frontier_warfare,_1788–1934"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Frontier warfare, 1788–1934 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frontier_warfare,_1788–1934-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand_Wars,_1861–64" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand_Wars,_1861–64"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 New Zealand Wars, 1861–64 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand_Wars,_1861–64-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taranaki_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taranaki_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3.1 Taranaki War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taranaki_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_the_Waikato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_the_Waikato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3.2 Invasion of the Waikato </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_the_Waikato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_military_forces,_1870–1901" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_military_forces,_1870–1901"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Colonial military forces, 1870–1901 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_military_forces,_1870–1901-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan,_1885" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan,_1885"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Sudan, 1885 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan,_1885-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Boer_War,_1899–1902" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Boer_War,_1899–1902"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.6 Second Boer War, 1899–1902 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Boer_War,_1899–1902-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boxer_Rebellion,_1900–01" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxer_Rebellion,_1900–01"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.7 Boxer Rebellion, 1900–01 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxer_Rebellion,_1900–01-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_military_forces_at_Federation,_1901" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_military_forces_at_Federation,_1901"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Australian military forces at Federation, 1901 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_military_forces_at_Federation,_1901-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War,_1914–18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War,_1914–18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 First World War, 1914–18 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War,_1914–18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outbreak_of_hostilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_hostilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Outbreak of hostilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_hostilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_German_New_Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Occupation of German New Guinea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_German_New_Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallipoli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallipoli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Gallipoli </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallipoli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt_and_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt_and_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Egypt and Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt_and_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Western Front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-war_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-war_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Inter-war years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-war_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_Civil_War,_1918–19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Civil_War,_1918–19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Russian Civil War, 1918–19 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Civil_War,_1918–19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaita,_1927" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaita,_1927"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Malaita, 1927 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaita,_1927-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War,_1936–39" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Civil_War,_1936–39"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Spanish Civil War, 1936–39 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War,_1936–39-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War,_1939–45" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War,_1939–45"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Second World War, 1939–45 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War,_1939–45-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_and_the_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_and_the_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Europe and the Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_and_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_the_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_the_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Asia and the Pacific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_the_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Post-war period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demobilisation_and_peace-time_defence_arrangements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demobilisation_and_peace-time_defence_arrangements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Demobilisation and peace-time defence arrangements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demobilisation_and_peace-time_defence_arrangements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_Japan,_1946–52" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_Japan,_1946–52"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Occupation of Japan, 1946–52 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_Japan,_1946–52-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Cold War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_planning_and_commitments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_planning_and_commitments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Early planning and commitments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_planning_and_commitments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War,_1950–53" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War,_1950–53"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Korean War, 1950–53 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War,_1950–53-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malayan_Emergency,_1950–60" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayan_Emergency,_1950–60"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.3 Malayan Emergency, 1950–60 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayan_Emergency,_1950–60-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_Naval_growth_during_the_1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_Naval_growth_during_the_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.4 Military and Naval growth during the 1960s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_Naval_growth_during_the_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia-Malaysia_Confrontation,_1962–66" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia-Malaysia_Confrontation,_1962–66"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.5 Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, 1962–66 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-Malaysia_Confrontation,_1962–66-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War,_1962–73" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War,_1962–73"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.6 Vietnam War, 1962–73 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War,_1962–73-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Vietnam_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Vietnam_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Post-Vietnam era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Vietnam_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation_of_the_Australian_Defence_Force,_1976" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_the_Australian_Defence_Force,_1976"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 Creation of the Australian Defence Force, 1976 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_Australian_Defence_Force,_1976-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_of_Australia,_1980s_and_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_of_Australia,_1980s_and_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.2 Defence of Australia, 1980s and 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_of_Australia,_1980s_and_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War,_1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War,_1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.3 Gulf War, 1991 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War,_1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_security,_late-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_security,_late-1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Global security, late-1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_security,_late-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Millennium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Millennium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 New Millennium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Millennium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Timor,_1999–2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Timor,_1999–2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.1 East Timor, 1999–2013 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Timor,_1999–2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan,_2001–2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan,_2001–2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.2 Afghanistan, 2001–2021 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan,_2001–2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq,_2003–11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq,_2003–11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.3 Iraq, 2003–11 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq,_2003–11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_intervention_against_ISIL,_2014–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_intervention_against_ISIL,_2014–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.4 Military intervention against ISIL, 2014–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_intervention_against_ISIL,_2014–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peacekeeping_and_humanitarian_relief_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peacekeeping_and_humanitarian_relief_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Peacekeeping and humanitarian relief operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peacekeeping_and_humanitarian_relief_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Military statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" > 8 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="التاريخ العسكري لأستراليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التاريخ العسكري لأستراليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="অস্ট্রেলিয়ার সামরিক ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্ট্রেলিয়ার সামরিক ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Военна история на Австралия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Военна история на Австралия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_militar_de_Australia" title="Historia militar de Australia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia militar de Australia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_militaire_de_l%27Australie" title="Histoire militaire de l'Australie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire militaire de l'Australie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="היסטוריה צבאית של אוסטרליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה צבאית של אוסטרליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_militar%C4%83_a_Australiei" title="Istoria militară a Australiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria militară a Australiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Военная история Австралии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военная история Австралии" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:20.0em;width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#00843D; background-clip:padding-box;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History of Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/110px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/165px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline and periods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_maritime_exploration_of_Australia" title="European maritime exploration of Australia">European exploration (sea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration (land)</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">1945–present</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of banking in Australia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in Australia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movements#Movement_for_civil_rights_for_Indigenous_Australians" title="Civil rights movements">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of cinema in Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1901_Federal_Flag_Design_Competition" title="1901 Federal Flag Design Competition">1901 Federal Flag Design Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Australia" title="Historiography of Australia">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_labour_movement" title="Australian labour movement">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Australia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sport_in_Australia" title="History of sport in Australia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunications_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Unfree labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By group</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">African Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Australians" title="History of Chinese Australians">Chinese Australian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Jewish Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Australia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Australia">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_marriage_in_Australia" title="History of same-sex marriage in Australia">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;text-align:left; margin-left:0.5em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> State/Territory</td><td> Capital</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="History of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canberra" title="History of Canberra">Canberra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_South_Wales" title="History of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sydney" title="History of Sydney">Sydney</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="History of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Darwin" title="History of Darwin">Darwin</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Queensland" title="History of Queensland">Queensland</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brisbane" title="History of Brisbane">Brisbane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia" title="History of South Australia">South Australia</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Adelaide" title="History of Adelaide">Adelaide</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tasmania" title="History of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hobart" title="History of Hobart">Hobart</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Victoria" title="History of Victoria">Victoria</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Melbourne" title="History of Melbourne">Melbourne</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia" title="History of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="History of Perth, Western Australia">Perth</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Australia" title="List of years in Australia">List of years in Australia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/17px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/26px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Australia" title="Template:History of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Australia" title="Template talk:History of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The military history of Australia spans the nation's 230-year modern history, from the early <a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> between <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal people">Aboriginal people</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Australian">Europeans</a> to the ongoing conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a> in the early 21st century. Although this history is short when compared to that of many other nations, Australia has been involved in numerous conflicts and wars, and war and military service have been significant influences on Australian society and national identity, including the <a href="/wiki/Anzac_spirit" title="Anzac spirit">Anzac spirit</a>. The relationship between war and Australian society has also been shaped by the enduring themes of Australian strategic culture and the unique security challenges it faces. The six British colonies in Australia participated in some of Britain's wars of the 19th century. In the early 20th century, as a federated dominion and later as an independent nation, Australia fought in the First World War and Second World War, as well as in the wars in <a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_Korean_War" title="Australia in the Korean War">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia-Malaysia_Confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation">Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. In the Post-Vietnam era Australian forces have been involved in numerous international <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> missions, through the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and other agencies, including in the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_and_Observers" title="Multinational Force and Observers">Sinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> and the Solomon Islands, as well as many overseas humanitarian relief operations, while more recently they have also fought as part of multi-lateral forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. In total, nearly 103,000 Australians died during these conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_and_Australian_society">War and Australian society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: War and Australian society">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AWM_canberra_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AWM_canberra_1.jpg/250px-AWM_canberra_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AWM_canberra_1.jpg/330px-AWM_canberra_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AWM_canberra_1.jpg/500px-AWM_canberra_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3374" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>The interior courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a> in Canberra. Almost 877,000 people visited the Australian War Memorial during 2009–10 and another 204,000 visited its travelling exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> For most of the last century <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> has been one of the single greatest shared experiences of white Australian males, and although this is now changing due to the <a href="/wiki/Professionalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Professionalisation">professionalisation</a> of the military and the absence of major wars during the second half of the 20th century, it continues to influence Australian society to this day.<a href="#cite_note-Grey1-3">[2]</a> War and military service have been defining influences in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">Australian history</a>, while a major part of the national identity has been built on an idealised conception of the Australian experience of war and of soldiering, known as the <a href="/wiki/Anzac_spirit" title="Anzac spirit">Anzac spirit</a>. These ideals include notions of endurance, courage, ingenuity, humour, <a href="/wiki/Larrikinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Larrikinism">larrikinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mateship" title="Mateship">mateship</a>; traits which, according to popular thought, defined the behaviour of Australian soldiers fighting at <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli</a> during the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-Grey1-3">[2]</a> The Gallipoli campaign was one of the first international events that saw Australians taking part as Australians and has been seen as a key event in forging a sense of national identity.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The relationship between war and Australian society has been shaped by two of the more enduring themes of Australian strategic culture: <a href="/wiki/Bandwagoning" title="Bandwagoning">bandwagoning</a> with a powerful ally and <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Evans2005-5">[4]</a> Indeed, Australian defence policy was closely linked to Britain until the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Japanese crisis of 1942</a>, while since then an <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">alliance with the United States</a> has underwritten its security. Arguably, this pattern of bandwagoning—both for cultural reasons such as shared values and beliefs, as well as for more pragmatic security concerns—has ensured that Australian strategic policy has often been defined by relations with its allies. Regardless, a tendency towards strategic complacency has also been evident, with Australians often reluctant to think about defence issues or to allocate resources until a crisis arises; a trait which has historically resulted in unpreparedness for major military challenges.<a href="#cite_note-Evans2005-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Reflecting both the <a href="/wiki/Realism_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism in international relations">realist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_international_relations_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal international relations theory">liberal</a> paradigms of <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">international relations</a> and the conception of <a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">national interests</a>, a number of other important themes in Australian strategic culture are also obvious. Such themes include: an acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> as the key actor in international politics, the centrality of notions of <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian sovereignty</a>, a belief in the enduring relevance and legitimacy of armed force as a guarantor of security, and the proposition that the status quo in international affairs should only be changed peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Likewise, multilateralism, <a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">collective security</a> and defence self-reliance have also been important themes.<a href="#cite_note-Grey_1999,_pp._265–266-8">[7]</a> Change has been more <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary">evolutionary</a> than <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> and these strategic behaviours have persisted throughout its history, being the product of Australian society's democratic political tradition and <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-Christian">Judaeo-Christian</a> Anglo-European heritage, as well its associated values, beliefs and economic, political and religious ideology.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> These behaviours are also reflective of its unique situation as a largely European island on the edge of the Asia-Pacific, and the geopolitical circumstances of a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> physically removed from the centres of world power. To be sure, during threats to the <a href="/wiki/World-systems_approach#Core_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="World-systems approach">core</a> Australia has often found itself defending the <a href="/wiki/World-systems_approach#Periphery_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="World-systems approach">periphery</a> and perhaps as a result, it has frequently become involved in foreign wars.<a href="#cite_note-Grey_1999,_pp._265–266-8">[7]</a> Throughout these conflicts Australian soldiers—known colloquially as <a href="/wiki/Digger_(soldier)" title="Digger (soldier)">Diggers</a>—have often been noted, somewhat paradoxically, for both their fighting abilities and their humanitarian qualities.<a href="#cite_note-Grey1-3">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_services">History and services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and services">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Forces_in_Australia,_1788–1870">British Forces in Australia, 1788–1870</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British Forces in Australia, 1788–1870">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Army_regiments_that_served_in_Australia_between_1810_and_1870" title="List of British Army regiments that served in Australia between 1810 and 1870">List of British Army regiments that served in Australia between 1810 and 1870</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg/220px-Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg/330px-Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg/440px-Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>A painting depicting the <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> in 1804.</figcaption></figure> From 1788 until 1870 the defence of the Australian colonies was mostly provided by <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> regular forces. Originally <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Marine_Corps" title="New South Wales Marine Corps">Marines</a> protected the early settlements at <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>, however they were relieved of these duties in 1790 by a British Army unit specifically recruited for colonial service, known as the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Corps" title="New South Wales Corps">New South Wales Corps</a>. The New South Wales Corps subsequently was involved in putting down a rebellion of Irish convicts at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill</a> in 1804. Soon however shortcomings in the corps convinced the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> of the need for a more reliable garrison in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>. Chief of these shortcomings was the <a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a>, a coup mounted by its officers in 1808. As a result, in January 1810 the <a href="/wiki/73rd_(Perthshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot">73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot</a> arrived in Australia. By 1870, 25 British infantry regiments had served in Australia, as had a small number of artillery and engineer units.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Although the primary role of the British Army was to protect the colonies against external attack, no actual threat ever materialised.<a href="#cite_note-11">[note 2]</a> The British Army was instead used in policing, guarding convicts at penal institutions, combating <a href="/wiki/Bushranging" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushranging">bushranging</a>, putting down convict rebellions—as occurred at <a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Rebellion" title="Bathurst Rebellion">Bathurst in 1830</a>—and to suppress Aboriginal resistance to the extension of European settlement. Notably British soldiers were involved in the battle at the <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Eureka Stockade">Eureka Stockade</a> in 1854 on the Victorian goldfields. Members of British regiments stationed in Australia also saw action in India, Afghanistan, New Zealand and the Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> During the early years of settlement the naval defence of Australia was provided by units detached by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief, East Indies">Commander-in-Chief, East Indies</a>, based in Sydney. However, in 1859 Australia was established as a separate <a href="/wiki/Naval_squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval squadron">squadron</a> under the command of a <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(rank)" title="Commodore (rank)">commodore</a>, marking the first occasion that Royal Navy ships had been permanently stationed in Australia. The Royal Navy remained the primary naval force in Australian waters until 1913, when the <a href="/wiki/Australia_Station" title="Australia Station">Australia Station</a> ceased and responsibility handed over to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a>; the Royal Navy's depots, dockyards and structures were given to the Australian people.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frontier_warfare,_1788–1934">Frontier warfare, 1788–1934</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Frontier warfare, 1788–1934">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gov_Davey%27s_proclamation-edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gov_Davey%27s_proclamation-edit2.jpg/220px-Gov_Davey%27s_proclamation-edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gov_Davey%27s_proclamation-edit2.jpg/330px-Gov_Davey%27s_proclamation-edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gov_Davey%27s_proclamation-edit2.jpg/440px-Gov_Davey%27s_proclamation-edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Poster issued in <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> implying a policy of friendship and equal justice for white settlers and Indigenous Australians.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></figcaption></figure> The reactions of the native Aboriginal inhabitants to the sudden arrival of British settlers in Australia were varied, but were inevitably hostile when the settlers' presence led to competition over resources, and to the occupation of the indigenous inhabitants' lands. European diseases decimated Aboriginal populations, and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources sometimes led to starvation.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis9-15">[13]</a> By and large neither the British nor the Aborigines approached the conflict in an organised sense and conflict occurred between groups of settlers and individual tribes rather than systematic warfare.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis9-15">[13]</a> At times, however, the frontier wars did see the involvement of British soldiers and later <a href="/wiki/Mounted_police" title="Mounted police">mounted police</a> units. Not all Aboriginal groups resisted white encroachment on their lands, while many Aborigines served in mounted police units and were involved in attacks on other tribes.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis9-15">[13]</a> Fighting between Aboriginal people and Europeans was localised as the Aboriginal people did not form confederations capable of sustained resistance. As a result, there was not a single war, but rather a series of violent engagements and massacres across the continent.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Organised or disorganised however, a pattern of frontier warfare emerged with Aboriginal resistance beginning in the 18th century and continuing into the early 20th century. This warfare contradicts the popular and at times academic "myth" of peaceful settlement in Australia. Faced with Aboriginal resistance settlers often reacted with violence, resulting in a number of indiscriminate massacres. Among the most famous is the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinjarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pinjarra">Battle of Pinjarra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> in 1834. Such incidents were not officially sanctioned however, and after the <a href="/wiki/Myall_Creek_massacre" title="Myall Creek massacre">Myall Creek massacre</a> in New South Wales in 1838 seven Europeans were hanged for their part in the killings.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> However, in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> the so-called <a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> was fought between 1828 and 1832, and aimed at driving most of the island's native inhabitants onto a number of isolated peninsulas. Although it began in failure for the British, it ultimately resulted in considerable casualties amongst the native population.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> It may be inaccurate though to depict the conflict as one sided and mainly perpetrated by Europeans on Aboriginal people. Although many more Aboriginal people died than British, this may have had more to do with the technological and logistic advantages enjoyed by the Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Aboriginal tactics varied, but were mainly based on pre-existing hunting and fighting practices—using spears, clubs and other primitive weapons. Unlike the indigenous peoples of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a>, on the main Aboriginal people failed to adapt to meet the challenge of the Europeans. Although there were some instances of individuals and groups acquiring and using firearms, this was not widespread.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> The Aboriginal people were never a serious military threat to European settlers, regardless of how much the settlers may have feared them.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> On occasions large groups of Aboriginal people attacked the settlers in open terrain and a conventional battle ensued, during which the Aboriginal people would attempt to use superior numbers to their advantage. This could sometimes be effective, with reports of them advancing in crescent formation in an attempt to outflank and surround their opponents, waiting out the first volley of shots and then hurling their spears while the settlers reloaded. However, such open warfare usually proved more costly for the Aboriginal people than the Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg/250px-Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg/330px-Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg/500px-Mounted_police_and_blacks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Mounted police engaging Indigenous Australians during the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Creek_massacre" title="Waterloo Creek massacre">Waterloo Creek massacre</a> of 1838.</figcaption></figure> Central to the success of the Europeans was the use of firearms. However, the advantages afforded by firearms have often been overstated. Prior to the late 19th century, firearms were often cumbersome muzzle-loading, smooth-bore, single shot <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> with <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flint-lock</a> mechanisms. Such weapons produced a low rate of fire, while suffering from a high rate of failure and were only accurate within 50 metres (160 ft). These deficiencies may have initially given the Aboriginal people an advantage, allowing them to move in close and engage with spears or clubs. Yet by 1850 significant advances in firearms gave the Europeans a distinct advantage, with the six-shot <a href="/wiki/Colt_revolver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colt revolver">Colt revolver</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Snider-Enfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Snider-Enfield">Snider single shot breech-loading rifle</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Martini-Henry_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Martini-Henry rifle">Martini-Henry rifle</a>, as well as rapid-fire rifles such as the <a href="/wiki/Winchester_rifle" title="Winchester rifle">Winchester rifle</a>, becoming available. These weapons, when used on open ground and combined with the superior mobility provided by horses to surround and engage groups of Aboriginal people, often proved successful. The Europeans also had to adapt their tactics to fight their fast-moving, often hidden enemies. Tactics employed included night-time surprise attacks, and positioning forces to drive the natives off cliffs or force them to retreat into rivers while attacking from both banks.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The conflict lasted for over 150 years and followed the pattern of British settlement in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Beginning in New South Wales with the arrival of the first Europeans in May 1788, it continued in Sydney and its surrounds until the 1820s. As the frontier moved west so did the conflict, pushing into outback New South Wales in the 1840s. In Tasmania, fighting can be traced from 1804 to the 1830s, while in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, the majority of the violence occurred during the 1830s and 1840s. The south-west of Western Australia experienced warfare from 1829 to 1850. The war in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> began in the area around <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> in the 1840s and continued until 1860, moving to central Queensland in the 1850s and 1860s, and then to northern Queensland from the 1860s to 1900. In Western Australia, the violence moved north with European settlement, reaching the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a> region by 1880, with violent clashes continuing until the 1920s. In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> conflict lasted even later still, especially in central Australia, continuing from the 1880s to the 1930s. One estimate of casualties places European deaths at 2,500, while at least 20,000 Aboriginal people are believed to have perished. Far more devastating though was the effect of disease which significantly reduced the Aboriginal population by the beginning of the 20th century; a fact which may also have limited their ability to resist.