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class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phycotoxins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phycotoxins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Phycotoxins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phycotoxins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_product" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_product"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>End product</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_product-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > 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searchaux" style="display:none">Commercial activity of cultivating (farming) scallops</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placopecten_magellanicus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Placopecten magellanicus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Placopecten_magellanicus.jpg/300px-Placopecten_magellanicus.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Placopecten_magellanicus.jpg/450px-Placopecten_magellanicus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Placopecten_magellanicus.jpg/600px-Placopecten_magellanicus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sea_scallop" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea scallop">sea scallop</a> is cultured in the eastern USA</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Scallop aquaculture</b> is the commercial activity of cultivating (farming) <a href="/wiki/Scallops" class="mw-redirect" title="Scallops">scallops</a> until they reach a marketable size and can be sold as a <a href="/wiki/Consumer_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer product">consumer product</a>. Wild juvenile scallops, or spat, were collected for growing in Japan as early as 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first attempts to fully cultivate scallops in farm environments were not recorded until the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Shumway_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shumway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Scallop_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scallop fishing">fishing for wild scallops</a> has been the preferred practice, since farming can be expensive. However worldwide declines in wild scallop populations have resulted in the growth of <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>. Globally the scallop aquaculture industry is now well established, with a reported annual production totalling over 1,200,000 metric tonnes <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from about 12 species. China and Japan account for about 90% of the reported production. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultured_species">Cultured species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cultured species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are varying degrees of aquaculture intensity used for different species of scallop. Therefore, cultured species can be divided into operations that are commercially well-established, those in the early commercial stages, those in development or experimental stages and those where potential for commercial farming has been expressed. Some species fall under multiple categories in different world regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Established_commercial_operations">Established commercial operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Established commercial operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scallop_weathervane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A weathervane scallop which can be culture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Scallop_weathervane.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>A cultured Weathervane Scallop.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aequipecten_opercularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aequipecten opercularis">Aequipecten opercularis</a></i> (United Kingdom, northern France and Spain, Norway)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_irradians" title="Argopecten irradians">Argopecten irradians</a></i> (China)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Sub species <i>A. irradians irradians</i> (eastern USA)</dd> <dd>Sub species <i>A. irradians concentricus</i> (eastern USA)</dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_purpuratus" title="Argopecten purpuratus">Argopecten purpuratus</a></i> (Chile)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlamys_farreri" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamys farreri">Chlamys farreri</a></i> (China)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlamys_islandica" title="Chlamys islandica">Chlamys islandica</a></i> (eastern USA)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlamys_nobilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamys nobilis">Chlamys nobilis</a></i> (Japan, China)</li> <li><i>Mizuhopecten/<a href="/wiki/Patinopecten_yessoensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Patinopecten yessoensis">Patinopecten yessoensis</a></i> (eastern RussiaJapan, China, Western Canada [hybridized with <i>Patinopecten caurinus</i>])</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_fumatus" title="Pecten fumatus">Pecten fumatus</a></i> (Australia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">Pecten maximus</a></i> (United Kingdom, northern France and Spain, Norway)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placopecten_magellanicus" title="Placopecten magellanicus">Placopecten magellanicus</a></i> (eastern USA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_commercial_operations">Early commercial operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early commercial operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_ventricosus" title="Argopecten ventricosus">Argopecten ventricosus</a></i> (Mexico)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlamys_islandica" title="Chlamys islandica">Chlamys islandica</a></i> (Norway)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crassadoma" title="Crassadoma">Crassadoma</a> gigantea</i> (western North America)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developmental_or_experimental">Developmental or experimental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Developmental or experimental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyropecten_nodosus_000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lyropecten_nodosus_000.jpg/250px-Lyropecten_nodosus_000.