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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison with other programming paradigms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_other_programming_paradigms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with other programming paradigms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_programming_paradigms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperative_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperative_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Imperative programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperative_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object-oriented_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object-oriented_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Object-oriented programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object-oriented_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Functional programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logic_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logic_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Logic programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logic_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Procedural programming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="برمجة إجرائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برمجة إجرائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Працэдурнае праграмаванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Працэдурнае праграмаванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Працэдурнае праграмаваньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Працэдурнае праграмаваньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programaci%C3%B3_procedimental" title="Programació procedimental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programació procedimental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozedurale_Programmierung" title="Prozedurale Programmierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prozedurale Programmierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protseduraalne_programmeerimine" title="Protseduraalne programmeerimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Protseduraalne programmeerimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Δομημένος προγραμματισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δομημένος προγραμματισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programaci%C3%B3n_por_procedimientos" title="Programación por procedimientos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programación por procedimientos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="برنامه‌نویسی رویه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه‌نویسی رویه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmation_proc%C3%A9durale" title="Programmation procédurale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Programmation procédurale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1r%C3%BA_gn%C3%A1s%C3%BAil" title="Clárú gnásúil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clárú gnásúil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EC%B0%A8%EC%A0%81_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D" title="절차적 프로그래밍 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="절차적 프로그래밍" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemrograman_prosedural" title="Pemrograman prosedural – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemrograman prosedural" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmazione_procedurale" title="Programmazione procedurale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programmazione procedurale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99" title="תכנות פרוצדורלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תכנות פרוצדורלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Процедуралық-бағдарланған программалау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Процедуралық-бағдарланған программалау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedur%C3%A1lis_programoz%C3%A1s" title="Procedurális programozás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Procedurális programozás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="പ്രോസീജറൽ പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രോസീജറൽ പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengaturcaraan_bertatacara" title="Pengaturcaraan bertatacara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengaturcaraan bertatacara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Процедур хандалтат программчлал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Процедур хандалтат программчлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E7%B6%9A%E3%81%8D%E5%9E%8B%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="手続き型プログラミング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="手続き型プログラミング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosedyrisk_programmering" title="Prosedyrisk programmering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prosedyrisk programmering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programowanie_proceduralne" title="Programowanie proceduralne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Programowanie proceduralne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_processual" title="Programação processual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Programação processual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programare_procedural%C4%83" title="Programare procedurală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Programare procedurală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Процедурное программирование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Процедурное программирование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceduralno_programiranje" title="Proceduralno programiranje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proceduralno programiranje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proseduraalinen_ohjelmointi" title="Proseduraalinen ohjelmointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Proseduraalinen ohjelmointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedurell_programmering" title="Procedurell programmering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Procedurell programmering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="படிமுறை நிரலாக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படிமுறை நிரலாக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordamsal_programlama" title="Yordamsal programlama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yordamsal programlama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Процедурне програмування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Процедурне програмування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF" title="طریقہ کار پروگرامنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طریقہ کار پروگرامنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%ADp_tr%C3%ACnh_th%E1%BB%A7_t%E1%BB%A5c" title="Lập trình thủ tục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lập trình thủ tục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%BC%8F%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B" title="程序式編程 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="程序式編程" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="过程式编程 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="过程式编程" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Programming paradigm</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the computer programming paradigm. For the method of algorithmic content creation, see <a href="/wiki/Procedural_generation" title="Procedural generation">Procedural generation</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Procedural_programming" title="Special:EditPage/Procedural programming">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Procedural+programming%22">"Procedural programming"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Procedural+programming%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Procedural+programming%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Procedural+programming%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Procedural+programming%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Procedural+programming%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Procedural programming</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">programming paradigm</a>, classified as <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative programming</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that involves implementing the behavior of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> as <a href="/wiki/Function_(computer_programming)" title="Function (computer programming)">procedures (a.k.a. functions, subroutines)</a> that call each other. The resulting program is a series of steps that forms a hierarchy of calls to its constituent procedures. </p><p>The first major procedural programming languages appeared <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1957</span>–1964, including <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a> and <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> and <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> were published <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1970</span>–1972. