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encephalitis</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: encephalitis"> <meta name="keywords" content="encephalitis"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="encephalitis"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 27</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: encephalitis</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Blindness and Deafness, the Outcomes of Varicella Zoster Virus Encephalitis in HIV Positive Patient </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadiseh%20Hosamirudsari">Hadiseh Hosamirudsari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farhad%20Afsarikordehmahin"> Farhad Afsarikordehmahin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pooria%20Sekhavatfar"> Pooria Sekhavatfar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Concomitant cortical blindness and deafness that follow varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection is rare. We describe a case of ophthalmic zoster that caused cortical blindness and deafness after central nervous system (CNS) involvement. A 42-year old, HIV infected woman has developed progressive blurry vision and deafness, 4 weeks after ophthalmic zoster. A physical examination and positive VZV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suggested VZV encephalitis. Complication of VZV encephalitis is considered as the cause of blindness and deafness. In neurological deficit patient especially with a history of herpes zoster, VZV infection should be regarded as the responsible agent in inflammatory disorders of nervous system. The immunocompromised state of patient (including HIV) is as important an agent as VZV infection in developing the disease. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blindness" title="blindness">blindness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deafness" title=" deafness"> deafness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hiv" title=" hiv"> hiv</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VZV%20%20encephalitis" title=" VZV encephalitis"> VZV encephalitis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31186/blindness-and-deafness-the-outcomes-of-varicella-zoster-virus-encephalitis-in-hiv-positive-patient" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31186.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Orientia Tsutsugamushi an Emerging Etiology of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in Northern Part of India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amita%20Jain">Amita Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shantanu%20Prakash"> Shantanu Prakash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suruchi%20Shukla"> Suruchi Shukla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a complex multi etiology syndrome posing a great public health problem in the northern part of India. Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is an established etiology of AES in this region. Recently, Scrub typhus (ST) is being recognized as an emerging aetiology of AES in JE endemic belt. This study was conducted to establish the direct evidence of Central nervous system invasion by Orientia tsutsugamushi leading to AES. Methodology: A total of 849 cases with clinical diagnosis of AES were enrolled from six districts (Deoria and its adjoining area) of the traditional north Indian Japanese encephalitis (JE) belt. Serum and Cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected and tested for major agent causing acute encephalitis. AES cases either positive for anti-ST IgM antibodies or negative for all tested etiologies were investigated for ST-DNA by real-time PCR. Results: Of these 505 cases, 250 patients were laboratory confirmed for O. tsutsugamushi infection either by anti-ST IgM antibodies positivity (n=206) on serum sample or by ST-DNA detection by real-time PCR assay on CSF sample (n=2) or by both (n=42).Total 29 isolate could be sequenced for 56KDa gene. Conclusion: All the strains were found to cluster with Gilliam strains. The majority of the isolates showed a 97–99% sequence similarity with Thailand and Cambodian strains. Gilliam strain of O.tsusugamushi is an emerging as one of the major aetiologies leading to AES in northern part of India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acute%20encephalitis%20syndrome" title="acute encephalitis syndrome">acute encephalitis syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20tsutsugamushi" title=" O. tsutsugamushi"> O. tsutsugamushi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gilliam%20strain" title=" Gilliam strain"> Gilliam strain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=North%20India" title=" North India"> North India</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cerebrospinal%20fluid" title=" cerebrospinal fluid"> cerebrospinal fluid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98168/orientia-tsutsugamushi-an-emerging-etiology-of-acute-encephalitis-syndrome-in-northern-part-of-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98168.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Laryngeal Tuberculosis in a 7-Year-Old Child: A Case Report and Literature Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Jaish%20Siddiqui">Mohd Jaish Siddiqui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Laryngeal TB is extremely rare in the pediatric population, accounting for 1% of all cases. Here, we present a case of laryngeal TB with miliary tuberculosis and tuberculous encephalitis, presented with sore throat, hoarseness, severe cough and, acute obstruction the larynx, sputum for AFB was negative, T-SPOT was positive and X-pert was positive, bronchoscopy revealed multiple nodules and edema around the larynx, epiglottis, bilateral arytenopharyngeal folds and vocal cord. Enhanced MRI revealed multiple small nodules in bilateral cerebral hemispheres and right thalamus, however CSF was negative. We reviewed the LTB cases that were published up to 2021. A total of twenty fine cases were identified in English literature. The most common manifestation was hoarseness of voice with 80% followed by stridor 40% of cases. Pulmonary involvement was found in 36% of cases, whereas, 45% of cases had no underlying TB. We did not find any case who developed tuberculous encephalitis in the literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laryngeal%20tb" title="laryngeal tb">laryngeal tb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment" title=" treatment"> treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tuberculous%20encephalitis" title=" tuberculous encephalitis"> tuberculous encephalitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185505/laryngeal-tuberculosis-in-a-7-year-old-child-a-case-report-and-literature-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185505.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">46</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Prevalence of Neurological Symptoms Associated with COVID 19</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Hassan%20Tanvir%20Ramzi">Syed Hassan Tanvir Ramzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ubaidullah%20Ansari"> Ubaidullah Ansari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sana%20Manzoor"> Sana Manzoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Namal%20Ilyas"> Namal Ilyas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nabeel%20Ahmed"> Nabeel Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: To better understand the prevalence of neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19, several factors, such as age, gender, and comorbidity, are explored to create a more holistic understanding of the impact of COVID-19. Methods: After meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria, 111 patients admitted to Ibne Sina Hospital were recruited between October 2021 and February 2022. A descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to summarize patients' most often encountered signs and symptoms concerning the above parameters. Results: Out of 111 patients, a significant proportion of symptoms occurred in patients aged 40-60 years, with Dysgeusia being the most widespread (75.5%), followed by Encephalitis (45.9%), GBS (28.8%), Encephalopathy (18.9%), and Ischemic Stroke (6.3%). These were most prevalent in hypertensive individuals (46%) and Diabetes Mellitus (31%). In asthmatic individuals, they are the least prevalent (10.8%). Conclusion: Despite the predominance of neurological manifestations, the present scientific literature cannot demonstrate a definitive causal association between the symptoms and the virus. This study carefully ensures a link between age, gender, and comorbidity, along with the prevalence of neurological manifestations of COVID-19. For a comprehensive treatment plan, a holistic understanding of symptoms is critical. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID%2019" title="COVID 19">COVID 19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neurological%20association" title=" neurological association"> neurological association</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GBS" title=" GBS"> GBS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Encephalitis" title=" Encephalitis"> Encephalitis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192972/prevalence-of-neurological-symptoms-associated-with-covid-19" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192972.