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( Ralph John ) , 1940- A \u003cb\u003ehistory\u003c/b\u003e of the \u003cb\u003eSpanish language\u003c/b\u003e / Ralph \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e.- 2nd edn p . cm . Includes bibliographical references and index . ISBN 0 521 80587 2 ( hardback ) ISBN 0 521 01184 1 ( paperback ) 1. \u003cb\u003eSpanish language\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.am/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C\u0026pg=PR4\u0026dq=penny+history+spanish+language"},{"page_id":"PR10","page_number":"x","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. 4.10 Anglicisms 277 4.11 Catalanisms 279 4.12 Lusisms 4.13 Italianisms 4.14 Word - formation 4.14.1 Prefixation 280 281 284 284 4.14.2 Derivation 289 4.14.2.1 Lexical derivation 290 4.14.2.2 Affective derivation 294\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.am/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C\u0026pg=PR10\u0026dq=penny+history+spanish+language"},{"page_id":"PR13","page_number":"xiii","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. 3.3 Development of the personal pronouns 3.4 Latin possessive pronouns 133 140 3.5 Development of the possessives 141 3.6 Development of demonstratives and related pronouns 143 3.7 Non - preterite person / number\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR15","page_number":"xv","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Preface to the first edition The aim of this \u003cb\u003eHistory\u003c/b\u003e of the \u003cb\u003eSpanish Language\u003c/b\u003e is to provide the reader with as complete a picture as possible of the development of \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e over the last two thousand years . The book is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR19","page_number":"xix","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. • [ j ] is used for the mid - palatal fricative ( as in mayo ) to distinguish it from the ( frictionless ) glide [ j ] ( as in tierra ) . • [ s ] and [ z ] are used for all dental fricatives ( whether predorsal\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA1","page_number":"1","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. 1 Introduction Time - line 218 BC Roman troops enter northeastern Spain . 206 BC Defeat of the Carthaginians and capture of Cádiz , their Peninsular capital . 19 BC Conquest of the remaining parts of the Peninsula ( now\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA2","page_number":"2","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e is and has been used , it is appropriate to give a brief account of these contexts , by way of introduction to the main matter which follows . More detailed accounts of the \u0026#39; external \u0026#39; \u003cb\u003ehistory\u003c/b\u003e of \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e ( Lapesa 1980 , \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA4","page_number":"4","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Latin is the ancestor of \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e ( and , by definition , of all other Romance \u003cb\u003elanguages\u003c/b\u003e ) in the sense that there is an unbroken chain of \u003cb\u003espeakers\u003c/b\u003e , each learning his or her \u003cb\u003elanguage\u003c/b\u003e from parents and contemporaries\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA7","page_number":"7","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. • Writing for various purposes , literary and non - literary , from the late Roman period ( third to fifth centuries AD ) and from the following centuries , when standards of education and culture among the literate\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA8","page_number":"8","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. confirmed by any written source . Thus , a comparison of the Romance verbs meaning \u0026#39; to be \u0026#39; ( e.g. Sp . , Ptg . ser , Cat . ésser / ser , Fr. être , It . essere ) reveals that their spoken Latin ancestor is likely to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA10","page_number":"10","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e has often been described as a rather idiosyncratic form of Peninsular Romance ( even of Romance tout court ) , a view associated with Menéndez Pidal ( 1964a : 472-88 ) and developed in \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e ( 2000 ) . Such linguistic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA11","page_number":"11","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. writers ( Plautus , Ennius , Terence , etc. ) but not in the works of those writing in Rome from the first century BC onwards , facts which suggest that the words concerned had fallen out of use there ( while continuing\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA13","page_number":"13","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. from central and southern Italy ; there is evidence of the use of Oscan until at least the first century AD ( see 1.1 ) . And since it seems likely that many Roman soldiers and settlers who came to Spain were drawn from\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA14","page_number":"14","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. • CENTENI \u0026#39; hundredfold \u0026#39; → CENTĒNU \u0026#39; rye \u0026#39; \u0026gt; centeno \u0026#39; id . \u0026#39; . • COLUMNA \u0026#39; column \u0026#39; → COLUMELLU \u0026#39; canine ( tooth ) \u0026#39; \u0026gt; colmillo \u0026#39; id . \u0026#39; . • FŌRMO \u0026#39; shape , mould \u0026#39; → FŌRMĀCEU \u0026#39; mud - brick wall \u0026#39; \u0026gt; hormazo \u0026#39; id\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA16","page_number":"16","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. The