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand_Wars,_1861–64">New Zealand Wars, 1861–64</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New Zealand Wars, 1861–64">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Taranaki_War">Taranaki War</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Taranaki War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Taranaki_War" title="First Taranaki War">First Taranaki War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMCSS_Victoria_300060.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/HMCSS_Victoria_300060.jpg/220px-HMCSS_Victoria_300060.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/HMCSS_Victoria_300060.jpg/330px-HMCSS_Victoria_300060.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/HMCSS_Victoria_300060.jpg/440px-HMCSS_Victoria_300060.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Victoria_(1855)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Victoria (1855)">HMCSS Victoria</a> in 1867. In 1861, Victoria was dispatched to assist the New Zealand colonial government during the <a href="/wiki/First_Taranaki_War" title="First Taranaki War">First Taranaki War</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1861, the Victorian ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victoria_(1855)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Victoria (1855)">HMCSS Victoria</a> was dispatched to help the New Zealand colonial government in its war against <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taranaki_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Taranaki Region">Taranaki</a>. Victoria was subsequently used for patrol duties and logistic support, although a number of personnel were involved in actions against Māori fortifications. One sailor died from an accidental gunshot wound during the deployment.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis435-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Invasion_of_the_Waikato">Invasion of the Waikato</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Invasion of the Waikato">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Waikato" title="Invasion of the Waikato">Invasion of the Waikato</a></div> In late 1863, the New Zealand government requested troops to assist in the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a> province against the Māori. Promised settlement on confiscated land, more than 2,500 Australians (over half of whom were from Victoria) were recruited to form four Waikato Regiments. Other Australians became scouts in the Company of Forest Rangers. Despite experiencing arduous conditions the Australians were not heavily involved in battle, and were primarily used for patrolling and garrison duties. Australians were involved in actions at Matarikoriko, <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Pukekohe_East_1863" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence of Pukekohe East 1863">Pukekohe East</a>, Titi Hill, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Waikato#Ōrākau" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Waikato">Ōrākau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tauranga_Campaign#The_Battle_of_Te_Ranga" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauranga Campaign">Te Ranga</a>. Fewer than 20 were believed to have been killed in action.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis435-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> The conflict was over by 1864, and the Waikato Regiments disbanded in 1867. However, many of the soldiers who had chosen to claim farmland at the cessation of hostilities had drifted to the towns and cities by the end of the decade, while many others had returned to Australia.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_military_forces,_1870–1901">Colonial military forces, 1870–1901</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colonial military forces, 1870–1901">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_forces_of_Australia" title="Colonial forces of Australia">Colonial forces of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_navies_of_Australia" title="Colonial navies of Australia">Colonial navies of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hobart_Town_Volunteer_Artillery_members_1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hobart_Town_Volunteer_Artillery_members_1869.jpg/250px-Hobart_Town_Volunteer_Artillery_members_1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hobart_Town_Volunteer_Artillery_members_1869.jpg/330px-Hobart_Town_Volunteer_Artillery_members_1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hobart_Town_Volunteer_Artillery_members_1869.jpg/500px-Hobart_Town_Volunteer_Artillery_members_1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Hobart Town Volunteer Artillery in August 1869.</figcaption></figure> From 1870 until 1901, each of the six colonial governments was responsible for their own defence. The colonies had gained <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> between 1855 and 1890, and while the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> in London retained control of some affairs, the Governor of the each colony was required to raise their own colonial militia. To do this, they were granted the authority from the <a href="/wiki/British_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British crown">British crown</a> to raise military and naval forces. Initially these were militias in support of British regulars, but when military support for the colonies ended in 1870, the colonies assumed their own defence responsibilities. The colonial military forces included unpaid volunteer militia, paid citizen soldiers, and a small permanent component. They were mainly infantry, cavalry and mounted infantry, and were neither housed in <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a> nor subject to full military discipline. Even after significant reforms in the 1870s—including the expansion of the permanent forces to include <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps of Royal Engineers">engineer</a> and artillery units—they remained too small and unbalanced to be considered armies in the modern sense. By 1885, the forces numbered 21,000 men. Although they could not be compelled to serve overseas many volunteers subsequently did see action in a number conflicts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> during the 19th century, with the colonies raising contingents to serve in Sudan, South Africa and China.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis_1995,_pp._159-30">[28]</a> Despite a reputation of colonial inferiority, many of the locally raised units were highly organised, disciplined, professional, and well trained. During this period, defences in Australia mainly revolved around static defence by combined infantry and artillery, based on garrisoned coastal forts. However, by the 1890s, improved railway communications between the mainland eastern colonies led Major General <a href="/wiki/James_Bevan_Edwards" title="James Bevan Edwards">James Edwards</a>—who had recently completed a survey of colonial military forces—to the belief that the colonies could be defended by the rapid mobilisation of <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a> of infantry. As a consequence he called for a restructure of defences, and defensive agreements to be made between the colonies. Edwards argued for the colonial forces to be federated and for professional units—obliged to serve anywhere in the South Pacific—to replace the volunteer forces. These views found support in the influential New South Wales Commandant, Major General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hutton_(British_Army_officer)" title="Edward Hutton (British Army officer)">Edward Hutton</a>, however suspicions held by the smaller colonies towards New South Wales and Victoria stifled the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis_1995,_pp._159-30">[28]</a> These reforms remaining unresolved however, and defence issues were generally given little attention in the debate on the political federation of the colonies.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avernus_(AWM_306823).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Avernus_%28AWM_306823%29.jpg/220px-Avernus_%28AWM_306823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Avernus_%28AWM_306823%29.jpg/330px-Avernus_%28AWM_306823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Avernus_%28AWM_306823%29.jpg/440px-Avernus_%28AWM_306823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>The torpedo boat <a href="/wiki/Acheron-class_torpedo_boat" title="Acheron-class torpedo boat">Avernus</a> of the New South Wales Naval Brigade, c. 1890s.</figcaption></figure> With the exception of Western Australia, the colonies also operated <a href="/wiki/Colonial_navies_of_Australia" title="Colonial navies of Australia">their own navies</a>. In 1856, Victoria received its own naval vessel, HMCSS Victoria, and its deployment to New Zealand in 1860 during the First Taranaki War marked the first occasion that an Australian warship had been deployed overseas.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> The colonial navies were expanded greatly in the mid-1880s and consisted of a number of gunboats and torpedo-boats for the defence of harbours and rivers, as well as <a href="/wiki/Naval_brigade" title="Naval brigade">naval brigades</a> to man vessels and forts. Victoria became the most powerful of all the colonial navies, with the ironclad <a href="/wiki/HMVS_Cerberus" title="HMVS Cerberus">HMVS Cerberus</a> in service from 1870, as well as the steam-sail warship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Nelson_(1876)" title="HMS Nelson (1876)">HMS Nelson</a> on loan from the Royal Navy, three small gunboats and five torpedo-boats. New South Wales formed a Naval Brigade in 1863 and by the start of the 20th century had two small torpedo-boats and a corvette. The Queensland Maritime Defence Force was established in 1885, while South Australia operated a single ship, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Protector_(1884)" title="HMAS Protector (1884)">HMCS Protector</a>. Tasmania had also a small Torpedo Corps, while Western Australia's only naval defences included the Fremantle Naval Artillery. Naval personnel from New South Wales and Victoria took part in the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> in China in 1900, while HMCS Protector was sent by South Australia but saw no action.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> The separate colonies maintained control over their military and naval forces until <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a> in 1901, when they were amalgamated and placed under the control of the new Commonwealth of Australia.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudan,_1885">Sudan, 1885</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sudan, 1885">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suakin_Expedition" title="Suakin Expedition">Suakin Expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Departure_of_NSW_Contingent_Sydeny_1885_(ART19713).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Departure_of_NSW_Contingent_Sydeny_1885_%28ART19713%29.jpg/220px-Departure_of_NSW_Contingent_Sydeny_1885_%28ART19713%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Departure_of_NSW_Contingent_Sydeny_1885_%28ART19713%29.jpg/330px-Departure_of_NSW_Contingent_Sydeny_1885_%28ART19713%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Departure_of_NSW_Contingent_Sydeny_1885_%28ART19713%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Departure of the New South Wales contingent from Sydney for the <a href="/wiki/Suakin_Expedition" title="Suakin Expedition">Suakin Expedition</a> in Sudan, 1885.</figcaption></figure> During the early years of the 1880s, an Egyptian regime in the Sudan, backed by the British, came under threat from rebellion under the leadership of native <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad</a> (or Ahmed), known as <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> to his followers. In 1883, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a>, the Egyptians sent an army to deal with the revolt, but they were defeated and faced a difficult campaign of extracting their forces. The British instructed the Egyptians to abandon the Sudan, and sent General <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles Gordon</a> to co-ordinate the evacuation, but he was killed in January 1885. When news of his death arrived in New South Wales in February 1885, the government offered to send forces and meet the contingent's expenses.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis575-36">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Contingent" title="New South Wales Contingent">New South Wales Contingent</a> consisted of an infantry battalion of 522 men and 24 officers, and an artillery battery of 212 men and sailed from Sydney on 3 March 1885.<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard53_54-37">[35]</a> The contingent arrived in <a href="/wiki/Suakin" title="Suakin">Suakin</a> on 29 March and were attached to a brigade that consisted of Scots, Grenadier and Coldstream Guards. They subsequently marched for <a href="/wiki/Tamai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamai">Tamai</a> in a large "square" formation made up of 10,000 men. Reaching the village, they burned huts and returned to Suakin: three Australians were wounded in minor fighting. Most of the contingent was then sent to work on a railway line that was being laid across the desert towards <a href="/wiki/Berber,_Sudan" title="Berber, Sudan">Berber</a>, on the Nile. The Australians were then assigned to guard duties, but soon a camel corps was raised and 50 men volunteered. They rode on a reconnaissance to Takdul on 6 May and were heavily involved in a skirmish during which more than 100 Arabs were killed or captured.<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard53_54-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> On 15 May, they made one last sortie to bury the dead from the fighting of the previous March. Meanwhile, the artillery were posted at Handoub and drilled for a month, but they soon rejoined the camp at Suakin.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis575-36">[34]</a> Eventually the British government decided that the campaign in Sudan was not worth the effort required and left a garrison in Suakin. The New South Wales Contingent sailed for home on 17 May, arriving in Sydney on 19 June 1885.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis575-36">[34]</a> Approximately 770 Australians served in Sudan; nine subsequently died of disease during the return journey while three had been wounded during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Boer_War,_1899–1902">Second Boer War, 1899–1902</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second Boer War, 1899–1902">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Second_Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Second Boer War">Military history of Australia during the Second Boer War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australians_and_New_Zealanders_at_Klerksdorp_24_March_1901_by_Charles_Hammond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Australians_and_New_Zealanders_at_Klerksdorp_24_March_1901_by_Charles_Hammond.jpg/250px-Australians_and_New_Zealanders_at_Klerksdorp_24_March_1901_by_Charles_Hammond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Australians_and_New_Zealanders_at_Klerksdorp_24_March_1901_by_Charles_Hammond.jpg/330px-Australians_and_New_Zealanders_at_Klerksdorp_24_March_1901_by_Charles_Hammond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Australians_and_New_Zealanders_at_Klerksdorp_24_March_1901_by_Charles_Hammond.jpg/500px-Australians_and_New_Zealanders_at_Klerksdorp_24_March_1901_by_Charles_Hammond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Australians and New Zealanders at Klerksdorp, 24 March 1901 by Charles Hammond.</figcaption></figure> British encroachment into areas of South Africa already settled by the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaner</a> Boers and the competition for resources and land that developed between them as a result, led to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> in 1899. Pre-empting the deployment of British forces, the Afrikaner Republics of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal Republic</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a> declared war on 11 October 1899, striking deep into the British territories of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> After the outbreak of war, plans for the dispatch of a combined Australian force were subsequently set aside by the British War Office and each of the six colonial governments sent separate contingents to serve with British formations, with two squadrons each of 125 men from New South Wales and Victoria, and one each from the other colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Odgers32-41">[39]</a> The first troops arrived three weeks later, with the New South Wales Lancers—who had been training in England before the war, hurriedly diverted to South Africa. On 22 November, the Lancers came under fire for the first time near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belmont_(1899)" title="Battle of Belmont (1899)">Belmont</a>, and they subsequently forced their attackers to withdraw after inflicting significant casualties on them.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Following a series of minor victories, the British suffered a major setback during <a href="/wiki/Black_Week" title="Black Week">Black Week</a> between 10 and 17 December 1899, although no Australian units were involved. The first contingents of infantry from Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania arrived in Cape Town on 26 November and were designated the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Regiment_(1899%E2%80%931900)" title="Australian Regiment (1899–1900)">Australian Regiment</a> under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Hoad" class="mw-redirect" title="John Charles Hoad">John Charles Hoad</a>. With a need for increased mobility, they were soon converted into <a href="/wiki/Mounted_infantry" title="Mounted infantry">mounted infantry</a>. Further units from Queensland and New South Wales arrived in December and were soon committed to the front.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> The first casualties occurred soon after at Sunnyside on 1 January 1900, after 250 Queensland Mounted Infantry and a column of Canadians, British and artillery attacked a Boer laager at Belmont. Troopers David McLeod and Victor Jones were killed when their patrol clashed with the Boer forward sentries. Regardless, the Boers were surprised and during two hours of heavy fighting, more than 50 were killed and another 40 taken prisoner. Five hundred Queenslanders and the New South Wales Lancers subsequently took part in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kimberley" title="Siege of Kimberley">Siege of Kimberley</a> in February 1900.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Despite serious set-backs at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colenso" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Colenso">Colenso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stormberg" title="Battle of Stormberg">Stormberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magersfontein" title="Battle of Magersfontein">Magersfontein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spion_Kop" title="Battle of Spion Kop">Spion Kop</a> in January—and with <a href="/wiki/Ladysmith,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal">Ladysmith</a> still under siege—the British mounted a five division counter-invasion of the Orange Free State in February. The attacking force included a division of cavalry commanded by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">John French</a> with the New South Wales Lancers, Queensland Mounted Infantry and New South Wales Army Medical Corps attached.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> First, Kimberley was relieved following the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Modder_River" title="Battle of Modder River">Modder River</a> and Magersfontein, and the retreating Boers defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Paardeberg</a>, with the New South Wales Mounted Rifles locating the Boer general, <a href="/wiki/Piet_Cronj%C3%A9" title="Piet Cronjé">Piet Cronjé</a>. The British entered <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> on 13 March 1900, while Ladysmith was relieved. Disease began to take its toll and scores of men died. Still the advance continued, with the drive to <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> in May including more than 3,000 Australians. <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> fell on 30 May, and the Boers withdrew from Pretoria on 3 June. The New South Wales Mounted Rifles and Western Australians saw action again at <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Hill" title="Diamond Hill">Diamond Hill</a> on 12 June. <a href="/wiki/Mafeking,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mafeking, South Africa">Mafeking</a> was relieved on 17 May.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACH_South_Africa_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ACH_South_Africa_1902.jpg/250px-ACH_South_Africa_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ACH_South_Africa_1902.jpg/330px-ACH_South_Africa_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ACH_South_Africa_1902.jpg/500px-ACH_South_Africa_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Troops of the 1st Battalion, Australian Commonwealth Horse in the Transvaal, 1902.</figcaption></figure> Following the defeat of the Afrikaner republics still the Boers held out, forming small <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commando</a> units and conducting a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> to disrupt British troop movements and lines of supply. This new phase of resistance led to further recruiting in the Australian colonies and the raising of the <a href="/wiki/Bushmen%27s_Contingents" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmen's Contingents">Bushmen's Contingents</a>, with these soldiers usually being volunteers with horse-riding and shooting skills, but little military experience. After Federation in 1901, eight <a href="/wiki/Australian_Commonwealth_Horse" title="Australian Commonwealth Horse">Australian Commonwealth Horse</a> battalions of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> were also sent to South Africa, although they saw little fighting before the war ended.<a href="#cite_note-Odgers32-41">[39]</a> Some Australians later joined local South African irregular units, instead of returning home after discharge. These soldiers were part of the British Army, and were subject to British military discipline. Such units included the <a href="/wiki/Bushveldt_Carbineers" title="Bushveldt Carbineers">Bushveldt Carbineers</a> which gained notoriety as the unit in which <a href="/wiki/Breaker_Morant" title="Breaker Morant">Harry "Breaker" Morant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handcock" title="Peter Handcock">Peter Handcock</a> served in before their <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a> and execution for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Odgers_1994,_p._48-47">[45]</a> With the guerrillas requiring supplies, <a href="/wiki/Koos_de_la_Rey" title="Koos de la Rey">Koos de la Rey</a> lead a force of 3,000 Boers against Brakfontein, on the Elands River in Western Transvaal. The post held a large quantity of stores and was defended by 300 Australians and 200 Rhodesians. The attack began on 4 August 1900 with heavy shelling causing 32 casualties. During the night the defenders dug in, enduring shelling and rifle fire. A relief force was stopped by the Boers, while a second column turned back believing that the post had already been relieved. The siege lasted 11 days, during which more than 1,800 shells were fired into the post. After calls to surrender were ignored by the defenders, and not prepared to risk a frontal attack, the Boers eventually retired. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elands_River_(1900)" title="Battle of Elands River (1900)">Siege of Elands River</a> was one of the major achievements of the Australians during the war, with the post finally relieved on 16 August.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> In response the British adopted <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a> tactics, including a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy involving the burning of houses and crops, the establishment of concentration camps for Boer women and children, and a system of blockhouses and field obstacles to limit Boer mobility and to protect railway communications. Such measures required considerable expenditure, and caused much bitterness towards the British, however they soon yielded results.<a href="#cite_note-Odgers47-49">[47]</a> By mid-1901, the bulk of the fighting was over, and British mounted units would ride at night to attack Boer farmhouses or encampments, overwhelming them with superior numbers. Indicative of warfare in last months of 1901, the New South Wales Mounted Rifles travelled 1,814 miles (2,919 km) and were involved in 13 skirmishes, killing 27 Boers, wounding 15, and capturing 196 for the loss of five dead and 19 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Other notable Australian actions included Slingersfontein, Pink Hill, Rhenosterkop and <a href="/wiki/Hartbeesfontein" title="Hartbeesfontein">Haartebeestefontein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[49]</a> Australians were not always successful however, suffering a number of heavy losses late in the war. On 12 June 1901, the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Mounted_Rifles" title="Victorian Mounted Rifles">5th Victorian Mounted Rifles</a> lost 19 killed and 42 wounded at Wilmansrust, near <a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Mpumalanga" title="Middelburg, Mpumalanga">Middleburg</a> after poor security allowed a force of 150 Boers to surprise them.<a href="#cite_note-Odgers47-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[49]</a> On 30 October 1901, Victorians of the Scottish Horse Regiment also suffered heavy casualties at Gun Hill, although 60 Boers were also killed in the engagement. Meanwhile, at <a href="/wiki/Onverwacht,_Gauteng" title="Onverwacht, Gauteng">Onverwacht</a> on 4 January 1902, the 5th Queensland Imperial Bushmen lost 13 killed and 17 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Odgers_1994,_p._48-47">[45]</a> Ultimately the Boers were defeated, and the war ended on 31 May 1902. In all 16,175 Australians served in South Africa, and perhaps another 10,000 enlisted as individuals in Imperial units; casualties included 251 killed in action, 267 died of disease and 43 missing in action, while a further 735 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Six Australians were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AustVC-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boxer_Rebellion,_1900–01">Boxer Rebellion, 1900–01</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Boxer Rebellion, 1900–01">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protector_crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Protector_crew.jpg/250px-Protector_crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Protector_crew.jpg/330px-Protector_crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Protector_crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>The crew of <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Protector_(1884)" title="HMAS Protector (1884)">HMCS Protector</a> in 1900. In the same year, the gunboat was sent to China by the South Australian government. </figcaption></figure> The Boxer Rebellion in China began in 1900, and a number of western nations—including many European powers, the United States, and Japan—soon sent forces as part of the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">China Field Force</a> to protect their interests. In June, the British government sought permission from the Australian colonies to dispatch ships from the Australian Squadron to China. The colonies also offered to assist further, but as most of their troops were still engaged in South Africa, they had to rely on naval forces for manpower. The force dispatched was a modest one, with Britain accepting 200 men from Victoria, 260 from New South Wales and the South Australian ship <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Protector_(1884)" title="HMAS Protector (1884)">HMCS Protector</a>, under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Rooke_Creswell" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rooke Creswell">William Creswell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis117-55">[53]</a> Most of these forces were made up of naval brigade reservists, who had been trained in both ship handling and soldiering to fulfil their coastal defence role. Amongst the naval contingent from New South Wales were 200 naval officers and sailors and 50 permanent soldiers headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Barracks,_Sydney" title="Victoria Barracks, Sydney">Victoria Barracks, Sydney</a> who originally enlisted for the Second Boer War. The soldiers were keen to go to China but refused to be enlisted as sailors, while the New South Wales Naval Brigade objected to having soldiers in their ranks. The Army and Navy compromised and titled the contingent the NSW Marine Light Infantry.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> The contingents from New South Wales and Victoria sailed for China on 8 August 1900. Arriving in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tientsin</a>, the Australians provided 300 men to an 8,000-strong multinational force tasked with capturing the Chinese forts at <a href="/wiki/Beitang,_Tanggu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitang, Tanggu District">Pei Tang</a>, which dominated a key railway. They arrived too late to take part in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tientsin" title="Battle of Tientsin">the battle</a>, but were involved in the attack on the fortress at <a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Pao-ting Fu</a>, where the Chinese government was believed to have found asylum after <a href="/wiki/Beijing,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing, China">Peking</a> was captured by western forces. The Victorians joined a force of 7,500 men on a ten-day march to the fort, once again only to find that it had already surrendered. The Victorians then garrisoned Tientsin and the New South Wales contingent undertook garrison duties in Peking. HMCS Protector was mostly used for survey, transport, and courier duties in the <a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a>, before departing in November.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis117-55">[53]</a> The naval brigades remained during the winter, unhappily performing policing and guard duties, as well as working as railwaymen and fire-fighters. They left China in March 1901, having played only a minor role in a few offensives and punitive expeditions and in the restoration of civil order. Six Australians died from sickness and injury, but none were killed as a result of enemy action.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis117-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_military_forces_at_Federation,_1901">Australian military forces at Federation, 1901</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australian military forces at Federation, 1901">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Army" title="History of the Australian Army">History of the Australian Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy" title="History of the Royal Australian Navy">History of the Royal Australian Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Australian Air Force">History of the Royal Australian Air Force</a></div> The Commonwealth of Australia came into existence on 1 January 1901 as a result of the federation of the Australian colonies. Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a>, defence responsibility was now vested in the new federal government. The co-ordination of Australia-wide defensive efforts in the face of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Imperial German</a> interest in the Pacific Ocean was one of driving forces behind federalism, and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defence_(Australia)" title="Department of Defence (Australia)">Department of Defence</a> immediately came into being as a result, while the Commonwealth Military Forces (early forerunner of the Australian Army) and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Naval_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Naval Force">Commonwealth Naval Force</a> were also soon established.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[note 3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMAS_Australia_Sydney_Oct_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HMAS_Australia_Sydney_Oct_1913.jpg/220px-HMAS_Australia_Sydney_Oct_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HMAS_Australia_Sydney_Oct_1913.jpg/330px-HMAS_Australia_Sydney_Oct_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HMAS_Australia_Sydney_Oct_1913.jpg/440px-HMAS_Australia_Sydney_Oct_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>The battlecruiser <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Australia_(1911)" title="HMAS Australia (1911)">HMAS Australia</a> enter Sydney Harbour for the first time in 1913. The light cruisers <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(1912)" title="HMAS Sydney (1912)">HMAS Sydney</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Melbourne_(1912)" title="HMAS Melbourne (1912)">HMAS Melbourne</a> are in the background.</figcaption></figure> The Australian Commonwealth Military Forces came into being on 1 March 1901 and all the colonial forces—including those still in South Africa—became part of the new force.<a href="#cite_note-Laffin,_Chappell-59">[56]</a> 28,923 colonial soldiers, including 1,457 professional soldiers, 18,603 paid militia and 8,863 unpaid volunteers, were subsequently transferred. The individual units continued to be administered under the various colonial Acts until the Defence Act 1903 brought all the units under one piece of legislation. This Act also prevented the raising of standing infantry units and specified that militia forces could not be used in industrial disputes or serve outside Australia.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> However, the majority of soldiers remained in militia units, known as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Citizens_Military_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Citizens Military Forces">Citizen Military Forces</a> (CMF). Major General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hutton_(army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Hutton (army)">Sir Edward Hutton</a>—a former commander of the New South Wales Military Forces—subsequently became the first commander of the Commonwealth Military Forces on 26 December and set to work devising an integrated structure for the new army.<a href="#cite_note-ahu_federation-61">[58]</a> In 1911, following a report by <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum">Lord Kitchener</a> the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Duntroon" title="Royal Military College, Duntroon">Royal Military College, Duntroon</a> was established, as was a system of universal <a href="/wiki/National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Service">National Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ahu_federation-61">[58]</a> Prior to federation each self-governing colony had operated its own naval force. These navies were small and lacked <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blue_water" class="extiw" title="wikt:blue water">blue water</a> capabilities, forcing the separate colonies to subsidise the cost of a British naval squadron in their waters for decades. The colonies maintained control over their respective navies until 1 March 1901, when the Commonwealth Naval Force was created. This new force also lacked blue water capable ships, and ultimately did not lead to a change in Australian naval policy. In 1907 Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a> and Creswell, while attending the Imperial Conference in London, sought the <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Government">British Government's</a> agreement to end the subsidy system and develop an Australian navy. The <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> rejected and resented the challenge, but suggested diplomatically that a small fleet of destroyers and submarines would be sufficient. Deakin was unimpressed, and in 1908 invited the American <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a> to visit Australia. This visit fired public enthusiasm for a modern navy and in part led to the order of two 700-ton <a href="/wiki/River-class_torpedo-boat_destroyer" title="River-class torpedo-boat destroyer">River-class</a> destroyers.<a href="#cite_note-Macdougall-62">[59]</a> The surge in German naval construction prompted the Admiralty to change their position however and the Royal Australian Navy was subsequently formed in 1911, absorbing the Commonwealth Naval Force.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> On 4 October 1913, the new fleet steamed through <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Heads" title="Sydney Heads">Sydney Heads</a>, consisting of the battlecruiser <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Australia_(1911)" title="HMAS Australia (1911)">HMAS Australia</a>, three light cruisers, and three destroyers, while several other ships were still under construction. And as a consequence the navy entered the First World War as a formidable force.<a href="#cite_note-Macdougall-62">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Flying_Corps" title="Australian Flying Corps">Australian Flying Corps</a> (AFC) was established as part of the Commonwealth Military Forces in 1912, prior to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Military_Forces" title="Australian Military Forces">Australian Military Forces</a> in 1916 and was later separated in 1921 to form the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a>, making it the second oldest air force in the world.