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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Formation methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formation methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formation_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_(phonetic_modification)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_(phonetic_modification)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pronunciation (phonetic modification)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_(phonetic_modification)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Understatement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Understatement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Understatement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Understatement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Substitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metaphor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Metaphor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaphor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Slang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Foreign words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periphrasis/circumlocution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periphrasis/circumlocution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Periphrasis/circumlocution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periphrasis/circumlocution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doublespeak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doublespeak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Doublespeak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doublespeak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifespan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifespan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lifespan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifespan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Euphemism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemisme" title="Eufemisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eufemisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تهوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تهوين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemismu" title="Eufemismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eufemismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evfemizm" title="Evfemizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Evfemizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="সুভাষণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুভাষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemisme" title="Eufemisme – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Eufemisme" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ai-o%C3%A1n-hoat" title="Úi-oán-hoat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Úi-oán-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эвфемизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эвфемизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Евфемизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Евфемизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemismus" title="Euphemismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Euphemismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemizam" title="Eufemizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eufemizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemisme" title="Eufemisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eufemisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эвфемизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эвфемизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemismus" title="Eufemismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eufemismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gair_teg" title="Gair teg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gair teg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Euphemism" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemisme" title="Eufemisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eufemisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemismus" title="Euphemismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Euphemismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemism" title="Eufemism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eufemism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%86%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ευφημισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευφημισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemismo" title="Eufemismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eufemismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADfemismo" title="Eŭfemismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭfemismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemismo" title="Eufemismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eufemismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="حسن تعبیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حسن تعبیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euph%C3%A9misme" title="Euphémisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Euphémisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemisme" title="Eufemisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eufemisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemismo" title="Eufemismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eufemismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="પર્યાયોક્તિ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પર્યાયોક્તિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%84%EA%B3%A1%EC%96%B4%EB%B2%95" title="완곡어법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="완곡어법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեղմասություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեղմասություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रेयोक्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रेयोक्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemizam" title="Eufemizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eufemizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemismo" title="Eufemismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eufemismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemisme" title="Eufemisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eufemisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemismo" title="Euphemismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Euphemismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuhloniphisa_(Zulu_Euphemism)" title="Ukuhloniphisa (Zulu Euphemism) – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukuhloniphisa (Zulu Euphemism)" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veigrunaror%C3%B0" title="Veigrunarorð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Veigrunarorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemismo" title="Eufemismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eufemismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="לשון נקייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לשון נקייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸೌಮ್ಯೋಕ್ತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೌಮ್ಯೋಕ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ევფემიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევფემიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эвфемизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эвфемизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasifida" title="Tasifida – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tasifida" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эвфемизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эвфемизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eif%C4%93misms" title="Eifēmisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eifēmisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemismus" title="Euphemismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Euphemismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemizmas" title="Eufemizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eufemizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemizmus" title="Eufemizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eufemizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Еуфемизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еуфемизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemisme" title="Eufemisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eufemisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAi-u%C4%81ng" title="Ūi-uāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ūi-uāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemisme" title="Eufemisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eufemisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A9%89%E6%9B%B2%E6%B3%95" title="婉曲法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="婉曲法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemisme" title="Eufemisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eufemisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemisme" title="Eufemisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eufemisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evfemizm" title="Evfemizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Evfemizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemizm" title="Eufemizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eufemizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemismo" title="Eufemismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eufemismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemism" title="Eufemism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eufemism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эвфемизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эвфемизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эвфемизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эвфемизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemizmi" title="Eufemizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eufemizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufimismu" title="Eufimismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eufimismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Euphemism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemizmus" title="Eufemizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eufemizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evfemizem" title="Evfemizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evfemizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duurxul" title="Duurxul – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Duurxul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Еуфемизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еуфемизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemizam" title="Eufemizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eufemizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiertoilmaus" title="Kiertoilmaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiertoilmaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemism" title="Eufemism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eufemism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupemismo" title="Eupemismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eupemismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இடக்கரடக்கல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடக்கரடக்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3" title="การเกลื่อนคำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเกลื่อนคำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rtmece" title="Örtmece – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Örtmece" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Евфемізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Евфемізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uy%E1%BB%83n_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Uyển ngữ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Uyển ngữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rado%C3%BBcixhant_mot" title="Radoûcixhant mot – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Radoûcixhant mot" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paaliday" title="Paaliday – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paaliday" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%A9%89" title="委婉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="委婉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A9%89%E6%9B%B2" title="婉曲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="婉曲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%A9%89" title="委婉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="委婉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83464#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drugstore_aisle_sign_with_euphemisms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A yellow sign with a pointed bottom. At the top is the number 5 in an oval with a blue background. Below it are the words "family planning", "feminine hygiene", "feminine protection" and "sanitary protection"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Drugstore_aisle_sign_with_euphemisms.jpg/220px-Drugstore_aisle_sign_with_euphemisms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Drugstore_aisle_sign_with_euphemisms.jpg/330px-Drugstore_aisle_sign_with_euphemisms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Drugstore_aisle_sign_with_euphemisms.jpg/440px-Drugstore_aisle_sign_with_euphemisms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption>Sign in a <a href="/wiki/Rite_Aid" title="Rite Aid">Rite Aid</a> drugstore using common euphemisms for (from top): <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraceptives</a></li><li>vaginal <a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">douches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_pad" title="Menstrual pad">menstrual pads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">tampons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_diaper" title="Adult diaper">adult diapers</a></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>euphemism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">YOO</span>-fə-miz-əm</i></a>) is an innocuous word or expression used in place of one that is deemed <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">offensive</a> or suggests something unpleasant.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some euphemisms are intended to amuse, while others use bland, inoffensive terms for concepts that the user wishes to downplay. Euphemisms may be used to mask profanity or refer to <a href="/wiki/Dysphemism#Taboo_terms" title="Dysphemism">topics some consider</a> <a href="/wiki/Word_taboo" title="Word taboo">taboo</a> such as mental or physical disability, sexual intercourse, bodily excretions, pain, violence, illness, or death in a polite way.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Euphemism</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">euphemia</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εὐφημία</span></span>) which refers to the use of 'words of good omen'; it is a compound of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">eû</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εὖ</span></span>), meaning 'good, well', and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">phḗmē</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φήμη</span></span>), meaning 'prophetic speech; rumour, talk'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(deity)" title="Eupheme (deity)">Eupheme</a></i> is a reference to the female Greek spirit of words of praise and positivity, etc. The term <i>euphemism</i> itself was used as a euphemism by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a>; with the meaning "to keep a holy silence" (speaking well by not speaking at all).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avoidance">Avoidance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Avoidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reasons for using euphemisms vary by context and intent. Commonly, euphemisms are used to avoid directly addressing subjects that might be deemed negative or embarrassing, such as <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sex</a>, and excretory bodily functions. They may be created for innocent, well-intentioned purposes or nefariously and cynically, intentionally to deceive, confuse or <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">deny</a>. Euphemisms which emerge as dominant social euphemisms are often created to serve progressive causes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>'s <i>Dictionary of Euphemisms</i> identifies "late" as an occasionally ambiguous term, whose nature as a euphemism for dead and an adjective meaning overdue, can cause confusion in listeners.<sup id="cite_ref-euphemisms_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euphemisms-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Euphemisms are also used to mitigate, soften or downplay the gravity of large-scale injustices, war crimes, or other events that warrant a pattern of avoidance in official statements or documents. For instance, one reason for the comparative scarcity of written evidence documenting the exterminations at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, relative to their sheer number, is "directives for the extermination process obscured in bureaucratic euphemisms".<sup id="cite_ref-MyUser_Newyorker.com_December_1_2015c_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Newyorker.com_December_1_2015c-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example of this is during the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, where Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, in his speech starting the invasion, called the invasion a "<a href="/wiki/Special_military_operation" title="Special military operation">special military operation</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Euphemisms are sometimes used to lessen the opposition to a political move. For example, according to linguist <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a>, Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> used the neutral Hebrew lexical item <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פעימות</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">peimót</i></span> (literally 'beatings (of the heart)'), rather than <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נסיגה</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">nesigá</i></span> ('withdrawal'), to refer to the stages in the Israeli withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a>)</span>, in order to lessen the opposition of right-wing Israelis to such a move.<sup id="cite_ref-language_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Peimót</i></span> was thus used as a euphemism for 'withdrawal'.<sup id="cite_ref-language_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 181">: 181 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rhetoric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Euphemism may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhetorical strategies">rhetorical strategy</a>, in which case its goal is to change the <a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">valence</a> of a description.