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lyropecten_nodosus_000.jpg/375px-Lyropecten_nodosus_000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lyropecten_nodosus_000.jpg/500px-Lyropecten_nodosus_000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Nodipecten_nodosus" title="Nodipecten nodosus">Nodipecten nodosus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aequipecten_tehuelchus" title="Aequipecten tehuelchus">Aequipecten tehuelchus</a></i> (Argentina)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aequipecten_opercularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aequipecten opercularis">Aequipecten opercularis</a></i> (Norway)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euvola_ziczac" title="Euvola ziczac">Euvola ziczac</a></i> (Venezuela)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nodipecten_nodosus" title="Nodipecten nodosus">Nodipecten nodosus</a></i> (Brazil, Venezuela)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patinopecten_caurinus" title="Patinopecten caurinus">Patinopecten caurinus</a></i> (western North America)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">Pecten maximus</a></i> (China)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_with_potential">Species with potential</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Species with potential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amusium_balloti" class="mw-redirect" title="Amusium balloti">Amusium balloti</a></i> (Australia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amusium_pleuronectes" title="Amusium pleuronectes">Amusium pleuronectes</a></i> (Philippines)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlamys_varia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamys varia">Chlamys varia</a></i> (northern Europe)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlamys_islandica" title="Chlamys islandica">Chlamys islandica</a></i> (northern Europe)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euvola_vogdesi" title="Euvola vogdesi">Euvola vogdesi</a></i> (Mexico)</li> <li><i>Euvola ziczac</i> (Brazil)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flexopecten_flexuosus" title="Flexopecten flexuosus">Flexopecten flexuosus</a></i> (northern Europe)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nodipecten_subnodosus" title="Nodipecten subnodosus">Nodipecten subnodosus</a></i> (Mexico)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_species_of_note">Other species of note</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other species of note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attempts at cultivation of <i>Chlamys hastate</i> and <i>Chlamys rubida</i> in western North America have been halted due to the small size and slow growth of both species.<br /> Initial attempts made at cultivation of <i>Pecten novazelandiae</i> in New Zealand were hampered by large levels of fouling by mussels and by competition from a largely successful natural fishery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_culture">Methods of culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Methods of culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a variety of aquaculture methods that are currently utilized for scallops. The effectiveness of particular methods depends largely on the species of scallop being farmed and the local environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spat_collection">Spat collection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spat collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collection of wild <a href="/wiki/Spat_(molluscs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spat (molluscs)">spat</a> has historically been the most common way obtaining young scallops to seed aquaculture operations. There are a variety of ways in which spat can be collected. Most methods involve a series of mesh spat bags suspended in the water column on a line which is anchored to the seafloor. Spat bags are filled with a suitable cultch (usually filamentous fibers) onto which scallop larvae will settle. Here larvae will undergo <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> into post-larvae (spat). Spat can then be collected and transferred to a farm site for on-growing. </p><p>Spat collectors will be set in areas of high scallop productivity where spat numbers are naturally high. However, to establish where the most appropriate areas to collect spat are, trial collectors will often be laid at a variety of different sites. Well-funded farms can potentially set thousands of individual spat bags in collection trials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hatcheries">Hatcheries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hatcheries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scallop hatcheries provide a number of advantages over traditional spat collection for supplying seed to aquaculture operations, most notably in selective breeding and genetic manipulation, as well as providing a regular supply of spat at a low price. While initial attempts to culture scallops in hatcheries were fraught with extremely low spawning and high larval mortality rates,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of successful techniques have now been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Nemia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most important aspects of hatchery rearing is obtaining and maintaining broodstock. <a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">Broodstock</a> must be conditioned so to stimulate gonad development leading up to spawning and much research has been devoted to identifying the best diets and water quality requirements for broodstock.<sup id="cite_ref-Nemia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once broodstock have been conditioned, spawning can be induced. This is most commonly achieved by varying water temperature, increasing water circulation, or by an injection of <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Shumway_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shumway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following spawning, scallop eggs will develop into the “D” larval (shelled) stage in 2 to 4 days post-<a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>. As larvae, they continue to grow and can be fed a variety of microalgal diets with mixed algal diets being reported as giving higher growth rates than single species diets.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settlement of larvae in hatcheries typically occurs between 35 and 45 days after fertilization of the scallop eggs when <a href="/wiki/Larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvae">larvae</a> are approximately 250 μm in size.