possible introduction of the suffix -ez , -oz , etc. , found in names which were once patronymic and are now surnames ( e.g. Rodríguez , Fernández , Muñoz ) . The genitive of the latinized form of certain Germanic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA17","page_number":"17","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Oviedo ( Independent ) Girona Leon Huesca Burgos Saragossa EMIRATE OF CORDOBA Lisbon Córdoba Seville Toledo Map 1.3 Spain in the late eighth century AD Barcelona བ Valencia parió , etc. ) , and for occasional\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA18","page_number":"18","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. have been no single accepted prestige - norm for \u003cb\u003espeakers\u003c/b\u003e of eighth - century Hispano - Romance ... Spain in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries , the Castilian advance continued with the capture of the major\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA21","page_number":"21","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e 1987 ) . It should not be assumed , however , that the speech of Toledo , which we have seen forming the basis ... \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e in the sixteenth century under northern influences ; see 2.5.6 and 2.6.4 ) , weakening of syllable\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA22","page_number":"22","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003espeakers\u003c/b\u003e of southern ( i.e. Andalusian ) \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e and that the prestige norm by which they were influenced was that of Seville ( see \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e 2000 : 129-31 ) . Thus Canaries \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e is in all cases seseante ( see 2.6.3 ) ; it retains the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA23","page_number":"23","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. of his four voyages to America , were in the Caribbean : the island of La Española ( now the Dominican Republic and Haiti ) , Cuba , etc. He established small set- tlements in these islands and they became thereafter an\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA24","page_number":"24","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. San Francisco VICE - ROYALTY OF NEW SPAIN St Louis New Orleans Havana Mexico City Santo Domingo Cartagena Caracas Do VICE - ROYALTY OF NEW GRANADA Quito Lima VICE - ROYALTY OF PERU Santiago Buenos Aires JVICE - ROYALTY\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA25","page_number":"25","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e ( for details of the distribution of phonetic features , see Canfield 1981 , Lipski 1994 , \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e 2000 : 137-73 ) . For example : • Retention of syllable - final / s / is typical of those areas of America which were under the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA26","page_number":"26","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. However , more recent and more detailed examination of the regional origins of American settlers , by Boyd - Bowman ( 1956 , 1964 ) , has led to broad accep- tance of an amended version of the earlier theory . Boyd\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA27","page_number":"27","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. expulsion of the Jews of Spain , in 1492. Faced with conversion to Catholicism or expatriation , many thousands chose to leave Spain . Some settled at first in Portugal , until their later expulsion from the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA29","page_number":"29","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. In some of its features , however , Judeo - \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e can be regarded as archaic , preserving characteristics of fifteenth - century \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e ... \u003cb\u003elanguage\u003c/b\u003e of approximately 10 per \u003cb\u003ecent\u003c/b\u003e of the 1.5 \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e overseas 29 XXI."},{"page_id":"PA30","page_number":"30","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. was the \u003cb\u003elanguage\u003c/b\u003e of approximately 10 per \u003cb\u003ecent\u003c/b\u003e of the population , and although it has become an official \u003cb\u003elanguage\u003c/b\u003e of the country ( together with English and Tagalog ) , its use probably declined in the twentieth century\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA31","page_number":"31","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. It is in the sixteenth century that the term español is applied to the \u003cb\u003elanguage\u003c/b\u003e of culture of Spain , and therefore becomes equivalent in this sense to castellano . The two terms have been used almost interchangeably\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA32","page_number":"32","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Table 1.2 Numbers of native \u003cb\u003espeakers\u003c/b\u003e of \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e Spain 39.5m Equatorial Guinea 0.3m Cuba 11.0m Dominican Republic 7.3m Puerto Rico 4.1m Mexico 85.0m Guatemala 10.0m El Salvador 5.4m Honduras 5.5m Nicaragua 4.0m Costa\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA41","page_number":"41","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. 