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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Kirish</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Adabiyotlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adabiyotlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Adabiyotlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adabiyotlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havolalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havolalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Havolalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havolalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ellinizm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 86 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistiese_tydperk" title="Hellenistiese tydperk – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hellenistiese tydperk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismus" title="Hellenismus – nemis (Shveytsariya)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hellenismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemis (Shveytsariya)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="عصر هلنستي – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصر هلنستي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="هيلينستيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيلينستيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodu_helen%C3%ADsticu" title="Periodu helenísticu – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Periodu helenísticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellinizm" title="Ellinizm – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ellinizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Элінізм – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Элінізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Елинистическа епоха – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елинистическа епоха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="হেলেনীয় যুগ – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেলেনীয় যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marevezh_hellenadek" title="Marevezh hellenadek – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marevezh hellenadek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenizam" title="Helenizam – bosniy" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Helenizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADode_hel%C2%B7len%C3%ADstic" title="Període hel·lenístic – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Període hel·lenístic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ماوەی ھێلینیستی – sorani-kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماوەی ھێلینیستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani-kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel%C3%A9nismus" title="Helénismus – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Helénismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эллинизм – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эллинизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oes_Helenistaidd" title="Oes Helenistaidd – valliy" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oes Helenistaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valliy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismen" title="Hellenismen – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hellenismen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismus" title="Hellenismus – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hellenismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenizm" title="Helenizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Helenizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ελληνιστική περίοδος – grek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελληνιστική περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hellenistic period" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenisma_Epoko" title="Helenisma Epoko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Helenisma Epoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_helen%C3%ADstico" title="Período helenístico – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Período helenístico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenism" title="Hellenism – estoncha" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hellenism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoncha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garai_helenistikoa" title="Garai helenistikoa – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garai helenistikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="عصر هلنیستی – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عصر هلنیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismi" title="Hellenismi – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hellenismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89poque_hell%C3%A9nistique" title="Époque hellénistique – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Époque hellénistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenisme" title="Hellenisme – g‘arbiy friz" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hellenisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="g‘arbiy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%A9_Heill%C3%A9ana%C3%ADoch" title="An Ré Heilléanaíoch – irland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ré Heilléanaíoch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_helen%C3%ADstico" title="Período helenístico – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Período helenístico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התקופה ההלניסטית – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התקופה ההלניסטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenizam" title="Helenizam – xorvat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Helenizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xorvat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenizmus" title="Hellenizmus – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hellenizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հելլենիզմ – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հելլենիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հելլենականութեան Դարաշրջան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հելլենականութեան Դարաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismo" title="Hellenismo – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hellenismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_Helenistik" title="Periode Helenistik – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Periode Helenistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenismo" title="Helenismo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Helenismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellen%C3%ADski_t%C3%ADminn" title="Helleníski tíminn – island" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Helleníski tíminn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="island" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellenismo" title="Ellenismo – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ellenismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ヘレニズム – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘレニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ელინიზმი – gruzincha" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელინიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эллинизм – qozoqcha" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эллинизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qozoqcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A0%88%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%98_%EB%AC%B8%EB%AA%85" title="헬레니즘 문명 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헬레니즘 문명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdema_helen%C3%AEst%C3%AE" title="Serdema helenîstî – kurdcha" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serdema helenîstî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эллинизм – qirgʻizcha" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эллинизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="qirgʻizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismus" title="Hellenismus – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hellenismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismus" title="Hellenismus – lyuksemburgcha" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hellenismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lyuksemburgcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenizmas" title="Helenizmas – litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Helenizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%C4%93nisms" title="Hellēnisms – latishcha" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hellēnisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latishcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanim-potoana_helenistika" title="Vanim-potoana helenistika – malagasiy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vanim-potoana helenistika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Хеленистички период – makedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хеленистички период" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="ഹെല്ലനിസ്റ്റിക് യുഗം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെല്ലനിസ്റ്റിക് യുഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="हेलेनिस्टिक कालखंड – maratxi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेलेनिस्टिक कालखंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratxi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Helenistik" title="Zaman