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">19</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> High Throughput Virtual Screening against ns3 Helicase of Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soma%20Banerjee">Soma Banerjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aamen%20Talukdar"> Aamen Talukdar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Argha%20Mandal"> Argha Mandal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dipankar%20Chaudhuri"> Dipankar Chaudhuri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Japanese Encephalitis is a major infectious disease with nearly half the world’s population living in areas where it is prevalent. Currently, treatment for it involves only supportive care and symptom management through vaccination. Due to the lack of antiviral drugs against Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), the quest for such agents remains a priority. For these reasons, simulation studies of drug targets against JEV are important. Towards this purpose, docking experiments of the kinase inhibitors were done against the chosen target NS3 helicase as it is a nucleoside binding protein. Previous efforts regarding computational drug design against JEV revealed some lead molecules by virtual screening using public domain software. To be more specific and accurate regarding finding leads, in this study a proprietary software Schrödinger-GLIDE has been used. Druggability of the pockets in the NS3 helicase crystal structure was first calculated by SITEMAP. Then the sites were screened according to compatibility with ATP. The site which is most compatible with ATP was selected as target. Virtual screening was performed by acquiring ligands from databases: KinaseSARfari, KinaseKnowledgebase and Published inhibitor Set using GLIDE. The 25 ligands with best docking scores from each database were re-docked in XP mode. Protein structure alignment of NS3 was performed using VAST against MMDB, and similar human proteins were docked to all the best scoring ligands. The low scoring ligands were chosen for further studies and the high scoring ligands were screened. Seventy-three ligands were listed as the best scoring ones after performing HTVS. Protein structure alignment of NS3 revealed 3 human proteins with RMSD values lesser than 2Å. Docking results with these three proteins revealed the inhibitors that can interfere and inhibit human proteins. Those inhibitors were screened. Among the ones left, those with docking scores worse than a threshold value were also removed to get the final hits. Analysis of the docked complexes through 2D interaction diagrams revealed the amino acid residues that are essential for ligand binding within the active site. Interaction analysis will help to find a strongly interacting scaffold among the hits. This experiment yielded 21 hits with the best docking scores which could be investigated further for their drug like properties. Aside from getting suitable leads, specific NS3 helicase-inhibitor interactions were identified. Selection of Target modification strategies complementing docking methodologies which can result in choosing better lead compounds are in progress. Those enhanced leads can lead to better in vitro testing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antivirals" title="antivirals">antivirals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=docking" title=" docking"> docking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glide" title=" glide"> glide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-throughput%20virtual%20screening" title=" high-throughput virtual screening"> high-throughput virtual screening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Japanese%20encephalitis" title=" Japanese encephalitis"> Japanese encephalitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ns3%20helicase" title=" ns3 helicase"> ns3 helicase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51969/high-throughput-virtual-screening-against-ns3-helicase-of-japanese-encephalitis-virus-jev" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51969.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">230</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Impact of Cytokines Alone and Primed with Macrophages on Balamuthia mandrillaris Interactions with Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells in vitro</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Matin">Abdul Matin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salik%20Nawaz"> Salik Nawaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suk-Yul%20Jung"> Suk-Yul Jung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Balamuthia mandrillaris is well known to cause fatal Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis (BAE). Amoebic transmission into the central nervous system (CNS), haematogenous spread is thought to be the prime step, followed by blood-brain barrier (BBB) dissemination. Macrophages are considered to be the foremost line of defense and present in excessive numbers during amoebic infections. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of macrophages alone or primed with cytokines on the biological characteristics of Balamuthia in vitro. Using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which constitutes the BBB, we have shown that Balamuthia demonstrated > 90% binding and > 70% cytotoxicity to host cells. However, macrophages further increased amoebic binding and Balamuthia-mediated cell cytotoxicity. Furthermore, macrophages exhibited no amoebicidal effect against Balamuthia. Zymography assay demonstrated that macrophages exhibited no inhibitory effect on proteolytic activity of Balamuthia. Overall, to our best knowledge, we have shown for the first time macrophages has no inhibitory effects on the biological properties of Balamuthia in vitro. This also strengthened the concept that how and why Balamuthia can cause infections in both immuno-competent and immuno-compromised individuals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Balamuthia%20mandrillaris" title="Balamuthia mandrillaris">Balamuthia mandrillaris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=macrophages" title=" macrophages"> macrophages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cytokines" title=" cytokines"> cytokines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20brain%20microvascular%20endothelial%20cells" title=" human brain microvascular endothelial cells"> human brain microvascular endothelial cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Balamuthia%20amoebic%20encephalitis" title=" Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis"> Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86213/impact-of-cytokines-alone-and-primed-with-macrophages-on-balamuthia-mandrillaris-interactions-with-human-brain-microvascular-endothelial-cells-in-vitro" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86213.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Covid Encephalopathy and New-Onset Seizures in the Context of a Prior Brain Abnormality: A Case Report</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Sorour">Omar Sorour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Leahy"> Michael Leahy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Irvine"> Thomas Irvine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20Koren"> Vladimir Koren</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Covid encephalitis is a rare yet dangerous complication, particularly affecting the older and immunocompromised. Symptoms range from confusion to delirium, coma, and seizures. Although neurological manifestations have become more well-characterized in COVID patients, little is known about whether priorneurological abnormalities may predispose patients to COVID encephalopathy. Case Description: A 73 y.o. male with a CT and MRI-confirmed stable, prior 9 mm cavernoma in the right frontal lobe and no past history of seizures was hospitalized with generalized weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, and shortness of breath with subsequent COVID pneumonia. Three days after the initial presentation, the patient developed a spontaneous generalized tonic-clonic seizure consistent with presumed COVID encephalitis, along with somnolence and confusion. A day later, the patient had two other seizure episodes. Follow-up EEG suggested an inter-ictal epileptic focus with sharp waves corresponding to roughly the same location as the patient’s pre-existing cavernoma. The patient’s seizures stopped shortly thereafter, while his encephalopathy continued for days. Conclusion: We illustrate that a pre-existing anatomic cortical abnormality may act as a potential nidus for new-onset seizure activity in the context of suggested COVID encephalopathy. Future studies may further demonstrate that manifestations of COVIDencephalopathy in certain patients may be more predictable than initially assumed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cavernoma" title="cavernoma">cavernoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=covid" title=" covid"> covid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encephalopathy" title=" encephalopathy"> encephalopathy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seizures" title=" seizures"> seizures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138746/covid-encephalopathy-and-new-onset-seizures-in-the-context-of-a-prior-brain-abnormality-a-case-report" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138746.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Comparison of Serological and Molecular Diagnosis of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid in HIV Infected Patients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Berredjem%20Hajira">Berredjem Hajira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benlaifa%20Meriem"> Benlaifa Meriem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Becheker%20Imene"> Becheker Imene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bardi%20Rafika"> Bardi Rafika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djebar%20Med%20Reda"> Djebar Med Reda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent acquired or reactivation T.gondii infection is a serious complication in HIV patients. Classical serological diagnosis relies on the detection of anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin ; however, serology may be unreliable in HIV immunodeficient patients who fail to produce significant titers of specific antibodies. PCR assays allow a rapid diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection. In this study, we compared the value of the PCR for diagnosing active toxoplasmosis in cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples from HIV patients. Anti-Toxoplasma antibodies IgG and IgM titers were determined by ELISA. In parallel, nested PCR targeting B1 gene and conventional PCR-ELISA targeting P30 gene were used to detect T. gondii DNA in 25 blood samples and 12 cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients in whom toxoplasmic encephalitis was confirmed by clinical investigations. A total of 15 negative controls were used. Serology did not contribute to confirm toxoplasmic infection, as IgG and IgM titers decreased early. Only 8 out 25 blood samples and 5 out 12 cerebrospinal fluid samples PCRs yielded a positive result. 