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Computer_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer processor">Computer processors</a> provide hardware support for procedural programming through a <a href="/wiki/Stack_register" title="Stack register">stack register</a> and instructions for <a href="/wiki/Subroutine#Jump_to_subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">calling procedures</a> and returning from them. Hardware support for other types of programming is possible, like <a href="/wiki/Lisp_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisp machines">Lisp machines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Java_processor" title="Java processor">Java processors</a>, but no attempt was commercially successful.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Java_processor" title="Java processor"><span title="It says they are today the most popular form of a high-level language computer architecture. (October 2017)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_practices">Development practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedural_programming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> practices are often employed with procedural programming in order to enhance quality and lower development and maintenance costs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modularity_and_scoping">Modularity and scoping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedural_programming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modularity and scoping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modularity (programming)">Modularity</a> is about organizing the procedures of a program into separate modules—each of which has a specific and understandable purpose. </p><p>Minimizing the <a href="/wiki/Scoping" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoping">scope</a> of variables and procedures can enhance software quality by reducing the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">cognitive load</a> of procedures and modules. </p><p>A program lacking modularity or wide scoping tends to have procedures that consume many <a href="/wiki/Variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (programming)">variables</a> that other procedures also consume. The resulting code is relatively hard to understand and to maintain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharing">Sharing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedural_programming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since a procedure can specify a well-defined interface and be self-contained it supports <a href="/wiki/Code_reuse" title="Code reuse">code reuse</a>—in particular via the <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">software library</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_programming_paradigms">Comparison with other programming paradigms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedural_programming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparison with other programming paradigms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperative_programming">Imperative programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedural_programming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imperative programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Procedural programming is classified as an <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative programming</a>, because it involves direct command of execution. </p><p>Procedural is a sub-class of imperative since procedural includes <a href="/wiki/Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">block</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">scope</a> concepts, whereas imperative describes a more general concept that does not require such features. Procedural languages generally use reserved words that define blocks, such as <code>if</code>, <code>while</code>, and <code>for</code>, to implement <a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Non-structured_programming" title="Non-structured programming">non-structured</a> imperative languages (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>) use <a href="/wiki/Goto" title="Goto">goto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Branch_table" title="Branch table">branch tables</a> for this purpose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object-oriented_programming">Object-oriented programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedural_programming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Object-oriented programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also classified as imperative, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> (OOP) involves dividing a program implementation into objects that expose behavior (methods) and data (members) via a well-defined interface. In contrast, procedural programming is about dividing the program implementation into <a href="/wiki/Variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (programming)">variables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a>. An important distinction is that while procedural involves procedures to operate on data structures, OOP bundles the two together. An object is a data structure and the behavior associated with that data structure.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some OOP languages support the class concept which allows for creating an object based on a definition. </p><p>Nomenclature varies between the two, although they have similar semantics: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="33%">Procedural </th> <th width="33%">Object-oriented </th></tr> <tr> <td>Procedure </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computer science)">Method</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">Record</a> </td> <td>Object </td></tr> <tr> <td>Module </td> <td>Class </td></tr> <tr> <td>Procedure call </td> <td>Message </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_programming">Functional programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedural_programming&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Functional programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principles of modularity and code reuse in <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a> languages are fundamentally the same as in procedural languages, since they both stem from <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a>. For example: </p> <ul><li>Procedures correspond to functions. Both allow the reuse of the same code in various parts of the programs, and at various points of its execution.</li> <li>By the same token, procedure calls correspond to function application.</li> <li>Functions and their modularly separated from each other in the same manner, by the use of function arguments, return values and variable scopes.</li></ul> <p>The main difference between the styles is that functional programming languages remove or at least deemphasize the imperative elements of procedural programming. The feature set of functional languages is therefore designed to support writing programs as much as possible in terms of <a href="/wiki/Pure_function" title="Pure function">pure functions</a>: </p> <ul><li>Whereas procedural languages model execution of the program as a sequence of imperative commands that may implicitly alter shared state, functional programming languages model execution as the evaluation of complex expressions that only depend on each other in terms of arguments and return values. For this reason, functional programs can have a free order of code execution, and the languages may offer little control over the order in which various parts of the program are executed; for example, the arguments to a procedure invocation in <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a> are evaluated in an arbitrary order.</li> <li>Functional programming languages support (and heavily use) <a href="/wiki/First-class_function" title="First-class function">first-class functions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">anonymous functions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_programming)" title="Closure (computer programming)">closures</a>, although these concepts have also been included in procedural languages at least since <a href="/wiki/Algol_68" class="mw-redirect" title="Algol 68">Algol 68</a>.</li> <li>Functional programming languages tend to rely on <a href="/wiki/Tail_call_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Tail call optimization">tail call optimization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">higher-order functions</a> instead of imperative looping constructs.