Helenistik – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Helenistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ဟဲလင်နစ်စတစ်ခေတ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟဲလင်နစ်စတစ်ခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismus" title="Hellenismus – quyi nemis" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hellenismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="quyi nemis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenisme" title="Hellenisme – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hellenisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenisme" title="Hellenisme – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hellenisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenisme" title="Hellenisme – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hellenisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoka_hellenistyczna" title="Epoka hellenistyczna – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epoka hellenistyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elenism" title="Elenism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Elenism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ہیلینستی ویلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیلینستی ویلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%90%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="هېلنیسټي دوره – pushtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هېلنیسټي دوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pushtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_helen%C3%ADstico" title="Período helenístico – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Período helenístico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_elenistic%C4%83" title="Grecia elenistică – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grecia elenistică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эллинизм – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эллинизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellenismu" title="Ellenismu – sitsiliya" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ellenismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiliya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenizam" title="Helenizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Helenizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hellenistic period" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenizmus" title="Helenizmus – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Helenizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenisti%C4%8Dno_obdobje" title="Helenistično obdobje – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Helenistično obdobje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хеленистичка ера – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хеленистичка ера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenism" title="Hellenism – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hellenism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எலனியக் காலம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எலனியக் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="สมัยเฮลเลนิสต์ – tay" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยเฮลเลนิสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenistik_D%C3%B6nem" title="Helenistik Dönem – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Helenistik Dönem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Елліністичний період – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Елліністичний період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="عصر ہیلینستی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عصر ہیلینستی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_k%E1%BB%B3_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p_h%C3%B3a" title="Thời kỳ Hy Lạp hóa – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời kỳ Hy Lạp hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="希腊化时代 – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希腊化时代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ელინიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ელინიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="希臘化時代 – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希臘化時代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-lia%CC%8Dp-h%C3%B2a_s%C3%AE-k%C3%AE" title="Hi-lia̍p-hòa sî-kî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hi-lia̍p-hòa sî-kî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="希臘化時代 – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希臘化時代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q428995#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tillararo ishoratlarni tahrirlash" class="wbc-editpage">Ishoratlarni tahrirla</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomfazolar"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ellinizm" title="Sahifani ko‘rish [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Maqola</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Munozara:Ellinizm" rel="discussion" title="Sahifa matni borasida munozara [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Munozara</span></a></li> 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q428995" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Vikimaʼlumotlar bandi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Qiyofa"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" 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.