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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>A Review on Caspases: Key Regulators of Biological Activities and Apoptosis | Molecular Neurobiology</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="A Review on Caspases: Key Regulators of Biological Activities and Apoptosis"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Molecular Neurobiology - Caspases are proteolytic enzymes that belong to the cysteine protease family and play a crucial role in homeostasis and programmed cell death. Caspases have been broadly..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12035-023-03433-5/MediaObjects/12035_2023_3433_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="12035"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="A Review on Caspases: Key Regulators of Biological Activities and Apoptosis"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Molecular Neurobiology 2023 60:10"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2023-06-22"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="ReviewPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Caspases are proteolytic enzymes that belong to the cysteine protease family and play a crucial role in homeostasis and programmed cell death. Caspases have been broadly classified by their known roles in apoptosis (caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-7, caspase-8, and caspase-9 in mammals) and in inflammation (caspase-1, caspase-4, caspase-5, and caspase-12 in humans, and caspase-1, caspase-11, and caspase-12 in mice). Caspases involved in apoptosis have been subclassified by their mechanism of action as either initiator caspases (caspase-8 and caspase-9) or executioner caspases (caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-7). Caspases that participate in apoptosis are inhibited by proteins known as inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs). In addition to apoptosis, caspases play a role in necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy, which are non-apoptotic cell death processes. Dysregulation of caspases features prominently in many human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders, and increasing evidence shows that altering caspase activity can confer therapeutic benefits. This review covers the different types of caspases, their functions, and their physiological and biological activities and roles in different organisms."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1559-1182"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Molecular Neurobiology"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2023-06-22"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="60"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="10"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="ReviewPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="5805"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="5837"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12035-023-03433-5"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03433-5"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12035-023-03433-5.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12035-023-03433-5"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Molecular Neurobiology"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Mol Neurobiol"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer US"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1559-1182"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="A Review on Caspases: Key Regulators of Biological Activities and Apoptosis"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="60"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="10"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/10"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2023/06/22"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="5805"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="5837"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03433-5"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s12035-023-03433-5"/> <meta name="size" content="885889"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s12035-023-03433-5"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03433-5&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Caspases are proteolytic enzymes that belong to the cysteine protease family and play a crucial role in homeostasis and programmed cell death. Caspases hav"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Sahoo, Gayatri"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Samal, Dibyaranjan"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Khandayataray, Pratima"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Murthy, Meesala Krishna"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Neurosciences"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Neurobiology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Cell Biology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Neurology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol; citation_title=Caspase functions in cell death and disease; citation_author=DR McIlwain, T Berger, TW Mak; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=a008656; citation_doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a008656; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Immunity; citation_title=Caspases connect cell-death signaling to organismal homeostasis; citation_author=L Galluzzi, A Lopez-Soto, S Kumar, G Kroemer; 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Caspases have been broadly classified by their known roles in apoptosis (caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-7, caspase-8, and caspase-9 in mammals) and in inflammation (caspase-1, caspase-4, caspase-5, and caspase-12 in humans, and caspase-1, caspase-11, and caspase-12 in mice). Caspases involved in apoptosis have been subclassified by their mechanism of action as either initiator caspases (caspase-8 and caspase-9) or executioner caspases (caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-7). Caspases that participate in apoptosis are inhibited by proteins known as inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs). In addition to apoptosis, caspases play a role in necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy, which are non-apoptotic cell death processes. Dysregulation of caspases features prominently in many human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders, and increasing evidence shows that altering caspase activity can confer therapeutic benefits. This review covers the different types of caspases, their functions, and their physiological and biological activities and roles in different organisms."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12035-023-03433-5/MediaObjects/12035_2023_3433_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" 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class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Gayatri-Sahoo-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Gayatri-Sahoo-Aff1" data-author-search="Sahoo, Gayatri">Gayatri Sahoo</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Dibyaranjan-Samal-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Dibyaranjan-Samal-Aff2" data-author-search="Samal, Dibyaranjan">Dibyaranjan Samal</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Pratima-Khandayataray-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Pratima-Khandayataray-Aff3" data-author-search="Khandayataray, Pratima">Pratima Khandayataray</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 4 authors for this article" title="Show all 4 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Meesala_Krishna-Murthy-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Meesala_Krishna-Murthy-Aff4" data-author-search="Murthy, Meesala Krishna" data-corresp-id="c1">Meesala Krishna Murthy<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" 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data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Caspases are proteolytic enzymes that belong to the cysteine protease family and play a crucial role in homeostasis and programmed cell death. Caspases have been broadly classified by their known roles in apoptosis (caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-7, caspase-8, and caspase-9 in mammals) and in inflammation (caspase-1, caspase-4, caspase-5, and caspase-12 in humans, and caspase-1, caspase-11, and caspase-12 in mice). Caspases involved in apoptosis have been subclassified by their mechanism of action as either initiator caspases (caspase-8 and caspase-9) or executioner caspases (caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-7). Caspases that participate in apoptosis are inhibited by proteins known as inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs). In addition to apoptosis, caspases play a role in necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy, which are non-apoptotic cell death processes. Dysregulation of caspases features prominently in many human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders, and increasing evidence shows that altering caspase activity can confer therapeutic benefits. This review covers the different types of caspases, their functions, and their physiological and biological activities and roles in different organisms.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs12035-023-03433-5%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D15e77043-f1dc-467a-a02c-59512fd46356" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use 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</div></div></section><section data-title="Abbreviations"><div class="c-article-section" id="abbreviations-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="abbreviations">Abbreviations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="abbreviations-content"><dl class="c-abbreviation_list"><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ALPS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>AD:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Alzheimer’s disease</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ADP-ribose:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Adenosine diphosphate-ribose</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ALS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>APP:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Amyloid beta precursor protein</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ARK5:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>AMPK-related kinase 5</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>AMPK:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>AMP-Activated protein kinase</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>APP-C31:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Amyloid beta-protein precursor C-terminal fragments of 31</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>Ac-YVAD-CMK, AIM-2:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p> Absent in melanoma 2</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>AIP-1:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Actin-interacting protein-1</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>Akt pathway:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Protein kinase B or serine/threonine kinase1</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>BID:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>BH3 interacting-domain death agonist</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>Bap<sub>31</sub> :</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>B-cell receptor associated protein-31</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CED:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Cell death abnormality protein</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CED-3:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Cell death abnormality protein-3</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CED-4:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Cell death abnormality protein-4</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CED-9:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Cell death abnormality