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Regardless, the service branches were not linked by a single <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command">chain of command</a> however, and each reported to their own <a href="/wiki/Government_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Government minister">minister</a> and had separate administrative arrangements and government departments.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War,_1914–18">First World War, 1914–18</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First World War, 1914–18">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War I">Military history of Australia during World War I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outbreak_of_hostilities">Outbreak of hostilities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Outbreak of hostilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trumpetcallsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Trumpetcallsa.jpg/220px-Trumpetcallsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Trumpetcallsa.jpg/330px-Trumpetcallsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Trumpetcallsa.jpg/440px-Trumpetcallsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2213" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An Australian recruitment poster used during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.</figcaption></figure> When Britain declared war on Germany at the start of the First World War, the Australian government rapidly followed suit, with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Joseph Cook</a> declaring on 5 August 1914 that "...when the Empire is at war, so also is Australia"<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> and reflecting the sentiment of many Australians that any declaration of war by Britain automatically included Australia. This was itself in part due to the large number of British-born citizens and first generation Anglo-Australians that made up the Australian population at the time. Indeed, by the end of the war almost 20% of those who served in the Australian forces had been born in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> As the existing militia forces were unable to serve overseas under the provisions of the Defence Act 1903, an all-volunteer expeditionary force known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="First Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> (AIF) was formed and recruitment began on 10 August 1914. The government pledged 20,000 men, organised as one infantry <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">division</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Australian_Light_Horse" title="Australian Light Horse">light horse</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> plus supporting units. Enlistment and organisation was primarily regionally based and was undertaken under mobilisation plans drawn up in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis63-68">[65]</a> The first commander was Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Throsby_Bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="William Throsby Bridges">William Bridges</a>, who also assumed command of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Division_(Australia)" title="1st Division (Australia)">1st Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Throughout the course of the conflict Australian efforts were predominantly focused upon the ground war, although small air and naval forces were also committed.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occupation_of_German_New_Guinea">Occupation of German New Guinea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Occupation of German New Guinea">edit</a>]</div> Following the outbreak of war Australian forces moved quickly to reduce the threat to shipping posed by the proximity of Germany's Pacific colonies. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Naval_and_Military_Expeditionary_Force" title="Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force">Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force</a> (AN&MEF), a 2000-man volunteer force—separate from the AIF—and consisting of an infantry battalion plus 500 naval reservists and ex-sailors, was rapidly formed under the command of <a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_(Australian_general)" title="William Holmes (Australian general)">William Holmes</a>. The objectives of the force were the wireless stations on Nauru, and those at Yap in the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, and at Rabaul in <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a>. The force reached Rabaul on 11 September 1914 and occupied it the next day, encountering only brief resistance from the German and native defenders during <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bita_Paka" title="Battle of Bita Paka">fighting at Bita Paka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toma" title="Siege of Toma">Toma</a>. German New Guinea surrendered on 17 September 1914. Australian losses were light, including six killed during the fighting, but were compounded by the mysterious loss offshore of the submarine <a href="/wiki/Australian_submarine_AE1" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian submarine AE1">AE1</a> with all 35 men aboard.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallipoli">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove" title="Landing at Anzac Cove">Landing at Anzac Cove</a></div> The AIF departed by ship in a single convoy from <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a> on 1 November 1914. During the journey one of the convoy's naval escorts—<a href="/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(1912)" title="HMAS Sydney (1912)">HMAS Sydney</a>—engaged and destroyed the German cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Emden" title="SMS Emden">SMS Emden</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cocos" title="Battle of Cocos">Battle of Cocos</a> on 8 November, in the first ship-to-ship action involving the Royal Australian Navy.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> Although originally bound for England to undergo further training and then for employment on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, the Australians were instead sent to British-controlled Egypt to pre-empt any <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turkish</a> attack against the strategically important <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, and with a view to opening another front against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[note 4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anzac_Beach_4th_Bn_landing_8am_April_25_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Anzac_Beach_4th_Bn_landing_8am_April_25_1915.jpg/250px-Anzac_Beach_4th_Bn_landing_8am_April_25_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Anzac_Beach_4th_Bn_landing_8am_April_25_1915.jpg/330px-Anzac_Beach_4th_Bn_landing_8am_April_25_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Anzac_Beach_4th_Bn_landing_8am_April_25_1915.jpg/500px-Anzac_Beach_4th_Bn_landing_8am_April_25_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Australian troops landing at Gallipoli, 1915.</figcaption></figure> Aiming to knock Turkey out of the war the British then decided to stage an amphibious lodgement at <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> and following a period of training and reorganisation the Australians were included amongst the British, Indian and French forces committed to the campaign. The combined <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps_(army_corps)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (army corps)">Australian and New Zealand Army Corps</a> (ANZAC)—commanded by British general <a href="/wiki/William_Birdwood" title="William Birdwood">William Birdwood</a>—subsequently landed at <a href="/wiki/Anzac_Cove" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzac Cove">Anzac Cove</a> on the Gallipoli peninsula on 25 April 1915. Although promising to transform the war if successful, the Gallipoli Campaign was ill-conceived and ultimately lasted eight months of bloody stalemate, without achieving its objectives.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> Australian casualties totalled 26,111, including 8,141 killed.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> For Australians and New Zealanders the Gallipoli campaign came to symbolise an important milestone in the emergence of both nations as independent actors on the world stage and the development of a sense of national identity.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> Today, the date of the initial landings, 25 April, is known as <a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a> in Australia and New Zealand and every year thousands of people gather at memorials in both nations, as well as Turkey, to honour the bravery and sacrifice of the original Anzacs, and of all those who have subsequently lost their lives in war.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt_and_Palestine">Egypt and Palestine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Egypt and Palestine">edit</a>]</div> After the withdrawal from Gallipoli the Australians returned to Egypt and the AIF underwent a major expansion. In 1916 the infantry began to move to France while the cavalry units remained in the Middle East to fight the Turks. Australian troops of the <a href="/wiki/Anzac_Mounted_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzac Mounted Division">Anzac Mounted Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Mounted_Division" title="Australian Mounted Division">Australian Mounted Division</a> saw action in all the major battles of the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a>, playing a pivotal role in fighting the Turkish troops that were threatening British control of Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> The Australians first saw combat during the <a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi uprising</a> in the Libyan Desert and the Nile Valley, during which the combined British forces successfully put down the primitive pro-Turkish Islamic sect with heavy casualties.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> The Anzac Mounted Division subsequently saw considerable action in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a> against the Turkish between 3–5 August 1916, with the Turks eventually pushed back.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> Following this victory the British forces went on the offensive in the Sinai, although the pace of the advance was governed by the speed by which the railway and water pipeline could be constructed from the Suez Canal. Rafa was captured on 9 January 1917, while the last of the small Turkish garrisons in the Sinai were eliminated in February.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4th_Light_Horse_Brigade_Beersheba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/4th_Light_Horse_Brigade_Beersheba.jpg/250px-4th_Light_Horse_Brigade_Beersheba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/4th_Light_Horse_Brigade_Beersheba.jpg/330px-4th_Light_Horse_Brigade_Beersheba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/4th_Light_Horse_Brigade_Beersheba.jpg/500px-4th_Light_Horse_Brigade_Beersheba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Charge of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Light_Horse_Brigade" title="4th Light Horse Brigade">4th Light Horse Brigade</a>, 1917.</figcaption></figure> The advance entered Palestine and an initial, unsuccessful attempt was made to capture Gaza on 26 March 1917, while a second and equally unsuccessful attempt was launched on 19 April. A third assault occurred between 31 October and 7 November and this time both the Anzac Mounted Division and the Australian Mounted Division took part. The battle was a complete success for the British, over-running the Gaza-Beersheba line and capturing 12,000 Turkish soldiers. The critical moment was the capture of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Beersheba</a> on the first day, after the Australian 4th Light Horse Brigade charged more than 4 miles (6.4 km). The Turkish trenches were overrun, with the Australians capturing the wells at Beersheeba and securing the valuable water they contained along with over 700 prisoners for the loss of 31 killed and 36 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> Later, Australian troops assisted in pushing the Turkish forces out of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and took part in actions at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mughar_Ridge" title="Battle of Mughar Ridge">Mughar Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jerusalem (1917)">Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Megiddo</a>. The Turkish government surrendered on 30 October 1918.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> Units of the Light Horse were subsequently used to help put down a <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1919">nationalist revolt in Egypt</a> in 1919 and did so with efficiency and brutality, although they suffered a number of fatalities in the process.<a href="#cite_note-Grey117-86">[82]</a> Meanwhile, the AFC had undergone remarkable development, and its independence as a separate national force was unique among the Dominions. Deploying just a single aircraft to German New Guinea in 1914, the first operational flight did not occur until 27 May 1915 however, when the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Half_Flight" title="Mesopotamian Half Flight">Mesopotamian Half Flight</a> was called upon to assist in protecting British oil interests in Iraq. The AFC was soon expanded and four squadrons later saw action in Egypt, Palestine and on the Western Front, where they performed well.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Front">Western Front</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Western Front">edit</a>]</div> Five infantry divisions of the AIF saw action in France and Belgium, leaving Egypt in March 1916.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/I_Anzac_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="I Anzac Corps">I Anzac Corps</a> subsequently took up positions in a quiet sector south of <a href="/wiki/Armenti%C3%A8res" title="Armentières">Armentières</a> on 7 April 1916 and for the next two and a half years the AIF participated in most of the major battles on the Western Front, earning a formidable reputation. Although spared from the disastrous first day of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>, within weeks four Australian divisions had been committed.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> The 5th Division, positioned on the left flank, was the first in action during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fromelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fromelles">Battle of Fromelles</a> on 19 July 1916, suffering 5,533 casualties in a single day. The 1st Division entered the line on 23 July, assaulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozi%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Pozières">Pozieres</a>, and by the time that they were relieved by the 2nd Division on 27 July, they had suffered 5,286 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Grey103-90">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mouquet_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mouquet Farm">Mouquet Farm</a> was attacked in August, with casualties totalling 6,300 men.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> By the time the AIF was withdrawn from the Somme to re-organise, they had suffered 23,000 casualties in just 45 days.<a href="#cite_note-Grey103-90">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateauwood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chateauwood.jpg/250px-Chateauwood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chateauwood.jpg/330px-Chateauwood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chateauwood.jpg/500px-Chateauwood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of a <a href="/wiki/4th_Division_(Australia)" title="4th Division (Australia)">4th Division</a> field artillery brigade on a duckboard track passing through Chateau Wood, near <a href="/wiki/Hooge,_Ypres" title="Hooge, Ypres">Hooge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ypres_Salient" title="Ypres Salient">Ypres Salient</a>, 1917.</figcaption></figure> In March 1917, the 2nd and 5th Divisions pursued the Germans back to the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a>, capturing the town of <a href="/wiki/Bapaume" title="Bapaume">Bapaume</a>. On 11 April, the 4th Division assaulted the Hindenburg Line in the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)#First_Battle_of_Bullecourt_(10–11_April_1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">First Battle of Bullecourt</a>, losing over 3,000 casualties and 1,170 captured.<a href="#cite_note-Odgers95-92">[88]</a> On 15 April, the 1st and 2nd Divisions were counter-attacked near <a href="/wiki/Lagnicourt-Marcel" title="Lagnicourt-Marcel">Lagnicourt</a> and were forced to abandon the town, before recapturing it again.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> The 2nd Division then took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)#Second_Battle_of_Bullecourt_(3–17_May_1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second Battle of Bullecourt</a>, beginning on 3 May, and succeeded in taking sections of the Hindenburg Line and holding them until relieved by the 1st Division.<a href="#cite_note-Odgers95-92">[88]</a> Finally, on 7 May the 5th Division relieved the 1st, remaining in the line until the battle ended in mid-May. Combined these efforts cost 7,482 Australian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> On 7 June 1917, the <a href="/wiki/II_Anzac_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="II Anzac Corps">II Anzac Corps</a>—along with two British corps—launched an operation in Flanders to eliminate a salient south of Ypres.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> The attack commenced with the detonation of a million pounds (454,545 kg) of explosives that had been placed underneath the Messines ridge, destroying the German trenches.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> The advance was virtually unopposed, and despite strong German counterattacks the next day, it succeeded. Australian casualties during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)" title="Battle of Messines (1917)">Battle of Messines</a> included nearly 6,800 men.<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard130-97">[93]</a> I Anzac Corps then took part in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Battle of Ypres">Third Battle of Ypres</a> in Belgium as part of the campaign to capture the Gheluvelt Plateau, between September and November 1917.<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard130-97">[93]</a> Individual actions took place at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Menin_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Menin Road">Menin Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood" title="Battle of Polygon Wood">Polygon Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde" title="Battle of Broodseinde">Broodseinde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poelcappelle" title="Battle of Poelcappelle">Poelcappelle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Passchendaele</a> and over the course of eight weeks fighting the Australians suffered 38,000 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> On 21 March 1918 the German Army launched its <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">Spring Offensive</a> in a last-ditched effort to win the war, unleashing sixty-three divisions over a 70 miles (110 km) front.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> As the Allies fell back the 3rd and 4th Divisions were rushed south to <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> on the Somme.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> The offensive lasted for the next five months and all five AIF divisions in France were engaged in the attempt to stem the tide. By late May the Germans had pushed to within 50 miles (80 km) of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> During this time the Australians fought at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dernancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Dernancourt">Dernancourt</a>, Morlancourt, <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Villers-Bretonneux" title="First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux">Villers-Bretonneux</a>, Hangard Wood, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)" title="Battle of the Lys (1918)">Hazebrouck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hamel" title="Battle of Hamel">Hamel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> At Hamel the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Corps" title="Australian Corps">Australian Corps</a>, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash">John Monash</a>, successfully used <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a>—including aircraft, artillery and armour—in an attack for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_hindenburg_line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Battle_of_the_hindenburg_line.jpg/250px-Battle_of_the_hindenburg_line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Battle_of_the_hindenburg_line.jpg/330px-Battle_of_the_hindenburg_line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Battle_of_the_hindenburg_line.jpg/500px-Battle_of_the_hindenburg_line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Members of the 45th Battalion at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of St. Quentin Canal">Battle of St. Quentin Canal</a> in September 1918.</figcaption></figure> The German offensive ground to a halt in mid-July and a brief lull followed, during which the Australians undertook a series of raids, known as <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Penetration" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaceful Penetration">Peaceful Penetrations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> The Allies soon launched their own offensive—the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a>—ultimately ending the war. Beginning on 8 August 1918 the offensive included four Australian divisions <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">striking at Amiens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> Using the combined arms techniques developed earlier at Hamel, significant gains were made on what became known as the "Black Day" of the German Army.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> The offensive continued for four months, and during <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Somme_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of the Somme (1918)">Second Battle of the Somme</a> the Australian Corps fought actions at Lihons, Etinehem, Proyart, Chuignes, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mont_St_Quentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mont St Quentin">Mont St Quentin</a>, before their final engagement of the war on 5 October 1918 at Montbrehain.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> The AIF was subsequently out of the line when the armistice was declared on 11 November 1918.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> In all 416,806 Australians enlisted in the AIF during the war and 333,000 served overseas. 61,508 were killed and another 155,000 were wounded (a total casualty rate of 65%).<a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> The financial cost to the Australian government was calculated at £376,993,052.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">referendums</a> on <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> for overseas service had been defeated during the war, preserving the volunteer status of the Australian force, but stretching the reserves of manpower available, particularly towards the end of the fighting. Consequently, Australia remained one of only two armies on either side not to resort to conscription during the war.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis63-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[note 5]</a> The war had a profound effect on Australian society in other ways also. Indeed, for many Australians the nation's involvement is seen as a symbol of its emergence as an international actor, while many of the notions of Australian character and nationhood that exist today have their origins in the war. 64 Australians were awarded the Victoria Cross during the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-AustVC-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war_years">Inter-war years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Inter-war years">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_Civil_War,_1918–19">Russian Civil War, 1918–19</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Russian Civil War, 1918–19">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_Allied_Intervention_in_Russia_1918%E2%80%9319" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the Allied Intervention in Russia 1918–19">Australian contribution to the Allied Intervention in Russia 1918–19</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aussies_in_Russia_(AWM_A04697).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aussies_in_Russia_%28AWM_A04697%29.jpg/220px-Aussies_in_Russia_%28AWM_A04697%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aussies_in_Russia_%28AWM_A04697%29.jpg/330px-Aussies_in_Russia_%28AWM_A04697%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aussies_in_Russia_%28AWM_A04697%29.jpg/440px-Aussies_in_Russia_%28AWM_A04697%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Australian soldiers of the North Russia Relief Force during the <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a>, 1919.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> began after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> party assumed power in October 1917. Following the end of the First World War, the western powers—including Britain—intervened, giving half-hearted support to the pro-tsarist, anti-Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/White_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="White Movement">White Russian</a> forces. Although the Australian government refused to commit forces, many Australians serving with the British Army became involved in the fighting. A small number served as advisors to White Russian units with the <a href="/wiki/North_Russian_Expeditionary_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="North Russian Expeditionary Force">North Russian Expeditionary Force</a> (NREF). Awaiting repatriation in England, about 150 Australians subsequently enlisted in the British <a href="/wiki/North_Russia_Relief_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="North Russia Relief Force">North Russia Relief Force</a> (NRRF), where they were involved in a number of sharp battles and several were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Grey117-86">[82]</a> The Royal Australian Navy destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Swan_(D61)" title="HMAS Swan (D61)">HMAS Swan</a> was also briefly engaged, carrying out an intelligence gathering mission in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in late 1918. Other Australians served as advisers with the British Military Mission to the White Russian General, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a> in South Russia, while several more advised Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Alexander Kolchak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> Later, they also served in Mesopotamia as part of <a href="/wiki/Dunsterforce" title="Dunsterforce">Dunsterforce</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Malleson" title="Wilfrid Malleson">Malleson Mission</a>, although these missions were aimed at preventing Turkish access to the Middle East and India, and did little fighting.<a href="#cite_note-Muirden8-112">[107]</a> Although the motivations of those Australian's that volunteered to fight in Russia can only be guessed at, it seems unlikely to have been political.<a href="#cite_note-Muirden8-112">[107]</a> Regardless, they confirmed a reputation for audacity and courage, winning the only two Victoria Crosses of the land campaign, despite their small numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Grey117-86">[82]</a> Yet Australian involvement was barely noticed at home at the time and made little difference to the outcome of the war.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> Total casualties included 10 killed and 40 wounded, with most deaths being from disease during operations in Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-Muirden78-114">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaita,_1927">Malaita, 1927</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Malaita, 1927">edit</a>]</div> In October 1927, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Adelaide_(1918)" title="HMAS Adelaide (1918)">HMAS Adelaide</a> was called to the <a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="British Solomon Islands Protectorate">British Solomon Islands Protectorate</a> as part of a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> in response to the killing of a district officer and sixteen others by <a href="/wiki/Kwaio" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwaio">Kwaio</a> natives at Sinalagu on the island of <a href="/wiki/Malaita" title="Malaita">Malaita</a> on 3 October, known as the <a href="/wiki/Malaita_massacre" title="Malaita massacre">Malaita massacre</a>. Arriving at <a href="/wiki/Tulagi" title="Tulagi">Tulagi</a> on 14 October, the ship proceeded to Malaita to protect the landing of three platoons of troops, then remained in the area to provide personnel support for the soldiers as they searched for the killers. The ship's personnel took no part in operations ashore, providing only logistic and communications support. Adelaide returned to Australia on 23 November.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_Civil_War,_1936–39">Spanish Civil War, 1936–39</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War, 1936–39">edit</a>]</div> A small number of Australian volunteers fought on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, although they predominantly supported the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a> through the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>. The Australians were subsequently allocated to the battalions of other nationalities, such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Battalion" title="British Battalion">British Battalion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Battalion" title="Lincoln Battalion">Lincoln Battalion</a>, rather than forming their own units. Most were radicals motivated by ideological reasons, while a number were Spanish-born migrants who returned to fight in their country of origin. At least 66 Australians volunteered, with only one—Nugent Bull, a conservative Catholic who was later killed serving in the RAF during the Second World War—known to have fought for General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain under Franco">Nationalist</a> forces.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis81-117">[112]</a> While a celebrated cause for the Australian left—particularly the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia" title="Communist Party of Australia">Communist Party of Australia</a> and the trade union movement—the war failed to spark particular public interest and the government maintained its neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> Australian opposition to the Republican cause was marshalled by <a href="/wiki/B._A._Santamaria" title="B. A. Santamaria">B. A. Santamaria</a> on an anti-communist basis, rather than a pro-Nationalist basis. Equally, although individual right wing Australians may have served with the Nationalist rebels, they received no public support. Service in a foreign armed force was illegal at the time, however as the government received no reports of Australians travelling to Spain to enlist, no action was taken.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis81-117">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[note 6]</a> Consequently, returned veterans were neither recognised by the government or the <a href="/wiki/Returned_and_Services_League_of_Australia" title="Returned and Services League of Australia">Returned and Services League of Australia</a> (RSL). Although the number of Australian volunteers was relatively small compared to those from other countries, at least 14 were killed.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War,_1939–45">Second World War, 1939–45</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Second World War, 1939–45">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Military history of Australia during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian home front during World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe_and_the_Middle_East">Europe and the Middle East</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Europe and the Middle East">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMAS_Sydney_(AWM_301473)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HMAS_Sydney_%28AWM_301473%29_cropped.jpg/220px-HMAS_Sydney_%28AWM_301473%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HMAS_Sydney_%28AWM_301473%29_cropped.jpg/330px-HMAS_Sydney_%28AWM_301473%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HMAS_Sydney_%28AWM_301473%29_cropped.jpg/440px-HMAS_Sydney_%28AWM_301473%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>The light cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(D48)" title="HMAS Sydney (D48)">HMAS Sydney</a> in 1940.</figcaption></figure> Australia entered the Second World War on 3 September 1939. At the time of the declaration of war against Germany the Australian military was small and unready for war.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> Recruiting for a <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Second Australian Imperial Force</a> (2nd AIF) began in mid-September. While there was no rush of volunteers like the First World War, a high proportion of Australian men of military age had enlisted by mid-1940. Four infantry divisions were formed during 1939 and 1940, three of which were dispatched to the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> The RAAF's resources were initially mainly devoted to training airmen for service with the Commonwealth air forces through the <a href="/wiki/Empire_Air_Training_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Air Training Scheme">Empire Air Training Scheme</a> (EATS), through which almost 28,000 Australians were trained during the war.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> The Australian military's first major engagements of the war were against Italian forces in the Mediterranean and North Africa. During 1940 the light cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(D48)" title="HMAS Sydney (D48)">HMAS Sydney</a> and five elderly destroyers (dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Scrap_Iron_Flotilla" title="Scrap Iron Flotilla">Scrap Iron Flotilla</a>" by Nazi Propaganda Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>—a title proudly accepted by the ships) took part in a series of operations as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Mediterranean_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mediterranean Fleet">British Mediterranean Fleet</a>, and sank several Italian warships.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> The Army first saw action in January 1941, when the <a href="/wiki/6th_Division_(Australia)" title="6th Division (Australia)">6th Division</a> formed part of the Commonwealth forces during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a>. The division assaulted and captured <a href="/wiki/Bardia" title="Bardia">Bardia</a> on 5 January and <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a> on 22 January, with tens of thousands of Italian troops surrendering at both towns.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> The 6th Division took part in the pursuit of the Italian Army and captured <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> on 4 February. In late February it was withdrawn for service in Greece, and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)" title="9th Division (Australia)">9th Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg/220px-AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg/330px-AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg/440px-AustraliansAtTobruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Australian soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Siege of Tobruk</a>, 1941.</figcaption></figure> The Australian forces in the Mediterranean endured a number of campaigns during 1941. During April, the 6th Division, other elements of <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Australia)" title="I Corps (Australia)">I Corps</a> and several Australian warships formed part of the Allied force which unsuccessfully attempted to defend Greece from German invasion during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Battle of Greece</a>. At the end of this campaign, the 6th Division was evacuated to Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> The force at Crete subsequently fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a> during May, which also ended in defeat for the Allies. Over 5,000 Australians were captured in these campaigns, and the 6th Division required a long period of rebuilding before it was again ready for combat.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> The Germans and Italians also went on the offensive in North Africa at the end of March and drove the Commonwealth force there back to near the border with Egypt. The 9th Division and a brigade of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(Australia)" title="7th Division (Australia)">7th Division</a> were <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">besieged at Tobruk</a>; successfully defending the key port town until they were replaced by British units in October.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> During June, the main body of the 7th Division, a brigade of the 6th Division and the I Corps headquarters took part in the <a href="/wiki/Syria-Lebanon_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria-Lebanon Campaign">Syria-Lebanon Campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a>. Resistance was stronger than expected; Australians were involved in most of the fighting and sustained most of the casualties before the French capitulated in early July.