<sup id="cite_ref-Shumway_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shumway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following settlement, the larvae undergo metamorphosis where they rearrange their body form to begin their life as a seafloor dwelling juvenile scallop. Mortality rates are often highest during metamorphosis as larvae go through a series of behavioral and anatomical changes such as loss of the velum (the larval feeding structure) and development of new filter-feeding mechanisms and <a href="/wiki/Gills" class="mw-redirect" title="Gills">gills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shumway_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shumway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-settlement spat may be further grown in nursery tanks before being transferred to an on-growing system such as pearl nets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grow_out_stage">Grow out stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grow out stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two recognized systems for the grow out stage of scallops. These are hanging culture and bottom culture. Each has its own benefits and drawbacks in terms of cost, ease of handling and quality of the finished product. Enclosed culture systems still have not yet been fully developed in a commercial context and development continues in this area. Such a system would have large advantages over other forms of culture as tight control of feed and water parameters could be maintained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hanging_culture">Hanging culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hanging culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanging culture relies on either a raft or longline system (with buoys and lines) that floats on the sea surface from which the cultured scallops are suspended, usually on ropes to which they are attached in some manner. Rafts are considerably more expensive than the equivalent distance of longline and are largely restricted to sheltered areas. However, raft systems require much less handling time. Longlines have proved effective for most farms to date and have the added advantage of being able to be completely submerged (with the exception of marker buoys) so to reduce <a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">visual pollution</a>. From a raft or longline a variety of culture equipment can be supported. The main advantage of any form of hanging culture is in the exploitation of mid-water algal populations that cannot be fully utilized in other forms of culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scallop_Pearl_Net.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pearl nets are used to grow spat to juveniles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Scallop_Pearl_Net.jpg/220px-Scallop_Pearl_Net.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="433" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Scallop_Pearl_Net.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Pearl nets used to grow spat to juveniles.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pearl_nets">Pearl nets</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pearl nets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once scallop spat have been collected, the most common way of growing them further is in pearl nets (small pyramid shaped nets usually about 350mm across with 2-7mm mesh). Here, they are usually grown to approximately 15mm in high stocking densities. Pearl nets are typically hung ten to a line and have the advantage of being light and collapsible for easy handling. Scallops are usually not grown to larger sizes in pearl nets due to the light construction of the equipment. Once juveniles have reached a desired size they can be transferred to another form of culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lantern_nets">Lantern nets</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lantern nets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lantern nets were first developed in Japan and are the most common method of growing out scallops following removal of juveniles from pearl nets. They allow the scallops to grow to adulthood for harvest due to their larger size and more sturdy construction. Lantern nets are employed in a similar fashion in the mid-water column and can be utilized in relatively high densities. Flow rate of water and algae is adequate and scallops will usually congregate around the edges of the circular net to maximise their food intake.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ear_hanging">Ear hanging</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ear hanging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ear hanging methods were developed to be a cheaper alternative to lantern nets. Subsequently, research has shown that growth of ear-hung scallops can also be higher than those in lantern nets. Ear hanging involves drilling a hole in the scallop ear (the protruding margin of shell near where the two shells join) and attaching it to a fixed submerged line for growth. Such a process can be relatively labor-intensive as each scallop must be individually handled and drilled (however, many operations now have machines for this process). Furthermore, high mortality rates can result from drilling if scallops are too small, are drilled incorrectly, or spend too much time out of water and become physiologically stressed. This has resulted in research being conducted into the optimal drilling size. This size has been shown to be species specific with small species not having good survival rates. As such, ear hanging is an effective method of growing out larger scallop species. If ear hanging is an appropriate method, scallops can be densely stocked in pairs on lines with as little as 100 mm between pairs. Scallops are maintained in this fashion for two to three years until harvested.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of attachment products are constantly being tested with the best growth so far being obtained with a fastener called a securatie.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rope_culture">Rope culture</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rope culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rope culture is very similar in principle to ear hanging with the only difference being the method of attachment. In rope culture, instead of scallops being attached by an ear hanging, they are cemented by their flat valve to a hanging rope. This method results in a similar growth and mortality rates as ear hanging but has the advantage of being able to set scallops from a small size. New cementing technologies are being continually developed with the aim of producing quicker setting adhesives to minimize the time scallops spend out of water so to minimize stress.