protein-9</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CEDS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Caspase eight deficiency stage</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CARD:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Caspase recruitment domain</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CD95:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Cluster of differentiation 95</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CPP-32:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Putative cysteine protease 32</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>COS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>CV-1 in Origin with SV40 genes (African Green Monkey)</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>C-JUN-N:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>C-JUN N-terminal kinase</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>Crm A:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Cytokine response modifier A</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CNS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Central nervous system</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CCoV-II:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Canine coronavirus-II</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CCoV:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Canine coronavirus</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CP:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Cyclophosphamide</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CAS<sub>c</sub> :</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Cascade complex</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>DNA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>dATP:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Deoxyadenosine triphosphate</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>DICA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>2-(2–4-Dichlorophenoxy)-N-(2-mercapto ethyl O acetamide)</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>D<sub>3</sub> :</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Vitamin-D/cholecalciferol</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>DED:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Death effector domain</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>EAAT2:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Excitatory amino acid transporter-2</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>EGL-1:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Egg-laying defective protein-1</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ER:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ERICE:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Evolutionary related interleukin-1β converting enzyme</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>Fas:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Fs-7-associated surface antigen</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>FasL:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Fas- ligand</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>FICA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>5-Fluro-1H-indole-2 carboxylic acid(2-mercapto-ethyl-amide)</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>GSDMD:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Gasdermin-D</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>GSDMD-NT:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Gasdermin-D-N-terminal domain</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>HCov-OC43:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Human coronavirus OC43</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>HTT:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>IAP:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Inhibitor of apoptosis</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>IL-1:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Interleukin-1</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ICE:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>IL-1 converting enzyme</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>IFI16:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Interoferon–gamma-inducible protein-1</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>IRE1α:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Inositol-requiring enzyme/inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1 alpha</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>JNK:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>C-JUN-N–terminal kinase</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>JIK:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>JNK-inhibitory kinase</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>LRR<sub>s</sub> :</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Leucine-rich repeats</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>MC<sub>159</sub> :</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>FLICE inhibitory protein (Mollusccum contagiosum virus)</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>MAVS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>MEKK1:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase inhibitor1</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NLS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>N-terminal nuclear localization signals</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NAFLD:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NUAK:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Member of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NOD:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Nucleotide oligomerizatin domain</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NLR<sub>s</sub> :</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NLRP-3:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>NOD-LRR and pyrin domain containg protein-3</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NAC:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>N-acetyl-L-cysteine</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NBA-CARD:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Nijmegan modification of Bethesda assay</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NOD2:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein-2</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NRADD:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Neurotrophin receptor alike death domain protein</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NF-kB:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated b-cells</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ORF-6:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Accessory protein 6/non-structural protein 6</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ORF-3b:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Non-structural protein 3b/accessory protein 3b</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>Orf-3a:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Non-structural protein 3a/accessory protein 3a</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ORF-7a:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Non-structural protein 7a/accessory protein 7a</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ORF-4:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Non-structural protein 4/accessory protein 4</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>PRPA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Poly-ADP ribose polymerase</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>PEDE:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Phosphodiesterase</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>PYD:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Pyrin domain</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>PARP<sub>s</sub> :</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>PD:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Parkinson’s disease</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>P<sup>21</sup> :</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Ras protein/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>PRR<sub>s</sub> :</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Pattern recognition receptors</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>RIG-1:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>RT-PCR:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>RNA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Ribonucleic acid</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ROS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Reactive oxygen species</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>siRNA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Small interfering RNA</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>sf9:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Clonal isolate of <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> sf21 cells</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>SERPINB1:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Serpin family b member 1</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ST14A:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Suppressor of tumorigenicity 14 protein homolog</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>SARS-CoV:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>SAT:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Sulfate adenylyl transferase</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>SARSX4:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>SARs coronavirus X4 like protein domain</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>SADS-CoV:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>TLR-4:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Toll-like receptor-4</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>TLR3-TRIF:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Toll-like receptor-3-TRIF</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>TRIF:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>TRAF2:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-2</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>UPR:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Unfolded protein response</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>UVB:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Ultraviolet</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>XIAP:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>X-linked inhibitor of 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GS and MKM wrote the draft of the manuscript and prepared the figures for the manuscript. GS, DS, PK, and MKM revised and improved the manuscript. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Sahoo, G., Samal, D., Khandayataray, P. <i>et al.</i> A Review on Caspases: Key Regulators of Biological Activities and Apoptosis. <i>Mol Neurobiol</i> <b>60</b>, 5805–5837 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-023-03433-5</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s12035-023-03433-5?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2021-07-17">17 July 2021</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-06-06">06 June 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-06-22">22 June 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-10">October 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-023-03433-5</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" 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data-track-label="link">Proteolysis</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Apoptosis&facet-discipline="Biomedicine"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Apoptosis</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Pyroptosis&facet-discipline="Biomedicine"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Pyroptosis</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Akt%20pathways&facet-discipline="Biomedicine"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Akt pathways</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <aside> <div 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