</li></ul> <p>Many functional languages, however, are in fact impurely functional and offer imperative/procedural constructs that allow the programmer to write programs in procedural style, or in a combination of both styles. It is common for <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> code in functional languages to be written in a procedural style. </p><p>There do exist a few <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language" title="Esoteric programming language">esoteric</a> functional languages (like <a href="/wiki/Unlambda" title="Unlambda">Unlambda</a>) that eschew <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a> precepts for the sake of being difficult to program in (and therefore challenging). These languages are the exception to the common ground between procedural and functional languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logic_programming">Logic programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedural_programming&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Logic programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a>, a program is a set of premises, and computation is performed by attempting to prove candidate theorems. From this point of view, logic programs are <a href="/wiki/Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">declarative</a>, focusing on what the problem is, rather than on how to solve it. </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Backward_reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward reasoning">backward reasoning</a> technique, implemented by <a href="/wiki/SLD_resolution" title="SLD resolution">SLD resolution</a>, used to solve problems in logic programming languages such as <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a>, treats programs as goal-reduction procedures. Thus clauses of the form: </p> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">H :- B<sub>1</sub>, …, B<sub>n</sub>.</span></dd></dl> <p>have a dual interpretation, both as procedures </p> <dl><dd>to show/solve <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">H</span>, show/solve <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">B<sub>1</sub></span> and … and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">B<sub>n</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>and as logical implications: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">B<sub>1</sub> and … and B<sub>n</sub> implies H</span>.</dd></dl> <p>A skilled logic programmer uses the procedural interpretation to write programs that are effective and efficient, and uses the declarative interpretation to help ensure that programs are correct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedural_programming&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">Declarative programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">Functional programming</a> (contrast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">Imperative programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">Logic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL#Procedural_extensions" title="SQL">SQL procedural extensions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedural_programming&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cs.lmu.edu/~ray/notes/paradigms/">"Programming Paradigms"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Programming+Paradigms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.lmu.edu%2F~ray%2Fnotes%2Fparadigms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcedural+programming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1">"Welcome to IEEE Xplore 2.0: Use of procedural programming languages for controlling production systems". <i>Proceedings. The Seventh IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Application</i>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCAIA.1991.120848">10.1109/CAIA.1991.120848</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58175293">58175293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+IEEE+Xplore+2.0%3A+Use+of+procedural+programming+languages+for+controlling+production+systems&rft.btitle=Proceedings.+The+Seventh+IEEE+Conference+on+Artificial+Intelligence+Application&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FCAIA.1991.120848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58175293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcedural+programming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2013" class="citation web cs1">Stevenson, Joseph (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neonbrand.com/procedural-programming-vs-object-oriented-programming-a-review/">"Procedural programming vs object-oriented programming"</a>. neonbrand.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Procedural+programming+vs+object-oriented+programming&rft.pub=neonbrand.com&rft.date=2013-08&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneonbrand.com%2Fprocedural-programming-vs-object-oriented-programming-a-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcedural+programming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedural_programming&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages">Comparison by language</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">Imperative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_structured_programming" title="Jackson structured programming">Jackson structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">Block-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">Modular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-structured_programming" title="Non-structured programming">Non-structured</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small" title="Programming in the large and programming in the small">Programming in the large and in the small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">Design by contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invariant-based_programming" title="Invariant-based programming">Invariant-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nested_function" title="Nested function">Nested function</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)">comparison</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_object-oriented_programming_languages" title="List of object-oriented programming languages">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class-based_programming" title="Class-based programming">Class-based</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">Prototype-based</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-based_language" title="Object-based language">Object-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-oriented_programming" title="Agent-oriented programming">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Immutable object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_programming_language" title="Persistent programming language">Persistent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Function_Call_Syntax" title="Uniform Function Call Syntax">Uniform Function Call Syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">Declarative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">Functional</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_functional_programming_languages" title="Comparison of functional programming languages">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous function</a> (<a href="/wiki/Partial_application" title="Partial application">Partial application</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-order_programming" title="Higher-order programming">Higher-order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purely_functional_programming" title="Purely functional programming">Purely functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_functional_programming" title="Total functional programming">Total</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_programming_language" title="Strict programming language">Strict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_algebraic_data_type" title="Generalized algebraic data type">GADTs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_type" title="Dependent type">Dependent types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_logic_programming" title="Functional logic programming">Functional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_programming" title="Tacit programming">Point-free style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expression-oriented_programming_language" title="Expression-oriented programming language">Expression-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applicative_programming_language" title="Applicative programming language">Applicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concatenative_programming_language" title="Concatenative programming language">Concatenative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function-level_programming" title="Function-level programming">Function-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value-level_programming" title="Value-level programming">Value-level</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flow-based_programming" title="Flow-based programming">Flow-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_programming" title="Reactive programming">Reactive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Functional_reactive_programming" title="Functional