2.3 Suprasegmental features The main feature of concern here is the accent , and , in particular , its position and nature in Latin and \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e . The accent serves as one of the devices which aids word recognition , and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA42","page_number":"42","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. TÉNEBRAE , ÍNTEGRUM ( see rule 3 , above ) . However , in spoken Latin , it seems that these consonant groups came to be articulated like other groups , with the consequences that a preceding short penultimate was now\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA62","page_number":"62","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. the way . The broad pattern of development of the system has been one of enrichment : the system grew in size and complexity until the late medieval period ( after which a number of mergers reduced the range of phonemes )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA74","page_number":"74","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e 1976 ) . 2.5.3.2 Lenition Beginning in the last centuries of the Empire and continuing through the Dark Ages , Western Romance ( therefore including \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e ) was affected by an in- terrelated series of consonantal changes\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA75","page_number":"75","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Table 2.5 Increase in incidence of geminates Process RS \u0026gt; / ss / PS \u0026gt; / ss / PT \u0026gt; / tt / MN \u0026gt; / nn / MB \u0026gt; / mm / Evidence DOSSUM for DORSUM ; Appendix Probi : PERSICA NON PESSICA ISSE for IPSE SETTEMBRES for SEPTEMBRIS\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA91","page_number":"91","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Internal F was not frequent in Latin words . In those cases where \u003cb\u003espeakers\u003c/b\u003e per- ceived F to be morpheme - initial ( i.e. where it followed an identifiable prefix , e.g. DĒ - FĒNSA , OF - FOCARE , or where it headed the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA92","page_number":"92","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e have sometimes turned to regional Latin pronunciation ( see , e.g. , \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e 1972a and 1990b ) . It is possible that the spoken Latin of remoter areas ( such as Cantabria ) preserved a bilabial articulation ( // ) of F- , which\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA94","page_number":"94","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. either [ f ] or [ 4 ] . As the prestige of Burgos and its speech - forms grows in the early Reconquest ( tenth to thirteenth centuries ) , [ h ] comes to be used through- out Old Castile , begins to encroach upon León\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA99","page_number":"99","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Table 2.24 The early sixteenth- century \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e sibilant system Voiceless Voiced Dento - alveolar fricative Isl Izl Alveolar fricative Isl Izl Prepalatal fricative ISI 131 \u003cb\u003elanguages\u003c/b\u003e and may be regarded as cases of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA101","page_number":"101","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Table 2.26 Sibilant readjustment in early Modern standard \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e dento - alveolar alveolar palatal velar interdental pre - sixteenth century / ts // d2 / / s / / z / ISI131 sixteenth century from 1650 Isl / s / ISI / 0\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA106","page_number":"106","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003espeakers\u003c/b\u003e who have merged the two phonemes , various pronunciations are in use ( see \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e 2000 : 120-1 , 147-8 , 186 ) : 2.6.7 [ dj ] ~ [ j ] is usual in educated and urban \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e in most areas of \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e speech [ 3 ] occurs in parts\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA111","page_number":"111","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. 3 Morpho - syntax 3.1 General concepts Morphology studies the forms of words , and in particular the relationship be- tween grammatical function and the various segments into which words can be divided from the point of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA113","page_number":"113","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Phonological change has in this case made the paradigm less coherent ; it has introduced alternation between two phonemes where Latin showed a single phoneme , reducing the similarity between members of the same\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA125","page_number":"125","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. word may appear in \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e with both genders , or there may be regional dif- ferences of gender . Examples of this hesitation of gender include : amor , honor , masculine in Latin but found with both genders in Old \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA129","page_number":"129","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. varieties of Romance . The process was weaker in Spain than in most other areas ( note that the descendants , pobre and triste , of the two Latin adjectives just quoted show no gender contrast , while Lat . FIRMUS\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA130","page_number":"130","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. In spoken Latin there was a clearly attested tendency to apply this analytic system to the large majority of adjectives ; probably only the most frequent adjectives escaped . This tendency towards analysis was no doubt\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA137","page_number":"137","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. a