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> The majority of Australian units in the Mediterranean returned to Australia in early 1942, after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. The 9th Division was the largest unit to remain in the Middle East, and played a key role in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a> during June and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a> in October.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> The division returned to Australia in early 1943, but several RAAF squadrons and RAN warships took part in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunisia Campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a> from 1943 until the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:460_Sqn_(AWM_044167).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/460_Sqn_%28AWM_044167%29.jpg/220px-460_Sqn_%28AWM_044167%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/460_Sqn_%28AWM_044167%29.jpg/330px-460_Sqn_%28AWM_044167%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/460_Sqn_%28AWM_044167%29.jpg/440px-460_Sqn_%28AWM_044167%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption>Members of <a href="/wiki/No._460_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 460 Squadron RAAF">No. 460 Squadron RAAF</a> and the Lancaster bomber <a href="/wiki/G_for_George" title="G for George">G for George</a> in August 1943.</figcaption></figure> The RAAF's role in the strategic air offensive in Europe formed Australia's main contribution to the defeat of Germany. Approximately 13,000 Australian airmen served in dozens of British and five Australian squadrons in <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> between 1940 and the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> Australians took part in all of Bomber Command's major offensives and suffered heavy losses during raids on German cities and targets in France.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> Australian aircrew in Bomber Command had one of the highest casualty rates of any part of the Australian military during the Second World War and sustained almost 20 percent of all Australian deaths in combat; 3,486 were killed and hundreds more were taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> Australian airmen in light bomber and fighter squadrons also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">liberation of Western Europe</a> during 1944 and 1945<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> and two RAAF maritime patrol squadrons served in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia_and_the_Pacific">Asia and the Pacific</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Asia and the Pacific">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin_42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_42.jpg/250px-Darwin_42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_42.jpg/330px-Darwin_42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_42.jpg/500px-Darwin_42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Bombing of Darwin</a> in 1942 was the largest single attack ever mounted by a foreign power on Australia.</figcaption></figure> From the 1920s Australia's defence thinking was dominated by British Imperial defence policy, which was embodied by the "<a href="/wiki/Singapore_strategy" title="Singapore strategy">Singapore strategy</a>". This strategy involved the construction and defence of a major naval base at Singapore from which a large British fleet would respond to Japanese aggression in the region. To this end, a high proportion of Australian forces in Asia were concentrated in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> during 1940 and 1941 as the threat from Japan increased.<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> However, as a result of the emphasis on co-operation with Britain, relatively few Australian military units had been retained in Australia and the Asia-Pacific region. Measures were taken to improve Australia's defences as war with Japan loomed in 1941, but these proved inadequate. In December 1941, the Australian Army in the Pacific comprised the <a href="/wiki/8th_Division_(Australia)" title="8th Division (Australia)">8th Division</a>, most of which was stationed in Malaya, and eight partially trained and equipped divisions in Australia. The RAAF was equipped with 373 aircraft, most of which were obsolete trainers, and the RAN had three cruisers and two destroyers in Australian waters.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> The Australian military suffered a series of defeats during the early months of the Pacific War. The 8th Division and RAAF squadrons in Malaya formed a part of the British Commonwealth forces which were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malaya">unable to stop</a> a smaller Japanese invasion force which landed on 7 December. The British Commonwealth force withdrew to Singapore at the end of January, but was forced to surrender on 15 February after the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">captured much of the island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> Smaller Australian forces were also overwhelmed and defeated during early 1942 at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rabaul_(1942)" title="Battle of Rabaul (1942)">Rabaul</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambon" title="Battle of Ambon">Ambon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Java_(1942)" title="Battle of Java (1942)">Java</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> The Australian town of <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a> was <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">heavily bombed</a> by the Japanese on 19 February, to prevent it from being used as an Allied base.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> Over 22,000 Australians were taken prisoner in early 1942 and endured harsh conditions in Japanese captivity. The prisoners were subjected to malnutrition, denied medical treatment and frequently beaten and killed by their guards. As a result, 8,296 Australian prisoners died in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_(AWM_014008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_%28AWM_014008%29.jpg/250px-Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_%28AWM_014008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_%28AWM_014008%29.jpg/330px-Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_%28AWM_014008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_%28AWM_014008%29.jpg/500px-Australian_infantry_and_armour_at_Buna_%28AWM_014008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Australian infantry and tanks during the final <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buna%E2%80%93Gona" title="Battle of Buna–Gona">assault on Buna</a>, 1943.</figcaption></figure> The rapid Allied defeat in the Pacific caused many Australians to fear that the Japanese would invade the Australian mainland. While elements of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Japanese_invasion_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Proposed Japanese invasion of Australia during World War II">proposed this</a> in early 1942, it was judged to be impossible by the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a>, which instead adopted a strategy of isolating Australia from the United States by capturing <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, the Solomon Islands, Fiji, Samoa, and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> This fact was not known by the Allies at the time, and the Australian military was greatly expanded to meet the threat of invasion. Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Forces</a> units arrived in Australia in early 1942, and the Australian military was placed under the overall command of General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> in March.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> Australians played a central role in the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a> during 1942 and 1943. After an attempt to land troops at <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a> was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a>, the Japanese attempted to capture the strategically important town by advancing overland across the <a href="/wiki/Owen_Stanley_Ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Stanley Ranges">Owen Stanley Ranges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milne_Bay" title="Milne Bay">Milne Bay</a>. Australian Army units defeated these offensives in the <a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milne_Bay" title="Battle of Milne Bay">Battle of Milne Bay</a> with the support of the RAAF and USAAF.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> Australian and US Army units subsequently assaulted and captured the Japanese bases on the north coast of Papua in the hard-fought <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buna-Gona" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Buna-Gona">Battle of Buna-Gona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> The Australian Army also defeated a Japanese attempt to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wau" title="Battle of Wau">capture the town of Wau</a> in January 1943 and went onto the offensive in the <a href="/wiki/Salamaua-Lae_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamaua-Lae campaign">Salamaua-Lae campaign</a> in April. In late 1943, the 7th and 9th Divisions played an important role in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Operation Cartwheel</a>, when they landed to the east and west of <a href="/wiki/Lae" title="Lae">Lae</a> and secured the <a href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula" title="Huon Peninsula">Huon Peninsula</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula_campaign" title="Huon Peninsula campaign">Huon Peninsula campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finisterre_Range_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Finisterre Range campaign">Finisterre Range campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg/220px-Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg/330px-Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg/440px-Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Australian-designed <a href="/wiki/CAC_Boomerang" title="CAC Boomerang">CAC Boomerang</a> aircraft at Bougainville in early 1945.</figcaption></figure> The Australian mainland came under attack during 1942 and 1943. Japanese submarines <a href="/wiki/Axis_naval_activity_in_Australian_waters" title="Axis naval activity in Australian waters">operated off Australia</a> from May to August 1942 and January to June 1943. These attacks sought to cut the Allied supply lines between Australia and the US and Australia and New Guinea, but were unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> On 14 May 1943 the hospital ship <a href="/wiki/AHS_Centaur" title="AHS Centaur">AHS Centaur</a> was sunk by a Japanese submarine off Brisbane with the loss of 268 lives.<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> Japanese aircraft also <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Australia,_1942%E2%80%9343" class="mw-redirect" title="Air raids on Australia, 1942–43">conducted air raids</a> against Allied bases in northern Australia which were being used to mount the <a href="/wiki/North_Western_Area_Campaign" title="North Western Area Campaign">North Western Area Campaign</a> against Japanese positions in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a> (NEI).<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> Australia's role in the Pacific War declined from 1944. The increasing size of the US forces in the Pacific rendered the Australian military superfluous and labour shortages forced the Government to reduce the size of the armed forces to boost war production.<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> Nevertheless, the Government wanted the Australian military to remain active, and agreed to MacArthur's proposals that it be used in relatively unimportant campaigns. In late 1944, Australian troops and RAAF squadrons replaced US garrisons in eastern New Guinea, <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville</a>, and launched offensives aimed at destroying or containing the remaining Japanese forces there. In May 1945, I Corps, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_First_Tactical_Air_Force" title="Australian First Tactical Air Force">Australian First Tactical Air Force</a> and USAAF and USN units began the <a href="/wiki/Borneo_Campaign_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo Campaign (1945)">Borneo Campaign</a>, which continued until the end of the war. These campaigns contributed little to Japan's defeat and remain controversial.<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> Following Japan's surrender on 15 August 1945 Australia assumed responsibility for occupying much of Borneo and the eastern Netherlands East Indies until British and Dutch colonial rule was restored. Australian authorities also conducted a number of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes trials">war crimes trials</a> of Japanese personnel. 993,000 Australians enlisted during the war, while 557,000 served overseas. Casualties included 39,767 killed and another 66,553 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[note 7]</a> 20 Victoria Crosses were awarded to Australians.<a href="#cite_note-AustVC-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_period">Post-war period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Post-war period">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demobilisation_and_peace-time_defence_arrangements">Demobilisation and peace-time defence arrangements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Demobilisation and peace-time defence arrangements">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Demobilisation_of_the_Australian_military_after_World_War_II" title="Demobilisation of the Australian military after World War II">demobilisation of the Australian military</a> following the end of the Second World War was completed in 1947. Plans for post-war defence arrangements were predicated on maintaining a relatively strong peacetime force. It was envisioned the Royal Australian Navy would maintain a fleet that would include two <a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">light fleet carriers</a>, two cruisers, six destroyers, 16 others ships in commission and another 52 in reserve. The Royal Australian Air Force would have a strength of 16 squadrons, including four manned by the Citizen Air Force. Meanwhile, in a significant departure from past Australian defence policy which had previously relied on citizen forces, the Australian Army would include a permanent field force of 19,000 <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regulars</a> organised into a brigade of three infantry battalions with armoured support, serving alongside a part-time force of 50,000 men in the Citizen Military Forces.<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> The Australian Regular Army was subsequently formed on 30 September 1947, while the CMF was re-raised on 1 July 1948.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occupation_of_Japan,_1946–52">Occupation of Japan, 1946–52</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Occupation of Japan, 1946–52">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Eichelberger_inspects_the_Australian_Guard_of_Honor_at_Kure,_British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/General_Eichelberger_inspects_the_Australian_Guard_of_Honor_at_Kure%2C_British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force_Headquarters.jpg/220px-General_Eichelberger_inspects_the_Australian_Guard_of_Honor_at_Kure%2C_British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/General_Eichelberger_inspects_the_Australian_Guard_of_Honor_at_Kure%2C_British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force_Headquarters.jpg/330px-General_Eichelberger_inspects_the_Australian_Guard_of_Honor_at_Kure%2C_British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/General_Eichelberger_inspects_the_Australian_Guard_of_Honor_at_Kure%2C_British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force_Headquarters.jpg/440px-General_Eichelberger_inspects_the_Australian_Guard_of_Honor_at_Kure%2C_British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Australian Guard of Honour, at the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">British Commonwealth Occupation Force</a> headquarters, 1946.</figcaption></figure> In the immediate post-war period Australia contributed significant forces to the Allied occupation of Japan as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">British Commonwealth Occupation Force</a> (BCOF), which included forces from Australia, Britain, India and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> At its height in 1946 the Australian component consisted of an infantry brigade, four warships and three fighter squadrons, totalling 13,500 personnel.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> The Australian Army component initially consisted of the <a href="/wiki/34th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="34th Brigade (Australia)">34th Brigade</a> which arrived in Japan in February 1946 and was based in <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture">Hiroshima Prefecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> The three infantry battalions raised for occupation duties were designated the 1st, 2nd and 3rd battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="Royal Australian Regiment">Royal Australian Regiment</a> in 1949,<a href="#cite_note-AWM_1RAR-161">[154]</a> and the 34th Brigade became the <a href="/wiki/1st_Brigade_(Australia)" title="1st Brigade (Australia)">1st Brigade</a> when it returned to Australia in December 1948, forming the basis of the post-war Regular Army. From that time the Australian Army contribution to the occupation of Japan was reduced to a single under-strength battalion. Australian forces remained until September 1951 when the BCOF ceased operations, although by that time the majority of units had been committed to the fighting on the Korean peninsula following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> The RAAF component consisted of <a href="/wiki/No._76_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 76 Squadron RAAF">Nos. 76</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._77_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 77 Squadron RAAF">77</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._82_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 82 Squadron RAAF">82 Squadrons</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/No._81_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 81 Wing RAAF">No. 81 Wing RAAF</a> flying <a href="/wiki/P-51_Mustang" class="mw-redirect" title="P-51 Mustang">P-51 Mustangs</a>, initially based at <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dfu,_Yamaguchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōfu, Yamaguchi">Bofu</a> from March 1946, before transferring to <a href="/wiki/Iwakuni,_Yamaguchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwakuni, Yamaguchi">Iwakuni</a> in 1948. However, by 1950 only No. 77 Squadron remained in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> A total of ten RAN warships served in Japan during this period, including HMA Ships <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Australia_(D84)" title="HMAS Australia (D84)">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Hobart_(D63)" title="HMAS Hobart (D63)">Hobart</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Shropshire" title="HMS Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Arunta_(I30)" title="HMAS Arunta (I30)">Arunta</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Bataan_(I91)" title="HMAS Bataan (I91)">Bataan</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Culgoa_(K408)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMAS Culgoa (K408)">Culgoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Murchison_(K442)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMAS Murchison (K442)">Murchison</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Shoalhaven_(K535)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMAS Shoalhaven (K535)">Shoalhaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Quadrant_(G11)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMAS Quadrant (G11)">Quadrant</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Quiberon_(G81)" title="HMAS Quiberon (G81)">Quiberon</a>, while HMAS Ships <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Manoora_(F48)" title="HMAS Manoora (F48)">Manoora</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Westralia_(F95)" title="HMAS Westralia (F95)">Westralia</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Kanimbla_(C78)" title="HMAS Kanimbla (C78)">Kanimbla</a> also provided support.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_planning_and_commitments">Early planning and commitments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Early planning and commitments">edit</a>]</div> During the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Australian defence planning assumed that in the event of the outbreak of a global war between the Western world and Eastern bloc countries it would need to contribute forces under collective security arrangements as part of the United Nations, or a coalition led by either the United States or Britain. The Middle East was considered the most likely area of operations for Australian forces, where they were expected to operate with British forces.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> Early commitments included the involvement of RAAF aircrew during the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Airlift">Berlin Airlift</a> in 1948–49 and the deployment of <a href="/wiki/No._78_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 78 Wing RAAF">No. 78 Wing RAAF</a> to Malta in the Mediterranean from 1952 to 1954.<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> Meanwhile, defence preparedness initiatives included the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Australia" title="Conscription in Australia">National Service Scheme</a> in 1951 to provide manpower for the citizen forces of the Army, RAAF and RAN.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean_War,_1950–53">Korean War, 1950–53</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Korean War, 1950–53">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Korean_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Korean War">Military history of Australia during the Korean War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_RAR_Korea_(AWM_P01813-449).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/3_RAR_Korea_%28AWM_P01813-449%29.jpg/250px-3_RAR_Korea_%28AWM_P01813-449%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/3_RAR_Korea_%28AWM_P01813-449%29.jpg/330px-3_RAR_Korea_%28AWM_P01813-449%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/3_RAR_Korea_%28AWM_P01813-449%29.jpg/500px-3_RAR_Korea_%28AWM_P01813-449%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Members of <a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment</a> move forward in 1951.</figcaption></figure> On 25 June 1950, the North Korean Army (KPA) crossed the border into South Korea and advanced for the capital <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, which fell in less than a week. North Korean forces continued toward the port of <a href="/wiki/Pusan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pusan">Pusan</a> and two days later the United States offered its assistance to South Korea. In response the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> requested members to assist in repelling the North Korean attack. Australia initially contributed P-51 Mustang fighter-bomber aircraft from No. 77 Squadron RAAF and infantry from the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment</a> (3 RAR), both of which were stationed in Japan as part of the BCOF. In addition, it provided the majority of supply and support personnel to the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Forces_Korea" title="British Commonwealth Forces Korea">British Commonwealth Forces Korea</a>. The RAN frigate HMAS Shoalhaven, and the destroyer HMAS Bataan, were also committed. Later, an aircraft carrier strike group aboard <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(R17)" title="HMAS Sydney (R17)">HMAS Sydney</a> was added to the force.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis302-169">[162]</a> By the time 3 RAR arrived in Pusan on 28 September, the North Koreans were in retreat following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inchon" title="Battle of Inchon">Inchon landings</a>. As a part of the invasion force under the UN Supreme Commander, General Douglas MacArthur, the battalion moved north and was involved in its first major action at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yongju" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yongju">Battle of Yongju</a> near <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> on 22 October, before advancing towards the Yalu River.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> Further successful actions followed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kujin" title="Battle of Kujin">Kujin</a> on 25–26 October 1950 and at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chongju" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chongju">Chongju</a> on 29 October 1950.<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> North Korean casualties were heavy, while Australian losses included their commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hercules_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hercules Green">Charles Green</a>, who was wounded in the stomach by artillery fire after the battle and succumbed to his wounds and died two days later on 1 November.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> Meanwhile, during the last weeks of October the Chinese had moved 18 divisions of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> across the Yalu River to reinforce the remnants of the KPA. Undetected by US and South Korean intelligence, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Army_Group_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Army Group (People's Republic of China) (page does not exist)">13th Army Group</a> crossed the border on 16 October and penetrated up to 100 kilometres (62 mi) into North Korea, and were reinforced in early November by 12 divisions from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Army_Group_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Army Group (People's Republic of China) (page does not exist)">9th Army Group</a>; in total 30 divisions composed of 380,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a> 3 RAR fought its first action against the Chinese at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pakchon" title="Battle of Pakchon">Pakchon</a> on 5 November.<a href="#cite_note-Kuring233-174">[167]</a> The fighting cost the battalion heavily and despite halting a Chinese division the new battalion commander was dismissed in the wake.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> Following the Chinese intervention, the UN forces were defeated in successive battles and 3 RAR was forced to withdraw to the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis302-169">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_Korea_(AWM_044274).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sydney_Korea_%28AWM_044274%29.jpg/220px-Sydney_Korea_%28AWM_044274%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sydney_Korea_%28AWM_044274%29.jpg/330px-Sydney_Korea_%28AWM_044274%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sydney_Korea_%28AWM_044274%29.jpg/440px-Sydney_Korea_%28AWM_044274%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Firefly aircraft on board HMAS Sydney off Korea.</figcaption></figure> A series of battles followed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uijeongbu_(1951)" title="Battle of Uijeongbu (1951)">Uijeongbu</a> on 1–4 January 1951, as the British and Australians occupied defensive positions in an attempt to secure the northern approaches to the South Korean capital.<a href="#cite_note-Kuring233-174">[167]</a> Further fighting occurred at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chuam-ni" title="Battle of Chuam-ni">Chuam-ni</a> on 14–17 February 1951 following another Chinese advance, and later at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maehwa-San" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maehwa-San">Maehwa-San</a> between 7–12 March 1951 as the UN resumed the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> Australian troops subsequently participated in two more major battles in 1951, with the first taking place during fighting which later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kapyong" title="Battle of Kapyong">Battle of Kapyong</a>. On 22 April, Chinese forces attacked the <a href="/wiki/Gapyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Gapyeong">Kapyong valley</a> and forced the South Korean defenders to withdraw. Australian and Canadian troops were ordered to halt this Chinese advance. After a night of fighting the Australians recaptured their positions, at the cost of 32 men killed and 59 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> In July 1951, the Australian battalion became part of the combined Canadian, British, Australian, New Zealand, and Indian <a href="/wiki/1st_Commonwealth_Division" title="1st Commonwealth Division">1st Commonwealth Division</a>. The second major battle took place during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Commando_(1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Commando (1951)">Operation Commando</a> and occurred after the Chinese attacked a salient in a bend of the <a href="/wiki/Imjin_River" title="Imjin River">Imjin River</a>. The 1st Commonwealth Division counter-attacked on 3 October, capturing a number of objectives including Hill 355 and Hill 317 during the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Maryang_San" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Maryang San">Battle of Maryang San</a>; after five days the Chinese retreated. Australian casualties included 20 dead and 104 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> The belligerents then became locked in static <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> akin to the First World War, in which men lived in tunnels, redoubts, and sandbagged forts behind barbed wire defences. From 1951 until the end of the war, 3 RAR held trenches on the eastern side of the division's positions in the hills northeast of the Imjin River. Across from them were heavily fortified Chinese positions. In March 1952, Australia increased its ground commitment to two battalions, sending <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">1 RAR</a>. This battalion remained in Korea for 12 months, before being replaced by <a href="/wiki/2nd_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">2 RAR</a> in April 1953.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> The Australians fought their last battle during 24–26 July 1953, with 2 RAR holding off a concerted Chinese <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Samichon_River" title="Battle of the Samichon River">attack along the Samichon River</a> and inflicting significant casualties for the loss of five killed and 24 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a> Hostilities were suspended on 27 July 1953. 17,808 Australians served during the war, with 341 killed, 1,216 wounded and 30 captured.<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malayan_Emergency,_1950–60">Malayan Emergency, 1950–60</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Malayan Emergency, 1950–60">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Malayan_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency">Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAAFAvroLincolnMalaya1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/RAAFAvroLincolnMalaya1950.jpg/250px-RAAFAvroLincolnMalaya1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/RAAFAvroLincolnMalaya1950.jpg/330px-RAAFAvroLincolnMalaya1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/RAAFAvroLincolnMalaya1950.jpg/500px-RAAFAvroLincolnMalaya1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>A Lincoln from No. 1 Squadron RAAF bombing communist targets during the Malayan Emergency, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1950.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> was declared on 18 June 1948, after three estate managers were murdered by members of the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a> (MCP).<a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> Australian involvement began in June 1950, when in response to a British request, six <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lincoln" title="Avro Lincoln">Lincolns</a> from <a href="/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 1 Squadron RAAF">No. 1 Squadron</a> and a flight of <a href="/wiki/C-47_Skytrain" class="mw-redirect" title="C-47 Skytrain">Dakotas</a> from <a href="/wiki/No._38_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 38 Squadron RAAF">No. 38 Squadron</a> arrived in Singapore to form part of the British Commonwealth <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Air_Force_(Royal_Air_Force)" title="Far East Air Force (Royal Air Force)">Far East Air Force</a> (FEAF). The Dakotas were subsequently used on cargo runs, troop movement, as well as paratroop and leaflet drops, while the Lincoln bombers carried out bombing raids against the Communist Terrorist (CT) jungle bases.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis347-183">[176]</a> The RAAF were particularly successful, and in one such mission known as Operation Termite, five Lincoln bombers destroyed 181 communist camps, killed 13 communists and forced one into surrender, in a joint operation with the RAF and ground troops.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis347-183">[176]</a> The Lincolns were withdrawn in 1958, and were replaced by <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">Canberra</a> bombers from <a href="/wiki/No._2_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 2 Squadron RAAF">No. 2 Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/CAC_Sabre" title="CAC Sabre">CAC Sabres</a> from <a href="/wiki/No._78_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 78 Wing RAAF">No. 78 Wing</a>. Based at <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Butterworth" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF Base Butterworth">RAAF Base Butterworth</a> they also carried out a number ground attack missions against the guerrillas.<a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a> Australian ground forces were deployed to Malaya in October 1955 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Strategic_Reserve" title="Far East Strategic Reserve">Far East Strategic Reserve</a>. In January 1956, the first Australian ground forces were deployed on Malaysian peninsula, consisting of the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2 RAR). 2 RAR mainly participated in "mopping up" operations over the next 20 months, conducting extensive patrolling in and near the CT jungle bases, as part of <a href="/wiki/28th_Commonwealth_Infantry_Brigade_Group" title="28th Commonwealth Infantry Brigade Group">28th British Commonwealth Brigade</a>. Contact with the enemy was infrequent and results small, achieving relatively few kills. 2 RAR left Malaysia October 1957 to be replaced by 3 RAR. 3 RAR underwent six weeks of jungle training and began driving MCP insurgents back into the jungle of Perak and Kedah. The new battalion extensively patrolled and was involved in food denial operations and ambushes. Again contact was limited, although 3 RAR had more success than its predecessor. By late 1959, operations against the MCP were in their final phase, and most communists had been pushed back and across the Thailand border. 3 RAR left Malaysia October 1959 and was replaced by 1 RAR. Though patrolling the border 1 RAR did not make contact with the insurgents, and in October 1960 it was replaced by 2 RAR, which stayed in Malaysia until August 1963. The Malayan Emergency officially ended on 31 July 1960.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis347-183">[176]</a> Australia also provided artillery and engineer support, along with an air-field construction squadron. The Royal Australian Navy also served in Malayan waters, firing on suspected communist positions between 1956 and 1957. The Emergency was the longest continued commitment in Australian military history; 7,000<a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> Australians served and 51 died in Malaya—although only 15 were on operations—and another 27 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis347-183">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_and_Naval_growth_during_the_1960s">Military and Naval growth during the 1960s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Military and Naval growth during the 1960s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMAS_Perth_(D_38)_fires_on_North_Vietnamese_coastal_defense_sites_in_February_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HMAS_Perth_%28D_38%29_fires_on_North_Vietnamese_coastal_defense_sites_in_February_1968.jpg/250px-HMAS_Perth_%28D_38%29_fires_on_North_Vietnamese_coastal_defense_sites_in_February_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HMAS_Perth_%28D_38%29_fires_on_North_Vietnamese_coastal_defense_sites_in_February_1968.jpg/330px-HMAS_Perth_%28D_38%29_fires_on_North_Vietnamese_coastal_defense_sites_in_February_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HMAS_Perth_%28D_38%29_fires_on_North_Vietnamese_coastal_defense_sites_in_February_1968.jpg/500px-HMAS_Perth_%28D_38%29_fires_on_North_Vietnamese_coastal_defense_sites_in_February_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3547" data-file-height="2646" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Perth_(D_38)" title="HMAS Perth (D 38)">HMAS Perth</a> firing on North Vietnamese targets in 1968. Perth joined the fleet in 1965 as part of the RAN's naval expansion program.</figcaption></figure> At the start of the 1960s, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> greatly expanded the Australian military so that it could carry out the Government's policy of "Forward Defence" in South East Asia. In 1964, Menzies announced a large increase in defence spending. The strength of the Australian Army would be increased by 50% over three years from 22,000 to 33,000; providing a full three-brigade division with nine battalions. The RAAF and RAN would also both be increased by 25%. In 1964, conscription or National Service was re-introduced under the <a href="/wiki/National_Service_Act_(1964)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Service Act (1964)">National Service Act</a>, for selected 20-year-olds based on date of birth, for a period of two years' continuous full-time service (the previous scheme having been suspended in 1959).