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversial_use">Controversial use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversial use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using a euphemism can in itself be controversial, as in the following examples: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Reproductive health</a></i> is used as a euphemism for the medical procedure of abortion, often employed for political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many pro-choice institutions now advocate using the term "abortion" instead of relying on euphemisms in order to earn greater social acceptance of the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></i>, meaning a preference for minorities or the historically disadvantaged, usually in employment or academic admissions. This term is sometimes said to be a euphemism for <a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">reverse discrimination</a>, or, in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Positive_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive discrimination">positive discrimination</a>, which suggests an intentional bias that might be legally prohibited, or otherwise unpalatable.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation</a></i> is a euphemism for torture. For example, columnist <a href="/wiki/David_Brooks_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Brooks (journalist)">David Brooks</a> called the use of this term for practices at <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib" title="Abu Ghraib">Abu Ghraib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay</a> and elsewhere an effort to "dull the moral sensibility".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of euphemism online is known as "<a href="/wiki/Algospeak" title="Algospeak">algospeak</a>" when used to evade automated online moderation techniques used on Meta and TikTok's platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Algospeak has been used in debate about the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_methods">Formation methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Formation methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Euphemism" title="Special:EditPage/Euphemism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22euphemism%22+phonetic+deformation">"euphemism" phonetic deformation</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22euphemism%22+phonetic+deformation+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22euphemism%22+phonetic+deformation&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22euphemism%22+phonetic+deformation+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22euphemism%22+phonetic+deformation">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22euphemism%22+phonetic+deformation&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_(phonetic_modification)"><span id="Pronunciation_.28phonetic_modification.29"></span>Pronunciation (phonetic modification)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pronunciation (phonetic modification)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Phonetic_modification"></span><span class="anchor" id="Pronunciation"></span> Phonetic euphemism is used to replace profanities and blasphemies, diminishing their intensity. To alter the pronunciation or spelling of a taboo word (such as a <a href="/wiki/Swear_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Swear word">swear word</a>) to form a euphemism is known as <i>taboo deformation</i>, or a <i><a href="/wiki/Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">minced oath</a></i>. Such modifications include: </p> <ul><li>Shortening or "clipping" the term, such as <i>Jeez</i> ('Jesus') and <i>what the—</i> ('what the hell').</li> <li>Mispronunciations, such as <i>oh my gosh</i> ('oh my God'), <i>frickin</i> ('fucking'), <i>darn</i> ('damn') or <i>oh shoot</i> ('oh shit'). This is also referred to as a minced oath. <i><a href="/wiki/Feck" title="Feck">Feck</a></i> is a minced oath for 'fuck', originating in <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a> and popularised outside of Ireland by the British <a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcom</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Father_Ted" title="Father Ted">Father Ted</a></i>.</li> <li>Using <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a> as replacements, such as <i>SOB</i> ('son of a bitch'). Sometimes, the word <i>word</i> or <i>bomb</i> is added after it, such as <i>F-word</i> ('fuck'), etc. Also, the letter can be phonetically respelled.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Understatement">Understatement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Understatement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Euphemisms formed from <a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">understatements</a> include <i>asleep</i> for dead and <i>drinking</i> for consuming alcohol. "<a href="/wiki/Tired_and_emotional" title="Tired and emotional">Tired and emotional</a>" is a notorious British euphemism for "drunk", one of many <a href="/wiki/Recurring_jokes_in_Private_Eye#Euphemisms" title="Recurring jokes in Private Eye">recurring jokes</a> popularized by the satirical magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Private_Eye" title="Private Eye">Private Eye</a></i>; it has been used by MPs to avoid <a href="/wiki/Unparliamentary_language" title="Unparliamentary language">unparliamentary language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substitution">Substitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Substitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pleasant, positive, worthy, neutral, or nondescript terms are often substituted for explicit or unpleasant ones, with many substituted terms deliberately coined by sociopolitical movements, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> initiatives, including: </p> <ul><li><i>meat packing company</i> for 'slaughterhouse' (avoids entirely the subject of killing); <i>natural issue</i> or <i>love child</i> for 'bastard'; <i>let go</i> for 'fired/sacked', etc.</li></ul> <p>Some examples of <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhyming_slang" title="Rhyming slang">rhyming slang</a> may serve the same purpose: to call a person a <i>berk</i> sounds less offensive than to call a person a <i><a href="/wiki/Cunt" title="Cunt">cunt</a></i>, though <i>berk</i> is short for <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hunt" title="Berkeley Hunt">Berkeley Hunt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which rhymes with <i>cunt</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metaphor">Metaphor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Metaphor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphors</a> (<i>beat the meat</i>, <i>choke the chicken</i>, or <i>jerkin' the gherkin</i> for '<a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>'; <i>take a dump</i> and <i>take a leak</i> for 'defecation' and 'urination', respectively)</li> <li>Comparisons (<i>buns</i> for 'buttocks', <i>weed</i> for 'cannabis')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymy</a> (<i>men's room</i> for 'men's restroom/toilet')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slang">Slang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Slang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">Slang</a></div> <p>The use of a term with a softer connotation, though it shares the same meaning. For instance, <i>screwed up</i> is a euphemism for 'fucked up'; <i>hook-up</i> and <i>laid</i> are euphemisms for '<a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a>'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_words">Foreign words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Foreign words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Expressions or words from a foreign language may be imported for use as euphemism. For example, the French word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">enceinte</i></span> was sometimes used instead of the English word <i>pregnant</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-MW_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">abattoir</i></span> for <i><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouse</a></i>, although in French the word retains its explicit violent meaning 'a place for beating down', conveniently lost on non-French speakers. <i><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">Entrepreneur</a></i> for <i><a href="/wiki/Businessman" class="mw-redirect" title="Businessman">businessman</a></i>, adds glamour; <i>douche</i> (French for 'shower') for vaginal irrigation device; <i><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">bidet</a></i> ('little pony') for vessel for anal washing. Ironically, although in English physical "<a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">handicaps</a>" are almost always described with euphemism, in French the English word <i>handicap</i> is used as a euphemism for their problematic words <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">infirmité</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">invalidité</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periphrasis/circumlocution"><span id="Periphrasis.2Fcircumlocution"></span>Periphrasis/circumlocution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Periphrasis/circumlocution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">Periphrasis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Circumlocution" title="Circumlocution">circumlocution</a>, is one of the most common: to "speak around" a given word, <a href="/wiki/Implicature" title="Implicature">implying</a> it without saying it. Over time, circumlocutions become recognized as established euphemisms for particular words or ideas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Doublespeak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracies</a> frequently spawn euphemisms