vowel ( see 2.4.3.2 ) . This apocopation was most frequent in the case of le and se ( e.g. metiól en el mayor az , antes quel prendan , pagós mio Cid , nos van \u0026#39; no se van \u0026#39; ) and occasional examples are to be found\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA138","page_number":"138","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. non - deferential deferential sing . tú plur . VOS VOS VOS However , in later Old \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e , it is evident that vos has widened its range of reference in such a way that it is used for many social relationships , and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA139","page_number":"139","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e 2000 : 151-6 ) . Simplifying somewhat the complexity of the relationship between the two singular non - deferential forms , the forms of address used in American \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e can be said to be : non - deferential deferential sing . tú\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA144","page_number":"144","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. 1 The phonological weakness of HIC , especially after the early loss of / h / ( 2.5.2 ) , is no doubt a major factor in its almost entire elimination from Latin speech , although there is evidence that , prior to its\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA147","page_number":"147","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. the emergence of literary Old \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e , quien had already acquired the relative \u003cb\u003evalue\u003c/b\u003e it still has ( restricted then as now to personal reference ) , and had extended its role from accusative to nominative , as well as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA160","page_number":"160","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Table 3.7 Non - preterite person / number markers 1st pers . sing . 2nd pers . sing . 3rd pers . sing . 1st pers . plur . 2nd pers . plur . 3rd pers . plur . -ō \u0026gt; / o / ( e.g. CANTO \u0026gt; canto ) -M is lost ( e.g. CANTĀBAM \u0026gt;\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA162","page_number":"162","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Table 3.8 Chronology of the paroxytonic forms of the second person plural Latin \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e to 1400 1400-1470 1470-1550 1550 onwards CANTĀTIS cantades cantades , cantáes cantáes , cantáis , cantás In Spain : cantáis In\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA166","page_number":"166","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. can conclude that HABEO has been grammaticalized as a morpheme expressing perfect aspect and that the notion of possession has been lost . But \u003cb\u003espeakers\u003c/b\u003e did not forget for centuries that the participle in this structure\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA171","page_number":"171","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Table 3.14 Present indicative and subjunctive forms of Classical Latin verbs in -ERE and -ĚRE Verbs in -ĒRE Verbs in -ĚRE Present indicative Present subjunctive Present indicative Present subjunctive TÍM ( E ) O TÍM ( E )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA172","page_number":"172","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Table 3.15 Present indicative and subjunctive forms of verbs in -ere ( \u0026lt; -ERE and -ERE ) in the late Latin of Spain Present indicative / témo / = / ẞéndo / / témes / = / ẞéndes / / témet / = / ẞéndet / / temémos\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA181","page_number":"181","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. majority root - final consonant ( / d2 / ) was closely related to that ( / t / ) of the group of verbs under consideration here : OSp . adugoladuzes / aduzir \u0026gt; MSp . aduzco / aduces / aducir OSp . condugolconduzes\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA191","page_number":"191","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. 1 Verbs with irregularities in Latin . Ser . Only some of the forms of the present indicative of ser descend from the corresponding forms of ESSE , which were : SŮM SUMUS ĚS ĚST ESTIS SUNT In \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e , somos ( \u0026lt; SŬMUS )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA192","page_number":"192","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. The present subjunctive of ESSE ( SIM , SIS , etc. ) does not survive in Romance , and is replaced by the corresponding forms of SEDERE \u0026#39; to be ( seated ) \u0026#39; , a verb which in some contexts was synonymous with ESSE , and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA194","page_number":"194","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Table 3.26 The twofold evolution of the present indicative of HABERE Lexical verb Auxiliary verb НАВЕО ( he ) e ( h ) e HABES aves ( h ) as HABET ave ( h ) a HABĒMUS avemos ( h ) emos HABĒTIS HABENT avedes ( h ) edes\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA201","page_number":"201","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. the form se ( d ) ía ~ se ( d ) íe , etc. , descended from SEDEBAM , the imperfect of SEDERE \u0026#39; to be seated \u0026#39; , a verb which ( in this paradigm as in others ) overlapped in meaning with ESSE , especially in the locative\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA205","page_number":"205","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. or conditional perfect \u003cb\u003evalue\u003c/b\u003e has become less and less frequent , although it can be argued that present - day \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e