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>Bu maqolada bir qancha muammolar mavjud.</b> Iltimos, <b><a class="external text" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellinizm&action=edit">ularni tuzatib</a></b> yordam qiling yoki shu muammolarni <b><a href="/wiki/Munozara:Ellinizm" title="Munozara:Ellinizm">munozara sahifasida</a></b> muhokama qiling. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3736686"><table class="box-Wikify plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Wikify" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/40px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/60px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/80px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Bu maqola <b><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Vikilashtirish" title="Vikipediya:Vikilashtirish">vikilashtirilishi</a></b> kerak.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Iltimos, bu maqolani <a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Qoida_va_ko%CA%BBrsatmalar" title="Vikipediya:Qoida va koʻrsatmalar">Vikipediya qoida va koʻrsatmalariga</a> muvofiq tartibga keltiring.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2024-11</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3736686"><table class="box-Ichki_havolasiz plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg/40px-Ambox_wikify.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg/60px-Ambox_wikify.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg/80px-Ambox_wikify.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Bu maqolada <a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Ichki_havolalar" title="Vikipediya:Ichki havolalar">ichki havolalar</a> juda kam</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Matnga aloqador ichki havolalar qoʻshib <a class="external text" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellinizm&action=edit">yordam qiling</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2024-11</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ellinizm</b> – Makedoniya, Yunoniston, Oʻrta dengizning sharqiy sohillari, Gʻarbiy Osiyo, Qora dengiz atrofidagi mamlakatlar tarixining Aleksandr (Iskandar) istilosi (miloddan avvalgi 334—323 yillar)dan miloddan avvalgi 30 yilda Misr Rim qoʻshinlari tomonidan ishgʻol etilgan paytgacha oʻtgan davr. „Ellinizm“ atamasi ilmda dastlab nemis olimi I. G. Droyzenning 1836—43 yillarda chop etilgan 2 jildli „Ellinizm tarixi“ asarida qoʻllangan va ushbu atama orqali ellinlarning Sharq mamlakatlaridagi hukmronligi va ular madaniyatining Sharq xalqlari madaniyati bilan uygʻunlashib hosil qilgan yangi madaniyat tushunilgan. Keyinchalik ayrim tadqiqotchilar ellinistik olam hududi va davr doirasini kengaytirib, madaniyati yunonlar taʼsirida shakllangan barcha mamlakat va xalqlarni koʻzda tutadilar. „Ellinizm“ deganda, yunon madaniyati rivojinigina nazarda tutib, yunon madaniyatidan Rim madaniyatiga oʻtish davrining oʻzi, deb hisoblaydiganlar ham bor. </p><p>Miloddan avvalgi 336 yilda Makedoniya shohi Aleksandr Yunonistonni zabt etib, yunon, makedon xalqlaridan toʻplangan katta qoʻshin bilan Sharq mamlakatlariga qarshi urush boshlaydi va koʻp oʻtmay Hindistonga qadar choʻzilgan bepoyon oʻlkaning yakka hukmdoriga aylanadi. Aleksandr vafot etganda (miloddan avvalgi 323 yil), uning davlati tarkibida Bolqon yarim orol, Egey dengizidagi orollar, Kichik va Gʻarbiy Osiyo, Misr, Markaziy Osiyoning bir qismi bor edi. Aleksandr vafot etgach, uning merosxoʻrlari oʻrtasida hokimiyat uchun kurash borib, mamlakat parchalanib ketgan. Shu tariqa ellinistik davlatlar yuzaga kelgan. Biroq ellinizm davrida bu hududdagi turli mamlakat va viloyatlar ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy taraqqiyotning turli pogʻonasida boʻlganlar: baʼzilarida quldorlik munosabatlari (Makedoniya), ayrimlarida polis tuzumi tarqalib, qulchilik va qullikning antik shakllari vujudga kelgan (Misr, Salavkiylar davlati). Koʻpgina qabilalar (ayniqsa, ellinistik davlatlarning chegara hududlarida yashaganlar) uchun esa urugʻchilikdan sinfiylik jamiyatiga oʻtish davri boʻlgan. </p><p>Ellinizm davri sharqiy