reactive programming">Functional reactive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal programming">Signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Streams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_programming_language" title="Synchronous programming language">Synchronous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_logic_programming" title="Abductive logic programming">Abductive logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Answer_set_programming" title="Answer set programming">Answer set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constraint_logic_programming" title="Constraint logic programming">Constraint logic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_logic_programming" title="Inductive logic programming">Inductive logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_programming" title="Nondeterministic programming">Nondeterministic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_language" title="Ontology language">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_logic_programming" title="Probabilistic logic programming">Probabilistic logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_language" title="Query language">Query</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">DSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_modeling_language" title="Algebraic modeling language">Algebraic modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_programming" title="Array programming">Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata-based_programming" title="Automata-based programming">Automata-based</a> (<a href="/wiki/Action_language" title="Action language">Action</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_language" title="Command language">Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_command_language" title="Spacecraft command language">Spacecraft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">Differentiable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-user_development" title="End-user development">End-user</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar-oriented_programming" title="Grammar-oriented programming">Grammar-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_description_language" title="Interface description language">Interface description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language-oriented_programming" title="Language-oriented programming">Language-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">List comprehension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-code_development_platform" title="Low-code development platform">Low-code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-language_programming" title="Natural-language programming">Natural language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_description_language" title="Page description language">Page description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(software)" title="Pipeline (software)">Pipes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filter_(software)" title="Filter (software)">filters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_programming" title="Probabilistic programming">Probabilistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_programming_language" title="Scientific programming language">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_theoretic_programming" title="Set theoretic programming">Set-theoretic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_language" title="Simulation language">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack-oriented_programming" title="Stack-oriented programming">Stack-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_programming_language" title="System programming language">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_programming_language" title="Tactile programming language">Tactile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template_processor" title="Template processor">Templating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_language" title="Transformation language">Transformation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Graph_rewriting" title="Graph rewriting">Graph rewriting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Production_system_(computer_science)" title="Production system (computer science)">Production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">Pattern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor_model" title="Actor model">Actor-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_mutual_exclusion" title="Automatic mutual exclusion">Automatic mutual exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreographic_programming" title="Choreographic programming">Choreographic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_logic_programming" title="Concurrent logic programming">Concurrent logic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Concurrent_constraint_logic_programming" title="Concurrent constraint logic programming">Concurrent constraint logic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_object-oriented_programming" title="Concurrent object-oriented programming">Concurrent OO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroprogramming" title="Macroprogramming">Macroprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitier_programming" title="Multitier programming">Multitier programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_computing" title="Organic computing">Organic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Parallel programming models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitioned_global_address_space" title="Partitioned global address space">Partitioned global address space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process-oriented_programming" title="Process-oriented programming">Process-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_programming" title="Relativistic programming">Relativistic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_programming" title="Service-oriented programming">Service-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_concurrency" title="Structured concurrency">Structured concurrency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">Metaprogramming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attribute-oriented_programming" title="Attribute-oriented programming">Attribute-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_programming" title="Automatic programming">Automatic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inductive_programming" title="Inductive programming">Inductive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_programming" title="Extensible programming">Extensible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiconicity" title="Homoiconicity">Homoiconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_programming" title="Interactive programming">Interactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hygienic_macro" title="Hygienic macro">Hygienic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalinguistic_abstraction" title="Metalinguistic abstraction">Metalinguistic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stage_programming" title="Multi-stage programming">Multi-stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_synthesis" title="Program synthesis">Program synthesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bayesian_program_synthesis" title="Bayesian program synthesis">Bayesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferential_programming" title="Inferential programming">Inferential</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration" title="Programming by demonstration">by demonstration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programming_by_example" title="Programming by example">by example</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">Reflective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-modifying_code" title="Self-modifying code">Self-modifying code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_programming" title="Symbolic programming">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">Template</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_concerns" title="Separation of concerns">Separation<br />of concerns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data-driven_programming" title="Data-driven programming">Data-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data-oriented_design" title="Data-oriented design">Data-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">Event-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature-oriented_programming" title="Feature-oriented programming">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_programming" title="Intentional programming">Intentional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literate_programming" title="Literate programming">Literate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-oriented_programming" title="Role-oriented programming">Roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject-oriented_programming" title="Subject-oriented 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