intentionally, as <a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">doublespeak</a> expressions. For example, in the past, the US military used the term "<a href="/wiki/Sunshine_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunshine units">sunshine units</a>" for contamination by <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radioactive isotopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> refers to systematic <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An effective death sentence in the Soviet Union during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> often used the clause "imprisonment <a href="/wiki/Without_the_right_of_correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Without the right of correspondence">without right to correspondence</a>": the person sentenced would be shot soon after conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1939, Nazi official <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> used the term <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderbehandlung" title="Sonderbehandlung">Sonderbehandlung</a></i> ("special treatment") to mean <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a> of persons viewed as "disciplinary problems" by the Nazis even before commencing the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">systematic extermination of the Jews</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, aware that the word had come to be known to mean murder, replaced that euphemism with one in which Jews would be "guided" (to their deaths) through the slave-labor and extermination camps<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after having been "evacuated" to their doom. Such was part of the formulation of <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Endlösung der Judenfrage</a></i> (the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question"), which became known to the outside world during the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifespan">Lifespan <span id="Euphemism_treadmill"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lifespan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All-Negro_Comics_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/All-Negro_Comics_1.jpg/220px-All-Negro_Comics_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/All-Negro_Comics_1.jpg/330px-All-Negro_Comics_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/All-Negro_Comics_1.jpg/440px-All-Negro_Comics_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a></i> is an example of a once-innocuous euphemism that has become outdated and offensive.</figcaption></figure> <p>Frequently, over time, euphemisms themselves become taboo words, through the linguistic process of <a href="/wiki/Semantic_change" title="Semantic change">semantic change</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Pejoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Pejoration">pejoration</a>, which University of Oregon linguist Sharon Henderson Taylor dubbed the "<b>euphemism cycle</b>" in 1974,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also frequently referred to as the "<b>euphemism treadmill</b>", as coined by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the place of human defecation is a needy candidate for a euphemism in all eras. <i>Toilet</i> is an 18th-century euphemism, replacing the older euphemism <i>house-of-office</i>, which in turn replaced the even older euphemisms <i>privy-house</i> and <i>bog-house</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1953_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1953-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, where the old euphemisms <i>lavatory</i> (a place where one washes) and <i><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilet</a></i> (a place where one dresses<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) had grown from widespread usage (e.g., in the United States) to being synonymous with the crude act they sought to deflect, they were sometimes replaced with <i>bathroom</i> (a place where one bathes), <i>washroom</i> (a place where one washes), or <i>restroom</i> (a place where one rests) or even by the extreme form <i>powder room</i> (a place where one applies facial cosmetics).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The form <i>water closet</i>, often shortened to <i>W.C.</i>, is a less deflective form.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The word <i><a href="/wiki/Shit" title="Shit">shit</a></i> appears to have originally been a euphemism for defecation in Pre-Germanic, as the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European root</a> *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">sḱeyd-</span></span></i>, from which it was derived, meant 'to cut off'.<sup id="cite_ref-ringe_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ringe-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example in American English is the replacement of "<a href="/wiki/Colored_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Colored people">colored people</a>" with "<a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a>" (euphemism by foreign language), which itself came to be replaced by either "African American" or "Black".<sup id="cite_ref-npr.org_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in the United States the term "ethnic minorities" in the 2010s has been replaced by "<a href="/wiki/People_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="People of color">people of color</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-npr.org_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Venereal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Venereal disease">Venereal disease</a>, which associated shameful bacterial infection with a seemingly worthy ailment emanating from <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>, the goddess of love, soon lost its deflective force in the post-classical education era, as "VD", which was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Three-letter_initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-letter initialism">three-letter initialism</a> "STD" (sexually transmitted disease); later, "STD" was replaced by "STI" (sexually transmitted infection).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intellectually-disabled people were originally defined with words such as "morons" or "imbeciles", which then became commonly used insults. The medical diagnosis was changed to "mentally retarded", which morphed into the pejorative, "<a href="/wiki/Retard_(pejorative)" title="Retard (pejorative)">retard</a>", against those with intellectual disabilities. To avoid the negative connotations of their diagnoses, students who need accommodations because of such conditions are often labeled as "special needs" instead, although the words "special" or "sped" (short for "special education") have long been schoolyard insults.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="A blog author's hearsay isn't reliable. (January 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of August 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a> replaced the term "mental retardation" with "<a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2012, that change in terminology has been adopted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> and the medical industry at large.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_with_negative_connotations" title="List of disability-related terms with negative connotations">disability-related euphemisms that have negative connotations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_a_spade_a_spade" title="Call a spade a spade">Call a spade a spade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_word_(figure_of_speech)" title="Code word (figure of speech)">Code word (figure of speech)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Parrot_sketch" title="Dead Parrot sketch">Dead Parrot sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_without_a_difference" title="Distinction without a difference">Distinction without a difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">Double entendre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphemism" title="Dysphemism">Dysphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a> (often called bowdlerization, after <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bowdler" title="Thomas Bowdler">Thomas Bowdler</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing (social sciences)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_definition" title="Persuasive definition">Persuasive definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polite_fiction" title="Polite fiction">Polite fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_euphemism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political euphemism">Political euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">Puns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin (propaganda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistext" title="Statistext">Statistext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">Word play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_taboo" title="Word taboo">Word taboo</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphemism">"Euphemism"</a>. <i>Webster's Online Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymonline.com&rft.atitle=euphemism+%28n.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Deuphemism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=fh/mh">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, φήμη"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfh%2Fmh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=euphemism&allowed_in_frame=0">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Euphemism' Etymology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320002713/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=euphemism&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Euphemism%27+Etymology&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Deuphemism%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/how-strategic-lingo-swallowed-progressive-thought#google_vignette">"How strategic lingo swallowed progressive thought"</a>. <i>Washington Examiner</i>. 