5 patients with confirmed toxoplasmosis had positive PCR results in either blood or cerebrospinal fluid samples. However, conventional nested B1 PCR gave best results than the P30 gene one for the detection of T.gondii DNA in both samples. All samples from control patients were negative. This study demonstrates the unusefulness of the serological tests and the high sensitivity and specificity of PCR in the diagnosis of toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cerebrospinal%20fluid" title="cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV" title=" HIV"> HIV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toxoplasmosis" title=" Toxoplasmosis"> Toxoplasmosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PCR" title=" PCR"> PCR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25273/comparison-of-serological-and-molecular-diagnosis-of-cerebral-toxoplasmosis-in-blood-and-cerebrospinal-fluid-in-hiv-infected-patients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25273.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Effects of Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) Infection on the Expression of Cathelicidin Genes in Goat Blood Leukocytes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daria%20Reczynska">Daria Reczynska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Justyna%20Jarczak"> Justyna Jarczak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michal%20Czopowicz"> Michal Czopowicz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Danuta%20Sloniewska"> Danuta Sloniewska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karina%20Horbanczuk"> Karina Horbanczuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wieslaw%20Jarmuz"> Wieslaw Jarmuz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaroslaw%20Kaba"> Jaroslaw Kaba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emilia%20Bagnicka"> Emilia Bagnicka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since people, animals and plants are constantly exposed to pathogens they have developed very complex systems of defense. Among ca. 1000 antimicrobial peptides from different families so far identified, approximately 30 belonging to cathelicidin family can be found in mammals. Cathelicidins probably constitute the first line of defense because they can act at a physiological salt concentration which is present in healthy tissues. Moreover, the low salt concentration which is present in infected tissues inhibits their activity. In goat bactenecin 7.5 (BAC7.5), bactenecin 5 (BAC5), myeloid antimicrobial peptide 28 (MAP28), myeloid antimicrobial peptide 34 (MAP34 A and B), goat bactenecin3.4 (ChBac3.4) were identified. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) caused by small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) is economic problem. The main CAE symptoms are weight loss, arthritis, pneumonia and mastitis (significant elevation of the somatic cell count and deterioration of some technological parameters). The study was conducted on 24 dairy goats. The animals were divided into two groups: experimental (SRLV-infected) and control (non-infected). The blood samples were collected five times: on the 1st, 7th, 30th, 90th and 150thday of lactation. The levels of transcripts of BAC7.5, BAC5, MAP28 and MAP34 genes in blood leucocytes were measured using qPCR method. There were no differences in mRNA levels of studied genes between stages of lactation. The differences were observed in expressions of BAC5, MAP28 and MAP34 genes with lower levels in the experimental group. There was no difference in BAC7.5 expression between groups. The decreased levels of transcripts of cathelicidin genes in blood leucocytes of SRLV-infected goats may indicate the disturbances of homeostasis in organisms. It can be concluded that SRLV infection seems to inhibit expression of cathelicidin genes. The study was financed by a grant from the National Scientific Center No. UMO-2013/09/B/NZ/03514. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=goat" title="goat">goat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CAEV" title=" CAEV"> CAEV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cathelicidins" title=" cathelicidins"> cathelicidins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood%20leukocytes" title=" blood leukocytes"> blood leukocytes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20expression" title=" gene expression"> gene expression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58148/effects-of-caprine-arthritis-encephalitis-virus-caev-infection-on-the-expression-of-cathelicidin-genes-in-goat-blood-leukocytes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58148.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">283</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Human Rabies Survivors in India: Epidemiological, Immunological and Virological Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madhusudana%20S.%20N.">Madhusudana S. N.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reeta%20Mani"> Reeta Mani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashwini%20S.%20Satishchandra%20P."> Ashwini S. Satishchandra P.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Netravati"> Netravati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Udhani%20V."> Udhani V.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fiaz%20A."> Fiaz A.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karande%20S."> Karande S.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rabies is an acute encephalitis which is considered 100% fatal despite occasional reports of survivors. However, in recent times more cases of human rabies survivors are being reported. In the last 5 years, there are six laboratories confirmed human rabies survivors in India alone. All cases were children below 15 years and all contracted the disease by dog bites. All of them also had received the full or partial course of rabies vaccination and 4 out of 6 had also received rabies immunoglobulin. All cases were treated in intensive care units in hospitals at Bangalore, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Lucknow and Goa. We report here the results of immunological and virological studies conducted at our laboratory on these patients. The clinical samples that were obtained from these patients were Serum, CSF, nuchal skin biopsy and saliva. Serum and CSF samples were subjected to standard RFFIT for estimation of rabies neutralizing antibodies. Skin biopsy, CSF and saliva were processed by TaqMan real-time PCR for detection of viral RNA. CSF, saliva and skin homogenates were also processed for virus isolation by inoculation of suckling mice. The PBMCs isolated from fresh blood was subjected to ELISPOT assay to determine the type of immune response (Th1/Th2). Both CSF and serum were also investigated for selected cytokines by Luminex assay. The level of antibodies to virus G protein and N protein were determined by ELISA. All survivors had very high titers of RVNA in serum and CSF 100 fold higher than non-survivors and vaccine controls. A five-fold rise in titer could be demonstrated in 4 out of 6 patients. All survivors had a significant increase in antibodies to G protein in both CSF and serum when compared to non-survivors. There was a profound and robust Th1 response in all survivors indicating that interferon gamma could play an important factor in virus clearance. We could isolate viral RNA in only one patient four years after he had developed symptoms. The partial N gene sequencing revealed 99% homology to species I strain prevalent in India. Levels of selected cytokines in CSF and serum did not reveal any difference between survivors and non-survivors. To conclude, survival from rabies is mediated by virus-specific immune responses of the host and clearance of rabies virus from CNS may involve the participation of both Th2 and Th1 immune responses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabies" title="rabies">rabies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabies%20treatment" title=" rabies treatment"> rabies treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabies%20survivors" title=" rabies survivors"> rabies survivors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immune%20reponse%20in%20rabies%20encephalitis" title=" immune reponse in rabies encephalitis"> immune reponse in rabies encephalitis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25896/human-rabies-survivors-in-india-epidemiological-immunological-and-virological-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Acute Peritonitis Caused by Perforated Appendicitis Accompanied by Synchronous Encephalopathy: A Rare Primary Presentation of Varicella Zoster Infection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahla%20Afshar%20Paiman">Shahla Afshar Paiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sedigheh%20Madani"> Sedigheh Madani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahra%20Hosseininezhad"> Zahra Hosseininezhad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The most common causes of appendix luminal obstruction are fecaliths and lymphoid follicle hyperplasia. Appendicitis is a very rare Gastrointestinal complication of varicella zosterand it is mostly observed in immune-compromised patient. Case presentation: Here we reported a case of varicella zoster-related perforated appendicitis with synchronous encephalopathy as a first presentation of chickenpox in a 10-year-old boy. He had no history of immunodeficiency or predisposing factors and his diagnosis is confirmed by both serological lab tests and abdominal fluid (peritoneal secretion) PCR. Conclusion: Varicella zoster could cause appendicitis as first presentation, along with other critical complications look likes encephalopathy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Varicella%20zoster" title="Varicella zoster">Varicella zoster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=appendicitis" title=" appendicitis"> appendicitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encephalitis" title=" encephalitis"> encephalitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178279/acute-peritonitis-caused-by-perforated-appendicitis-accompanied-by-synchronous-encephalopathy-a-rare-primary-presentation-of-varicella-zoster-infection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178279.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">59</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> In vitro Evaluation of Immunogenic Properties of Oral Application of Rabies Virus Surface Glycoprotein Antigen Conjugated to Beta-Glucan Nanoparticles in a Mouse Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narges%20Bahmanyar">Narges Bahmanyar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Ghorbani"> Masoud Ghorbani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rabies is caused by several species of the genus Lyssavirus in the Rhabdoviridae family. The disease is deadly encephalitis transmitted from warm-blooded animals to humans, and domestic and wild carnivores play the most crucial role in its transmission. The prevalence of rabies in poor areas of developing salinities is constantly posed as a global threat to public health. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 60,000 people die yearly from rabies. Of these, 60% of deaths are related to the Middle East. Although rabies encephalitis is incurable to date, awareness of the disease and the use of vaccines is the best way to combat the disease. Although effective vaccines are available, there is a high cost involved in vaccine production and management to combat rabies. Increasing the prevalence and discovery of new strains of rabies virus requires the need for safe, effective, and as inexpensive vaccines as possible. One of the approaches considered to achieve the quality and quantity expressed through the manufacture of recombinant types of rabies vaccine. Currently, livestock rabies vaccines are used only in inactivated or live attenuated vaccines, the process of inactivation of which pays attention to considerations. The rabies virus contains a negatively polarized single-stranded RNA genome that encodes the five major structural genes (N, P, M, G, L) from '3 to '5 . Rabies virus glycoprotein G, the major antigen, can produce the virus-neutralizing antibody. N-antigen is another candidate for developing recombinant vaccines. However, because it is within the RNP complex of the virus, the possibility of genetic diversity based on different geographical locations is very high. Glycoprotein G is structurally and antigenically more protected than other genes. Protection at the level of its nucleotide sequence is about 90% and at the amino acid level is 96%. Recombinant vaccines, consisting of a pathogenic subunit, contain fragments of the protein or polysaccharide of the pathogen that have been carefully studied to determine which of these molecules elicits a stronger and more effective immune response. These vaccines minimize the risk of side effects by limiting the immune system's access to the pathogen. Such vaccines are relatively inexpensive, easy to produce, and more stable than vaccines containing viruses or whole bacteria. The problem with these vaccines is that the pathogenic subunits may elicit a weak immune response in the body or may be destroyed before they reach the immune cells, which requires nanoparticles to overcome. Suitable for use as an adjuvant. Among these, biodegradable nanoparticles with functional levels are good candidates as adjuvants for the vaccine. In this study, we intend to use beta-glucan nanoparticles as adjuvants. The surface glycoprotein of the rabies virus (G) is responsible for identifying and binding the virus to the target cell. This glycoprotein is the major protein in the structure of the virus and induces an antibody response in the host. In this study, we intend to use rabies virus surface glycoprotein conjugated with beta-glucan nanoparticles to produce vaccines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabies" title="rabies">rabies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccines" title=" vaccines"> vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beta%20glucan" title=" beta glucan"> beta glucan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoprticles" title=" nanoprticles"> nanoprticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adjuvant" title=" adjuvant"> adjuvant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recombinant%20protein" title=" recombinant protein"> recombinant protein</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191156/in-vitro-evaluation-of-immunogenic-properties-of-oral-application-of-rabies-virus-surface-glycoprotein-antigen-conjugated-to-beta-glucan-nanoparticles-in-a-mouse-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191156.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">17</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> A Case Study of Meningoencephalitis following Le Fort I Osteotomy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ryan%20Goh">Ryan Goh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicholas%20Beech"> Nicholas Beech</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Le Fort I Osteotomies, although are common procedures in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, carry a degree of risk of unfavourable propagation of the down-fracture of the maxilla. This may be the first reported case in the literature for meningoencephalitis to occur following a Le Fort I Osteotomy. Case: A 32-year-old female was brought into the Emergency Department four days after a Le Fort I Osteotomy, with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 8 (E3V1M4). A Computed Tomography (CT) Head showed a skull base fracture at the right sphenoid sinus. Lumbar puncture was completed, and Klebsiella oxytoca was found in the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF). She was treated with Meropenem, and rapidly improved thereafter. CSF rhinorrhoea was identified when she was extubated, which was successfully managed via a continuous lumbar drain. She was discharged on day 14 without any neurological deficits. Conclusion: The most likely aspect of the Le Fort I Osteotomy to obtain a skull base fracture is during the pterygomaxillary disjunction. Care should always be taken to avoid significant risks of skull base fractures, CSF rhinorrhoea, meningitis and encephalitis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meningitis" title="meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthognathic%20surgery" title=" orthognathic surgery"> orthognathic surgery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-operative%20complication" title=" post-operative complication"> post-operative complication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skull%20base" title=" skull base"> skull base</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhinorrhea" title=" rhinorrhea"> rhinorrhea</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137431/a-case-study-of-meningoencephalitis-following-le-fort-i-osteotomy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Assessment of the Efficacy of Oral Vaccination of Wild Canids and Stray Dogs against Rabies in Azerbaijan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20N.%20Hasanov">E. N. Hasanov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Y.%20Yusifova"> K. Y. Yusifova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Ali"> M. A. Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rabies is a zoonotic disease that causes acute encephalitis in domestic and wild carnivores. The goal of our investigation was to analyze the data on oral vaccination of wild canids and stray dogs in Azerbaijan. Before the start of the vaccination campaign conducted by the International Dialogue for Environmental Action (IDEA) Animal Care Center (IACC), all rabies cases in Azerbaijan for the period of 2017-2020 were analyzed. So, 30 regions for oral immunization with the Rabadrop vaccine were selected. In total, 95.9 thousand doses of baits were scattered in 30 regions, 970 (0.97%) remained intact. In addition, a campaign to sterilize and vaccinate stray dogs and cats undoubtedly had a positive impact on reducing the dynamics of rabies incidence. During the period 2017-2020, 2339 dogs and 2962 cats were sterilized and vaccinated under this program. It can be noted that the risk of rabies infection can be reduced through special preventive measures against disease reservoirs, which include oral immunization of wild and stray animals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabies" title="rabies">rabies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccination" title=" vaccination"> vaccination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oral%20immunization" title=" oral immunization"> oral immunization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wild%20canids" title=" wild canids"> wild canids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stray%20dogs" title=" stray dogs"> stray dogs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=baits" title=" baits"> baits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disease%20reservoirs" title=" disease reservoirs"> disease reservoirs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147863/assessment-of-the-efficacy-of-oral-vaccination-of-wild-canids-and-stray-dogs-against-rabies-in-azerbaijan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147863.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">193</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Evaluation of the Synergistic Inhibition of Enterovirus 71 Infection by Interferon-α Coupled with Pleconaril in RD Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wen-Yu%20Lin">Wen-Yu Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Ching%20Chung"> Yi-Ching Chung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tzyy-Rong%20Jinn"> Tzyy-Rong Jinn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is well known that enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes recurring outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and encephalitis leading to complications or death in young children. And, several HFMD of EV71 with high mortalities occurred in Asia countries, such as Malaysia (1997), Taiwan (1998) and China (2008). Thus, more effective antiviral drugs are needed to prevent or reduce EV71-related complications. As reported, interferon-α protects mice from lethal EV71 challenge by the modulation of innate immunity and then degrade enterovirus protease 3Cᵖʳᵒ. On the other side, pleconaril by targeting enterovirus VP1 protein and then block virus entry and attachment. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic antiviral activity of interferon-α and pleconaril against enterovirus 71 infection. In a preliminary study showed that pleconaril at concentrations of 50, 100 and 300 µg/mL reduced EV71-induced CPE to 52.0 ± 2.5%, 40.2 ± 3.5% and 26.5 ± 1.5%, respectively, of that of the EV71-infected RD control cells (taken as 100%). Notably, 1000 IU/mL of interferon-α in combination with pleconaril at concentrations of 50, 100 and 300µg/mL suppressed EV71-induced CPE by 30.2 ± 3.8%, 16.5 ± 1.3% and 2.8 ± 2.0%, respectively, of that of the pleconaril alone treated with the infected RD cells. These results indicated that interferon-α 1000 IU/mL combination with pleconaril (50, 100 and 300µg/mL) inhibited EV71-induced CPE more effectively than treated with pleconaril alone in the infected RD cells. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterovirus%2071" title="enterovirus 71">enterovirus 71</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interferon-%CE%B1" title=" interferon-α"> interferon-α</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pleconaril" title=" pleconaril"> pleconaril</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RD%20cells" title=" RD cells"> RD cells</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102058/evaluation-of-the-synergistic-inhibition-of-enterovirus-71-infection-by-interferon-a-coupled-with-pleconaril-in-rd-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102058.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Current Status of Mosquitoes Vector Research and Control in Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Hassan%20Moosa-kazemi">Seyed Hassan Moosa-kazemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Vatandoost"> Hassan Vatandoost</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Malaria, Dirofilaria immitis (dog heart worm), and D. repens (dirofilariasis), which are transmitted by mosquitoes, have been reported in Iran. The Iranian mosquito fauna includes seven genera, 65 species, and three subspecies. Aedes albopictus has been reported since. West Nile, Sindbis, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis viruses, and the nematode Setaria (setariasis) has been reported in the country but there are no information about their vectors in Iran. Iran is malaria elimination phase. Insecticides residual spraying (IRS), distributed of insecticides long lasting treated nets (ITNs), fogging, release of larvivours fishes and Bacillus thuringiensis, chemical larviciding, as well as case finding and manipulation and modification of breeding places carried out thought the IVM program in the country. Prolonged exposure to insecticides over several generations of the vectors, develop resistance, a capacity to survive contact with insecticides. However, use of insecticides in agriculture has often been implicated as contributing to resistance in mosquito’s vectors. Resistance of mosquitoes to some insecticides has been documented just within a few years after the insecticides were introduced. Some enzymes such as monooxygenases, esterases and glutathione S-transferases have been considered as a reason for resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. In conclusion, regarding to documented resistance and tolerance of mosquitoes vectors to some insecticides, resistance management is suggested by using new insecticide with novel mode of action. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control" title="control">control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance" title=" resistance"> resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vector" title=" vector"> vector</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38715/current-status-of-mosquitoes-vector-research-and-control-in-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38715.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Expand Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis to Where It Is Needed the Most</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henry%20Wilde">Henry Wilde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thiravat%20Hemachudha"> Thiravat Hemachudha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Human rabies deaths are underreported worldwide at 55,000 annual cases; more than of dengue and Japanese encephalitis. Almost half are children. A recent study from the Philippines of nearly 2,000 rabies deaths revealed that none of had received incomplete or no post exposure prophylaxis. Coming from a canine rabies endemic country, this is not unique. There are two major barriers to reducing human rabies deaths: 1) the large number of unvaccinated dogs and 2) post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) that is not available, incomplete, not affordable, or not within reach for bite victims travel means. Only the first barrier, inadequate vaccination of dogs, is now being seriously addressed. It is also often not done effectively or sustainably. Rabies PEP has evolved as a complex, prolonged process, usually delegated to centers in larger cities. It is virtually unavailable in villages or small communities where most dog bites occur, victims are poor and usually unable to travel a long distance multiple times to receive PEP. Reseacrh that led to better understanding of the pathophysiology of rabies and immune responses to potent vaccines and immunoglobulin have allowed shortening and making PEP more evidence based. This knowledge needs to be adopted and applied so that PEP can be rendered safely and affordably where needed the most: by village health care workers who have long performed more complex services after appropriate training. Recent research makes this an important and long neglected goal that is now within our means to implement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabies" title="rabies">rabies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-exposure%20prophylaxis" title=" post-exposure prophylaxis"> post-exposure prophylaxis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=availability" title=" availability"> availability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunoglobulin" title=" immunoglobulin "> immunoglobulin </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12270/expand-rabies-post-exposure-prophylaxis-to-where-it-is-needed-the-most" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12270.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> In vitro Evaluation of the Synergistic Antiviral Activity of Amantadine Coupled with Magnesium Lithospermate B against Enterovirus 71 Infection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wen-Yu%20Lin">Wen-Yu Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Ching%20Chung"> Yi-Ching Chung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jhao-Ren%20Lin"> Jhao-Ren Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tzyy-Rong%20Jinn"> Tzyy-Rong Jinn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is well known that enterovirus 71(EV71) causes recurring outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease and encephalitis leading to complications or death in young children. And, several enterovirus 71 (EV71) of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) with high mortalities occurred in Asia country, such as Hong Kung (1985), Malaysia (1997), Taiwan (1998) and China (2008) that EV71 results in severe neurological complications and sudden death in infants and young children. However, there are still no effective drugs and vaccines to reduce and inhibit EV71 infection. Therefore, the development of specific and effective antiviral strategies against EV71 has become an urgent issue for the protection of children from the hazards of the HFMD. As reported, amantadine is effective in prophylaxis and treatment of the EV71 infections. Thus, the aim of this study was to further evaluate the synergistic antiviral activity of amantadine coupled with magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) against enterovirus 71 infection. In a preliminary test, it is shown that the infected RD cells were treated with amantadine after virus absorption, at concentrations of 3 and 5µM of amantadine suppressed EV71-induced CPE to 13% and 23%, respectively at MOI of 3. Alternatively, at concentrations of 5µg/ml of MLB combined with 3 and 5 µM of amantadine apparently suppressed EV71-induced CPE to 45% and 63%, respectively at MOI of 3. Thus, amantadine coupled with MLB may have the potential for further study to development as the chemopreventive reagents against EV71 infection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amantadine" title="amantadine">amantadine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enterovirus%2071" title=" Enterovirus 71"> Enterovirus 71</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnesium%20lithospermate%20B" title=" magnesium lithospermate B"> magnesium lithospermate B</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RD%20cells" title=" RD cells"> RD cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synergistic%20effects" title=" synergistic effects"> synergistic effects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78595/in-vitro-evaluation-of-the-synergistic-antiviral-activity-of-amantadine-coupled-with-magnesium-lithospermate-b-against-enterovirus-71-infection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78595.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Distinct Antiviral Pathway for ZFP36-Like Family Members Against Flavivirus Infection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ren-Jye%20Lin">Ren-Jye Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li-Hsiung%20Lin"> Li-Hsiung Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bing-Cheng%20Liu"> Bing-Cheng Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ching-Len%20Liao"> Ching-Len Liao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The human zinc finger protein 36-like protein family, containing zinc finger protein 36-like 1 (ZFP36L1) and zinc finger protein 36-like 2 (ZFP36L2), belongs to CCCH-type zinc-finger protein identified as an RNA-binding protein that participates in controlling posttranscriptional regulation via RNA decay pathways. Recently, we demonstrated that human ZFP36L1 showed potent antiviral activity against flavivirus Infection by both 5´-3´ XRN1 and 3´-5´RNA-exosome RNA decay pathways (Journal of Virology 2022 Jan 12;96(1): e0166521). However, another zinc finger protein 36-like protein member, ZFP36L2, in the host defense response against flaviviruses has yet to be addressed. Here, we also demonstrate that ZFP36L2 functions as a host innate defender against flaviviruses, including Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and dengue virus (DENV). Overexpression of ZFP36L2 reduced JEV and DENV infection, and ZFP36L2 knockdown significantly promoted viral replication. Distinct from the antiviral mechanism of ZFP36L1, ZFP36L2 inhibits flavivirus infection by only a 5´-3´ XRN1-mediated RNA decay pathway but not the 3´-5´RNA-exosome RNA decay pathway. Human ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 can restrict flavivirus replication by directly binding and destabilizing viral RNA. Thus, for the first time, human zinc finger protein 36-like family members, ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2, are identified as host antiviral factors that can bind and degrade flavivirus viral RNA by diverse antiviral mechanisms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZFP36L1" title="ZFP36L1">ZFP36L1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZFP36L2" title=" ZFP36L2"> ZFP36L2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=5%27-3%27%20exonuclease%20XRN1" title=" 5'-3' exonuclease XRN1"> 5'-3' exonuclease XRN1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antiviral%20mechansim" title=" antiviral mechansim"> antiviral mechansim</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166251/distinct-antiviral-pathway-for-zfp36-like-family-members-against-flavivirus-infection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166251.