mamlakatlar uchun taraqqiyotning yangi bosqichi boʻldi. Yunonmakedoniyaliklar Sharqqa ishlab chiqarish malakalarini, oʻz davlat va huquq meʼyorlarini, urf-odat, din va madaniyatlarini olib keldilar, oʻz navbatida, Sharqdan oʻrgandilar ham. Davlat boshqaruvida qadimiy sharqiy monarxiya usullaridan foydalanildi. Pul va savdosotiq munosabatlari rivojlangan oʻlkalar (Mesopotamiya, Suriya, Kichik Osiyo)da polislar ravnaq topdi. Polislar oʻzgardi, yaʼni ular mustaqil respublika boʻlmay, maʼlum siyosiy va iqtisodiy imtiyozlarga ega shahar jamoalariga aylandilar. </p><p>Yunonlarning qadimiy nomi – „ellinlar“ atamasi oʻz etnik mazmunini asta-sekin yoʻqota borib, makedoniyalik, yunon va mahalliy yuqori tabaqaga mansub kishilarni ifodalaydigan soʻzga aylanib qoldi. </p><p>Merosxoʻr (diadox)lar oʻrtasidagi kurashlar miloddan avvalgi 3, miloddan avvalgi 2-asr boshlarida ham davom etdi. Ptolemeylar imperiyasi, Salavkiylar davlati, hududiy jihatdan ulardan kichik boʻlsa ham, ijtimoiy tuzum jihatidan ularga yaqin boʻlgan Pergam va Kichik Osiyodagi boshqa hukmdorliklar, yunon polislari, ellinistik olamning chekkalaridagi Skiflar podsholigi, Armaniston, Parfiya va boshqalar oʻrtasida tinimsiz urushlar xalq boshiga qoʻp ofatlar keltirdi. Shunga qaramay dengiz sohillari bilan mamlakat ichkarisidagi hududlar oʻrtasida iqtisodiy aloqa yaxshilana bordi, mahsulot ishlab chiqarish, savdo (xususan, tashqi savdo) rivoj topdi. Shaharlar savdo va hunarmandchilik markazlari sifatida yuksaldi (Iskandariya, Rodos o., Antioxiya, Salavkiya, Pergam). Misr, Suriya, Kichik Osiyo, Yunoniston va Makedoniya oʻrtasida doimiy dengiz yoʻli mavjud edi. Qizil dengiz hamda Fors qoʻltigʻi boʻylab Hindistonga savdo yoʻli ochildi. Misr Qora dengiz atroflari Karfagen va Rim bilan savdo aloqasini yoʻlga qoʻydi. qadimiy karvon yoʻllarida polislar va gavanlar yuzaga keldi. Shu bilan birga, ushbu davr polislar federatsiyasi (ittifoqi)ga ehtiyoj tugʻdirdi (bir necha polislar birlashdi). Ammo bu ittifoqlar orasida ham nizolar davom etdi, ijtimoiy qurash kuchaydi. Miloddan avvalgi 2—1-asrlarda isyonlar va ozodlik harakatlari jonlandi. Attika, Pergam, Delos o.larida qullar isyoni, Misr va Salavkiyada dehqonlar qoʻzgʻoloni yuz berdi. Ayni paytda Rimning mavqei osha bordi. U miloddan avvalgi 197 yilda Kichik Osiyoni, Egey dengizidagi orollarni va Yunonistonni bosib oddi. Rim ellinizm davlatlarini birinketin ishgʻol etib, miloddan avvalgi 30-yilda Misrni ham qoʻlga kiritdi va ellinizm davriga barham berdi. </p><p>Ellinizm davrida turli xalqlarning madaniyat darajalari har xil boʻlgan boʻlsada, oʻziga xos rivojlanish yuz bergan edi. Ellinistik mamlakatlarda tabiiy fanlar (jumladan, matematika), kemasozlik, harbiy sanʼat va shaharsozlik rivoj topdi. Dengiz sohillariga koʻpgina mayoqlar qurildi, savdo yoʻllari barpo etildi, savdo kemalari koʻproq yuk koʻtaradigan va tezroq suzadigan darajaga yetdilar. </p><p>Taraqqiyot asosan ilm-fan borasida boʻlib, avvalo, yunonlarning ilk bor Sharq madaniyati bilan yaqindan tanishishlari ularning ongini yana ham kengaytirib, fanning rivojiga kuchli taʼsir koʻrsatdi. Shu davrda ijod qilgan olimlardan Evklid, Arximed – matematikani; Aristarx, Gipparx – astronomiyani; Eratosfen – geografiyani yuksak darajaga koʻtarib, jahon ilmining kelgusi taraqqiyotiga yoʻl ochdilar. Olimlar, shoirlar va sanʼat ahlining ishlari uchun qulay sharoit tugʻdirish maqsadida Misrning dastlabki Ptolemey xoqonlari Iskandariya shahrida hozirgi fanlar akademiyasiga oʻxshash muassasa – „muzey“, yaʼni muzalar koshonasi ochadilar. Yunonistonning turli yerlaridan chaqirilgan olimlar muzey darsxonalarida maʼruzalar oʻqiydilar, lab.larda har xil tajriba ishlari oʻtkazadilar. Muzey qoshida maxsus kutubxona boʻlgan. Miloddan avvalgi 3-asrning oʻrtalarida muzey qiroatxonalarida yarim mln.ga yaqin papirus oʻramlari saqlangan. 2-asrning boshlarida tashkil etilgan Pergam kutubxonasining fondi Iskandariyanikidan qolishmas edi. Iqtisodiy raqobat tufayli, Ptolemeylar hukumati Misrdan Pergamga papirus chiqarishni taqiqlab qoʻyishganida, pergamliklar teridan ishlangan va „pergament“ deb ataluvchi maxsus yozuv materiali kashf qildilar. Olimlar esa muzeylarda badiiy asarlarning faqat matnini tekshirish, yaʼni ularning toʻgʻriligini aniqlash, xatolarini tuzatish, boshqalar tomonidan kiritilgan qoʻshimchalarni chiqarib tashlash va h.k. ishlar bilan shugʻullanganlar. Shu tariqa ellinizm davrida adabiyotshunoslik – filologiya ilmi yuzaga keldi. Iskandariya filologlari, asosan, Gomer asarlarini oʻrganganlar. </p><p>Ellinizm davrida ilm-fan, maʼrifat, madaniyat, sanʼat va adabiyot tamomila ellin hukmdorlari tasarrufida boʻlgan. Iskandariya muzeyining xodimlari davlatdan maosh olganlar, maxsus binolarda yashaganlar, kutubxona rahbarlari esa podshohlarning valiahdlariga tarbiyachi boʻlganlar. Ellinizm davrida keng yoyilgan falsafiy taʼlimotlar Misr hukmdorlarining