<a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a> In 1961, three <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Adams-class_destroyer" title="Charles F. Adams-class destroyer">Charles F. Adams-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> were purchased from the United States to replace the ageing <a href="/wiki/Q_and_R-class_destroyer" title="Q and R-class destroyer">Q-class destroyers</a>. Traditionally, the RAN had purchased designs based on those of the Royal Navy and the purchase of American destroyers was significant. <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Perth_(D_38)" title="HMAS Perth (D 38)">HMAS Perth</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Hobart_(D_39)" title="HMAS Hobart (D 39)">HMAS Hobart</a> joined the fleet in 1965, followed by <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Brisbane_(D_41)" title="HMAS Brisbane (D 41)">HMAS Brisbane</a> in 1967. Other projects included the construction of six <a href="/wiki/River-class_destroyer_escort" title="River-class destroyer escort">River-class</a> frigates, the conversion of the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Melbourne_(R21)" title="HMAS Melbourne (R21)">HMAS Melbourne</a> to an anti-submarine role, the acquisition of ten <a href="/wiki/Westland_Wessex" title="Westland Wessex">Wessex</a> helicopters, and the purchase of six <a href="/wiki/Oberon-class_submarine" title="Oberon-class submarine">Oberon-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a> The RAAF took delivery of their first <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III" title="Dassault Mirage III">Mirage</a> fighters in 1967, equipping <a href="/wiki/No._3_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 3 Squadron RAAF">No. 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._75_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 75 Squadron RAAF">No. 75</a> and No. 77 Squadrons with them. The service also received American <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111" class="mw-redirect" title="General Dynamics F-111">F-111</a> strike aircraft, <a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> transports, <a href="/wiki/P-3_Orion" class="mw-redirect" title="P-3 Orion">P-3 Orion</a> maritime reconnaissance aircraft and Italian <a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_MB-326" title="Aermacchi MB-326">Macchi</a> trainers.<a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia-Malaysia_Confrontation,_1962–66">Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, 1962–66</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, 1962–66">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Indonesia-Malaysia_Confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation">Military history of Australia during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg/250px-Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg/330px-Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg/500px-Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>An Australian soldier manning the machine gun while on guard duty in Borneo during 1965</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Indonesia-Malaysia_confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation</a> was fought from 1962 to 1966 between the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> and Indonesia over the creation of the Federation of Malaysia, with the Commonwealth attempting to safeguard the security of the new state. The war remained limited, and was fought primarily on the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, although a number of Indonesian seaborne and airborne incursions onto the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> did occur.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis171-188">[181]</a> As part of Australia's continuing military commitment to the security of Malaysia, army, naval and airforce units were based there as part of the Far East Strategic Reserve. Regardless the Australian government was wary of involvement in a war with Indonesia and initially limited its involvement to the defence of the Malayan peninsula only. On two occasions Australian troops from 3 RAR were used to help mop up infiltrators from seaborne and airborne incursions at <a href="/wiki/Labis" title="Labis">Labis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontian,_Johor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontian, Johor">Pontian</a>, in September and October 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis171-188">[181]</a> Following these raids the government conceded to British and Malaysian requests to deploy an infantry battalion to Borneo. During the early phases, British and Malaysian troops had attempted only to control the Malaysian/Indonesian border, and to protect population centres. However, by the time the Australian battalion deployed the British had decided on more aggressive action, crossing the border into <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> to obtain information and conduct ambushes to force the Indonesians to remain on the defensive, under the codename <a href="/wiki/Operation_Claret" title="Operation Claret">Operation Claret</a>. The fighting took place in mountainous, jungle-clad terrain, and a debilitating climate, with operations characterised by the extensive use of company bases sited along the border, cross-border operations, the use of helicopters for troop movement and resupply, and the role of <a href="/wiki/HUMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="HUMINT">human</a> and <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> to determine enemy movements and intentions.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis173-189">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAAF_UH1_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/RAAF_UH1_1964.jpg/250px-RAAF_UH1_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/RAAF_UH1_1964.jpg/330px-RAAF_UH1_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/RAAF_UH1_1964.jpg/500px-RAAF_UH1_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>A RAAF <a href="/wiki/UH-1_Iroquois" class="mw-redirect" title="UH-1 Iroquois">UH-1 Iroquois</a> landing at <a href="/wiki/Terendak_Camp" title="Terendak Camp">Terendak Camp</a> in 1964.</figcaption></figure> 3 RAR deployed to Borneo in March 1965, and served in <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> until the end of July, operating on both sides of the border. The battalion had four major contacts with Indonesian forces and several smaller ones—including at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sungei_Koemba" title="Battle of Sungei Koemba">Sungei Koemba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kindau" title="Battle of Kindau">Kindau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Babang" title="Battle of Babang">Babang</a> during which they inflicted heavy casualties on the Indonesians—as well as suffering casualties in two mine incidents. <a href="/wiki/4th_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">4 RAR</a> served a less-eventful tour between April and August 1966, and also operated over the border, successfully clashing with the Indonesians on a number of occasions.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis173-189">[182]</a> A squadron of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a> (SASR) was also deployed in 1965 and again in 1966, taking part in cross-border operations and inflicting significant casualties on the Indonesians, even though they were often tasked with covert reconnaissance.<a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a> Other units included artillery and engineers, while a number of RAN ships were involved in shelling Indonesian positions in Borneo and in repelling infiltrators in the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Strait" title="Singapore Strait">Singapore Strait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis173-189">[182]</a> The RAAF played a relatively minor role, although it would have been used far more extensively had the war escalated.<a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[note 8]</a> Operations in Borneo were extremely sensitive and they received little press coverage in Australia, while official acknowledgement of involvement in cross-border missions only occurred in 1996. Following a military coup in Indonesia in early 1966 which brought General <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> to power, a peace treaty was signed in August 1966 which ended the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis173-189">[182]</a> 3,500 Australians served during Confrontation; casualties included 16 dead, with seven killed in action and eight wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis173-189">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam_War,_1962–73">Vietnam War, 1962–73</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Vietnam War, 1962–73">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7_RAR_Vietnam_(AWM_EKN-67-0130-VN).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/7_RAR_Vietnam_%28AWM_EKN-67-0130-VN%29.jpg/220px-7_RAR_Vietnam_%28AWM_EKN-67-0130-VN%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/7_RAR_Vietnam_%28AWM_EKN-67-0130-VN%29.jpg/330px-7_RAR_Vietnam_%28AWM_EKN-67-0130-VN%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/7_RAR_Vietnam_%28AWM_EKN-67-0130-VN%29.jpg/440px-7_RAR_Vietnam_%28AWM_EKN-67-0130-VN%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2446" /></a><figcaption>An iconic image of Australian soldiers from <a href="/wiki/7th_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">7 RAR</a> waiting to be picked up by UH-1 Iroquois helicopters following a routine cordon and search operation.</figcaption></figure> Australia's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> was driven largely by the rise of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> in Southeast Asia after the Second World War, and the fear of its spread which developed in Australia during the 1950s and early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-193">[185]</a> As a consequence, Australia supported <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> throughout the early 1960s. In 1961 and 1962, the leader of the South Vietnamese government, <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a>, asked for assistance from the US and its allies in response to a growing insurgency supported by communist <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>. Australia offered 30 military advisors from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Training_Team_Vietnam" title="Australian Army Training Team Vietnam">Australian Army Training Team Vietnam</a>, which became known simply as "The Team". They arrived in July and August 1962, beginning Australia's involvement in the war. Later in August 1964, the RAAF sent a flight of <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-4_Caribou" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou">Caribou</a> transport aircraft to the port city of <a href="/wiki/Vung_Tau" class="mw-redirect" title="Vung Tau">Vung Tau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis555-194">[186]</a> However, with the security situation in South Vietnam continuing to deteriorate, the US increased its involvement to 200,000 combat troops by early 1965. Australia also committed ground forces, dispatching the 1 RAR to serve with the US <a href="/wiki/173rd_Airborne_Brigade" title="173rd Airborne Brigade">173rd Airborne Brigade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bien_Hoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bien Hoa">Bien Hoa</a> province in June 1965 and it subsequently fought a number of significant actions, including <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gang_Toi" title="Battle of Gang Toi">Gang Toi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crimp" title="Operation Crimp">Operation Crimp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suoi_Bong_Trang" title="Battle of Suoi Bong Trang">Suoi Bong Trang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis555-194">[186]</a> In March 1966, the Australian government announced the deployment of a brigade-sized unit—the <a href="/wiki/1st_Australian_Task_Force" title="1st Australian Task Force">1st Australian Task Force</a> (1 ATF)—to replace 1 RAR. Included were a large number of conscripts, under the increasingly controversial National Service Scheme. Consisting of two infantry battalions as well as armour, aviation, artillery and other support arms, the task force was assigned primary responsibility for its own area and was based at <a href="/wiki/Nui_Dat" title="Nui Dat">Nui Dat</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Phuoc_Tuy_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuoc Tuy Province">Phuoc Tuy Province</a>. Included were the <a href="/wiki/UH-1_Iroquois" class="mw-redirect" title="UH-1 Iroquois">Iroquois</a> helicopters of <a href="/wiki/No._9_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 9 Squadron RAAF">No. 9 Squadron RAAF</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Tan" title="Battle of Long Tan">Battle of Long Tan</a> on 18 August 1966, D Company, <a href="/wiki/6th_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">6 RAR</a> with considerable artillery support held off and defeated a Viet Cong force that was at least six times bigger than itself. 18 Australians were killed and 24 wounded, while 245 communist dead were later recovered from the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a> The battle allowed the Australians to gain dominance over Phuoc Tuy Province and 1 ATF was not fundamentally challenged again.<a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a> Regardless, during February 1967 the Australians suffered their heaviest casualties in the war to that point, losing 16 men killed and 55 wounded in a single week, the bulk during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bribie" title="Operation Bribie">Operation Bribie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[189]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAAF_TFV_(HD-SN-99-02052).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RAAF_TFV_%28HD-SN-99-02052%29.jpg/250px-RAAF_TFV_%28HD-SN-99-02052%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RAAF_TFV_%28HD-SN-99-02052%29.jpg/330px-RAAF_TFV_%28HD-SN-99-02052%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RAAF_TFV_%28HD-SN-99-02052%29.jpg/500px-RAAF_TFV_%28HD-SN-99-02052%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Personnel and aircraft of RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam arrive in South Vietnam in 1964.</figcaption></figure> Yet with the Phuoc Tuy province coming progressively under control throughout 1967, the Australians increasingly spent a significant period of time conducting operations further afield.<a href="#cite_note-198">[190]</a> 1 ATF was subsequently deployed astride infiltration routes leading to Saigon to interdict communist movement against the capital as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Coburg" title="Operation Coburg">Operation Coburg</a> during the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> and later during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coral%E2%80%93Balmoral" title="Battle of Coral–Balmoral">Battle of Coral–Balmoral</a> in May and June 1968. At Fire Support Bases Coral and Balmoral the Australians had clashed with regular <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnamese Army">North Vietnamese Army</a> and Viet Cong main force units operating in battalion and regimental strength for the first time in near conventional warfare, ultimately fighting their largest, most hazardous and most sustained battle of the war. During 26 days of fighting Australian casualties included 25 killed and 99 wounded, while communist casualties included 267 killed confirmed by body count, 60 possibly killed, 7 wounded and 11 captured.<a href="#cite_note-199">[191]</a> Other significant Australian actions included <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binh_Ba" title="Battle of Binh Ba">Binh Ba</a> in June 1969, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hat_Dich" title="Battle of Hat Dich">Hat Dich</a> in late-December 1968 and early 1969 and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Khanh" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Long Khanh">Long Khanh</a> in June 1971. At the height of the Australian commitment, 1 ATF numbered 8,500 troops, including three infantry battalions, armour, artillery, engineers, logistics and aviation units in support. A third RAAF unit, No. 2 Squadron RAAF, flying Canberra bombers, was sent in 1967, and four RAN destroyers joined US patrols in the waters off North Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis620-200">[192]</a> The Australian withdrawal effectively commenced in November 1970. As a consequence of the overall allied strategy of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a> and with the Australian government keen to reduce its own commitment to the war, <a href="/wiki/8th_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="8th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">8 RAR</a> was not replaced at the end of its tour of duty. 1 ATF was again reduced to just two infantry battalions, albeit with significant armour, artillery and aviation support remaining.<a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a> Australian combat forces were further reduced during 1971 as part of a phased withdrawal, and 1 ATF ceased operations in October. Meanwhile, the advisors remained to train South Vietnamese troops until withdrawn on 18 December 1972 by the newly elected Labor government of <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[194]</a> The last Australian forces were finally withdrawn in 1973. The Vietnam War was Australia's longest and most controversial war and although initially enjoying broad support, as the nation's military involvement increased a vocal anti-war movement developed.<a href="#cite_note-203">[195]</a> More than 50,000 Australians served in Vietnam; 519 were killed and 2,398 were wounded. Four were awarded the Victoria Cross.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis620-200">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Vietnam_era">Post-Vietnam era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Post-Vietnam era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creation_of_the_Australian_Defence_Force,_1976">Creation of the Australian Defence Force, 1976</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Creation of the Australian Defence Force, 1976">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russell_Offices.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Russell_Offices.JPG/220px-Russell_Offices.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Russell_Offices.JPG/330px-Russell_Offices.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Russell_Offices.JPG/440px-Russell_Offices.JPG 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Russell_Offices" title="Russell Offices">Russell Offices</a> complex in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> houses the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a> administrative headquarters. The three military branches amalgamated into the ADF in 1976.</figcaption></figure> Although the importance of <a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare" title="Joint warfare">'joint' warfare</a> had been highlighted during Second World War when Australian naval, ground and air units frequently served as part of single commands, the absence of a central authority continued to result in poor co-ordination between the services in the post-war era, with each organising and operating on the basis of a different <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">military doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horner_p44-204">[196]</a> The need for an integrated command structure received more emphasis during the Australian military's experiences in the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-Horner_p44-204">[196]</a> In 1973, the Secretary of the Department of Defence, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tange" title="Arthur Tange">Arthur Tange</a>, submitted a report to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Government</a> that recommended the unification of the separate departments supporting each service into a single department and the creation of the post of <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Force_(Australia)" title="Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)">Chief of the Defence Force Staff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horner47-205">[197]</a> The Whitlam <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> Government subsequently amalgamated the five defence ministries (Defence, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Navy_(Australia)" title="Department of the Navy (Australia)">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Army_(Australia)" title="Department of the Army (Australia)">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Air_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Air (Australia)">Air Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Supply" title="Department of Supply">Supply</a>) into a single Department of Defence in 1973, while conscription under the National Service scheme was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-Horner47-205">[197]</a> On 1 January 1976, the three branches of the Australian military were brought together as a unified, all-volunteer, professional force known as the Australian Defence Force (ADF).<a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a> Today, the ADF is headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Russell_Offices" title="Russell Offices">Russell Offices</a> in Canberra and is divided into Air, Land, Maritime and Special Operations Commands. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(Australia)" title="Northern Command (Australia)">Northern Command</a> is based in Darwin, and is responsible for operations in Northern Australia.<a href="#cite_note-207">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defence_of_Australia,_1980s_and_1990s">Defence of Australia, 1980s and 1990s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Defence of Australia, 1980s and 1990s">edit</a>]</div> Until the 1970s, Australia's military strategy centred on the concept of Forward Defence, in which the role of Australian military and naval forces were to co-operate with Allied forces to counter threats in Australia's region. Following the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Guam_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Guam Doctrine">Guam Doctrine</a> by the United States in 1969, and the British withdrawal '<a href="/wiki/East_of_Suez" title="East of Suez">east of Suez</a>' in the early 1970s, Australia developed a defence policy emphasising self-reliance and the defence of the Australian continent. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Australia_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence of Australia Policy">Defence of Australia Policy</a>, it focused Australian defence planning on protecting the nation's northern maritime approaches (the 'air-sea gap') against possible attack.<a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a> In line with this goal, the ADF was restructured to increase its ability to strike at enemy forces from Australian bases and to counter raids on continental Australia. This was achieved by increasing the capabilities of the RAN and RAAF, and relocating regular Army units to Northern Australia.<a href="#cite_note-209">[201]</a> During this time the ADF had no military units on operational deployment outside Australia. However, in 1987 the ADF made its first operational deployment as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Morris_Dance" title="Operation Morris Dance">Operation Morris Dance</a>, in which several warships and a rifle company deployed to the waters off Fiji in response to the <a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a>. While broadly successful, this deployment highlighted the need for the ADF to improve its capability to rapidly respond to unforeseen events.<a href="#cite_note-210">[202]</a> During this period Australia continued to retain forces in Malaysia as part of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a> (FPDA) agreed in 1971 to defend it in the event of external attack, with this commitment initially including significant air, ground and naval forces. However, these forces were gradually reduced with the infantry battalion withdrawn from Singapore in 1973, and the two Mirage fighter squadrons in 1988. Since then a detachment of Orion maritime patrol aircraft, support personnel, and an infantry company known as <a href="/wiki/Rifle_Company_Butterworth" title="Rifle Company Butterworth">Rifle Company Butterworth</a> have been maintained, as well as occasional deployments of <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18 Hornet</a> fighter aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-211">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[204]</a> Australian submarines reportedly undertook a number of clandestine surveillance missions throughout Asian waters in the last decades of the Cold War. Airforce and Navy units were also involved in tracking Soviet ship and submarine movements in the region.<a href="#cite_note-213">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[206]</a> Since then the Orions have continued to participate in maritime security operations as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gateway" title="Operation Gateway">Operation Gateway</a>, conducting patrols over the Indian Ocean, Strait of Malacca and South China Sea.<a href="#cite_note-215">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a> They have reportedly also been involved in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_navigation" title="Freedom of navigation">freedom of navigation</a> flights.<a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gulf_War,_1991">Gulf War, 1991</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Gulf War, 1991">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_1991_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War">Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMAS_Sydney_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HMAS_Sydney_1991.jpg/220px-HMAS_Sydney_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HMAS_Sydney_1991.jpg/330px-HMAS_Sydney_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HMAS_Sydney_1991.jpg/440px-HMAS_Sydney_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(FFG_03)" title="HMAS Sydney (FFG 03)">HMAS Sydney</a> in the Persian Gulf in 1991.</figcaption></figure> Australia was a member of the international coalition which contributed military forces to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">1991 Gulf War</a>, deploying a naval task group of two warships, a support ship and a <a href="/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Team_(RAN)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearance Diving Team (RAN)">clearance diving team</a>; in total about 750 personnel. The Australian contribution was the first time Australian personnel were deployed to an active war zone since the establishment of the ADF and the deployment tested its capabilities and command structure. However, the Australian force did not see combat, and instead playing a significant role in enforcing the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_sanctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq sanctions">sanctions put in place against Iraq</a> following the invasion of Kuwait. Some ADF personnel serving on exchange with British and American units did see combat, and a few were later decorated for their actions.<a href="#cite_note-220">[212]</a> Following the war, the Navy regularly deployed a <a href="/wiki/List_of_recent_Australian_warship_deployments_to_the_Middle_East" title="List of recent Australian warship deployments to the Middle East">frigate to the Persian Gulf or Red Sea</a> to enforce the trade sanctions which continued to be applied to Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a> A number of Australian airmen and ground crew posted to or on exchange with US and British air forces subsequently participated in enforcing no-fly zones imposed over Iraq between 1991 and 2003.<a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_security,_late-1990s">Global security, late-1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Global security, late-1990s">edit</a>]</div> Since the late 1980s, the Australian government had increasingly called upon the ADF to contribute forces to peacekeeping missions around the world. While most of these deployments involved only small numbers of specialists, several led to the deployment of hundreds of personnel. Large peacekeeping deployments were made to Namibia in early 1989, Cambodia between 1992 and 1993, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Solace" title="Operation Solace">Somalia</a> in 1993, Rwanda between 1994 and 1995 and <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bougainville Province">Bougainville</a> in 1994 and from 1997 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a> The 1996 election of the <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal government</a> resulted in significant reforms to the ADF's force structure and role, with the new government's defence strategy placed less singular emphasis on defending Australia from direct attack and greater emphasis on working in co-operation with regional states and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Australia's allies</a> to manage potential security threats in recognition of Australia's global security interests. In line with this new focus, the ADF's force structure changed in an attempt to increase the proportion of combat units to support units and to improve the ADF's combat effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Millennium">New Millennium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: New Millennium">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Timor,_1999–2013">East Timor, 1999–2013</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: East Timor, 1999–2013">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Mission in East Timor">United Nations Mission in East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Force_for_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="International Force for East Timor">International Force for East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor">United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Astute" title="Operation Astute">Operation Astute</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INTERFET_12_Feb_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/INTERFET_12_Feb_2000.jpg/220px-INTERFET_12_Feb_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/INTERFET_12_Feb_2000.jpg/330px-INTERFET_12_Feb_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/INTERFET_12_Feb_2000.jpg/440px-INTERFET_12_Feb_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1990" /></a><figcaption>Australian members of <a href="/wiki/International_Force_East_Timor" title="International Force East Timor">International Force East Timor</a>, 2000.</figcaption></figure> The former-Portuguese colony of East Timor was invaded by Indonesia in 1975, however, following years of violent struggle the new Indonesian government of President <a href="/wiki/B.J._Habibie" class="mw-redirect" title="B.J. Habibie">B.J. Habibie</a> subsequently agreed to allow the East Timorese to <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_Special_Autonomy_Referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum">vote on autonomy</a> in 1999. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Mission in East Timor">United Nations Mission in East Timor</a> (UNAMET) was established to organise and conduct the vote, which was held at the end of August 1999 and resulted with 78.5% of voters deciding in favour of independence. However, following the announcement of the results pro-Indonesian militias supported by elements of the Indonesian military, launched a campaign of violence, looting and arson and many East Timorese were killed, while perhaps more than 500,000 were displaced. Unable to control the violence, Indonesia subsequently agreed to the deployment of a multinational peacekeeping force. Australia, which had contributed police to UNAMET, organised and led an international military coalition, known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Force_for_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="International Force for East Timor">International Force for East Timor</a> (INTERFET), a non-UN force operating in accordance with UN resolutions. The total size of the Australian force committed numbered 5,500 personnel,<a href="#cite_note-AWMPeacekeeping-225">[217]</a> and included a significant ground force, supported by air and naval forces,<a href="#cite_note-226">[218]</a> in the largest single deployment of Australian forces since 1945.<a href="#cite_note-227">[219]</a> Under the overall command of Australian Major General <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cosgrove" title="Peter Cosgrove">Peter Cosgrove</a>, INTERFET began arriving on 12 September 1999 and was tasked with restoring peace and security, protecting and supporting UNAMET, and facilitating humanitarian assistance operations. With the withdrawal of the Indonesian armed forces, police and government officials from East Timor, UNAMET re-established its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a> on 28 September.<a href="#cite_note-AWMPeacekeeping-225">[217]</a> On 19 October 1999, Indonesia formally recognised the result of the referendum and shortly thereafter a UN peacekeeping force, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor">United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor</a> (UNTAET) was established, becoming fully responsible for the administration of East Timor during its transition to independence. The hand-over of command of military operations from INTERFET to UNTAET was completed on 28 February 2000. Australia continued to support the UN peacekeeping operation with between 1,500 and 2,000 personnel, as well as landing craft and <a href="/wiki/UH-60" class="mw-redirect" title="UH-60">Blackhawk helicopters</a> and remained the largest contributor of personnel to the peacekeeping mission.<a href="#cite_note-AWMPeacekeeping-225">[217]</a> During these operations Australian forces regularly clashed with pro-Indonesian militia and on a number of occasions Indonesian forces as well, especially along the border with <a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">West Timor</a>. Significant actions occurred in <a href="/wiki/Suai,_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Suai, East Timor">Suai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mota%27ain" title="Mota'ain">Mota'ain</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aidabasalala" title="Battle of Aidabasalala">Aidabasalala</a> in October 1999. However, with the security situation stabilised the bulk of the Australian and UN forces were withdrawn by 2005. Two Australians died from non-battle related causes, while a number were wounded in action.<a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6RAR_at_Same_March_2007_low_res.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/6RAR_at_Same_March_2007_low_res.JPG/250px-6RAR_at_Same_March_2007_low_res.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/6RAR_at_Same_March_2007_low_res.JPG/330px-6RAR_at_Same_March_2007_low_res.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a8/6RAR_at_Same_March_2007_low_res.JPG 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>An Australian in <a href="/wiki/Same,_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Same, East Timor">Same</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Same" title="Battle of Same">Battle of Same</a>, 2007.</figcaption></figure> The unexpected deployment to East Timor in 1999 led to significant changes in Australian defence policy and to an enhancement of the ADF's ability to conduct operations outside Australia. This successful deployment was the first time a large Australian military force had operated outside of Australia since the Vietnam War and revealed shortcomings in the ADF's ability to mount and sustain such operations.<a href="#cite_note-228">[220]</a> In response, the 2000 Defence White Paper placed a greater emphasis on preparing the ADF for overseas deployments. The Australian government committed to improve the ADF's capabilities by improving the readiness and equipment of ADF units, expanding the ADF to 57,000 full-time personnel and increasing <a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Real versus nominal value (economics)">real</a> Defence expenditure by 3% per year.<a href="#cite_note-229">[221]</a> In May 2006, 2,000 ADF personnel were again deployed to East Timor as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Astute" title="Operation Astute">Operation Astute</a>, following unrest between elements of the <a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor Leste Defence Force">Timor Leste Defence Force</a>. Australian forces were involved in a number skirmishes during this time, including a heavy clash with rebels commanded by <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Reinado" title="Alfredo Reinado">Alfredo Reinado</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Same" title="Battle of Same">Same</a> on 4 March 2007. However, by early-2010 the security situation had been stabilised and just 400 Australian personnel remained to train the local security forces as part of a small international force.<a href="#cite_note-230">[222]</a> Following a drawdown, the International Stabilisation Force commenced withdrawing from Timor-Leste in November 2012, a process which was completed in April 2013.<a href="#cite_note-231">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan,_2001–2021">Afghanistan, 2001–2021</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Afghanistan, 2001–2021">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Slipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Slipper">Operation Slipper</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3RAR_Afghanistan_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/3RAR_Afghanistan_2008.jpg/250px-3RAR_Afghanistan_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/3RAR_Afghanistan_2008.jpg/330px-3RAR_Afghanistan_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/3RAR_Afghanistan_2008.jpg/500px-3RAR_Afghanistan_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption>Members of 3 RAR on a foot patrol in <a href="/wiki/Tarinkot" title="Tarinkot">Tarinkot</a>, 2008.