19 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=How+strategic+lingo+swallowed+progressive+thought&rft.date=2023-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fopinion%2Fhow-strategic-lingo-swallowed-progressive-thought%23google_vignette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/04/equity-language-guides-sierra-club-banned-words/673085/">"THE MORAL CASE AGAINST EQUITY LANGUAGE"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=THE+MORAL+CASE+AGAINST+EQUITY+LANGUAGE&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2023%2F04%2Fequity-language-guides-sierra-club-banned-words%2F673085%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-euphemisms-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-euphemisms_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolder2008" class="citation book cs1">Holder, R. W. (2008). <i>Dictionary of Euphemisms</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-9235179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-9235179"><bdi>978-0-19-9235179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Euphemisms&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-9235179&rft.aulast=Holder&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MyUser_Newyorker.com_December_1_2015c-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MyUser_Newyorker.com_December_1_2015c_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyback1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Ryback, Timothy (15 November 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1993/11/15/evidence-of-evil">"Evidence of Evil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175241/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1993/11/15/evidence-of-evil">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+Evil&rft.date=1993-11-15&rft.aulast=Ryback&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F1993%2F11%2F15%2Fevidence-of-evil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/3677c63a-107f-41cd-96e0-7b131b4bd150">"Year in a word: 'Special operation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Year+in+a+word%3A+%27Special+operation%27&rft.date=2022-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F3677c63a-107f-41cd-96e0-7b131b4bd150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-language-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-language_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-language_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232"><i>Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew</i></a></span>. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Contact+and+Lexical+Enrichment+in+Israeli+Hebrew&rft.pages=181&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave.com%2Fbr%2Fbook%2F9781403917232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2013" class="citation news cs1">Lowry, Rich (2 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2013/05/the-euphemism-imperative-090840">"The euphemism imperative"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227215305/https://www.politico.com/story/2013/05/the-euphemism-imperative-090840">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=The+euphemism+imperative&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2013%2F05%2Fthe-euphemism-imperative-090840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/planned-parenthood-advocacy-fund-massachusetts-inc/blog/just-say-abortion">"Just say abortion"</a>. <i>Planned Parenthood Advocacy Fund of Massachusetts</i>. 14 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229055351/https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/planned-parenthood-advocacy-fund-massachusetts-inc/blog/just-say-abortion">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planned+Parenthood+Advocacy+Fund+of+Massachusetts&rft.atitle=Just+say+abortion&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plannedparenthoodaction.org%2Fplanned-parenthood-advocacy-fund-massachusetts-inc%2Fblog%2Fjust-say-abortion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Affirmative action</i> as euphemism: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/style-guide/affirmative-action">"Style Guide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 10 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203132033/http://www.economist.com/style-guide/affirmative-action">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>Uglier even than human-rights abuses and more obscure even than comfort station, affirmative action is a euphemism with little to be said for it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Style+Guide&rft.date=2013-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fstyle-guide%2Faffirmative-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCustredCampbell2001" class="citation news cs1">Custred, Glynn & Campbell, Tom (2 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.investors.com/052201-488507-affirmative-action-a-euphemism-for-racial-profiling-by-government.aspx">"Affirmative Action: A Euphemism for Racial Profiling by Government"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Investors_Business_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Investors Business Daily">Investors Business Daily</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investors+Business+Daily&rft.atitle=Affirmative+Action%3A+A+Euphemism+for+Racial+Profiling+by+Government&rft.date=2001-05-02&rft.aulast=Custred&rft.aufirst=Glynn&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.investors.com%2F052201-488507-affirmative-action-a-euphemism-for-racial-profiling-by-government.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayan2009" class="citation news cs1">Bayan, Rick (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newmoderate.com/the-issues/affirmative-action/">"Affirmative Action"</a>. <i>The New Moderate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306040414/http://newmoderate.com/the-issues/affirmative-action/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Moderate&rft.atitle=Affirmative+Action&rft.date=2009-12&rft.aulast=Bayan&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewmoderate.com%2Fthe-issues%2Faffirmative-action%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill2014" class="citation web cs1">Will, George F. (25 April 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/george-f-will-the-supreme-court-tangles-over-euphemisms-for-affirmative-action/2014/04/25/9bed399c-cbd1-11e3-95f7-7ecdde72d2ea_story.html">"The Supreme Court tangles over euphemisms for affirmative action"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526172148/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/george-f-will-the-supreme-court-tangles-over-euphemisms-for-affirmative-action/2014/04/25/9bed399c-cbd1-11e3-95f7-7ecdde72d2ea_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Supreme+Court+tangles+over+euphemisms+for+affirmative+action&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fgeorge-f-will-the-supreme-court-tangles-over-euphemisms-for-affirmative-action%2F2014%2F04%2F25%2F9bed399c-cbd1-11e3-95f7-7ecdde72d2ea_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazaJanell_AndersonCustred1999" class="citation book cs1">Raza, M. Ali; Janell Anderson, A.; Custred, Harry Glynn (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vIN4pDAVlIC&pg=PA75">"Chapter 4: Affirmative Action Diversity: A Euphemism for Preferences, Quotas, and Set-asides"</a>. <i>The Ups and Downs of Affirmative Action Preferences</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275967130" title="Special:BookSources/9780275967130"><bdi>9780275967130</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425233643/https://books.google.com/books?id=7vIN4pDAVlIC&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Affirmative+Action+Diversity%3A+A+Euphemism+for+Preferences%2C+Quotas%2C+and+Set-asides&rft.btitle=The+Ups+and+Downs+of+Affirmative+Action+Preferences&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780275967130&rft.aulast=Raza&rft.aufirst=M.+Ali&rft.au=Janell+Anderson%2C+A.&rft.au=Custred%2C+Harry+Glynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7vIN4pDAVlIC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lziSy2QJPjYC&pg=PA195"><i>A Journalist's Guide to Live Direct and Unbiased News Translation</i></a>. Writescope Publishers. 2010. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780957751187" title="Special:BookSources/9780957751187"><bdi>9780957751187</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503231135/https://books.google.com/books?id=lziSy2QJPjYC&pg=PA195">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>In modern times, various social and political movements have introduced euphemisms, from affirmative action to political correctness to international conflicts, which are linguistically and culturally driven.