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pocket_nets">Pocket nets</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pocket nets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pocket netting involves hanging scallops in individual net pockets. Pockets are most often set in groups hanging together. Pocket nets are not used extensively in larger farms due to their cost. However, handling time is low and so can be considered in smaller operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hog_rigging">Hog rigging</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hog rigging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hog rigging involves netting pockets of three or four scallops tied around a central line. This method is quick and cost effective and has been used to a great extent in the European <a href="/wiki/Queen_Scallop" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Scallop">Queen Scallop</a> (<i>Aequipecten opercularis</i>) industry. However, its success in larger scallop species has been limited.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Plastic_trays">Plastic trays</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Plastic trays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Growing scallops in suspended plastic trays such as oyster cages can serve as an alternative to equipment like lantern nets. However, such systems can be expensive and have a rigid structure so cannot be folded and easily stored when not in use. In general, plastic trays are mostly used for temporary storage of scallops and for transportation of spat.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bottom_culture">Bottom culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bottom culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methods of bottom culture can be used in conjunction with or as an alternative to hanging culture. The main advantage of using methods of bottom culture is in the lower cost of reduced buoyancy needs as equipment is supported by the seabed. However, growing times have been noted as being longer in some cases due to the loss of use of mid-water plankton.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Plastic_bottom_trays">Plastic bottom trays</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Plastic bottom trays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plastic trays such as oyster cages can again be utilized in bottom culture techniques. They provide simple and easy to use system. Plastic trays are effective in large numbers but their size is limited by the growth rates of scallops near the centre of cages due to reduced water and food flow rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Wild_ranching">Wild ranching</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Wild ranching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wild ranching is by far the cheapest of all forms of scallop farming and can be very effective when large areas of seabed can be utilized. However, there can often be problems with predators such as <a href="/wiki/Crabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Crabs">crabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a> so areas must be cleared and then fenced to some degree. However, clearing and fencing will not prevent settlement of larvae of predators. Harvesting is usually done by dredge further reducing costs. On smaller farms, however, divers may be employed to harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feeding">Feeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scallops are <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeders" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter feeders">filter feeders</a> that are capable of ingesting living and inert particles suspended in the water column.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In culture, scallop diets contain primarily <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> that occur either naturally at a site or are produced artificially in culture. Much research has been conducted into what species of phytoplankton are most effective for inducing growth (and particularly growth of the adductor muscle). Such research has shown that of the species commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalve</a> aquaculture, <i>Isochrysis aff. galbana</i> (clone T-Iso) and <i>Chaetoceros neogracile</i> are the most effective.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, with the increase of enclosed farming techniques, a large amount of work has been directed at development of an artificial microalgal substitute that is more cost effective than traditional feeds.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microalgae" title="Microalgae">Microalgae</a> cultures may also be manipulated in order to produce algae with a more desirable <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> profile and much work is being conducted in this area. Furthermore, microalgal species used in scallop culture usually have high levels of <a href="/wiki/Vitamins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamins">vitamins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shumway_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shumway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dietary requirements of scallops differ depending on species and life stage. For example, increased protein content of the microalgal diet of broodstock has been shown to reduce time to spawning maturity and increase <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar positive results for growth and survival have been observed in larvae fed with high protein diets.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, speculation remains that lipids are also very important to scallop larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-Shumway_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shumway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diseases,_parasites_and_phycotoxins"><span id="Diseases.2C_parasites_and_phycotoxins"></span>Diseases, parasites and phycotoxins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Diseases, parasites and phycotoxins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with any aquaculture species, the incidence of <a href="/wiki/Diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases">diseases</a> (and parasites) can be amplified by the close proximity of individuals. The occurrence of diseases in scallop culture has been presented as subdued<sup id="cite_ref-Shumway_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shumway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and not well understood;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the Chinese production of <a href="/wiki/Farrer%27s_scallop" title="Farrer's scallop">Farrer's scallop</a> (<i>Chlamys farreri</i>) was devastated by <a href="/wiki/Malacoherpesviridae" title="Malacoherpesviridae">malacoherpesviridae</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ren2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ren2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Databases are being assembled and industry and research institutions are cooperating for an improved effort against future outbreaks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasites">Parasites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A similar situation is seen with <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a> as is seen with diseases: at this stage little is known about scallop parasites and few have been identified. As of 2006, no mass deaths caused by parasites have been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Shumway_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shumway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are only 17 parasites and commensals that have been described as being associated with scallops (for a full list see Shumway & Parsons [2006], pp. 1187–1188). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phycotoxins">Phycotoxins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Phycotoxins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The occurrence of phycotoxins is generally associated with specific bodies of water and must be considered during establishment of farms as many phycotoxins derived from toxic algae can have detrimental effects on consumers of infected meat.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With respect to scallop culture, two categories of toxins have been reported: <a href="/wiki/Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Paralytic shellfish poisoning">Paralytic shellfish poisoning</a> (PSP) and <a href="/wiki/Amnesic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Amnesic shellfish poisoning">amnesic shellfish poisoning</a> (ASP). PSP has been reported for a number of years in <i>Placopecten magellanicus</i> in the Northwest Atlantic and so must be considered in culture operations, particularly as <i>P. magellanicus</i> is reported as being a slow detoxifyer of the toxin.<sup id="cite_ref-Shumway_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shumway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ASP is a <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a> produced by some marine <a href="/wiki/Diatoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatoms">diatoms</a> and has also been reported in scallops from the Northwest Atlantic (Bird & Wright, 1989). <a href="/wiki/Diarrhetic_shellfish_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning">Diarrehetic shellfish poisons</a> (DSP) have also been identified as a potential problem, however, they have not yet been reported in scallop culture. DSPs cause gastrointestinal distress in humans and are produced by <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellates" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellates">dinoflagellates</a> that may be ingested by scallops.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_product">End product</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: End product"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_scallops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Adductor muscle of Pecten maximus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Large_scallops.jpg/220px-Large_scallops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Large_scallops.jpg/330px-Large_scallops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Large_scallops.jpg/440px-Large_scallops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The finished product: adductor muscle meat of the Giant Scallop, <i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">Pecten maximus</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Once scallops have been grown, harvested and processed the principal end product is the meat, which usually consists of just the adductor muscle (fresh or frozen). However, it is becoming increasingly popular to sell the muscle with the <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a> still attached and also to sell whole animals (primarily in North America). Thus, the industry now produces three distinguishably different products. </p><p>While the shelf life of a live scallop is limited, the marketing of this product allows scallop farmers to sell smaller animals and so increase cash flow. Top quality scallop <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> can demand a high market price, which fluctuates with production, success of wild scallop fisheries and a number of other global factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Shumway_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shumway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to common perception concerning the negative impacts of many aquaculture practices (particularly finfishes<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), scallop aquaculture (and indeed other shellfish aquaculture practices) in many parts of the world are considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> practice that can have positive <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> effects. This is a result of filter-feeding bivalves removing <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">suspended solids</a>, unwanted <a href="/wiki/Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a> from the water column so to increase water clarity which, in turn, improves <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> ecosystems, particularly by promoting growth of vegetation such as <a href="/wiki/Seagrasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagrasses">seagrasses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With this considered, such positive impacts are very area specific and one of the main negative environmental impacts scallop culture can create in some other areas is the <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of waters. This has been well observed in Russia where culture of scallops in partially closed bays has resulted in eutrophication and so changes in <a href="/wiki/Species_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Species composition">species composition</a> and structural and functional parameters of pelagic and benthic communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Shumway_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shumway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monitoring has shown that after farms are disbanded, ecosystems were restored within 5–10 years. This is in line with a large body of data showing bivalve aquaculture activities result in various environmental changes including changes in hydrological regime, ecological communities (including planktonic communities), biochemical composition of waters, biodeposits and <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> settlement success.