manfaatlariga zid boʻlganligi bois Iskandariya muzeylarida falsafa bilan shugʻullanish taqiqlangan. Binobarin, Afina shahri yunon olamining falsafa markazi boʻlib qolgan va yangidanyangi taʼlimotlar shu yerda yuzaga kelib, keyin boshqa tomonlarga tarqalgan. </p><p>Ellinizm falsafasi bu davr uchun muhim omildir. Yunon olamida boshlangan ijtimoiy oʻzgarishlar natijasida tugʻilgan siyosiy loqaydlik, beparvolik va umidsizlik kayfiyatlari birmuncha falsafiy taʼlimotlarning kelib chiqishiga sabab boʻldi. Mazkur oqimlarning eng muhimlari – epikurchilar, stoiklar va kiniklar falsafasidir. </p><p>Epikur (miloddan avvalgi 344—270) oʻz taʼlimotida Demokritning atom nazariyasini yanada takomillashtirib, axloq masalalariga doir maʼnaviy xulosalar chiqargan. Uningcha, modomiki, butun koinot, hatto odamning ruhi ham atomlardan iborat ekan, tabiatda hech qanday gʻayritabiiy hodisalarning boʻlishi mumkin emas. U turli bidʼatlarni rad etadi. Koinot haqidagi notoʻgʻri tushunchalar odamni har doim qoʻrquv va tahlikaga solib, uning osuda hayot kechirishiga xalaqit qiladi. Boʻlmagʻur xavfxatarlardan qutulmas ekan, inson hayotning lazzatlarini his etmaydi, rohatni bilmaydi. Vaholanki, yashashning chin maʼnosi – hayot gashtini surmoqdir. Biroq har bir odam haqiqiy rohatni tashqi olamdan emas, balki oʻz ichki dunyosidan, ruhiy erkinlikdan va dilning osoyishtaligidan axtarmogʻi kerak. </p><p>Stoiklar falsafasi ham koʻp jihatdan Epikur fikrlariga yaqin. Bu oqimga asos solgan Zenon (miloddan avvalgi 335—253) oʻzining mashgʻulotlarini Afinadagi peshayvon taxlit binoda oʻtkazgan. Shuning uchun yunoncha „stoya“ (peshayvon) soʻzi keyinchalik ushbu oqimga nisbat berilgan. Epikurchilar ruhiy osoyishtalik prinsiplarini targʻib qilgan boʻlsalar, stoiklar shafqat, saxovat gʻoyalarini targʻib qilganlar. Ularning fikricha, odam bolasi ehtiroslarning taʼsirini yengib, taqdirning izmi, tabiat qonunlari asosida maʼnaviy erkin hayot kechirmogʻi lozim. </p><p>Miloddan avvalgi 4-asrda Suqrotning shogirdi Antisfen tomonidan yaratilgan kiniklar falsafasi, shu taʼlimot tarafdorlarining mashgʻuloti oʻtadigan joy – „kinosagers“ nomi bilan yuritiladi. Ular jamiyatdagi barcha rasmiy taomillarni, hatto axloqodob qoidalarini inkor qilib, insonni tabiiy holatga qaytishga va soxta udumlarni tashlab, oddiy hayot kechirishga chaqiradilar. </p><p>Ular oʻz taʼlimotlarini epikurchilarning betashvish umr kechirish gʻoyalariga qarshi qoʻyib, qashshoqlik va gadolikning afzalligini targʻib etadilar. Kiniklarning bu xildagi „qashshoqlik falsafasi“ hukmron tabaqaning barcha anʼanalariga qarshi qaratilgan isyon edi. Iqtisodiy manfaatdan, ijtimoiy vazifalardan kechib, har qanday rasmiyatchiliqdan xalos boʻlgan va shaxsiy erkinlikni yoʻqotmagan holda yaxshi yashashni targʻib etish orqali ular xususiy mulkni, quldorlikni, diniy tushunchalarni, nikoh tartiblarini va boshqalar usulu qoidalarini inkor etadilar va shu yoʻsinda aʼyonlarning barcha maʼnaviy madaniyatlariga va rasmiy hayotlariga nafrat bilan qaraganliklarini namoyish qilganlar. </p><p>Adabiyot va sanʼat saroyga, ellinistik jamiyatning yuqori tabaqalari manfaatlariga xizmat qildirilgan. Antik adabiyotda, xususan, dramaturgiyada muhim oʻrin tutadigan ijtimoiysiyosiy va axloqiy mavzular ellinizm adabiyotida sayozlasha borib, ilgarigi jangovar ruhini yoʻqotib, torintim doiraga tushib qolgan. Maishiyoilaviy, ishqiy kechinmalar haqidagi asarlar yozish odat tusiga kirgan. Biroq Afinaning oʻzidagi adabiyot („yangi attika komediyasi“ deb ataluvchi yoʻnalish) bundan istisno edi. Bu davrning jahon adabiyotiga qoʻshgan muhim hissasi ham „yangi komediya“dir. Bu ibora adabiy isteʼmolga eski zamonlarda kiritilgan boʻlib, ellinizm davrida paydo boʻlgan komediyaning yangi turini attika davridagi „qadimgi“ komediyadan hamda 4-asrdagi „oʻrta“ komediyadan ajratish maqsadida ishlatilgan. Evripid tomonidan dramaturgiyaga kiritilgan qator yangiliklar va „oʻrta“ komediyaning ijodiy usullari yangi oqimning shakllanishi va taraqqiy etishida adabiy maktab vazifasini bajardi. Ellinizm olamida „yangi komediya“ qariyb 200 yil (miloddan avvalgi 4-asrning 2-yarmi – 2-asrning 1-yarmi) umr koʻrdi. Bu janrda ijod qilgan shoirlarning soni 160 dan ortiq boʻlgan. Ulardan Filemon (taxminan 361— 263), Difil (taxminan 350263) va Menandrning (taxminan 343—292) nomi alohida taʼkidlanadi. Menandr oʻzining baʼzi dramalarida („Hakam sudi“, „Qirqilgan soch“) davrning dolzarb masalalarini, psixologik jarayonlarni qoʻrsatishga intilgan. </p><p>Ellinizm davridagi komediyanavis shoirlarning bizga qadar yetib kelgan asarlarida (ularning koʻpchiligi tomoshabinga manzur boʻlishi uchun) asosiy eʼtibor komediyaning tashqi taʼsirchanligini oshirishga qaratilgan. Ayrimlarida hayotda boʻlmaydigan sunʼiy hodisalar, yasama voqealar, uyatli gaplar, beoʻxshov masxarabozliklar bilan kuldirishga harakat qilingan lavhalarni kuzatish mumkin. </p><p>Ellinizm davri