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journalist%27s+Guide+to+Live+Direct+and+Unbiased+News+Translation&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Writescope+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780957751187&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlziSy2QJPjYC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Enhanced interrogation</i> as euphemism: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksShieldsWoodruff2014" class="citation news cs1">Brooks, David; Shields, Mark; Woodruff, Judy (12 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/shields-brooks-cia-interrogation-report-spending-bill-sticking-points/">"Shields and Brooks on the CIA interrogation report, spending bill sticking point"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS_Newshour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Newshour">PBS Newshour</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916002826/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/shields-brooks-cia-interrogation-report-spending-bill-sticking-points/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>[T]he report ... cuts through the ocean of euphemism, the EITs, enhanced interrogation techniques, and all that. It gets to straight language. Torture – it's obviously torture. ... the metaphor and the euphemism is designed to dull the moral sensibility.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS+Newshour&rft.atitle=Shields+and+Brooks+on+the+CIA+interrogation+report%2C+spending+bill+sticking+point&rft.date=2014-12-12&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Shields%2C+Mark&rft.au=Woodruff%2C+Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fshields-brooks-cia-interrogation-report-spending-bill-sticking-points%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsPanetta2011" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Brian; Panetta, Leon (3 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42887700">"Transcript of interview with CIA director Panetta"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415140227/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42887700">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>. <q>Enhanced interrogation has always been a kind of handy euphemism (for torture)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Transcript+of+interview+with+CIA+director+Panetta&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Panetta%2C+Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna42887700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering2013" class="citation news cs1">Pickering, Thomas (16 April 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/thomas-r-pickering-torture-runs-counter-to-americas-values/2013/04/16/1c4488f0-a15a-11e2-82bc-511538ae90a4_story.html">"America must atone for the torture it inflicted"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419144738/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/thomas-r-pickering-torture-runs-counter-to-americas-values/2013/04/16/1c4488f0-a15a-11e2-82bc-511538ae90a4_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>. <q>Let's stop resorting to euphemisms and call "enhanced interrogation techniques" — including but not limited to waterboarding — what they actually are: torture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=America+must+atone+for+the+torture+it+inflicted&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fthomas-r-pickering-torture-runs-counter-to-americas-values%2F2013%2F04%2F16%2F1c4488f0-a15a-11e2-82bc-511538ae90a4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenz2022" class="citation news cs1">Lorenz, Taylor (8 April 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/08/algospeak-tiktok-le-dollar-bean/">"Internet 'algospeak' is changing our language in real time, from 'nip nops' to 'le dollar bean'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220223103/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/08/algospeak-tiktok-le-dollar-bean/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Internet+%27algospeak%27+is+changing+our+language+in+real+time%2C+from+%27nip+nops%27+to+%27le+dollar+bean%27&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftechnology%2F2022%2F04%2F08%2Falgospeak-tiktok-le-dollar-bean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreuz2023" class="citation web cs1">Kreuz, Roger J. (13 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/what-is-algospeak-inside-the-newest-version-of-linguistic-subterfuge-203460">"What is 'algospeak'? Inside the newest version of linguistic subterfuge"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206020407/https://theconversation.com/what-is-algospeak-inside-the-newest-version-of-linguistic-subterfuge-203460">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=What+is+%27algospeak%27%3F+Inside+the+newest+version+of+linguistic+subterfuge&rft.date=2023-04-13&rft.aulast=Kreuz&rft.aufirst=Roger+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhat-is-algospeak-inside-the-newest-version-of-linguistic-subterfuge-203460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTellez2023" class="citation web cs1">Tellez, Anthony (31 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonytellez/2023/01/31/mascara-unalive-corn-what-common-social-media-algospeak-words-actually-mean/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Mascara,' 'Unalive,' 'Corn': What Common Social Media Algospeak Words Actually Mean"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101142728/https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonytellez/2023/01/31/mascara-unalive-corn-what-common-social-media-algospeak-words-actually-mean/?sh=5f84a902a085">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=%27Mascara%2C%27+%27Unalive%2C%27+%27Corn%27%3A+What+Common+Social+Media+Algospeak+Words+Actually+Mean&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft.aulast=Tellez&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fanthonytellez%2F2023%2F01%2F31%2Fmascara-unalive-corn-what-common-social-media-algospeak-words-actually-mean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2022" class="citation web cs1">Levine, Alexandra S. (19 September 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexandralevine/2022/09/16/algospeak-social-media-survey/">"From Camping to Cheese Pizza, 'Algospeak' is Taking over Social Media"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031173232/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexandralevine/2022/09/16/algospeak-social-media-survey/?sh=41eb61ae55e1">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=From+Camping+to+Cheese+Pizza%2C+%27Algospeak%27+is+Taking+over+Social+Media&rft.date=2022-09-19&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Falexandralevine%2F2022%2F09%2F16%2Falgospeak-social-media-survey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlugSteenYurechko2023" class="citation book cs1">Klug, Daniel; Steen, Ella; Yurechko, Kathryn (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.1145/3543873.3587355">"How Algorithm Awareness Impacts Algospeak Use on TikTok"</a>. <i>Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023</i>. pp. 234–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3543873.3587355">10.1145/3543873.3587355</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450394192" title="Special:BookSources/9781450394192"><bdi>9781450394192</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258377709">258377709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Algorithm+Awareness+Impacts+Algospeak+Use+on+TikTok&rft.btitle=Companion+Proceedings+of+the+ACM+Web+Conference+2023&rft.pages=234-237&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258377709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3543873.3587355&rft.isbn=9781450394192&rft.aulast=Klug&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Steen%2C+Ella&rft.au=Yurechko%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2FfullHtml%2F10.1145%2F3543873.3587355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNix2023" class="citation news cs1">Nix, Naomi (20 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/10/20/palestinian-tiktok-instagram-algospeak-israel-hamas/">"Pro-Palestinian creators use secret spellings, code words to evade social media algorithms"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pro-Palestinian+creators+use+secret+spellings%2C+code+words+to+evade+social+media+algorithms&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft.aulast=Nix&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftechnology%2F2023%2F10%2F20%2Fpalestinian-tiktok-instagram-algospeak-israel-hamas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/tech/how-pro-palestinians-using-algospeak-dodge-social-media-scrutiny-disseminate-hateful-rhetoric">"How pro-Palestinians are using 'Algospeak' to dodge social media scrutiny and disseminate hateful rhetoric"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></i>. 23 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=How+pro-Palestinians+are+using+%27Algospeak%27+to+dodge+social+media+scrutiny+and+disseminate+hateful+rhetoric&rft.date=2023-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Ftech%2Fhow-pro-palestinians-using-algospeak-dodge-social-media-scrutiny-disseminate-hateful-rhetoric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">although properly pronounced in upper-class British-English "barkley"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727055231/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/berk">"definition of 'berk'/'burk'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Collins Dictionary</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/berk">the original</a> on 27 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=definition+of+%27berk%27%2F%27burk%27&rft.btitle=Collins+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fberk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MW_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/enceinte">"Definition of enceinte"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613192557/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/enceinte">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+enceinte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenceinte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-french/handicap">"HANDICAP in French - Cambridge Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HANDICAP+in+French+-+Cambridge+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish-french%2Fhandicap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCool1957" class="citation report cs1">McCool, W.C. (6 February 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925185914/http://worf.eh.doe.gov/ihp/chron/A43.PDF">Return of Rongelapese to their Home Island – Note by the Secretary</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worf.eh.doe.gov/ihp/chron/A43.