<sup id="cite_ref-Shumway_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shumway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, aquaculture farms are a source of <a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">visual pollution</a> and so often attract public opposition in highly populated coastal areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scallop_aquaculture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinoshita T (1935) A test for natural spat collection of the Japanese scallop. Report of the Hokkaido Fish Research Station, 273:1-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shumway-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shumway_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shumway_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shumway_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shumway_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shumway_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shumway_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shumway_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shumway_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shumway_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shumway_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shumway_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shumway_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shumway SE & Parsons GJ (2006). Scallops: Biology, Ecology and Aquaculture. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909123047/http://wwz.ifremer.fr/index.php?%2Faquaculture_en%2Fstatistiques_mondiales%2Fla_conchyliculture%2Fproduction_par_famille%2Fpectinides">"Ifremer"</a>. <i>wwz.ifremer.fr</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwz.ifremer.fr/index.php?%2Faquaculture_en%2Fstatistiques_mondiales%2Fla_conchyliculture%2Fproduction_par_famille%2Fpectinides">the original</a> on 9 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wwz.ifremer.fr&rft.atitle=Ifremer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwz.ifremer.fr%2Findex.php%3F%252Faquaculture_en%252Fstatistiques_mondiales%252Fla_conchyliculture%252Fproduction_par_famille%252Fpectinides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop+aquaculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cervigon, Fernando (Editor), 1983: La acuicultura en Venezuela. Caracas. 123p</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dabinett PE (1989). Hatchery production and grow-out of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus. Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada, 89(3):68-70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nemia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nemia_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemia_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neima PG (1997). Report on commercial scallop hatchery design. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 2176. 55 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryan CM (2000). Effect of algal cell density, dietary composition, growth stage and macronutrient concentration on growth and survival of giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791) larvae and spat in a commercial hatchery. MSc Thesis. Memorial University, Newfoundland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardy-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy D (1991). Scallop Farming. (ed. D Hardy) Fishing News Books, Blackwell Science, Oxford.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoew2019" class="citation web cs1">Loew, Chris (Mar 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/supply-trade/cei-releases-market-analysis-of-ear-hung-scallops-farmed-in-maine?utm_source">"CEI releases market analysis of ear-hung scallops farmed in Maine"</a>. <i>Seafood source</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seafood+source&rft.atitle=CEI+releases+market+analysis+of+ear-hung+scallops+farmed+in+Maine&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft.aulast=Loew&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seafoodsource.com%2Fnews%2Fsupply-trade%2Fcei-releases-market-analysis-of-ear-hung-scallops-farmed-in-maine%3Futm_source&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScallop+aquaculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucas A (1982). La nutrition des larves de bivalves. Oceanis 8(5):363-388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coutteau P & Sorgeloos P (1992). The use of algal substitutes and the requirement for live algae in the hatchery and nursery rearing of bivalve molluscs: an international survey. Journal of Shellfish Research, 11:467-476</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert R & Trintigna P (1997). Substitutes for live microalgae in mariculture: a review. Aquatic Living Resources, 10:315-327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farías A & Uriarte I (2001). Effect of microalgae protein on the gonad development and physiological parameters of Chilean scallop Argopecten purpuratus (Lamark, 1819). Journal of Shellfish Research, 20:97-105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uriarte I (2000). Informe de Avance No.3, FONDECYT 1970807, Chile. 11p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball MC & McGladdery SE (2001). Scallop parasites, pests and diseases: implications for aquaculture development in Canada. Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada, 101(3):13-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china.nlambassade.org/binaries/content/assets/postenweb/c/china/zaken-doen-in-china/import/kansen_en_sectoren/agrofood/rapporten_over_agro_food/an-overview-of-chinas-aquaculture">An Overview of China's Aquaculture</a>", <span class="nowrap">p. 6</span>. Netherlands Business Support Office (Dalian), 2010. Accessed 13 Aug 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ren2013-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ren2013_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ren W, Chen H, Renault T, Cai Y, Bai C, Wang C, Huang J (2013) Complete genome sequence of acute viral necrosis virus associated with massive mortality outbreaks in the Chinese scallop, <i>Chlamys farreri</i>" <i>Virol J</i> 10(1) 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shumway SE, Sherman-Caswell S & Hurst WJ (1988). Paralytic shellfish poisoning in Maine: monitoring a monster. Journal of Shellfish Research, 7:643-652.