continues to assign this \u003cb\u003evalue\u003c/b\u003e to -ra forms , although only in the case of a handful of highly\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA215","page_number":"215","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Table 3.35 Development of the future subjunctive of -ar verbs Classical Latin Latin of Spain Old \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e Modern \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e CANTĀVERŌ CANTĀVERIM CANTĀRŌ , -RIM cantaro , -r ( e ) cantare CANTAVERIS CANTĀVERĪS CANTAVERIT\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA230","page_number":"230","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Despite the loss of / d / in the standard preterite of this verb , vide and vido were not lost is other varieties of \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e . They were spread to America , where they continue to be used in rural speech , as also\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA234","page_number":"234","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. posseyera ; etc. ) , while in the case of veer ~ ver the root / e / is obligatorily present in only a few forms ( first - person - singular present indicative ve - o ; present sub- junctive : ve - a ) , and is normally\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA255","page_number":"255","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. 4 Lexis By contrast with phonological , morphological and syntactical systems , the lexi- cal systems of \u003cb\u003elanguage\u003c/b\u003e are inherently open - ended , and it is not intended here to attempt an exhaustive treatment of the \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA263","page_number":"263","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. 4.5 Germanic borrowings Words of Germanic origin , from which we arbitrarily exclude recent anglicisms ( discussed in 4.10 ) , constitute a relatively small proportion of the \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e vo- cabulary , although a few\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA265","page_number":"265","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. \u0026#39; helmet \u0026#39; , * HRAPÔN \u0026gt; rapar \u0026#39; to crop ( hair , etc. ) \u0026#39; , * SPAIHA \u0026gt; espía \u0026#39; spy \u0026#39; . Similarly , since spoken Latin had no syllable - initial [ w ] ( early [ w ] , spelt v , had rapidly become [ B ] or [ v ] ; see 2.5\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA266","page_number":"266","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003elanguage\u003c/b\u003e used in that area , and secondly , the very high prestige associated with Arabic in the early Middle Ages , owing to the fact that Arabic was the vehicle of a culture which was considerably more advanced than\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA271","page_number":"271","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. which the first diphthong survives , as / ai / or / ei / : ğufáina \u0026gt; jofaina \u0026#39; wash- basin \u0026#39; , qâid \u0026gt; alcaide \u0026#39; prison governor \u0026#39; , záit \u0026gt; aceite \u0026#39; oil \u0026#39; , báitar \u0026gt; albéitar \u0026#39; vet \u0026#39; . The latter forms may be suspected\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA272","page_number":"272","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Mexico , etc. ) , chinche \u0026#39; bedbug \u0026#39; , chirivía \u0026#39; parsnip \u0026#39; , fideos \u0026#39; noodles \u0026#39; , gazpacho \u0026#39; id . \u0026#39; , guisante \u0026#39; pea \u0026#39; , habichuela \u0026#39; bean \u0026#39; , jibia \u0026#39; cuttlefish \u0026#39; , judía \u0026#39; bean \u0026#39; , macho \u0026#39; mallet \u0026#39; , marisma \u0026#39; salt\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA277","page_number":"277","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. From Tupí - Guaraní have been borrowed ananá ( s ) \u0026#39; pineapple \u0026#39; , cobaya , -o ( ? ) \u0026#39; guinea - pig \u0026#39; , jaguar jaguar \u0026#39; , mandioca \u0026#39; manioc \u0026#39; , ñandú \u0026#39; rhea , American ostrich \u0026#39; , petunia \u0026#39; petunia \u0026#39; , tapioca \u0026#39; tapioca\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA280","page_number":"280","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. faena \u0026#39; task \u0026#39; , farol \u0026#39; lantern , street - lamp \u0026#39; , forcejar \u0026#39; to struggle \u0026#39; , gafa ( s ) \u0026#39; hook ; spectacles \u0026#39; , grúa \u0026#39; ( mechanical ) crane \u0026#39; , maestre \u0026#39; master of order of chivalry \u0026#39; , metal \u0026#39; metal \u0026#39; , molde\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA281","page_number":"281","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Canaries ) , cantil and acantilado \u0026#39; cliff \u0026#39; , carabela \u0026#39; caravel \u0026#39; , chubasco \u0026#39; squall \u0026#39; , estela \u0026#39; wake \u0026#39; , garúa \u0026#39; drizzle \u0026#39; ( chiefly used in American \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e ) , laja \u0026#39; flat stone \u0026#39; ( restricted to Andalusia and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA282","page_number":"282","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Words relating to the arts constitute one of the largest groups of italianisms in \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e . In the vocabulary of literature and philosophy , we find esdrújulo \u0026#39; proparoxytonic \u0026#39; , novela \u0026#39; novel \u0026#39; , soneta \u0026#39; sonnet\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA283","page_number":"283","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Italian