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Return+of+Rongelapese+to+their+Home+Island+%E2%80%93+Note+by+the+Secretary&rft.pub=United+States+Atomic+Energy+Commission&rft.date=1957-02-06&rft.aulast=McCool&rft.aufirst=W.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworf.eh.doe.gov%2Fihp%2Fchron%2FA43.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2006" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Alfred W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805082487"><i>A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror</i></a>. New York: Metropolitan / Owl Book / Henry Holt and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805082487" title="Special:BookSources/9780805082487"><bdi>9780805082487</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Question+of+Torture%3A+CIA+Interrogation%2C+from+the+Cold+War+to+the+War+on+Terror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+%2F+Owl+Book+%2F+Henry+Holt+and+Co.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780805082487&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Alfred+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780805082487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolzhenitsyn1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Solzhenitsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn, Alexander</a> (1974). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago" title="The Gulag Archipelago">The Gulag Archipelago</a></i>. Vol. I. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/006092103X" title="Special:BookSources/006092103X"><bdi>006092103X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulag+Archipelago&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=006092103X&rft.aulast=Solzhenitsyn&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528142643/http://www.holocaust-history.org/quick-facts/special-treatment.shtml">"Holocaust-history.org"</a>. <i>Holocaust-History.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-history.org/quick-facts/special-treatment.shtml">the original</a> on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust-History.org&rft.atitle=Holocaust-history.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-history.org%2Fquick-facts%2Fspecial-treatment.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005477">"Wannsee Conference and the 'Final Solution'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195711/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005477">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wannsee+Conference+and+the+%27Final+Solution%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson_Taylor1974" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson Taylor, Sharon (1974). "Terms for Low Intelligence". <i>American Speech</i>. <b>49</b> (3/4): 197–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3087798">10.2307/3087798</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3087798">3087798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=Terms+for+Low+Intelligence&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=197-207&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3087798&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3087798%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Henderson+Taylor&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinker1994" class="citation news cs1">Pinker, Steven (5 April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/05/opinion/the-game-of-the-name.html">"Opinion | The Game of the Name"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+The+Game+of+the+Name&rft.date=1994-04-05&rft.aulast=Pinker&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F04%2F05%2Fopinion%2Fthe-game-of-the-name.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell_1953-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1953_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1953" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Vicars Walker (1953). <i>On Learning the English Tongue</i>. Faber & Faber. p. 19. <q>The Honest Jakes or Privy has graduated via Offices to the final horror of Toilet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Learning+the+English+Tongue&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Vicars+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French <i>toile</i>, fabric, a form of curtain behind which washing, dressing and hair-dressing were performed (Larousse, <i>Dictionnaire de la langue française</i>, "Lexis", Paris, 1979, p. 1891)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ringe-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ringe_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinge2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Ringe" title="Donald Ringe">Ringe, Don</a> (2006). <i>From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199552290" title="Special:BookSources/9780199552290"><bdi>9780199552290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Proto-Indo-European+to+Proto-Germanic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199552290&rft.aulast=Ringe&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr.org-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemby2014" class="citation web cs1">Demby, Gene (7 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/11/07/362273449/why-we-have-so-many-terms-for-people-of-color">"Why We Have So Many Terms for 'People of Color'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212062522/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/11/07/362273449/why-we-have-so-many-terms-for-people-of-color">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Why+We+Have+So+Many+Terms+for+%27People+of+Color%27&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft.aulast=Demby&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2014%2F11%2F07%2F362273449%2Fwhy-we-have-so-many-terms-for-people-of-color&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powertodecide.org/news/sti-vs-std-overcoming-stigma">"STI vs. STD: Overcoming the Stigma"</a>. <i>PowerToDecide.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225153639/https://powertodecide.org/news/sti-vs-std-overcoming-stigma">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PowerToDecide.org&rft.atitle=STI+vs.+STD%3A+Overcoming+the+Stigma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowertodecide.org%2Fnews%2Fsti-vs-std-overcoming-stigma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2020" class="citation web cs1">Hodges, Rick (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanparts.medium.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-mentally-retarded-e3b9eea23018">"The Rise and Fall of 'Mentally Retarded'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Medium</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207034556/https://humanparts.medium.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-mentally-retarded-e3b9eea23018">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+%27Mentally+Retarded%27&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanparts.medium.com%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-mentally-retarded-e3b9eea23018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/08/01/2013-18552/change-in-terminology-mental-retardation-to-intellectual-disability">"Change in Terminology: 'Mental Retardation' to 'Intellectual Disability'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Federal Register</i>. 1 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308032555/http://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/08/01/2013-18552/change-in-terminology-mental-retardation-to-intellectual-disability">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Change+in+Terminology%3A+%27Mental+Retardation%27+to+%27Intellectual+Disability%27&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2013%2F08%2F01%2F2013-18552%2Fchange-in-terminology-mental-retardation-to-intellectual-disability&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashHawkinsKawchukShea2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nash, Chris; Hawkins, Ann; Kawchuk, Janet; Shea, Sarah E. (17 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299349">"What's in a name? Attitudes surrounding the use of the term 'mental retardation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Paediatrics & Child Health</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 71–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpch%2F17.2.71">10.1093/pch/17.2.71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1205-7088">1205-7088</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299349">3299349</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23372396">23372396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paediatrics+%26+Child+Health&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+Attitudes+surrounding+the+use+of+the+term+%27mental+retardation%27&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=71-74&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3299349%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1205-7088&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23372396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpch%2F17.2.71&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+Ann&rft.au=Kawchuk%2C+Janet&rft.au=Shea%2C+Sarah+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3299349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllanBurridge1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Allan_(linguist)" title="Keith Allan (linguist)">Allan, Keith</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kate_Burridge" title="Kate Burridge">Burridge, Kate</a> (1991). <i>Euphemism & Dysphemism: Language Used as Shield and Weapon</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0735102880" title="Special:BookSources/0735102880"><bdi>0735102880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euphemism+%26+Dysphemism%3A+Language+Used+as+Shield+and+Weapon&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0735102880&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Burridge%2C+Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenveniste" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Benveniste" title="Émile Benveniste">Benveniste, Émile</a>. "Euphémismes anciens and modernes". <i>Problèmes de linguistique générale</i> (in French). Vol. 1. pp. 308–314.