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yautomo T, Murata M, Oshima Y, Matsumoto GK & Clardy J (1984). Diarrehetic shellfish poisoning. In: Seafood Toxins (ed. EP Ragelis). American Chemical Society, Washington D.C. pp. 207-214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tovar A, Moreno C, Mánuel-Vez MP & García-Vargas M (2000). Environmental impacts of intensive aquaculture in marine waters. Water Research, 34(1):334-342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shumway SE, Davis C, Downey R, Karney R, Kraeuter J, Parsons J, Rheault R & Wikfors G (2003). Shellfish aquaculture — In praise of sustainable economies and environments. World Aquaculture, 34(4):15-17</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wild_fisheries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_trawling" title="Pair trawling">Pair trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwater_trawling" title="Midwater trawling">Midwater trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">Bottom trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">Gillnetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_dredge" title="Fishing dredge">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puretic_power_block" title="Puretic power block">Power block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RV_Celtic_Explorer,_Galway_Bay,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/140px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/210px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/280px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank" title="Agulhas Bank">Agulhas Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing by country">Fishing by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing_in_Africa" title="Illegal fishing in Africa">Illegal fishing in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_the_North_Sea" title="Fishing in the North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aquaculture_and_farmed_fisheries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">farmed fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture engineering">Aquaculture engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Aquaculture_Practices_(BAP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)">Best practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">Copper alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_and_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy and aquaculture">Geothermal energy and aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_saline_aquaculture" title="Inland saline aquaculture">Inland saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture" title="Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture">Integrated multi-trophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobials_in_aquaculture" title="Antimicrobials in aquaculture">Antimicrobials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_aquaculture" title="Offshore aquaculture">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_aquaculture" title="Organic aquaculture">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_(aquaculture)" title="Raceway (aquaculture)">Raceway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_system" title="Recirculating aquaculture system">Recirculating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">Broodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_cobia" title="Aquaculture of cobia">Cobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fish_feed" title="Commercial fish feed">Fish feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">Fish hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">Fish stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_bed" title="Spawning bed">Spawning bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailwater" title="Tailwater">Tailwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fish_Hatchery_System" title="National Fish Hatchery System">US hatcheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_giant_kelp" title="Aquaculture of giant kelp">Giant kelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microalgal_bacterial_flocs" title="Microalgal bacterial flocs">Microalgal bacterial flocs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobioreactor" title="Photobioreactor">Photobioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_pond" title="Raceway pond">Raceway pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Other species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_brine_shrimp" title="Aquaculture of brine shrimp">Brine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral aquaculture">Coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck_aquaculture" title="Geoduck aquaculture">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirudiculture" title="Hirudiculture">Hirudiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Marine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_sea_cucumbers" title="Aquaculture of sea cucumbers">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge aquaculture">Sea sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">Turtles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Australia" title="Aquaculture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Canada" title="Aquaculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_East_Timor" title="Aquaculture in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Aquaculture in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Fiji" title="Aquaculture in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Indonesia" title="Aquaculture in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Kiribati" title="Aquaculture in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Madagascar" title="Aquaculture in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Aquaculture in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Nauru" title="Aquaculture in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Aquaculture in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Palau" title="Aquaculture in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Samoa" title="Aquaculture in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Africa" title="Aquaculture in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Korea" title="Aquaculture in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tonga" title="Aquaculture in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tuvalu" title="Aquaculture in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aquaculture in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska" title="Aquaculture in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine" title="Aquaculture in Maine">Maine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Vanuatu" title="Aquaculture in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Seafood_processing_and_marketing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Seafood processing and marketing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_factory" title="Fish