is one of the \u003cb\u003elanguages\u003c/b\u003e , together with Portuguese , Catalan and various Germanic \u003cb\u003elanguages\u003c/b\u003e , which have contributed substantially to the maritime vo- cabulary of \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e . This semantic field is represented by\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA289","page_number":"289","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. \u0026#39; preindustrial \u0026#39; , condueño \u0026#39; joint owner \u0026#39; , contraproducente \u0026#39; counterproductive \u0026#39; , retroceder \u0026#39; to move back \u0026#39; , extraterrestre \u0026#39; extraterrestrial \u0026#39; , intranuclear \u0026#39; in- tranuclear \u0026#39; , infraestructura\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA293","page_number":"293","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Table 4.3 Derived verbs Base Suffix Source Example Verb -ear -ecer Noun -ar -IDIĀRE ( \u0026lt;\u0026lt; -Čεw ) -ESCERE -ĀRE salar \u0026#39; to salt \u0026#39; -ear -IDIĀRE ( \u0026lt; -LČεw ) -ecer -ESCERE -ificar -IFICARE -izar -IDIĀRE ( \u0026lt; -ɩČŠεw ) tapizar\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA302","page_number":"302","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. 5 Semantics The development of the meaning of words is an important part of the \u003cb\u003ehistory\u003c/b\u003e of a \u003cb\u003elanguage\u003c/b\u003e , and it can be argued that of all the elements of \u003cb\u003elanguage\u003c/b\u003e , meaning is least resistant to change . Yet the semantic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA308","page_number":"308","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. • aseo , baño and servicio ( s ) have euphemistically extended their sense as replacements for retrete \u0026#39; lavatory \u0026#39; . Religious and sexual oaths may also be subject to decency taboo , with the effect that another word\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA310","page_number":"310","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. considered in 4.14.3 , since it is possible in some cases that an English model is not involved . Such loan translations include compounds consisting of : nouns + noun : buque escuela \u0026#39; training ship \u0026#39; , perro guardián\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA311","page_number":"311","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Table 5.1 Types of semantic change Change based on : Association of meanings Association of word forms Similarity Contiguity metaphor metonymy popular etymology ellipsis which originate in an association of meanings and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA313","page_number":"313","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Synecdoche , the application of the name of part of a larger concept to the whole of that concept , or vice versa , can be regarded as a kind of metonymy : almiar \u0026#39; haystack \u0026#39; ( \u0026lt; ( PERTICA ) MEDIALE \u0026#39; central pole\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA318","page_number":"318","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. 6 Past , present and future 6.1 The nature of \u003cb\u003elanguage history\u003c/b\u003e Almost all histories of highly standardized \u003cb\u003elanguages\u003c/b\u003e , including those of \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e , treat the development of the \u003cb\u003elanguage\u003c/b\u003e concerned as if that devel\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA321","page_number":"321","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. second global \u003cb\u003elanguage\u003c/b\u003e ( which some would say is unlikely ) , then \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e is the main candidate to fill this role . One way in which the balance between English and \u003cb\u003eSpanish\u003c/b\u003e has shifted in the last half century is in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA338","page_number":"338","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eLanguage\u003c/b\u003e upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism , 1st edn . London : Kegan Paul [ the edition used is the 10th ( 1949 ) ] . \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e , Ralph J. 1972a . The reemergence of / f / as a phoneme of Castilian \u0026#39; , ZRP , 88 : 463-82 . 1972b\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.am/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C\u0026pg=PA338\u0026dq=penny+history+spanish+language"},{"page_id":"PA340","page_number":"340","snippet_text":"Ralph John \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e. Terlingen , Juan . 1967. \u0026#39; Italianismos \u0026#39; , in Alvar 1967 : 263–305 . Togeby , Knud . 1963. Mode , aspect et temps en espagnol , 2nd edn . Copenhagen : Munksgaard . Tovar , Antonio . 1952. \u0026#39; Sobre la cronología de la\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.am/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C\u0026pg=PA340\u0026dq=penny+history+spanish+language"},{"page_id":"PT2","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ehistory\u003c/b\u003e , \u0026#39; external \u0026#39; \u003cb\u003ehistory\u003c/b\u003e is also considered and referred to throughout . In this new edition , as well as adding insights from recent scholarship throughout the text , Professor \u003cb\u003ePenny\u003c/b\u003e has added a new chapter which discusses the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.am/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C\u0026pg=PT2\u0026dq=penny+history+spanish+language"}],"search_query_escaped":"penny history spanish language"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>