</figcaption></figure> Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> inspired terrorist attacks in New York and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> on 11 September 2001, Australian forces were committed to the American-led international coalition against terrorism. The ADF's most visible contribution—codenamed Operation Slipper—has been a special forces task group operating in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2002 and again from mid-2005 to fight against the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>. Over time the Australian commitment has grown, with the addition of further ground forces in the form of a Reconstruction Task Force from 2006 to provide security, reconstruction and to mentor and train the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan National Army">Afghan National Army</a>. Australia has also contributed a frigate and two <a href="/wiki/AP-3C_Orion" class="mw-redirect" title="AP-3C Orion">AP-3C Orion</a> surveillance aircraft and three C-130 Hercules transport aircraft to international operations in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean since 2001, supporting both the operations in Afghanistan and those in Iraq under Operation Catalyst. A detachment of four F/A-18 Hornet fighter-bombers was based at <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a> from late-2001 to mid-2002, while two <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a> air-to-air refuelling aircraft were also based in <a href="/wiki/Manas_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Manas Air Base">Manas Air Base</a> in Kyrgyzstan to provide support to coalition aircraft operating in Afghan airspace but were later withdrawn.<a href="#cite_note-232">[224]</a> A Special Operations Task Group was deployed to support the Reconstruction Taskforce in April 2007. In addition to radar crews, logistics and intelligence officers, and security personnel, this brought the number of Australian personnel in Afghanistan to 950 by mid-2007, with further small increases to 1,000 in mid-2008, 1,100 in early 2009<a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a> and 1,550 in mid-2009.<a href="#cite_note-:1-234">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_ASLAV_in_a_defensive_position_in_Afghanistan_during_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/An_ASLAV_in_a_defensive_position_in_Afghanistan_during_2010.jpg/220px-An_ASLAV_in_a_defensive_position_in_Afghanistan_during_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/An_ASLAV_in_a_defensive_position_in_Afghanistan_during_2010.jpg/330px-An_ASLAV_in_a_defensive_position_in_Afghanistan_during_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/An_ASLAV_in_a_defensive_position_in_Afghanistan_during_2010.jpg/440px-An_ASLAV_in_a_defensive_position_in_Afghanistan_during_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/ASLAV" title="ASLAV">ASLAV</a> providing security for ground troops in the Tangi Valley in 2010.</figcaption></figure> A modest force remained in Afghanistan over this time and was involved in counter-insurgency operations in <a href="/wiki/Uruzgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruzgan">Uruzgan Province</a> in conjunction United States and other coalition forces, including the Dutch prior to their withdrawal. The force consisted of motorised infantry, special forces, engineers, cavalry, artillery and aviation elements. By 2010 it included a combined arms <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a>-sized <a href="/wiki/Battlegroup_(army)" title="Battlegroup (army)">battle group</a> known as the Mentoring Task Force, and the Special Operations Task Group, both based at Forward Operation Base Ripley outside of <a href="/wiki/Tarin_Kowt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarin Kowt">Tarin Kowt</a>, as well as the Rotary Wing Group flying <a href="/wiki/CH-47" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-47">CH-47D Chinooks</a>, the Force Logistics Asset and an RAAF air surveillance radar unit based in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[228]</a> In addition, a further 800 Australian logistic personnel were also based in the Middle East in support, but located outside of Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-:1-234">[226]</a> Meanwhile, detachments of maritime patrol and transport aircraft continued to support operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, based out of <a href="/wiki/Camp_Mirage" title="Camp Mirage">Al Minhad Air Base</a> in the United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-Nautilus_Al_Minhad_Air_Base-237">[229]</a> Also included was one of the RAN's frigates deployed to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> on counter piracy and maritime interdiction duties.<a href="#cite_note-Op_Slipper_Factsheet_130110-238">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[note 9]</a> Australian forces were at times involved in heavy fighting, and significant actions included <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anaconda" title="Operation Anaconda">Operation Anaconda</a> in 2002 and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Perth" title="Operation Perth">Operation Perth</a> in 2006, as well as actions in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chora" title="Battle of Chora">Chora</a> in 2007, <a href="/wiki/First_and_Second_Battles_of_Kakarak" class="mw-redirect" title="First and Second Battles of Kakarak">Kakarak</a> in 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Wali_Kot_Offensive" title="Shah Wali Kot Offensive">Shah Wali Kot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derapet" title="Battle of Derapet">Derapet</a> in 2010, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doan" title="Battle of Doan">Doan</a> in 2011; although others have yet to be publicly acknowledged due to operational security requirements. Casualties include 41 killed and 256 wounded, while another Australian also died serving with the British Army.<a href="#cite_note-OPSlipper-240">[231]</a> Four Australians have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross_for_Australia" title="Victoria Cross for Australia">Victoria Cross for Australia</a>, the first such decorations in forty years.<a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a> Following a drawdown in forces, the last combat troops were withdrawn on 15 December 2013; however, approximately 400 personnel remain in Afghanistan as trainers and advisers, and are stationed in Kandahar and Kabul.<a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[234]</a> Over 26,000 Australian personnel have served in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-ONeill-244">[235]</a> In November 2020, a report for the <a href="/wiki/Inspector-General_of_the_Australian_Defence_Force" title="Inspector-General of the Australian Defence Force">Inspector-General of the Australian Defence Force</a> by Major General <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brereton" title="Paul Brereton">Paul Brereton</a>, a <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Appeal" title="New South Wales Court of Appeal">New South Wales Court of Appeal</a> judge, found credible information that 25 current or former members of the ADF were involved in, or accessories to, the murder of 39 Afghan prisoners and civilians, and the cruel treatment of two others. None of these matters occurred in the "heat of battle". Brereton's inquiry took four and a half years to complete, and involved the interviewing of 423 witnesses, the examination of more than 20,000 documents and 25,000 images, regarding conduct in Afghanistan between 2005 and 2016. It recommended that 36 incidents be referred to the AFP for criminal investigation. The report, released in heavily redacted form on 19 November by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Force_(Australia)" title="Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)">Chief of the Defence Force</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Angus_Campbell_(general)" title="Angus Campbell (general)">Angus Campbell</a>. Campbell offered an apology for "any wrongdoing by Australian soldiers", and highlighted that the matters predominantly involved the SASR. He summarised the report by saying that "It is alleged that some patrols took the law into their own hands, rules were broken, stories concocted, lies told and prisoners killed", and said that practices developed in order to conceal deliberate unlawful killings.<a href="#cite_note-245">[236]</a> On 26 November, it was reported that Defence had commenced administrative action against at least 10 serving members of the SASR, issuing them with "show cause" notices for their dismissal.<a href="#cite_note-246">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraq,_2003–11">Iraq, 2003–11</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Iraq, 2003–11">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq</a></div> Australian forces later joined British and American forces during the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. The initial contribution was also a modest one, consisting of just 2,058 personnel—codenamed Operation Falconer. Major force elements included special forces, rotary and fixed wing aviation and naval units. Army units included elements from the SASR and 4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (Commando), a CH-47 Chinook detachment and a number of other specialist units. RAN units included the amphibious ship <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Kanimbla_(L_51)" title="HMAS Kanimbla (L 51)">HMAS Kanimbla</a> and the frigates <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Darwin_(FFG_04)" title="HMAS Darwin (FFG 04)">HMAS Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Anzac_(FFH_150)" title="HMAS Anzac (FFH 150)">HMAS Anzac</a>, while the RAAF deployed 14 F/A-18 Hornets from No. 75 Squadron, a number of AP-3C Orions and C-130 Hercules.<a href="#cite_note-247">[238]</a> The Australian Special Forces Task Force was one of the first coalition units forces to cross the border into Iraq, while for a few days, the closest ground troops to Baghdad were from the SASR. During the invasion the RAAF also flew its first combat missions since the Vietnam War, with No. 75 Squadron flying a total of 350 sorties and dropping 122 <a href="/wiki/Laser-guided_bomb" title="Laser-guided bomb">laser-guided bombs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavalry_scout_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cavalry_scout_Iraq.jpg/250px-Cavalry_scout_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cavalry_scout_Iraq.jpg/330px-Cavalry_scout_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cavalry_scout_Iraq.jpg/500px-Cavalry_scout_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>An Australian cavalry scout in Iraq in October 2007.</figcaption></figure> The Iraqi military quickly proved no match for coalition military power, and with their defeat the bulk of Australian forces were withdrawn. While Australia did not initially take part in the post-war <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupation of Iraq</a>, an Australian Army light armoured battlegroup—designated the <a href="/wiki/Al_Muthanna_Task_Group" title="Al Muthanna Task Group">Al Muthanna Task Group</a> and including 40 <a href="/wiki/ASLAV" title="ASLAV">ASLAV</a> light armoured vehicles and infantry—was later deployed to Southern Iraq in April 2005 as part of Operation Catalyst. The role of this force was to protect the Japanese engineer contingent in the region and support the training of <a href="/wiki/New_Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="New Iraqi Army">New Iraqi Army</a> units. The AMTG later became the <a href="/wiki/Overwatch_Battle_Group_(West)" title="Overwatch Battle Group (West)">Overwatch Battle Group (West)</a> (OBG(W)), following the hand back of Al Muthanna province to Iraqi control. Force levels peaked at 1,400 personnel in May 2007 including the OBG(W) in Southern Iraq, the Security Detachment in Baghdad and the Australian Army Training Team—Iraq. A RAN frigate was based in the North <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, while RAAF assets included C-130H Hercules and AP-3C elements.<a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a> Following the election of a new Labor government under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a> the bulk of these forces were withdrawn by mid-2009, while RAAF and RAN operations were redirected to other parts of the Middle East Area of Operations as part of Operation Slipper.<a href="#cite_note-250">[241]</a> Low-level operations continued, however, with a small Australian force of 80 soldiers remaining in Iraq to protect the Australian Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/SECDET_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="SECDET Iraq">SECDET</a> under <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kruger" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Kruger">Operation Kruger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> SECDET was finally withdrawn in August 2011, and was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">private military company</a> which took over responsibility for providing security for Australia's diplomatic presence in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-252">[243]</a> Although more than 17,000 personnel served during operations in Iraq, Australian casualties were relatively light, with two soldiers accidentally killed, while a third Australian died serving with the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>. A further 27 personnel were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> Two officers remained in Iraq attached to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Iraq" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq">United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq</a> as part of Operation Riverbank.<a href="#cite_note-253">[244]</a> This operation concluded in November 2013.<a href="#cite_note-254">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_intervention_against_ISIL,_2014–present">Military intervention against ISIL, 2014–present</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Military intervention against ISIL, 2014–present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A21-36_taking_off_for_a_mission_over_Iraq_during_Operation_Okra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A21-36_taking_off_for_a_mission_over_Iraq_during_Operation_Okra.jpg/250px-A21-36_taking_off_for_a_mission_over_Iraq_during_Operation_Okra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A21-36_taking_off_for_a_mission_over_Iraq_during_Operation_Okra.jpg/330px-A21-36_taking_off_for_a_mission_over_Iraq_during_Operation_Okra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A21-36_taking_off_for_a_mission_over_Iraq_during_Operation_Okra.jpg/500px-A21-36_taking_off_for_a_mission_over_Iraq_during_Operation_Okra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>An RAAF F/A-18 Hornet taking off for a mission over Iraq in 2017.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Okra" title="Operation Okra">Operation Okra</a></div> In June 2014 a small number of SASR personnel were deployed to Iraq to protect the Australian embassy when the security of Baghdad was threatened by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">2014 Northern Iraq offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a> Later, in August and September a number of RAAF <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">C-17</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_C-130J_Super_Hercules" title="Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules">C-130J</a> transport aircraft based in the Middle East were used to conduct <a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">airdrops</a> of humanitarian aid to trapped civilians and to airlift arms and munitions to forces in Kurdish-controlled northern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[250]</a> In late September 2014 an Air Task Group (ATG) and Special Operations Task Group (SOTG) were deployed to Al Minhad Air Base in the United Arab Emirates as part of the <a href="/wiki/2014_American_intervention_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 American intervention in Iraq">coalition</a> to combat <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a> forces in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-260">[251]</a> Equipped with <a href="/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet" title="Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet">F/A-18F Super Hornet</a> strike aircraft, a <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330_MRTT" title="Airbus A330 MRTT">KC-30A</a> Multi Role Tanker Transport, and an <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_AEW%26C" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737 AEW&C">E-7A Wedgetail</a> Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft, the ATG began operations on 1 October.<a href="#cite_note-261">[252]</a> The SOTG is tasked with operations to advise and assist Iraqi Security Forces,<a href="#cite_note-262">[253]</a> and was deployed to Iraq after a legal framework covering their presence in the country was agreed between the Australian and Iraqi Governments.<a href="#cite_note-Deadly_Australian_air_strikes_dent_IS_morale-263">[254]</a> It began moving into Iraq in early November.<a href="#cite_note-264">[255]</a> In April 2015 a 300-strong unit known as Task Group Taji was deployed to Iraq to train the regular Iraqi Security Forces.<a href="#cite_note-265">[256]</a> In September 2015 airstrikes were extended to Syria.<a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> Strike missions concluded in December 2017.<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peacekeeping_and_humanitarian_relief_operations">Peacekeeping and humanitarian relief operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Peacekeeping and humanitarian relief operations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Australia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Australia and the United Nations">Australia and the United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_military_involvement_in_peacekeeping" title="Australian military involvement in peacekeeping">Australian military involvement in peacekeeping</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Peacekeeping.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Australian_Peacekeeping.PNG/220px-Australian_Peacekeeping.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Australian_Peacekeeping.PNG/330px-Australian_Peacekeeping.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Australian_Peacekeeping.PNG/440px-Australian_Peacekeeping.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Australian peacekeeping deployments since 1945.</figcaption></figure> Australia's involvement in international peacekeeping operations has been diverse, and included participation in both United Nations sponsored missions, as well as those as part of ad hoc coalitions. Australians have been involved in more conflicts as peacekeepers than as belligerents; however "in comparative international terms, Australia has only been a moderately energetic peacekeeper."<a href="#cite_note-268">[259]</a> Although Australia has had peacekeepers in the field continuously for 60 years—being among the first group of UN military observers in Indonesia in 1947—its commitments have generally been limited, consisting mostly of small numbers of high-level and technical support troops such as signallers, engineers, medics, observers, and police. One significant commitment has been Australia's ongoing involvement with the long running <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_and_Observers" title="Multinational Force and Observers">Multinational Force and Observers</a> in the Sinai. The operational tempo started increasing in the mid-1990s, when Australia became involved in a series of high-profile operations, deploying significantly larger combat units in support of a number of missions including <a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_UNTAC_in_Cambodia_1992%E2%80%931993" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to UNTAC in Cambodia 1992–1993">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, Somalia, East Timor, and the <a href="/wiki/RAMSI" class="mw-redirect" title="RAMSI">Solomon Islands</a>. Australia has been involved in close to 100 separate missions, involving more than 30,000 personnel; 14 Australians have died during these operations.<a href="#cite_note-AWMPeacekeeping-225">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[260]</a> In addition, approximately 7,000 personnel have been involved in 66 different overseas humanitarian relief operations between 1918 and 2006. Eleven personnel lost their lives during these missions.<a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_statistics">Military statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Military statistics">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Conflict </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Date </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Number enlisted </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Killed </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Wounded </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Prisoners of war </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#New_Zealand_Wars,_1861–1864">New Zealand</a></td> <td>1860–1861</td> <td>Crew of HMVS Victoria 2,500 in Waikato Regiments</td> <td>1 <20</td> <td>Nil Unknown</td> <td>Nil</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sudan,_1885">Sudan</a></td> <td>1885</td> <td>770 in NSW Contingent</td> <td>9</td> <td>3</td> <td>Nil</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Second_Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Second Boer War">South Africa</a></td> <td>1899–1902</td> <td>16,463 in Colonial and Commonwealth contingents</td> <td>589</td> <td>538</td> <td>100</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">China</a></td> <td>1900–1901</td> <td>560 in NSW, SA and VIC colonial naval contingents</td> <td>6</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>Nil</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War I">First World War</a></td> <td>1914–1918</td> <td>416,809 enlisted in AIF (includes AFC) 324,000 AIF members served overseas 9,000 in RAN Total: 425,809</td> <td>61,511</td> <td>155,000</td> <td>4,044 (397 died in captivity)</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_Allied_Intervention_in_Russia_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the Allied Intervention in Russia 1918–1919">Russian Civil War</a></td> <td>1918–1919</td> <td>100–150 in NREF and NRRF 48 in Dunsterforce Crew of HMAS Swan</td> <td>10</td> <td>40</td> <td>Nil</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Muirden78-114">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Second World War</a></td> <td>1939–1945</td> <td>727,200 in 2nd AIF and Militia 48,900 in RAN 216,900 in RAAF Total: 993,000</td> <td>39,761</td> <td>66,553</td> <td>8,184 (against Germany and Italy) 22,376 (against Japan) (8,031 died in captivity) Total: 30,560</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_minesweeping_after_World_War_II" title="Royal Australian Navy minesweeping after World War II">Post-war mine clearance</a> (Northern Queensland coast and New Guinea)</td> <td>1947–1950</td> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">Japan</a> (British Commonwealth Occupation Force)</td> <td>1947–1952</td> <td>16,000</td> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[263]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="Australia–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></td> <td>1947–1975</td> <td></td> <td>13</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> (UNTSO)</td> <td>1948–present</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Airlift">Berlin Airlift</a></td> <td>1948–1949</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></td> <td>1948–1960</td> <td>7,000 in Army</td> <td>39</td> <td>20</td> <td>Nil</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer_Group_in_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan">Kashmir</a></td> <td>1948–1985</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Korean_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Korean War">Korean War</a></td> <td>1950–1953</td> <td>10,657 in Army 4,507 in RAN 2,000 in RAAF Total: 17,164</td> <td>340</td> <td>1,216</td> <td>29 (1 died in captivity)</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/No._78_Wing_RAAF#Malta_garrison" title="No. 78 Wing RAAF">Malta</a></td> <td>1952–1955</td> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Korean_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Korean War">Korea</a> (Post-armistice)</td> <td>1953–1957</td> <td></td> <td>16</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SEATO" class="mw-redirect" title="SEATO">South-East Asia</a> (SEATO)</td> <td>1955–1975</td> <td></td> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Indonesia-Malaysia_Confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation">Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation</a></td> <td>1962–1966</td> <td>3,500 in Army</td> <td>16</td> <td>9</td> <td>Nil</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malay Peninsula</a></td> <td>1964–1966</td> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td> <td>1962–1973</td> <td>42,700 in Army 2,825 in RAN 4,443 in RAAF Total: 49,968</td> <td>521</td> <td>2,398</td> <td>Nil</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>1965–1968</td> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irian_Jaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irian Jaya">Irian Jaya</a> (Operation Cenderawasih)</td> <td>1976–1981</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_1991_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War">Gulf War</a></td> <td>1991</td> <td>750</td> <td>Nil</td> <td>Nil</td> <td>Nil</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> (MINURSO)</td> <td>1991–1994</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solace" title="Operation Solace">Somalia</a></td> <td>1992–1994</td> <td>1,480</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td>Nil</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bel_Isi" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Bel Isi">Bougainville</a></td> <td>1997–2003</td> <td>3,500</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" title="1999 East Timorese crisis">East Timor</a></td> <td>1999–2013</td> <td>> 40,000</td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td>Nil</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-AWMPeacekeeping-225">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[264]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Operation_Slipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Slipper">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>2001–2021</td> <td>> 26,000</td> <td>41</td> <td>256</td> <td>Nil</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-OPSlipper-240">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-ONeill-244">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[265]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>2003–2011</td> <td>17,000</td> <td>3</td> <td>27</td> <td>Nil</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMcasualties-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RAMSI" class="mw-redirect" title="RAMSI">Solomon Islands</a></td> <td>2003–2013</td> <td>7,270</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[266]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Operation_Quickstep" title="Operation Quickstep">Fiji</a></td> <td>2006</td> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AWMDeaths-271">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: right;">Total</td> <td>~ 102,930</td> <td>~ 226,060</td> <td>~ 34,733</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align: left;">Note: In addition, approximately another 3,100 Australians died in various conflicts, serving in either British or other Commonwealth or Allied forces, or the Merchant Navy, or were civilians working with philanthropic organisations, official war correspondents, photographers, or artists.<a href="#cite_note-276">[267]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Military_history_of_Australia" title="Portal:Military history of Australia">Military history of Australia portal</a></li></ul> Footnotes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> This figure represents military casualties only and does not include those that died during the frontier conflict. See Coulthard-Clark 1998, p. v. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Although unknown by the British at the time, in 2015 it was reported that recent research had revealed that Spain had planned to invade the fledgling Australian colony in the 1790s with a 100-ship armada. The operation, which was intended to challenge the growth of British influence in the Pacific, would have included an attack on Sydney mounted from Spanish colonies in South America; however, it was subsequently deferred and ultimately abandoned. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPearlman2015" class="citation news cs1">Pearlman, Jonathan (26 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/11369341/Spain-planned-to-invade-the-British-colony-in-Australia-in-1790s-with-100-vessel-armada.html">"Spain planned to 'invade' the British colony in Australia in 1790s with 100-vessel armada"</a>. The Telegraph. London. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Spain+planned+to+%27invade%27+the+British+colony+in+Australia+in+1790s+with+100-vessel+armada&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Pearlman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Faustraliaandthepacific%2Faustralia%2F11369341%2FSpain-planned-to-invade-the-British-colony-in-Australia-in-1790s-with-100-vessel-armada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> The land forces of Australia have held a number of titles during their history. From 1901 to 1916 they were called the Commonwealth Military Forces, after which they were renamed the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Military_Forces" title="Australian Military Forces">Australian Military Forces</a> (AMF). In 1980 the AMF was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a>, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/structure/one_army.asp">"Military Organisation and Structure: One army, two armies?"</a>. Australian War Memorial. 5 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+Organisation+and+Structure%3A+One+army%2C+two+armies%3F&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fatwar%2Fstructure%2Fone_army.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Despite temporarily being disembarked when the convoy reached the Suez Canal at the end of November in order to assist with the defence of the canal against Turkish forces, it had always been intended that the Australians and New Zealanders would eventually go to the Western Front like the Canadians; however, issues involving the availability of accommodation and equipment in the training areas of the Salisbury Plain made the arrival of further troops during the winter impossible, and they remained in Egypt as a result. See Grey 1999, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> South Africa was the only other nation not to implement conscription during the war. See Dennis et al 1995, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Such service was technically illegal under the Foreign Enlistment Act 1870—an act of British Parliament. Notably Australia did not possess similar legislation until the Crimes (Foreign Incursions and Recruitment) Act 1978 was passed. See Dennis et al 2008, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> 27,073 Australians were killed and 23,477 were wounded by enemy action during the war, however when non-battle casualties are included these figures are 39,767 killed and another 66,553 wounded. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/research/infosheets/war_casualties.asp">"Australian War Casualties"</a>. Australian War Memorial. 15 December 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+War+Casualties&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fresearch%2Finfosheets%2Fwar_casualties.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> A number of contingency plans existed, although none were ever fully implemented. For instance: Plan Spillikin, Plan Hemley, Plan Shalstone (renamed Mason), Plan Addington, and Plan Althorpe. These plans called for different levels of commitment depending on different contingencies, including using the majority of Australian air, land and naval forces in the Strategic Reserve, such as the Canberra bombers already based at Butterworth, as well involvement in the defence of Malaysian airspace from Indonesian attacks, air attacks on Indonesian bases by Australian aircraft flying from Australian bases and even the use of facilities in Darwin by the RAF Strategic V Bomber Force. See Dennis and Grey 1996, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> These ships are deployed as part of the US-led <a href="/wiki/Combined_Maritime_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Maritime Forces">Combined Maritime Forces</a>. Headquartered in Bahrain, the coalition operates three naval task forces in the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and Gulf of Oman, being <a href="/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_150" title="Combined Task Force 150">Combined Task Force 150</a> (CTF 150) – maritime security and counter-terrorism, <a href="/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_151" title="Combined Task Force 151">Combined Task Force 151</a> (CTF 151) – counter-piracy, and <a href="/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_152" title="Combined Task Force 152">Combined Task Force 152</a> (CTF 152) – maritime security operations in the Persian Gulf. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.defence.gov.au/2015/12/10/adf-at-the-helm-of-maritime-counter-terrorism-taskforce/">"ADF at the helm of maritime counter-terrorism taskforce"</a> (Press release). Department of Defence. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADF+at+the+helm+of+maritime+counter-terrorism+taskforce&rft.pub=Department+of+Defence&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.defence.gov.au%2F2015%2F12%2F10%2Fadf-at-the-helm-of-maritime-counter-terrorism-taskforce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Australian War Memorial 2010, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Grey1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grey1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grey1_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grey1_3-2">c</a> Grey 1999, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/background/2008/04/24/2226523.htm">"Anzac Day: remembering Australians who served"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC News Online">ABC News Online</a>. 24 April 2008. 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Annual Report of the Board of Trustees for the Year Ended 30th June. 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The Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations. Vol. VI. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107026346" title="Special:BookSources/9781107026346"><bdi>9781107026346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Their+Time+of+Need%3A+Australia%27s+Overseas+Emergency+Relief+Operations%2C+1918%E2%80%932006&rft.place=Port+Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.series=The+Official+History+of+Australian+Peacekeeping%2C+Humanitarian+and+Post-Cold+War+Operations&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781107026346&rft.aulast=Bullard&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreen1992" class="citation book cs1">Breen, Bob (1992). The Battle of Kapyong: 3rd Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment, Korea 23–24 April 1951. Georges Heights, New South Wales: Headquarters Training Command. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-18222-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-18222-1"><bdi>0-642-18222-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Kapyong%3A+3rd+Battalion%2C+the+Royal+Australian+Regiment%2C+Korea+23%E2%80%9324+April+1951&rft.place=Georges+Heights%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Headquarters+Training+Command&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-642-18222-1&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCassells2000" class="citation book cs1">Cassells, Vic (2000). The Capital Ships: Their Battles and Their Badges. East Roseville, New South Wales: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7318-0941-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7318-0941-6"><bdi>0-7318-0941-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48761594">48761594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Capital+Ships%3A+Their+Battles+and+Their+Badges&rft.place=East+Roseville%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48761594&rft.isbn=0-7318-0941-6&rft.aulast=Cassells&rft.aufirst=Vic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoates2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Coates_(general)" title="John Coates (general)">Coates, John</a> (2006). An Atlas of Australia's Wars. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-555914-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-555914-2"><bdi>0-19-555914-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Australia%27s+Wars&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-555914-2&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConneryCranEvered2012" class="citation book cs1">Connery, David; Cran, David; Evered, David (2012). Conducting Counterinsurgency – Reconstruction Task Force 4 in Afghanistan. Newport, New South Wales: Big Sky Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921941771" title="Special:BookSources/9781921941771"><bdi>9781921941771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conducting+Counterinsurgency+%E2%80%93+Reconstruction+Task+Force+4+in+Afghanistan&rft.place=Newport%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Big+Sky+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781921941771&rft.aulast=Connery&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Cran%2C+David&rft.au=Evered%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoulthard-Clark1998" class="citation book cs1">Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (First ed.). St Leonards: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-611-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86448-611-2"><bdi>1-86448-611-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39097011">39097011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Australians+Fought%3A+The+Encyclopaedia+of+Australia%27s+Battles&rft.place=St+Leonards&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39097011&rft.isbn=1-86448-611-2&rft.aulast=Coulthard-Clark&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoulthard-Clark2001" class="citation book cs1">Coulthard-Clark, Chris (2001). The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (Second ed.). Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-634-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86508-634-7"><bdi>1-86508-634-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48793439">48793439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Australia%27s+Battles&rft.place=Sydney&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48793439&rft.isbn=1-86508-634-7&rft.aulast=Coulthard-Clark&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDennisGreyMorrisPrior1995" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Peter; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Grey" title="Jeffrey Grey">Grey, Jeffrey</a>; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (1995). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-553227-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-553227-9"><bdi>0-19-553227-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+Military+History&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-553227-9&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Grey%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ewan&rft.au=Prior%2C+Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDennisGrey1996" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey (1996). Emergency and Confrontation: Australian Military Operations in Malaya and Borneo 1950–1966. St Leonards: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-302-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-302-7"><bdi>1-86373-302-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/187450156">187450156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergency+and+Confrontation%3A+Australian+Military+Operations+in+Malaya+and+Borneo+1950%E2%80%931966&rft.place=St+Leonards&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F187450156&rft.isbn=1-86373-302-7&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Grey%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDennisGreyMorrisPrior2008" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Bou, Jean (2008). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History (Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2"><bdi>978-0-19-551784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+Military+History&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-551784-2&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Grey%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ewan&rft.au=Prior%2C+Robin&rft.au=Bou%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEather1996" class="citation book cs1">Eather, Steve (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Details/237/Odd-Jobs---RAAF-Operations-in-Japan-The-Berlin-Airlift-Korea-Malaya-and-Malta-1946-1970.aspx">Odd Jobs: RAAF Operations in Japan, the Berlin Airlift, Korea, Malaya & Malta, 1946–1960</a>. RAAF Williams, Victoria: <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Museum" title="RAAF Museum">RAAF Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-23482-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-23482-5"><bdi>0-642-23482-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odd+Jobs%3A+RAAF+Operations+in+Japan%2C+the+Berlin+Airlift%2C+Korea%2C+Malaya+%26+Malta%2C+1946%E2%80%931960&rft.place=RAAF+Williams%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=RAAF+Museum&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-642-23482-5&rft.aulast=Eather&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairpower.airforce.gov.au%2FPublications%2FDetails%2F237%2FOdd-Jobs---RAAF-Operations-in-Japan-The-Berlin-Airlift-Korea-Malaya-and-Malta-1946-1970.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Mark, ed. (2005). The Tyranny of Dissonance: Australia's Strategic Culture and Way of War 1901–2005. Study Paper No. 306. Canberra: Land Warfare Studies Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-29607-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-29607-3"><bdi>0-642-29607-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tyranny+of+Dissonance%3A+Australia%27s+Strategic+Culture+and+Way+of+War+1901%E2%80%932005.+Study+Paper+No.+306&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Land+Warfare+Studies+Centre&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-642-29607-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrame2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Frame_(bishop)" title="Tom Frame (bishop)">Frame, Tom</a> (2004). No Pleasure Cruise. The Story of the Royal Australian Navy. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74114-233-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-74114-233-4"><bdi>1-74114-233-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Pleasure+Cruise.+The+Story+of+the+Royal+Australian+Navy&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-74114-233-4&rft.aulast=Frame&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrey1999" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Jeffrey (1999). A Military History of Australia (Second ed.). Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64483-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64483-6"><bdi>0-521-64483-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Australia&rft.place=Port+Melbourne&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-64483-6&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrey2008" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Jeffrey (2008). A Military History of Australia (Third ed.). Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69791-0"><bdi>978-0-521-69791-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Australia&rft.place=Port+Melbourne&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69791-0&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHam2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ham" title="Paul Ham">Ham, Paul</a> (2007). Vietnam: The Australian War. Sydney: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8237-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8237-0"><bdi>978-0-7322-8237-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+The+Australian+War&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7322-8237-0&rft.aulast=Ham&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2006" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes, Tony (2006). "RAAF Hornets at War". Australian Aviation (224). Manly: Aerospace Publications: 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0813-0876">0813-0876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Aviation&rft.atitle=RAAF+Hornets+at+War&rft.issue=224&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0813-0876&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorner1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Horner" title="David Horner">Horner, David</a> (1989). SAS: Phantoms of the Jungle: A History of the Australian Special Air Service. St. Leonards: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-520006-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-520006-8"><bdi>0-04-520006-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23828245">23828245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SAS%3A+Phantoms+of+the+Jungle%3A+A+History+of+the+Australian+Special+Air+Service&rft.place=St.+Leonards&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23828245&rft.isbn=0-04-520006-8&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorner1993" class="citation book cs1">Horner, David (May 1993). "Defending Australia in 1942". The Pacific War 1942. War and Society. Vol. 11. Canberra: Department of History, Australian Defence Force Academy. pp. 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F072924793791198886">10.1179/072924793791198886</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0729-2473">0729-2473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defending+Australia+in+1942&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+War+1942&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=War+and+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Department+of+History%2C+Australian+Defence+Force+Academy&rft.date=1993-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F072924793791198886&rft.issn=0729-2473&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorner2001" class="citation book cs1">Horner, David (2001). Making the Australian Defence Force. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Vol. IV. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-554117-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-554117-0"><bdi>0-19-554117-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+Australian+Defence+Force&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.series=The+Australian+Centenary+History+of+Defence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-554117-0&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHornerBou2008" class="citation book cs1">Horner, David; Bou, Jean, eds. (2008). Duty First: A History of the Royal Australian Regiment (2nd ed.). Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-374-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-374-5"><bdi>978-1-74175-374-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duty+First%3A+A+History+of+the+Royal+Australian+Regiment&rft.place=Crows+Nest%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74175-374-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirkland1991" class="citation book cs1">Kirkland, Frederick (1991). Operation Damask: The Gulf War Iraq – Kuwait 1990–1991. Cremorne: Plaza Historical Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9587491-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9587491-1-6"><bdi>0-9587491-1-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27614090">27614090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Damask%3A+The+Gulf+War+Iraq+%E2%80%93+Kuwait+1990%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Cremorne&rft.pub=Plaza+Historical+Service&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27614090&rft.isbn=0-9587491-1-6&rft.aulast=Kirkland&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuring2004" class="citation book cs1">Kuring, Ian (2004). Red Coats to Cams. A History of Australian Infantry 1788 to 2001. Sydney: Australian Military History Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876439-99-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-876439-99-8"><bdi>1-876439-99-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Coats+to+Cams.+A+History+of+Australian+Infantry+1788+to+2001&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Australian+Military+History+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-876439-99-8&rft.aulast=Kuring&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLondey2004" class="citation book cs1">Londey, Peter (2004). Other People's Wars: A History of Australian Peacekeeping. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-651-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86508-651-7"><bdi>1-86508-651-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57212671">57212671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Other+People%27s+Wars%3A+A+History+of+Australian+Peacekeeping&rft.place=Crows+Nest&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57212671&rft.isbn=1-86508-651-7&rft.aulast=Londey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Long" title="Gavin Long">Long, Gavin</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070206/">The Final Campaigns</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_War_of_1939%E2%80%931945" title="Australia in the War of 1939–1945">Australia in the War of 1939–1945</a>. Series 1 – Army. Vol. 7. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1297619">1297619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Campaigns&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+1+%E2%80%93+Army&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1297619&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070206%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong1973" class="citation book cs1">Long, Gavin (1973). The Six Years War: A Concise History of Australia in the 1939–1945 War. Canberra: The Australian War Memorial and the Australian Government Printing Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-99375-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-99375-0"><bdi>0-642-99375-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Six+Years+War%3A+A+Concise+History+of+Australia+in+the+1939%E2%80%931945+War&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=The+Australian+War+Memorial+and+the+Australian+Government+Printing+Service&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-642-99375-0&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacintyre1999" class="citation book cs1">Macintyre, Stuart (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000maci">A Concise History of Australia</a>. Cambridge Consise Histories (First ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62577-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62577-7"><bdi>0-521-62577-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Australia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Consise+Histories&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-62577-7&rft.aulast=Macintyre&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof0000maci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre1995" class="citation book cs1">McIntyre, William David (1995). Background to the Anzus Pact: Policy-making, Strategy and Diplomacy, 1945–55. Basingstoke: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-12439-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-12439-2"><bdi>0-312-12439-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Background+to+the+Anzus+Pact%3A+Policy-making%2C+Strategy+and+Diplomacy%2C+1945%E2%80%9355&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-312-12439-2&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=William+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacdougall2001" class="citation book cs1">Macdougall, Anthony (2001) [1991]. Australians at War: A Pictorial History. Noble Park: Five Mile Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86503-865-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86503-865-2"><bdi>1-86503-865-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australians+at+War%3A+A+Pictorial+History&rft.place=Noble+Park&rft.pub=Five+Mile+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86503-865-2&rft.aulast=Macdougall&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcNeillEkins2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">McNeill, Ian; Ekins, Ashley (2003). On the Offensive: The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1967–1968. <a href="/wiki/The_Official_History_of_Australia%27s_Involvement_in_Southeast_Asian_Conflicts_1948%E2%80%931975" title="The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975">The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975</a>. Vol. Eight. St Leonards: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-304-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-304-3"><bdi>1-86373-304-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Offensive%3A+The+Australian+Army+and+the+Vietnam+War+1967%E2%80%931968&rft.place=St+Leonards&rft.series=The+Official+History+of+Australia%27s+Involvement+in+Southeast+Asian+Conflicts+1948%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86373-304-3&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Ekins%2C+Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillar1978" class="citation book cs1">Millar, Thomas (1978). Australia in Peace and War: Foreign Relations 1788–1977. Canberra: Australian National University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7081-1575-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7081-1575-6"><bdi>0-7081-1575-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia+in+Peace+and+War%3A+Foreign+Relations+1788%E2%80%931977&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-7081-1575-6&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1993" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, John (1993). Harvest of Fear: Australia's Vietnam War. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-449-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-449-X"><bdi>1-86373-449-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260164058">260164058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvest+of+Fear%3A+Australia%27s+Vietnam+War&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F260164058&rft.isbn=1-86373-449-X&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholls1986" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Bob (1986). Bluejackets & Boxers: Australia's Naval Expedition to the Boxer Uprising. North Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86861-799-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86861-799-7"><bdi>0-86861-799-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bluejackets+%26+Boxers%3A+Australia%27s+Naval+Expedition+to+the+Boxer+Uprising&rft.place=North+Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86861-799-7&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOdgers1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Odgers" title="George Odgers">Odgers, George</a> (1994). Diggers: The Australian Army, Navy and Air Force in Eleven Wars. Vol. 1. London: Lansdowne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86302-385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86302-385-6"><bdi>978-1-86302-385-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31743147">31743147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diggers%3A+The+Australian+Army%2C+Navy+and+Air+Force+in+Eleven+Wars&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lansdowne&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31743147&rft.isbn=978-1-86302-385-6&rft.aulast=Odgers&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOdgers1999" class="citation book cs1">Odgers, George (1999). 100 Years of Australians at War. Sydney: Lansdowne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86302-669-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86302-669-X"><bdi>1-86302-669-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Years+of+Australians+at+War&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Lansdowne&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86302-669-X&rft.aulast=Odgers&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOdgers2000" class="citation book cs1">Odgers, George (2000). Remembering Korea: Australians in the War of 1950–53. Sydney: Landsdowne Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86302-679-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86302-679-7"><bdi>1-86302-679-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50315481">50315481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Korea%3A+Australians+in+the+War+of+1950%E2%80%9353&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Landsdowne+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50315481&rft.isbn=1-86302-679-7&rft.aulast=Odgers&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReeveStevens2001" class="citation book cs1">Reeve, John; Stevens, David (2001). Southern Trident: Strategy, History, and the Rise of Australian Naval Power. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-462-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86508-462-X"><bdi>1-86508-462-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47367004">47367004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Trident%3A+Strategy%2C+History%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Australian+Naval+Power&rft.place=Crows+Nest&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47367004&rft.isbn=1-86508-462-X&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Stevens%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReeveStevens2003" class="citation book cs1">Reeve, John; Stevens, David (2003). The Face of Naval Battle: The Human Experience of Modern War at Sea. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-667-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86508-667-3"><bdi>1-86508-667-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52647129">52647129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Face+of+Naval+Battle%3A+The+Human+Experience+of+Modern+War+at+Sea&rft.place=Crows+Nest&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52647129&rft.isbn=1-86508-667-3&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Stevens%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephens2001" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, Alan (2001). The Royal Australian Air Force. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Vol. II. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-554115-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-554115-4"><bdi>0-19-554115-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Australian+Air+Force&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Australian+Centenary+History+of+Defence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-554115-4&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevens2001" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, David (2001). The Royal Australian Navy. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Vol. III. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-554116-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-554116-2"><bdi>0-19-554116-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Australian+Navy&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Australian+Centenary+History+of+Defence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-554116-2&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTewesRaynerKavanaugh2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tewes, Alex; Rayner, Laura; Kavanaugh, Kelly (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930070253/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rb/2004-05/05rb04.htm">Australia's Maritime Strategy in the 21st Century</a>. Australian Parliamentary Library Research Brief. Vol. 4 2004–05. Canberra: Australian Parliament House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224183782">224183782</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rb/2004-05/05rb04.htm">the original</a> on 30 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Maritime+Strategy+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australian+Parliamentary+Library+Research+Brief&rft.pub=Australian+Parliament+House&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224183782&rft.aulast=Tewes&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Rayner%2C+Laura&rft.au=Kavanaugh%2C+Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Flibrary%2Fpubs%2Frb%2F2004-05%2F05rb04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomson2005" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspi.org.au/publications/publication_details.aspx?ContentID=78&pubtype=6">Punching Above Our Weight? Australia as a Middle Power</a>. Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224546956">224546956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punching+Above+Our+Weight%3F+Australia+as+a+Middle+Power&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+Strategic+Policy+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224546956&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspi.org.au%2Fpublications%2Fpublication_details.aspx%3FContentID%3D78%26pubtype%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Trevor (2014). "The Camel Corps: New South Wales Sudan contingent, 1885". Sabretache. LV (4, December). Garran, Australian Capital Territory: Military Historical Society of Australia: 40–53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-8933">0048-8933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sabretache&rft.atitle=The+Camel+Corps%3A+New+South+Wales+Sudan+contingent%2C+1885&rft.volume=LV&rft.issue=4%2C+December&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0048-8933&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalhert2008" class="citation book cs1">Walhert, Glenn (2008). Exploring Gallipoli: An Australian Army Battlefield Guide. Canberra: Army History Unit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9804753-5-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9804753-5-7"><bdi>978-0-9804753-5-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Gallipoli%3A+An+Australian+Army+Battlefield+Guide&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Army+History+Unit&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9804753-5-7&rft.aulast=Walhert&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite2002" class="citation journal cs1">White, Hugh (2002). "Australian Defence Policy and the Possibility of War". Australian Journal of International Affairs. 56 (2). Canberra: The Institute: 253–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357710220147451">10.1080/10357710220147451</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F33858">1885/33858</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-332X">1465-332X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153993687">153993687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Australian+Defence+Policy+and+the+Possibility+of+War&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F33858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153993687%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1465-332X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10357710220147451&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Adam-Smith, Patsy. The Anzacs (Melbourne: Nelson, 1978).</li> <li>Beaumont, Joan. "Australian military historiography." War & Society 42.1 (2023): 99-121.</li> <li>Coulthard-Clark, Chris. The Third Brother: The Royal Australian Air Force, 1921–1939 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin in association with the RAAF, 1991)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDean2018" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Peter J. (2018). McArthur's Coalition: US and Australian operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, 1942–1945. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700626045" title="Special:BookSources/9780700626045"><bdi>9780700626045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McArthur%27s+Coalition%3A+US+and+Australian+operations+in+the+Southwest+Pacific+Area%2C+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780700626045&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gammage, Bill. The Broken Years: Australian Soldiers in the Great War (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1974).</li> <li>Grant, Lachlan. Australian Soldiers in Asia-Pacific in World War II (Sydney: NewSouth, 2014).</li> <li>Horner, D. M. Crisis of Command: Australian Generalship and the Japanese Threat, 1941–1943 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1978)</li> <li>Horner, D. M. High Command: Australia’s Struggle for an Independent War Strategy 1939–1945 (St Leonards: Allen & Unwin, 1982)</li> <li>Horner, D. M. The Gunners: A History of Australian Artillery (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1998)</li> <li>Johnston, Mark. Anzacs in the Middle East (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2013); </li> <li>Lax, Mark. Taking the Lead: The Royal Australian Air Force, 1972–1996 (Newport: Big Sky Publishing, 2020).</li> <li>Robson, L. L. The First A.I.F.: A Study of Its Recruitment 1914–1918 (Carlton: Melbourne University Press, 1970)</li> <li>Robson, L. L. "The Origin and Character of the First AIF," Historical Studies, 15.61 (1973), 737–49.</li> <li>Ross, Andrew T. Armed and Ready: The Industrial Development and Defence of Australia 1900–1945 (Wahroonga: Turton & Armstrong), 1995.</li> <li>Stephens, Alan. Going Solo: The Royal Australian Air Force, 1946–1971 (Canberra: AGPS Press, 1995)</li> <li>Stevens, David. In All Respects Ready: Australia’s Navy in World War One (South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2014);</li> <li>Stevens, David ed. The Royal Australian Navy in World War IISydney: Allen & Unwin, 1996).</li> <li>Thomson, Alistair. Anzac Memories: Living with the Legend (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1994)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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1918–1919">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Korean_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Malayan_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_1991_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Slipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Slipper">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Okra" title="Operation Okra">Military intervention against ISIL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_Oceania122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_history_of_Oceania122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Oceania" title="Military history of Oceania">Military history of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Fiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Fiji (page does not exist)">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Military history of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Samoa (page does not exist)">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Tonga" title="Military history of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Vanuatu (page does not exist)">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Cook_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Cook Islands (page does not exist)">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Niue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Niue (page does not exist)">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles726" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles726" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Australian_Army13516" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australian_Army" title="Template:Australian Army"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_Army" title="Template talk:Australian Army"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_Army" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australian Army"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Australian_Army13516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_(Australia)" title="Chief of Army (Australia)">Chief of Army</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_of_Army" title="Deputy Chief of Army">Deputy Chief of Army</a> (DCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_Command_(Australia)" title="Forces Command (Australia)">Commander Forces Command</a> (COMD FORCOMD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Command_(Australia)" title="Special Operations Command (Australia)">Special Operations Commander Australia</a> (SOCAUST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Division_(Australia)" title="1st Division (Australia)">Commander 1st Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Division_(Australia)" title="2nd Division (Australia)">Commander 2nd Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regimental_Sergeant_Major_of_the_Army_(Australia)" title="Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (Australia)">Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army</a> (RSM-A)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Army_Emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Australian_Army_Emblem.svg/120px-Australian_Army_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Australian_Army_Emblem.svg/150px-Australian_Army_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Australian_Army_Emblem.svg/200px-Australian_Army_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="118" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Australian_Army" title="Structure of the Australian Army">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forces_Command_(Australia)" title="Forces Command (Australia)">Forces Command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Brigade_(Australia)" title="1st Brigade (Australia)">1st Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Brigade_(Australia)" title="3rd Brigade (Australia)">3rd Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="6th Brigade (Australia)">6th Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="7th Brigade (Australia)">7th Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="9th Brigade (Australia)">9th Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Sustainment_Brigade_(Australia)" title="17th Sustainment Brigade (Australia)">17th Sustainment Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2nd_Division_(Australia)" title="2nd Division (Australia)">2nd Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="4th Brigade (Australia)">4th Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="5th Brigade (Australia)">5th Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="8th Brigade (Australia)">8th Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="11th Brigade (Australia)">11th Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="13th Brigade (Australia)">13th Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Command_(Australia)" title="Special Operations Command (Australia)">Special Operations Command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Group_(Australia)" title="Special Forces Group (Australia)">Special Forces Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Commando_Regiment_(Australia)" title="1st Commando Regiment (Australia)">1st Commando Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Commando_Regiment_(Australia)" title="2nd Commando Regiment (Australia)">2nd Commando Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Engineer_Regiment_(Australia)" title="Special Operations Engineer Regiment (Australia)">Special Operations Engineer Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Logistics_Squadron" title="Special Operations Logistics Squadron">Special Operations Logistics Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force_School_of_Special_Operations" title="Australian Defence Force School of Special Operations">Australian Defence Force School of Special Operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Army_Aviation_Command_(Australia)" title="Army Aviation Command (Australia)">Aviation Command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_Aviation_Brigade_(Australia)" title="16th Aviation Brigade (Australia)">16th Aviation Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakey_Army_Aviation_Centre" title="Oakey Army Aviation Centre">Oakey Army Aviation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Army_aviation_units" title="List of Australian Army aviation units">Aviation Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Division_(Australia)" title="1st Division (Australia)">1st Division (Deployable Joint Force Headquarters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Reserve" title="Australian Army Reserve">Army Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Cadets" title="Australian Army Cadets">Army Cadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces_of_Australia" title="Special forces of Australia">Special Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces_of_Australia" title="Airborne forces of Australia">Airborne Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Army_brigades" title="List of Australian Army brigades">Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Army_Research_and_Analysis" title="Directorate of Army Research and Analysis">Directorate of Army Research and Analysis</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_military_bases#Australian_Army" title="List of Australian military bases">Installations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Offices" title="Russell Offices">Russell Offices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Duntroon" title="Royal Military College, Duntroon">Royal Military College, Duntroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Warfare_Centre_(Australia)" title="Land Warfare Centre (Australia)">Land Warfare Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holsworthy_Barracks" title="Holsworthy Barracks">Holsworthy Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoggera_Barracks" title="Enoggera Barracks">Enoggera/Gallipoli Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakey_Army_Aviation_Centre" title="Oakey Army Aviation Centre">Army Aviation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Barracks_(Western_Australia)" title="Campbell Barracks (Western Australia)">Campbell Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Recruit_Training_Centre" title="Army Recruit Training Centre">Army Recruit Training Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Logistic_Training_Centre" title="Army Logistic Training Centre">Army Logistic Training Centre</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Australian_Army" title="List of equipment of the Australian Army">Materiel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weaponry_of_the_Australian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaponry of the Australian Army">Weaponry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_weaponry_of_the_Australian_Army" title="Historical weaponry of the Australian Army">Historical weaponry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Army_aircraft" title="List of Australian Army aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Australian_Army" title="Tanks in the Australian Army">Tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Australian_Army#Armoured_vehicles" title="List of equipment of the Australian Army">Armoured vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guns_and_mortars_used_by_the_Royal_Regiment_of_Australian_Artillery" title="List of guns and mortars used by the Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery">Artillery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_officer_rank_insignia" title="Australian Army officer rank insignia">Officer rank insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="Australian Army enlisted rank insignia">Enlisted rank insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Australian_Army" title="Uniforms of the Australian Army">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_colours,_standards_and_guidons#Army" title="Military colours, standards and guidons">Colours, standards and guidons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Memorial,_Canberra" title="Australian Army Memorial, Canberra">Australian Army Memorial, Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(Australia)" title="Field marshal (Australia)">Field marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Army_generals" title="List of Australian Army generals">Generals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_(badge)" title="Rising Sun (badge)">Rising Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slouch_hat#Australia" title="Slouch hat">Slouch Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digger_(soldier)" title="Digger (soldier)">Digger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digger_slang" title="Digger slang">Australian military slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzac_spirit" title="Anzac spirit">Anzac spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_(newspaper)" title="Army (newspaper)">Army newspaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Army" title="History of the Australian Army">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="First Australian Imperial Force">First Australian Imperial Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">Australian and New Zealand Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_ANZAC_Corps" title="I ANZAC Corps">I ANZAC Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_ANZAC_Corps" title="II ANZAC Corps">II ANZAC Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mounted_Corps" title="Desert Mounted Corps">Desert Mounted Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Corps" title="Australian Corps">Australian Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Second Australian Imperial Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_and_theatre_honours_of_the_Australian_Army" title="Battle and theatre honours of the Australian Army">Battle and theatre honours of the Australian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Australian Army during World War I">Australian Army during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Australian Army during World War II">Australian Army during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Army_Corps" title="List of Australian Army Corps">Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Army_regiments" title="List of Australian Army regiments">Regiments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Infantry_Corps" title="Royal Australian Infantry Corps">Infantry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="Royal Australian Regiment">Royal Australian Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Commando_Regiment_(Australia)" title="1st Commando Regiment (Australia)">1st Commando Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Commando_Regiment_(Australia)" title="2nd Commando Regiment (Australia)">2nd Commando Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Reserve" title="Australian Army Reserve">Reserve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Queensland_Regiment" title="Royal Queensland Regiment">Royal Queensland Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_New_South_Wales_Regiment" title="Royal New South Wales Regiment">Royal New South Wales Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Regiment" title="Royal Victoria Regiment">Royal Victoria Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_South_Australia_Regiment" title="Royal South Australia Regiment">Royal South Australia Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Western_Australia_Regiment" title="Royal Western Australia Regiment">Royal Western Australia Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tasmania_Regiment" title="Royal Tasmania Regiment">Royal Tasmania Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_University_Regiment" title="Sydney University Regiment">Sydney University Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_University_Regiment" title="Melbourne University Regiment">Melbourne University Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_University_Regiment" title="Queensland University Regiment">Queensland University Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Universities_Regiment" title="Adelaide Universities Regiment">Adelaide Universities Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia_University_Regiment" title="Western Australia University Regiment">Western Australia University Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales_Regiment" title="University of New South Wales Regiment">University of New South Wales Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Force_Surveillance_Units" title="Regional Force Surveillance Units">RFSU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NORFORCE" title="NORFORCE">North-West Mobile Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilbara_Regiment" title="Pilbara Regiment">Pilbara Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Far North Queensland Regiment">Far North Queensland Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Armoured_Corps" title="Royal Australian Armoured Corps">Armour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Armoured_Regiment_(Australia)" title="1st Armoured Regiment (Australia)">1st Armoured Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Regiment_(Australia)" title="2nd Cavalry Regiment (Australia)">2nd Cavalry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd/4th_Cavalry_Regiment_(Australia)" title="3rd/4th Cavalry Regiment (Australia)">3rd/4th Cavalry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd/14th_Light_Horse_Regiment" title="2nd/14th Light Horse Regiment">2nd/14th Light Horse Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reserve</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th/16th_Hunter_River_Lancers" title="12th/16th Hunter River Lancers">12th/16th Hunter River Lancers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st/15th_Royal_New_South_Wales_Lancers" title="1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers">1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th/19th_Prince_of_Wales%27s_Light_Horse" title="4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse">4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd/9th_Light_Horse_(South_Australian_Mounted_Rifles)" title="3rd/9th Light Horse (South Australian Mounted Rifles)">3rd/9th Light Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Light_Horse_Regiment_(Australia)" title="10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)">10th Light Horse Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Aviation" title="Australian Army Aviation">Aviation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Aviation_Regiment_(Australia)" title="1st Aviation Regiment (Australia)">1st Aviation Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Aviation_Regiment_(Australia)" title="5th Aviation Regiment (Australia)">5th Aviation Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Aviation_Regiment_(Australia)" title="6th Aviation Regiment (Australia)">6th Aviation Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Artillery" title="Royal Australian Artillery">Artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Regiment,_Royal_Australian_Artillery" title="1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery">1st Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Regiment,_Royal_Australian_Artillery" title="4th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery">4th Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th/12th_Regiment,_Royal_Australian_Artillery" title="8th/12th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery">8th/12th Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Regiment,_Royal_Australian_Artillery" title="9th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery">9th Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Regiment,_Royal_Australian_Artillery" title="16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery">16th Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Surveillance_and_Target_Acquisition_Regiment,_Royal_Australian_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Surveillance and Target Acquisition Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery">20th Surveillance and Target Acquisition Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Engineers" title="Royal Australian Engineers">Engineers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Combat_Engineer_Regiment_(Australia)" title="1st Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia)">1st Combat Engineer Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Combat_Engineer_Regiment_(Australia)" title="2nd Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia)">2nd Combat Engineer Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Combat_Engineer_Regiment_(Australia)" title="3rd Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia)">3rd Combat Engineer Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Engineer_Support_Regiment_(Australia)" title="6th Engineer Support Regiment (Australia)">6th Engineer Support Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Engineer_Regiment_(Australia)" title="Special Operations Engineer Regiment (Australia)">Special Operations Engineer Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reserve</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Engineer_Regiment_(Australia)" title="5th Engineer Regiment (Australia)">5th Engineer Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Engineer_Regiment_(Australia)" title="11th Engineer Regiment (Australia)">11th Engineer Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Engineer_Regiment_(Australia)" title="22nd Engineer Regiment (Australia)">22nd Engineer Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Combat_support" title="Combat support">Combat support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Corps_of_Signals" title="Royal Australian Corps of Signals">Royal Australian Corps of Signals</a> (1st Signal Regiment, 1st Combat Signal Regiment, 3rd Combat Signal Regiment, 7th Combat Signal Regiment, <a href="/wiki/7th_Signal_Regiment_(Australia)" title="7th Signal Regiment (Australia)">7th Signal Regiment</a>, 8th Signal Regiment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Intelligence_Corps" title="Australian Army Intelligence Corps">Australian Army Intelligence Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/1st_Intelligence_Battalion_(Australia)" title="1st Intelligence Battalion (Australia)">1st Intelligence Battalion</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Combat_service_support" title="Combat service support">Combat service support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Chaplains%27_Department" title="Royal Australian Army Chaplains' Department">Chaplains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Royal Australian Army Medical Corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Dental_Corps" title="Royal Australian Army Dental Corps">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Nursing_Corps" title="Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Psychology_Corps" title="Australian Army Psychology Corps">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Corps_of_Transport" title="Royal Australian Corps of Transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Ordnance_Corps" title="Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps">Ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Electrical_and_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers">Electrical and Mechanical Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Legal_Corps" title="Australian Army Legal Corps">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Corps_of_Military_Police" title="Royal Australian Corps of Military Police">Military Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Pay_Corps" title="Royal Australian Army Pay Corps">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Educational_Corps" title="Royal Australian Army Educational Corps">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Public_Relations_Service" title="Australian Army Public Relations Service">Public Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Catering_Corps" title="Australian Army Catering Corps">Catering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Band_Corps" title="Australian Army Band Corps">Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Staff_Cadets" title="Corps of Staff Cadets">Staff Cadets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Army" title="Category:Australian Army">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Australian_Army" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Australian Army">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_Australian_Air_Force6820" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Template:Royal Australian Air Force"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Template talk:Royal Australian Air Force"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Australian Air Force"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_Australian_Air_Force6820" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_and_Space_Interoperability_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Air and Space Interoperability Council">Air and Space Interoperability Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Force_(Australia)" title="Chief of Air Force (Australia)">Chief of Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_of_Air_Force_(Australia)" title="Deputy Chief of Air Force (Australia)">Deputy Chief of Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Space Command">Defence Space Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force">Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal_(Australia)" title="Air chief marshal (Australia)">Air Chief Marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Australian_Air_Force_air_marshals" title="List of Royal Australian Air Force air marshals">List of Royal Australian Air Force air marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_of_the_Air_Force" title="Warrant Officer of the Air Force">Warrant Officer of the Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Ranks of the Royal Australian Air Force">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircrew_brevet#Australia" title="Aircrew brevet">Aircrew brevet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recipients_of_the_Air_Force_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Recipients of the Air Force Medal">Recipients of the Air Force Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_Australian_Air_Force_personnel" title="Category:Royal Australian Air Force personnel">List of personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_RAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of the RAAF">structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Royal Australian Air Force">Units and Formations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Space Command">Defence Space Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Australian_Air_Force_groups" title="List of Royal Australian Air Force groups">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Australian_Air_Force_wings" title="List of Royal Australian Air Force wings">Wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Australian_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of Royal Australian Air Force aircraft squadrons">Squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:RAAF_ground_support_squadrons" title="Category:RAAF ground support squadrons">Ground Support Squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Australian_Air_Force_independent_aircraft_flights" title="List of Royal Australian Air Force independent aircraft flights">Flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musterings" title="Musterings">Musterings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_(Australia)" title="Air Force Reserve (Australia)">Air Force Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Air_Force_Cadets" title="Australian Air Force Cadets">Australian Air Force Cadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airfield_Defence_Guards" title="Airfield Defence Guards">Airfield Defence Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_air_traffic_control#Military_Air_Traffic_Control" title="Australian air traffic control">Air Traffic Control</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="AirCommandgroupsandwings152" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Air_Command" title="RAAF Air Command">Air Command</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Australian_Air_Force_groups" title="List of Royal Australian Air Force groups">groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Australian_Air_Force_wings" title="List of Royal Australian Air Force wings">wings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air_Combat_Group_RAAF" title="Air Combat Group RAAF">Air Combat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._78_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 78 Wing RAAF">No. 78 Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._81_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 81 Wing RAAF">No. 81 Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._82_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 82 Wing RAAF">No. 82 Wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air_Mobility_Group_RAAF" title="Air Mobility Group RAAF">Air Mobility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._84_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 84 Wing RAAF">No. 84 Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._86_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 86 Wing RAAF">No. 86 Wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_and_Response_Group_RAAF" title="Surveillance and Response Group RAAF">Surveillance & Response</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._41_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 41 Wing RAAF">No. 41 Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._42_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 42 Wing RAAF">No. 42 Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._44_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 44 Wing RAAF">No. 44 Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._92_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 92 Wing RAAF">No. 92 Wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Combat_Support_Group_RAAF" title="Combat Support Group RAAF">Combat Support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>No. 95 Wing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._396_Combat_Support_Wing_RAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 396 Combat Support Wing RAAF">No. 396 Combat Support Wing</a></li> <li>Health Services Wing</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air_Warfare_Centre_RAAF" title="Air Warfare Centre RAAF">Air Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Integrated Mission Support Directorate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Warfare_Directorate_RAAF" title="Information Warfare Directorate RAAF">Information Warfare Directorate</a></li> <li>Tactics and Training Directorate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_System_Development_and_Test_Wing_RAAF" title="Air System Development and Test Wing RAAF">Test and Development Directorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Research_and_Development_Unit_RAAF" title="Aircraft Research and Development Unit RAAF">Aircraft Research and Development Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Systems_Engineering_Squadron" title="Aircraft Systems Engineering Squadron">Aircraft Systems Engineering Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Stores_Compatibility_Engineering_Squadron" title="Aircraft Stores Compatibility Engineering Squadron">Aircraft Stores Compatibility Engineering Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Institute_of_Aviation_Medicine" title="RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine">RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Woomera" title="RAAF Base Woomera">Air Force Ranges Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Training_Group_RAAF" title="Air Force Training Group RAAF">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Air Training Wing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force_Basic_Flying_Training_School" title="Australian Defence Force Basic Flying Training School">Basic Flying Training School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Flying_School_RAAF" title="Central Flying School RAAF">Central Flying School</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ground Training Wing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Survival_Training_School_RAAF" title="Combat Survival Training School RAAF">Combat Survival Training School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Training_Wing_RAAF" title="Reserve Training Wing RAAF">Reserve Training Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_College" title="RAAF College">RAAF College</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Officers%27_Training_School_RAAF" title="Officers' Training School RAAF">Officers' Training School</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Resolute" title="Operation Resolute">Operation Resolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Okra" title="Operation Okra">Operation Okra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force">List of aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force_VIP_aircraft" title="Royal Australian Air Force VIP aircraft">VIP aircraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force#Weaponry" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Weaponry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Australian_Air_Force_installations" title="List of Royal Australian Air Force installations">installations</a> & <a href="/wiki/Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbase">airbases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Offices" title="Russell Offices">Russell Offices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMAF_Butterworth" class="mw-redirect" title="RMAF Butterworth">RMAF Butterworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Minhad_Air_Base" title="Al Minhad Air Base">Al Minhad Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Amberley" title="RAAF Base Amberley">RAAF Base Amberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Scherger" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF Scherger">RAAF Scherger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Townsville" title="RAAF Base Townsville">RAAF Base Townsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Glenbrook" title="RAAF Base Glenbrook">RAAF Base Glenbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Establishment_Orchard_Hills" title="Defence Establishment Orchard Hills">Defence Establishment Orchard Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Richmond" title="RAAF Base Richmond">RAAF Base Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Wagga" title="RAAF Base Wagga">RAAF Base Wagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Williamtown" title="RAAF Base Williamtown">RAAF Base Williamtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_East_Sale" title="RAAF Base East Sale">RAAF Base East Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Williams" title="RAAF Williams">RAAF Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Edinburgh" title="RAAF Base Edinburgh">RAAF Base Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Woomera" title="RAAF Base Woomera">RAAF Base Woomera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Curtin" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF Curtin">RAAF Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Gingin" title="RAAF Gingin">RAAF Gingin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Learmonth" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF Learmonth">RAAF Learmonth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Pearce" title="RAAF Base Pearce">RAAF Base Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Darwin" title="RAAF Base Darwin">RAAF Base Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Tindal" title="RAAF Base Tindal">RAAF Base Tindal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Australian Air Force">history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_and_theatre_honours_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Battle and theatre honours of the Royal Australian Air Force">Battle honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force_Memorial,_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Australian Air Force Memorial, Canberra">Royal Australian Air Force Memorial, Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Museum" title="RAAF Museum">RAAF Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Wagga_Heritage_Centre" title="RAAF Wagga Heritage Centre">RAAF Wagga Heritage Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Heritage_Museum_(Western_Australia)" title="Aviation Heritage Museum (Western Australia)">Western Australian Aviation Heritage Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Anson_Memorial" title="Avro Anson Memorial">Avro Anson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Gardens,_Brisbane" title="Queens Gardens, Brisbane">Queens Gardens, Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Force_(air)" title="Tiger Force (air)">Tiger Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pig_Bristle" title="Operation Pig Bristle">Operation Pig Bristle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_First_Tactical_Air_Force" title="Australian First Tactical Air Force">Australian First Tactical Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Overseas_Headquarters" title="RAAF Overseas Headquarters">RAAF Overseas Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_University_Squadrons" title="RAAF University Squadrons">RAAF University Squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Area_Commands" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF Area Commands">RAAF Area Commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force_Nursing_Service" title="Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service">Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Air_Observers_Corps_(Australia)" title="Volunteer Air Observers Corps (Australia)">Volunteer Air Observers Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force_Ensign" title="Royal Australian Air Force Ensign">Royal Australian Air Force Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_(newspaper)" title="Air Force (newspaper)">Air Force newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roulettes" title="Roulettes">Roulettes Aerobatic Display Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnie" title="Gunnie">Gunnie (slang)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Category:Royal Australian Air Force">Category: Royal Australian Air Force</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_Australian_Navy446" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Template:Royal Australian Navy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Template talk:Royal Australian Navy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Australian Navy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_Australian_Navy446" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Navy_(Australia)" title="Chief of Navy (Australia)">Chief of Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_of_Navy_(Australia)" title="Deputy Chief of Navy (Australia)">Deputy Chief of Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Command_(Australia)" title="Fleet Command (Australia)">Commander Australian Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Command_(Australia)#Director-General_Maritime_Operations" title="Fleet Command (Australia)">Director-General Maritime Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Command_(Australia)#Commodore_Flotillas" title="Fleet Command (Australia)">Commodore Flotillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_of_the_Navy" title="Warrant Officer of the Navy">Warrant Officer of the Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Naval_Reserve" title="Royal Australian Naval Reserve">Royal Australian Naval Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Navy_Cadets" title="Australian Navy Cadets">Australian Navy Cadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Border_Command_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Border Command (Australia)">Maritime Border Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_School_of_Underwater_Medicine" title="Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine">Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Royal Australian Navy">Units and Formations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Command_(Australia)" title="Fleet Command (Australia)">Fleet Command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Surface Force</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm_(RAN)" title="Fleet Air Arm (RAN)">Fleet Air Arm</a> (<a href="/wiki/723_Squadron_RAN" title="723 Squadron RAN">723 Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/725_Squadron_RAN" title="725 Squadron RAN">725 Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/808_Naval_Air_Squadron" title="808 Naval Air Squadron">808 Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/816_Squadron_RAN" title="816 Squadron RAN">816 Squadron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_Submarine_Service" title="Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service">Submarine Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Patrol_Boat_Group" title="Australian Patrol Boat Group">Patrol Boat Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Waterhen_(naval_base)" title="HMAS Waterhen (naval base)">Mine Warfare Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)" title="Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)">Clearance Diving Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Hydrographic_Service" title="Australian Hydrographic Service">Australian Hydrographic Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laser_Airborne_Depth_Sounder_Flight_RAN" title="Laser Airborne Depth Sounder Flight RAN">Laser Airborne Depth Sounder Flight</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Navy_Headquarters_(Australia)" title="Navy Headquarters (Australia)">Navy Headquarters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Navy Engineering, Regulation, Certification and Safety</li> <li>Navy Capability</li> <li>Navy People Training and Resources</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Creswell" title="HMAS Creswell">Royal Australian Naval College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships and equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Royal_Australian_Navy_ships" title="List of active Royal Australian Navy ships">Current fleet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anzac-class_frigate" title="Anzac-class frigate">Anzac-class frigate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide-class_frigate" title="Adelaide-class frigate">Adelaide-class frigate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collins-class_submarine" title="Collins-class submarine">Collins-class submarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canberra-class_landing_helicopter_dock" title="Canberra-class landing helicopter dock">Canberra-class landing helicopter dock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay-class_landing_ship" title="Bay-class landing ship">Bay-class landing ship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armidale-class_patrol_boat" title="Armidale-class patrol boat">Armidale-class patrol boat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huon-class_minehunter" title="Huon-class minehunter">Huon-class minehunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Sirius_(O_266)" title="HMAS Sirius (O 266)">HMAS Sirius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeuwin-class_survey_vessel" title="Leeuwin-class survey vessel">Leeuwin-class survey vessel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paluma-class_motor_launch" title="Paluma-class motor launch">Paluma-class motor launch</a>, <a href="/wiki/STS_Young_Endeavour" title="STS Young Endeavour">Young Endeavour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape-class_patrol_boat" title="Cape-class patrol boat">Cape-class patrol boat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy" title="List of ships of the Royal Australian Navy">All ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Navy">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurement_programme_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurement programme of the Royal Australian Navy">Naval procurement programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Category:Military equipment of the Royal Australian Navy">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_of_Opportunity_Program" title="Craft of Opportunity Program">Craft of Opportunity Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Australian_Navy_bases" title="List of Royal Australian Navy bases">Installations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Base_East" title="Fleet Base East">Fleet Base East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Stirling" title="HMAS Stirling">Fleet Base West (HMAS Stirling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Albatross_(air_station)" title="HMAS Albatross (air station)">HMAS Albatross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Cairns_(naval_base)" title="HMAS Cairns (naval base)">HMAS Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Cerberus_(naval_base)" title="HMAS Cerberus (naval base)">HMAS Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Coonawarra" title="HMAS Coonawarra">HMAS Coonawarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Creswell" title="HMAS Creswell">HMAS Creswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Harman" title="HMAS Harman">HMAS Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Kuttabul_(naval_base)" title="HMAS Kuttabul (naval base)">HMAS Kuttabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Moreton" title="HMAS Moreton">HMAS Moreton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Penguin_(naval_base)" title="HMAS Penguin (naval base)">HMAS Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Waterhen_(naval_base)" title="HMAS Waterhen (naval base)">HMAS Waterhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Watson" title="HMAS Watson">HMAS Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_fleet_(Australia)" title="Admiral of the fleet (Australia)">Admiral of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_Australian_Navy_admirals" title="Category:Royal Australian Navy admirals">List of admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_Australian_Navy_personnel" title="Category:Royal Australian Navy personnel">List of personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_Australian_Navy_badges" title="Category:Royal Australian Navy badges">Badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy#Ranks_and_uniforms" title="Royal Australian Navy">Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sovereign_Borders" title="Operation Sovereign Borders">Operation Sovereign Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Resolute" title="Operation Resolute">Operation Resolute</a></li> <li>Operation Highroad</li> <li>Operation Manitou</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy" title="History of the Royal Australian Navy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Station" title="Australia Station">Australia Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_navies_of_Australia" title="Colonial navies of Australia">Colonial navies of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jervois-Scratchley_reports" title="Jervois-Scratchley reports">Jervois-Scratchley reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Malayan_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_Korean_War" title="Australia in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_Confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Navy_Help_Darwin" title="Operation Navy Help Darwin">Operation Navy Help Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Force_East_Timor" title="International Force East Timor">International Force East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_1991_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_War_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the War in Afghanistan">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recent_Australian_warship_deployments_to_the_Middle_East" title="List of recent Australian warship deployments to the Middle East">Middle East deployments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_honours_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Battle honours of the Royal Australian Navy">Battle honours of the Royal Australian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Australian_Navy_losses" title="List of Royal Australian Navy losses">List of Royal Australian Navy losses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_Memorial" title="Royal Australian Navy Memorial">Royal Australian Navy Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_(Australia)" title="Minister for Defence (Australia)">Minister for the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_naval_aviation" title="Category:Australian naval aviation">Australian Naval Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_Heritage_Centre" title="Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre">Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_White_Ensign" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian White Ensign">Australian White Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_News_(Australia)" title="Navy News (Australia)">Navy News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_Helicopter_Flight_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Australian Navy Helicopter Flight Vietnam">Royal Australian Navy Helicopter Flight Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Stores,_Kangaroo_Point" title="Naval Stores, Kangaroo Point">Naval Stores, Kangaroo Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Williams_Trophy" title="Esther Williams Trophy">Esther Williams Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_League_of_Australia" title="Navy League of Australia">Navy League of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Australia)" title="Admiral (Australia)">Admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Island_Naval_Chapel" title="Garden Island Naval Chapel">Garden Island Naval Chapel</a></li> <li>Royal Australian Navy Tridents Rugby League Team</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Navy_(Australia)" title="Department of the Navy (Australia)">Department of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Australian_Naval_Service" title="Women's Royal Australian Naval Service">Women's Royal Australian Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Naval_Nursing_Service" title="Royal Australian Naval Nursing Service">Royal Australian Naval Nursing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Naval_Volunteer_Reserve" title="Royal Australian Naval Volunteer Reserve">Royal Australian Naval Volunteer Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_Beach_Commandos" title="Royal Australian Navy Beach Commandos">Royal Australian Navy Beach Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Naval_Bridging_Train" title="Royal Australian Naval Bridging Train">Royal Australian Naval Bridging Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Commonwealth_Naval_Board" 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