factory">Fish factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">Factory ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_ice" title="Slurry ice">Slurry ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filleted_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Filleted fish">Filleted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbing" title="Gibbing">Gibbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kippers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/140px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/210px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/280px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">Fish as food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Fish products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_emulsion" title="Fish emulsion">Fish emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">Fish meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate" title="Fish hydrolysate">Fish hydrolysate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_protein_powder" title="Fish protein powder">Fish protein powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">Gravlax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1karl" title="Hákarl">Hákarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakfisk" title="Rakfisk">Rakfisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoran" title="Eoran">Eoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_caviar" title="Red caviar">Red caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock_roe" title="Pollock roe">Pollock roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiko" title="Tobiko">Tobiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasumi" title="Karasumi">Karasumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surstr%C3%B6mming" title="Surströmming">Surströmming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood marketing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Fish marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_marketing" title="Shrimp marketing">Shrimp marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e" title="Chasse-marée">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishmonger" title="Fishmonger">Fishmonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishwife" title="Fishwife">Fishwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers" title="Worshipful Company of Fishmongers">Worshipful Company of Fishmongers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Fish markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billingsgate_Fish_Market" title="Billingsgate Fish Market">Billingsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan_Cooperative_Fish_Market" title="Busan Cooperative Fish Market">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Market" title="English Market">English (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Fish_Market" title="Fulton Fish Market">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garak_Market" title="Garak Market">Garak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Fish_Auction" title="Honolulu Fish Auction">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiroad_Dry_Fish_Market" title="Jagiroad Dry Fish Market">Jagiroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagalchi_Market" title="Jagalchi Market">Jagalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Nueva_Viga_Market" title="La Nueva Viga Market">La Nueva Viga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Avenue_Fish_Market" title="Maine Avenue Fish Market">Maine Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muara_Angke" title="Muara Angke">Muara Angke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott_fish_market" title="Nouakchott fish market">Nouakchott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noryangjin_Fisheries_Wholesale_Market" title="Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market">Noryangjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluwo_fish_market" title="Oluwo fish market">Oluwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasil_Fish_Market" title="Pasil Fish Market">Pasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhead_Fish_Market" title="Peterhead Fish Market">Peterhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Place_Fish_Market" title="Pike Place Fish Market">Pike Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Fish_Market" title="Sydney Fish Market">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Scania Market">Scania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Fish_Market" title="Taipei Fish Market">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyosu_Market" title="Toyosu Market">Toyosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan_Wholesale_Agricultural_and_Fish_Market" title="Ulsan Wholesale Agricultural and Fish Market">Ulsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Market" title="Waterfront Market">Waterfront (Dubai)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template talk:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> topic areas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/140px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/210px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/280px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">History of fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">Angling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_fishing" title="Big-game fishing">Big-game fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_release" title="Catch and release">Catch and release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tournament" title="Fishing tournament">Fishing tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_techniques" title="Fishing techniques">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishfinder" title="Fishfinder">Fishfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">Fishing net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handline_fishing" title="Handline fishing">Handline fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tackle" title="Fishing tackle">Tackle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial flies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite_indicator" title="Bite indicator">Bite indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_lure" title="Fishing lure">Lures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_rod" title="Fishing rod">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_sinker" title="Fishing sinker">Sinker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean bank (topography)">Fishing banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">Fishing villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, 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