sheʼriyatida, asosan, kichik hajmdagi adabiy asarlar: epilliya, elegiya, epigramma va idilliyalar avj oldi. Katta shaharlarning jonsarak shovqinsuronidan, igʻvo va fitnalaridan tinkasi qurigan inson hayotning gʻalvalaridan bosh olib tabiat quchogʻiga ketishni, oddiy dehqonlar, soddadil choʻponlar singari osuda hayot kechirishni orzu qilganligi natijasida yangi poetik janr – idilliya va bukolika, yaʼni choʻpon poeziyasi yuzaga keldi. </p><p>Kamimax (taxminan miloddan avvalgi 310—240) davr adabiyotining koʻzga koʻringan vakillaridan biri boʻlib, uning 800 dan ortiq ilmiy va badiiy asarlari borligi haqida maʼlumot yetib kelgan. „Jadvallar“ nomli bibliografik asari 120 jilddan iborat boʻlib, bu tazkirasifat asarida yozuvchi oʻzidan avval oʻtgan olimlar va yozuvchilar haqida qisqacha maʼlumotlarni jamlagan. Uning epigrammalari ham aniq, oʻtkir va qisqa yozilgan. Toʻrt kitobdan iborat va elegiya janrida yozilgan „Sabablar“ dostoni mifologiyaga oid asardir. Kallimaxning Attis (Kichik Osiyo xalkdarida tabiat xudosi) haqidagi epilliyasi, maʼbudlar (Zevs, Apollon, Artemida)ni maqtovchi madhiyalari ham bor. Dostonlar yozgan Rodoslik Appoloniy (taxminan 295—215) „Argonavtika“ dostoni bilan bu janrni davom ettirdi. U bu asarida mifologik obrazlarga koʻproq eʼtibor bergan. Kichik hajmdagi nazmiy asarlari bilan tanilgan Feokritning (taxminan 300—250) qalamiga mansub „Idilliyalar“ toʻplamida 30 sheʼr va 25 epigramma mavjud. Bu asarda shoir mazmun jihatdan rangbarang asarlar yaratgan va unda asosiy oʻrinni sokin tabiat qoʻynidagi hayotni tasvirlovchi asarlar – „bukolika“ (choʻponlar qoʻshigʻi)lar egallagan. </p><p>Davr nasrida folklor anʼanalari ustunlik qiladi. Shunga qaramay, insonning ruhiy dunyosini va maishiy hayotini tasvirlashda maʼlum yutuqlarga erishilgan. Bu esa keyingi yunon va Rim nazmi va romanchiligiga samarali taʼsir koʻrsatgan. </p><p>Ellinizm davri qadimiy Yunon va qadimiy Sharqning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy, siyosiy munosabatlarining qoʻshilish va birbiriga taʼsir koʻrsatish davridir, bu davrda madaniyat va sanʼatda ham anʼanalar qoʻshilib bordi, uygʻunlikda rivojlandi. Davr ruhi va xususiyatlari, ayniqsa, meʼmorlik va monumental sanʼatda oʻzining yorqin ifodasini topdi. Hukmdorlar oʻzlarining saltanatlarini muhtasham binolar, ajoyib sanʼat namunalari bilan boyitishga harakat qildi. Yangi shaharlar paydo boʻldi (Pergam, Iskandariya kabi), ular ulugʻvorlikda va serhashamlilikda Afinani ortda qoldirdi. Shaharlar, inshootlar ansambl tarzida bunyod etildi, koʻchalar, maydonlar, binolar haykaltaroshlik asarlari bilan bezatildi, uylar mozaika, devoriy rasm, haykaltaroshlik asarlari bilan koʻrkamlashtirildi. Bogʻchorbogʻ bilan bogʻliq bezak haykaltaroshligi keng tarqaldi, yangi inshoot turlari – kutubxona, museyonlar paydo boʻldi [Aleksandriya (Iskandariya) kutubxonasi, Aleksandriya (Iskandariya) museyoni va boshqalar], bunyod etilgan ibodatxona, altar, memorial inshoot turlarida Sharq sanʼatining kuchli taʼsiri oʻz aksini topdi (Pergamdagi Zevs altari va boshqalar). </p><p>Ellinizm tasviriy sanʼatida yunon klassikasi bilan mahalliy madaniyat elementlarining uzviy qoʻshilishi kuzatiladi; sanʼat asarlarida fuqarolik ruhi oʻrnini hukmdorning harbiy gʻalabalarini tarannum etish, umumlashma obrazlar oʻrnini yagona shaxsni ulugʻlovchi, uning ruhiyatini ifodalovchi asarlar yaratish egallaydi, bezakdorlik bilan birga voqelikni haqqoniy aks ettirish kuchayadi. Monumental haykaltaroshlik (ulutvor boʻrtma kompozitsiyalar yaratish) keng taraqqiy etdi (Zevs mehrobidagi friz), haykaltaroshlik kompozitsiyalari („Laokoon va uning oʻgʻillari“, „Farnez buqasi“ va boshqalar) va portretlari (kichik shakllar haykaltaroshligi)da obrazlarning hayotiyligi ortdi („Oʻzi va qalligʻini oʻldirayotgan gall“, „Oʻlayotgan gall“, shuningdek, Tanagra haykalchalari). Rangtasvirda koʻp shaklli komggozitsiyalar tarqaldi. Misrda rassomlik ham rivojlangani, adabiy manbalarda Apelles, Antifil kabi rassomlar samarali ijod qilgani toʻgʻrisida maʼlumotlar bor. Ellinizmga xos umumiy xususiyatlar vaza rassomligi, gliptika, torevtika, badiiy shisha idishlarda ham quzatiladi. </p><p>Ellinizm numizmatika sanʼatida yaqqol koʻzga tashlanadi. Markaziy Osiyoga boʻrtma tasvirli tangalarning kirib kelishi salavkiylar sulolasi nomi bilan bogʻliq. Oʻrta Osiyoda ishlangan tangalarda portretlar tashqi koʻrinishi bilan birga, shaxsning feʼlatvorini ham haqqoniy tasvirlab, yunon boʻrtma tasvirlaridan oʻtib ketdi, „oʻrta osiyocha“ moʻʼjaz portret sanʼati rivojlandi. Demetriy tasviri tushirilgan tangada uning xarakteri va mavqei fil shakli boʻlgan bosh kiyimda tasvirlanadi (bu uning Hindistonni zabt etganiga ishoradir). Ellinizm davrida Oʻzbekistonda mahobatli haykallar ham ishlanganligi maʼlum. Jumladan, Artemida Anaxita siymosida mujassamlashgan. Uning oltindan ishlangan haykallarida boshida nur sochib turgan toji