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Bilateral Thalamic Hypodense Lesions in Computing Tomography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angelis%20P.%20Barlampas">Angelis P. Barlampas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose of Learning Objective: This case depicts the need for cooperation between the emergency department and the radiologist to achieve the best diagnostic result for the patient. The clinical picture must correlate well with the radiology report and when it does not, this is not necessarily someone’s fault. Careful interpretation and good knowledge of the limitations, advantages and disadvantages of each imaging procedure are essential for the final diagnostic goal. Methods or Background: A patient was brought to the emergency department by their relatives. He was suddenly confused and his mental status was altered. He hadn't any history of mental illness and was otherwise healthy. A computing tomography scan without contrast was done, but it was unremarkable. Because of high clinical suspicion of probable neurologic disease, he was admitted to the hospital. Results or Findings: Another T was done after 48 hours. It showed a hypodense region in both thalamic areas. Taking into account that the first CT was normal, but the initial clinical picture of the patient was alerting of something wrong, the repetitive CT exam is highly suggestive of a probable diagnosis of bilateral thalamic infractions. Differential diagnosis: Primary bilateral thalamic glioma, Wernicke encephalopathy, osmotic myelinolysis, Fabry disease, Wilson disease, Leigh disease, West Nile encephalitis, Greutzfeldt Jacob disease, top of the basilar syndrome, deep venous thrombosis, mild to moderate cerebral hypotension, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1. Conclusion: As is the case of limitations for any imaging procedure, the same applies to CT. The acute ischemic attack can not depict on CT. A period of 24 to 48 hours has to elapse before any abnormality can be seen. So, despite the fact that there are no obvious findings of an ischemic episode, like paresis or imiparesis, one must be careful not to attribute the patient’s clinical signs to other conditions, such as toxic effects, metabolic disorders, psychiatric symptoms, etc. Further investigation with MRI or at least a repeated CT must be done. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CNS" title="CNS">CNS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CT" title=" CT"> CT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thalamus" title=" thalamus"> thalamus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20department" title=" emergency department"> emergency department</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160165/bilateral-thalamic-hypodense-lesions-in-computing-tomography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160165.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among Hemato-Oncology Patients in Tertiary Hospital of East Cost Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Khodijah%20Kholib%20Jati">Aisha Khodijah Kholib Jati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suharni%20Mohamad"> Suharni Mohamad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azlan%20Husin"> Azlan Husin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wan%20Suriana%20Wan%20Ab%20Rahman"> Wan Suriana Wan Ab Rahman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is caused by an obligate intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). It is commonly asymptomatic in normal individual, but it can be fatal to immunocompromised patients as it can lead to severe complications such as encephalitis, chorioetinitis and myocarditis. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and its association with socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics among hemato-oncology patients in Hospital USM. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 56 hemato-oncology patients were screened for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, and IgG avidity of T. gondii by using ELISA Kit (BioRad, USA). For anti-T. gondii IgG antibody, titer ≥ 9 IU/ml was considered as recent infection, while for IgM, ratio ≥ 1.00 was considered as reactive for the anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies. Low avidity index is considered as recent infection within 20 weeks while high avidity considered as past infection. T. gondii exposure, socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics was assessed by a questionnaire and interview. Results: A total of 28 (50.0%) hemato-oncology patients were seropositive for T. gondii antibodies. Out of that total, 27 (48.21%) patients were IgG+/IgM- and one patient (1.79%) was IgG+/IgM+ with high avidity index. Univariate analysis showed that age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, employment status, stem cell transplant, blood transfusion, close contact with cats, water supply, and consumption of undercooked meat were not significantly associated with Toxoplasma seropositivity rate. Discussion: The seropositivity rate of IgG anti-T. gondii was high among hemato-oncology patients in Hospital USM. With impaired immune system, these patients might have a severe consequence if the infection reactivated. Therefore, screening for anti-T. gondii may be considered in the future. Moreover, health programme towards healthy food and good hygiene practice need to be implemented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunocompromised" title="immunocompromised">immunocompromised</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seroprevalence" title=" seroprevalence"> seroprevalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-demographic" title=" socio-demographic"> socio-demographic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxoplasmosis" title=" toxoplasmosis"> toxoplasmosis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104959/seroprevalence-of-toxoplasmosis-among-hemato-oncology-patients-in-tertiary-hospital-of-east-cost-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104959.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Evolutionary Prediction of the Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Chandipura vesiculovirus and Related Viral Species </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maneesh%20Kumar">Maneesh Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roshan%20Kamal%20Topno"> Roshan Kamal Topno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manas%20Ranjan%20Dikhit"> Manas Ranjan Dikhit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vahab%20Ali"> Vahab Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ganesh%20Chandra%20Sahoo"> Ganesh Chandra Sahoo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhawana"> Bhawana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Major%20Madhukar"> Major Madhukar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rishikesh%20Kumar"> Rishikesh Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krishna%20Pandey"> Krishna Pandey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pradeep%20Das"> Pradeep Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chandipura vesiculovirus is an emerging (-) ssRNA viral entity belonging to the genus Vesiculovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae, associated with fatal encephalitis in tropical regions. The multi-functionally active viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRdRp) that has been incorporated with conserved amino acid residues in the pathogens, assigned to synthesize distinct viral polypeptides. The lack of proofreading ability of the vRdRp produces many mutated variants. Here, we have performed the evolutionary analysis of 20 viral protein sequences of vRdRp of different strains of Chandipura vesiculovirus along with other viral species from genus Vesiculovirus inferred in MEGA6.06, employing the Neighbour-Joining method. The p-distance algorithmic method has been used to calculate the optimum tree which showed the sum of branch length of about 1.436. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa are clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates), is shown next to the branches. No mutation was observed in the Indian strains of Chandipura vesiculovirus. In vRdRp, 1230(His) and 1231(Arg) are actively participated in catalysis and, are found conserved in different strains of Chandipura vesiculovirus. Both amino acid residues were also conserved in the other viral species from genus Vesiculovirus. Many isolates exhibited maximum number of mutations in catalytic regions in strains of Chandipura vesiculovirus at position 26(Ser→Ala), 47 (Ser→Ala), 90(Ser→Tyr), 172(Gly→Ile, Val), 172(Ser→Tyr), 387(Asn→Ser), 1301(Thr→Ala), 1330(Ala→Glu), 2015(Phe→Ser) and 2065(Thr→Val) which make them variants under different tropical conditions from where they evolved. The result clarifies the actual concept of RNA evolution using vRdRp to develop as an evolutionary marker. Although, a limited number of vRdRp protein sequence similarities for Chandipura vesiculovirus and other species. This might endow with possibilities to identify the virulence level during viral multiplication in a host. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chandipura" title="Chandipura">Chandipura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%28-%29%20ssRNA" title=" (-) ssRNA"> (-) ssRNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viral%20RNA-dependent%20RNA%20polymerase" title=" viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase"> viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neighbour-joining%20method" title=" neighbour-joining method"> neighbour-joining method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=p-distance%20algorithmic" title=" p-distance algorithmic"> p-distance algorithmic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evolutionary%20marker" title=" evolutionary marker"> evolutionary marker</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99638/evolutionary-prediction-of-the-viral-rna-dependent-rna-polymerase-of-chandipura-vesiculovirus-and-related-viral-species" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99638.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Aten Years Rabies Data Exposure and Death Surveillance Data Analysis in Tigray Region, Ethiopia, 2023</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Woldegerima%20G.%20Medhin">Woldegerima G. Medhin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tadele%20Araya"> Tadele Araya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Rabies is acute viral encephalitis affecting mainly carnivores and insectivorous but can affect any mammal. Case fatality rate is 100% once clinical signs appear. Rabies has a worldwide distribution in continental regions of Asia and Africa. Globally, rabies is responsible for more than 61000 human deaths annually. An estimation of human mortality rabies in Asia and Africa annually exceed 35172 and 21476 respectively. Ethiopia approximately 2900 people were estimated to die of rabies annually, Tigary region approximately 98 people were estimated to die annually. The aim of this study is to analyze trends, describe, and evaluate the ten years rabies data in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: We conducted descriptive epidemiological study from 15-30 February, 2023 of rabies exposure and death in humans by reviewing the health management information system report from Tigray Regional Health Bureau and vaccination coverage of dog population from 2013 to 2022. We used case definition, suspected cases are those bitten by the dogs displaying clinical signs consistent with rabies and confirmed cases were deaths from rabies at time of the exposure. Results: A total 21031 dog bites and 375 deaths report of rabies and 18222 post exposure treatments for humans in Tigray region were used. A suspected rabies patients had shown an increasing trend from 2013 to 2015 and 2018 to 2019. Overall mortality rate was 19/1000 in Tigray. Majority of suspected patients (45%) were age <15 years old. An estimated by Agriculture Bureau of Tigray Region about 12000 owned and 2500 stray dogs are available in the region, but yearly dog vaccination remains low (50%). Conclusion: Rabies is a public health problem in Tigray region. It is highly recommended to vaccinate individually owned dogs and concerned sectors should eliminate stray dogs. Surveillance system should strengthen for estimating the real magnitude, launch preventive and control measures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabies" title="rabies">rabies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Virus" title=" Virus"> Virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmision" title=" transmision"> transmision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prevalence" title=" prevalence"> prevalence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170626/aten-years-rabies-data-exposure-and-death-surveillance-data-analysis-in-tigray-region-ethiopia-2023" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170626.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Assessment of Urban Immunization Practices among Urban Mother's in Sri Lanka </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kasun%20U.%20G.%20Palihakkara">Kasun U. G. Palihakkara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although vaccine coverage in Sri Lanka is close to 100%, with the widely spreading vaccine rejection trend reaching South Asian regions, it is essential to catch on whether Sri Lankans are being misinformed from the common misconceptions regarding vaccines. As the rates of target diseases decrease, parents become less accepting of even minor common adverse events. It is essential to preserve the integrity of immunization programs and protect public health by finding out the prevalence of anti-immunization trends. The primary objective of this study was to assess the immunization practices and prevalence of trends related to anti-immunization among urban community in Sri Lanka. A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study on 323 participants using convenient sampling with 213 self-administered questionnaires. Additionally, 110 online questionnaires were distributed. 31% of the study population does not maintain immunization records for their children. While majority seek information regarding immunization from reliable sources such as the family physician or specialist pediatricians, 30% also refer to unreliable sources such as online communities for their opinion. 31% of study population had not vaccinated for Japanese encephalitis. 73% of the study population had encountered with side effects of vaccination such as fever & 47% believed that such side effects are rare. 52% of the population had hostile attitude regarding the administration of several doses multiple vaccines within a child’s first year. Diseases like polio had been successfully eradicated from Sri Lanka with the help of vigorous vaccination programs. However, majority of the study population believe that there’s no need to keep vaccinating the children for those eradicated diseases and exposing the child for adverse effects of such vaccines. Majority of the population were aware of the existing misconceptions regarding immunization. The most popular misconceptions about vaccines popular among the study population were the MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine being a possible cause leading to autism and bowel disease and children getting infected with the disease even after they get vaccinated, may be due to the inactivated vaccine. Disturbingly 22% of the study population believed that vaccines are useless in preventing diseases nowadays. These data obtained from the urban study population reveals that even though statistically Sri Lankan immunization coverage is 100%, there is a possibility of anti-vaccination trend arising in Sri Lanka due to the prevalence of various misconceptions and rumors related to it. Therefore these data recommend the need for thorough awareness among the mothers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-vaccination" title="anti-vaccination">anti-vaccination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunization" title=" immunization"> immunization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infectious%20diseases" title=" infectious diseases"> infectious diseases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatric%20health" title=" pediatric health"> pediatric health</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101218/assessment-of-urban-immunization-practices-among-urban-mothers-in-sri-lanka" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101218.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Molecular Identification of Camel Tick and Investigation of Its Natural Infection by Rickettsia and Borrelia in Saudi Arabia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reem%20Alajmi">Reem Alajmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hind%20Al%20Harbi"> Hind Al Harbi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahany%20Ayaad"> Tahany Ayaad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zainab%20Al%20Musawi"> Zainab Al Musawi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hard ticks Hyalomma spp. (family: Ixodidae) are obligate ectoparasite in their all life stages on some domestic animals mainly camels and cattle. Ticks may lead to many economic and public health problems because of their blood feeding behavior. Also, they act as vectors for many bacterial, viral and protozoan agents which may cause serious diseases such as tick-born encephalitis, Rocky-mountain spotted fever, Q-fever and Lyme disease which can affect human and/or animals. In the present study, molecular identification of ticks that attack camels in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia based on the partial sequence of mitochondrial 16s rRNA gene was applied. Also, the present study aims to detect natural infections of collected camel ticks with Rickessia spp. and Borelia spp. using PCR/hybridization of Citrate synthase encoding gene present in bacterial cells. Hard ticks infesting camels were collected from different camels located in a farm in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Results of the present study showed that the collected specimens belong to two species: Hyalomma dromedari represent 99% of the identified specimens and Hyalomma marginatum which account for 1 % of identified ticks. The molecular identification was made through blasting the obtained sequence of this study with sequences already present and identified in GeneBank. All obtained sequences of H. dromedarii specimens showed 97-100% identity with the same gene sequence of the same species (Accession # L34306.1) which was used as a reference. Meanwhile, no intraspecific variations of H. marginatum mesured because only one specimen was collected. Results also had shown that the intraspecific variability between individuals of H. dromedarii obtained in 92 % of samples ranging from 0.2- 6.6%, while the remaining 7 % of the total samples of H. dromedarii showed about 10.3 % individual differences. However, the interspecific variability between H. dromedarii and H. marginatum was approximately 18.3 %. On the other hand, by using the technique of PCR/hybridization, we could detect natural infection of camel ticks with Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia spp. Results revealed the natural presence of both bacteria in collected ticks. Rickettsial spp. infection present in 29% of collected ticks, while 35% of collected specimen were infected with Borrelia spp. The valuable results obtained from the present study are a new record for the molecular identification of camel ticks in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and their natural infection with both Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia spp. These results may help scientists to provide a good and direct control strategy of ticks in order to protect one of the most important economic animals which are camels. Also results of this project spotlight on the disease that might be transmitted by ticks to put out a direct protective plan to prevent spreading of these dangerous agents. Further molecular studies are needed to confirm the results of the present study by using other mitochondrial and nuclear genes for tick identification. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camel%20ticks" title="Camel ticks">Camel ticks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rickessia%20spp." title=" Rickessia spp. "> Rickessia spp. </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Borelia%20spp." title=" Borelia spp. "> Borelia spp. </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mitochondrial%2016s%20rRNA%20gene" title=" mitochondrial 16s rRNA gene"> mitochondrial 16s rRNA gene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73297/molecular-identification-of-camel-tick-and-investigation-of-its-natural-infection-by-rickettsia-and-borrelia-in-saudi-arabia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73297.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">277</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Possible Involvement of DNA-methyltransferase and Histone Deacetylase in the Regulation of Virulence Potential of Acanthamoeba castellanii</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi%20H.%20Wong">Yi H. Wong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20L.%20Chan"> Li L. Chan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chee%20O.%20Leong"> Chee O. Leong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Ambu"> Stephen Ambu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joon%20W.%20Mak"> Joon W. Mak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Priyadashi%20S.%20Sahu"> Priyadashi S. Sahu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Acanthamoeba is a free-living opportunistic protist which is ubiquitously distributed in the environment. Virulent Acanthamoeba can cause fatal encephalitis in immunocompromised patients and potential blinding keratitis in immunocompetent contact lens wearers. Approximately 24 species have been identified but only the A. castellanii, A. polyphaga and A. culbertsoni are commonly associated with human infections. Until to date, the precise molecular basis for Acanthamoeba pathogenesis remains unclear. Previous studies reported that Acanthamoeba virulence can be diminished through prolonged axenic culture but revived through serial mouse passages. As no clear explanation on this reversible pathogenesis is established, hereby, we postulate that the epigenetic regulators, DNA-methyltransferases (DNMT) and histone-deacetylases (HDAC), could possibly be involved in granting the virulence plasticity of Acanthamoeba spp. Methods: Four rounds of mouse passages were conducted to revive the virulence potential of the virulence-attenuated Acanthamoeba castellanii strain (ATCC 50492). Briefly, each mouse (n=6/group) was inoculated intraperitoneally with Acanthamoebae cells (2x 105 trophozoites/mouse) and incubated for 2 months. Acanthamoebae cells were isolated from infected mouse organs by culture method and subjected to subsequent mouse passage. In vitro cytopathic, encystment and gelatinolytic assays were conducted to evaluate the virulence characteristics of Acanthamoebae isolates for each passage. PCR primers which targeted on the 2 members (DNMT1 and DNMT2) and 5 members (HDAC1 to 5) of the DNMT and HDAC gene families respectively were custom designed. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed to detect and quantify the relative expression of the two gene families in each Acanthamoeba isolates. Beta-tubulin of A. castellanii (Genbank accession no: XP_004353728) was included as housekeeping gene for data normalisation. PCR mixtures were also analyzed by electrophoresis for amplicons detection. All statistical analyses were performed using the paired one-tailed Student’s t test. Results: Our pathogenicity tests showed that the virulence-reactivated Acanthamoeba had a higher degree of cytopathic effect on vero cells, a better resistance to encystment challenge and a higher gelatinolytic activity which was catalysed by serine protease. qPCR assay showed that DNMT1 expression was significantly higher in the virulence-reactivated compared to the virulence-attenuated Acanthamoeba strain (p ≤ 0.01). The specificity of primers which targeted on DNMT1 was confirmed by sequence analysis of PCR amplicons, which showed a 97% similarity to the published DNA-methyltransferase gene of A. castellanii (GenBank accession no: XM_004332804.1). Out of the five primer pairs which targeted on the HDAC family genes, only HDAC4 expression was significantly difference between the two variant strains. In contrast to DNMT1, HDAC4 expression was much higher in the virulence-attenuated Acanthamoeba strain. Conclusion: Our mouse passages had successfully restored the virulence of the attenuated strain. Our findings suggested that DNA-methyltransferase (DNMT1) and histone deacetylase (HDAC4) expressions are associated with virulence potential of Acanthamoeba spp. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acanthamoeba" title="acanthamoeba">acanthamoeba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA-methyltransferase" title=" DNA-methyltransferase"> DNA-methyltransferase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histone%20deacetylase" title=" histone deacetylase"> histone deacetylase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence-associated%20proteins" title=" virulence-associated proteins"> virulence-associated proteins</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49185/possible-involvement-of-dna-methyltransferase-and-histone-deacetylase-in-the-regulation-of-virulence-potential-of-acanthamoeba-castellanii" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49185.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> A Review on Biological Control of Mosquito Vectors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asim%20Abbasi">Asim Abbasi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Sufyan"> Muhammad Sufyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iqra"> Iqra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hafiza%20Javaria%20Ashraf"> Hafiza Javaria Ashraf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The share of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in the global burden of infectious diseases is almost 17%. The advent of new drugs and latest research in medical science helped mankind to compete with these lethal diseases but still diseases transmitted by different mosquito species, including filariasis, malaria, viral encephalitis and dengue are serious threats for people living in disease endemic areas. Injudicious and repeated use of pesticides posed selection pressure on mosquitoes leading to development of resistance. Hence biological control agents are under serious consideration of scientific community to be used in vector control programmes. Fish have a history of predating immature stages of different aquatic insects including mosquitoes. The noteworthy examples in Africa and Asia includes, Aphanius discolour and a fish in the Panchax group. Moreover, common mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis predates mostly on temporary water mosquitoes like anopheline as compared to permanent water breeders like culicines. Mosquitoes belonging to genus Toxorhynchites have a worldwide distribution and are mostly associated with the predation of other mosquito larvae habituating with them in natural and artificial water containers. These species are harmless to humans as their adults do not suck human blood but feeds on floral nectar. However, their activity is mostly temperature dependent as Toxorhynchites brevipalpis consume 359 Aedes aegypti larvae at 30-32 ºC in contrast to 154 larvae at 20-26 ºC. Although many bacterial species were isolated from mosquito cadavers but those belonging to genus Bacillus are found highly pathogenic against them. The successful species of this genus include Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus. The prime targets of B. thuringiensis are mostly the immatures of genus Aedes, Culex, Anopheles and Psorophora while B. sphaericus is specifically toxic against species of Culex, Psorophora and Culiseta. The entomopathogenic nematodes belonging to family, mermithidae are also pathogenic to different mosquito species. Eighty different species of mosquitoes including Anopheles, Aedes and Culex proved to be highly vulnerable to the attack of two mermithid species, Romanomermis culicivorax and R. iyengari. Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus was the first described pathogenic virus, isolated from the cadavers of mosquito specie, Culex tarsalis. Other viruses which are pathogenic to culicine includes, iridoviruses, cytopolyhedrosis viruses, entomopoxviruses and parvoviruses. Protozoa species belonging to division microsporidia are the common pathogenic protozoans in mosquito populations which kill their host by the chronic effects of parasitism. Moreover, due to their wide prevalence in anopheline mosquitoes and transversal and horizontal transmission from infected to healthy host, microsporidia of the genera Nosema and Amblyospora have received much attention in various mosquito control programmes. Fungal based mycopesticides are used in biological control of insect pests with 47 species reported virulent against different stages of mosquitoes. These include both aquatic fungi i.e. species of Coelomomyces, Lagenidium giganteum and Culicinomyces clavosporus, and the terrestrial fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. Hence, it was concluded that the integrated use of all these biological control agents can be a healthy contribution in mosquito control programmes and become a dire need of the time to avoid repeated use of pesticides. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20nematodes" title="entomopathogenic nematodes">entomopathogenic nematodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protozoa" title=" protozoa"> protozoa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toxorhynchites" title=" Toxorhynchites"> Toxorhynchites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vector-borne" title=" vector-borne"> vector-borne</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80088/a-review-on-biological-control-of-mosquito-vectors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80088.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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