boʻlgan, bunday haykallar Baqtriyaning bosh ibodatxonasiga oʻrnatilgan. Bunday nur taratib turgan toj Demetriy tangalaridagi boʻrtma tasvirlarda ham uchraydi. </p><p>Zardushtiylik dinining yunonlarga taʼsiri qadim davrlarda kuchli boʻlganidek, ellinizm davrida ham bu taʼsir sezilarli edi. Kommagen podshohi Antioxning (miloddan avvalgi1-asr) toshga oʻyilgan yozuvida „Zevs“ va Oramazdning osmon taxtlari" deyilgan. Bu esa zardushtiylik maʼbudi Ahuramazda yunonlarning bosh xudosi Zevs bilan bir darajaga qoʻyilganligini biddiradi. ellinizm davrida, ayniqsa, zardushtiylik taʼlimoti katta rol oʻynadi. Dastavval ahdga sodiqlik, keyinchalik haqiqat uchun kurashuvchilar tomonida jang qiluvchi urush xudosi, buyuk hakam va nihoyat, yorugʻlik xudosi Mitra ellinistik mamlakatlarda keng tarqaldi. Bu maʼbud hindlarda „Mitra“, Avestoda „Misra“, sugʻdlarda „Mishra“ deyilgan: Avesto tilidagi „r“ tovushi sugʻd tilida „sh“ga aylangan, natijada „Missha“ shakli paydo boʻlib, keyinchalik „Misra“ shaklini olgan. Persopoldagi qoyatosh yozuvida ham Mitra „Mishra“ shaklida berilgan. qadimiy yunon adabiyotida Mitra dastavval Gerodot „Tarix“ining 1-kitobida tilga olingan. </p><p>Miloddan avvalgi 4-asrdan Markaziy Osiyo xalqlari tarixida yangi davr boshlangan. Hindistondan Yevropagacha, Yevropadan Misrgacha boʻlgan hududni oʻz ichiga olgan ellinistik davlatlarning iqgisodiy, siyosiy, ijtimoiy hayotida Markaziy Osiyo xalklari ham ishtirok etadilar. Shu tariqa, ellinizm davri Sharq va yunon xalqlari madaniyati, adabiyotlarining oʻzaro boyishi jarayonining oliy choʻqqisi boʻldi. ellinizm Aleksandr bosib olgan yurtlardagi xalqlar hayotining turli sohalari – iqtisodiyot, siyosat, ijtimoiymadaniy hayotidagi katta oʻzgarishlarga olib kelib, ellinistik madaniyatning ravnaq topishi va keng tarqalishiga zamin hozirlagan. Osiyo va Yevropaning hamma mintaqalarida ellinizm bir tekisda rivoj topmagan. Ammo ellinistik davlatlar inqirozga uchragandan soʻng bir necha asrlar oʻtgandan keyin ham ellinistik madaniyat sanʼat va adabiyotda davom etib kelgan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adabiyotlar">Adabiyotlar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellinizm&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Adabiyotlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellinizm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Adabiyotlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tara V., Ellinisticheskaya sivilizatsiya, M., 1949;</li> <li>Ranovich A. B., Ellinizm i yego istoricheskaya rol, M., 1950;</li> <li>Tronskiy I. M., Istoriyaantichnoy literaturg, M., 1983;</li> <li>Al imuxammedov A., Antikadabiyottarixi, T, 1975;</li> <li>Sulaymonova F., Sharq va Gʻarb, T, 1998;</li> <li>Rtveladze ellinizm, Velikiy shelkovsh put, T, 1999.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Havolalar">Havolalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellinizm&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Havolalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellinizm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Havolalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3736688">.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid #bb7070;background-color:#ffdbdb}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}</style></p><table class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation" style="border: 1px dashed #f4c430; width: 65%; margin: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Enciklopedia_stub.png/40px-Enciklopedia_stub.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Enciklopedia_stub.png/60px-Enciklopedia_stub.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Enciklopedia_stub.png/80px-Enciklopedia_stub.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="538" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-style: italic;">Ushbu maqolada <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzbekiston_milliy_ensiklopediyasi" title="Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi">Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi</a> (2000-2005) maʼlumotlaridan foydalanilgan.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table class="metadata plainlinks stub" align="center" role="presentation" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Stub_W.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stub ikona"><img alt="Stub ikona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/50px-Stub_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/75px-Stub_W.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/100px-Stub_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td><center><i>Ushbu maqola <a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Chala_maqolalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikipediya:Chala maqolalar">chaladir</a>. 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