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Euph%C3%A9mismes+anciens+and+modernes&rft.btitle=Probl%C3%A8mes+de+linguistique+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale&rft.pages=308-314&rft.aulast=Benveniste&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Die Sprache</i>. Vol. I. 1949. pp. 116–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Sprache&rft.pages=116-122&rft.date=1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Euphemism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Euphemism">"Euphemism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Euphemism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnright1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._J._Enright" title="D. J. Enright">Enright, D. J.</a> (1986). <i>Fair of Speech</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192830600" title="Special:BookSources/0192830600"><bdi>0192830600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fair+of+Speech&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0192830600&rft.aulast=Enright&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussell1983" class="citation book cs1">Fussell, Paul (1983). <i>Class: A Guide Through the American Status System</i>. Touchstone / Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671792253" title="Special:BookSources/0671792253"><bdi>0671792253</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class%3A+A+Guide+Through+the+American+Status+System&rft.pub=Touchstone+%2F+Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0671792253&rft.aulast=Fussell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolder2003" class="citation book cs1">Holder, R. W. (2003). <i>How Not to Say What You Mean: A Dictionary of Euphemisms</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198607628" title="Special:BookSources/0198607628"><bdi>0198607628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Not+to+Say+What+You+Mean%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Euphemisms&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0198607628&rft.aulast=Holder&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes2010" class="citation book cs1">Keyes, Ralph (2010). <i>Euphemania: Our Love Affair with Euphemisms</i>. Little, Brown and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316056564" title="Special:BookSources/9780316056564"><bdi>9780316056564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euphemania%3A+Our+Love+Affair+with+Euphemisms&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780316056564&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maledicta" title="Maledicta">Maledicta</a>: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression</i>. ISSN: 0363-3659. LCCN: 77649633. OCLC: 3188018.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGloneBeckPfiester2006" class="citation journal cs1">McGlone, M. S.; Beck, G.; Pfiester, R. A. (2006). "Contamination and camouflage in euphemisms". <i>Communication Monographs</i>. <b>73</b> (3): 261–282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03637750600794296">10.1080/03637750600794296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Monographs&rft.atitle=Contamination+and+camouflage+in+euphemisms&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-282&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03637750600794296&rft.aulast=McGlone&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft.au=Beck%2C+G.&rft.au=Pfiester%2C+R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson1995" class="citation book cs1">Rawson, Hugh (1995). <i>A Dictionary of Euphemism & Other Doublespeak</i> (second ed.). Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0517702010" title="Special:BookSources/0517702010"><bdi>0517702010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Euphemism+%26+Other+Doublespeak&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0517702010&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Weir_Smyth" title="Herbert Weir Smyth">Smyth, Herbert Weir</a> (1920). <i>Greek Grammar</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 678. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674362500" title="Special:BookSources/0674362500"><bdi>0674362500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Grammar&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=678&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=0674362500&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Weir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidepeterReutner2021" class="citation journal cs1">Heidepeter, Philipp; <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Reutner" title="Ursula Reutner">Reutner, Ursula</a> (2021). "When Humour Questions Taboo: A Typology of Twisted Euphemism Use". <i>Pragmatics & Cognition</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 138–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fpc.20027.hei">10.1075/pc.20027.hei</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0929-0907">0929-0907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pragmatics+%26+Cognition&rft.atitle=When+Humour+Questions+Taboo%3A+A+Typology+of+Twisted+Euphemism+Use&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=138-166&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fpc.20027.hei&rft.issn=0929-0907&rft.aulast=Heidepeter&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft.au=Reutner%2C+Ursula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/euphemism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:euphemism"><i>euphemism</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Figures_of_speech" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(rhetoric)" title="Scheme (rhetoric)">Schemes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">Alliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadiplosis" title="Anadiplosis">Anadiplosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(rhetoric)" title="Anaphora (rhetoric)">Anaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabole" title="Antimetabole">Antimetabole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antithesis" title="Antithesis">Antithesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aposiopesis" title="Aposiopesis">Aposiopesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">Assonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asyndeton" title="Asyndeton">Asyndeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiasmus" title="Chiasmus">Chiasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(rhetoric)" title="Climax (rhetoric)">Climax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(rhetoric)#Anticlimax" title="Climax (rhetoric)">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_consonance" title="Literary consonance">Consonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epanalepsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Epanalepsis">Epanalepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphrase" title="Epiphrase">Epiphrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistrophe" title="Epistrophe">Epistrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epizeuxis" title="Epizeuxis">Epizeuxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendiadys" title="Hendiadys">Hendiadys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeoteleuton" title="Homeoteleuton">Homeoteleuton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypallage" title="Hypallage">Hypallage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaton" title="Hyperbaton">Hyperbaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteron_proteron" title="Hysteron proteron">Hysteron proteron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocolon" title="Isocolon">Isocolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallelism_(rhetoric)" title="Parallelism (rhetoric)">Parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyptoton" title="Polyptoton">Polyptoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysyndeton" title="Polysyndeton">Polysyndeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoonerism" title="Spoonerism">Spoonerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symploce" title="Symploce">Symploce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmesis" title="Tmesis">Tmesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugma_and_syllepsis" title="Zeugma and syllepsis">Zeugma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">Allusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphrasis" title="Antiphrasis">Antiphrasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonomasia" title="Antonomasia">Antonomasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">Aphorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe_(figure_of_speech)" title="Apostrophe (figure of speech)">Apostrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catachresis" title="Catachresis">Catachresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecphonesis" title="Ecphonesis">Ecphonesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekphrasis" title="Ekphrasis">Ekphrasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epanorthosis" title="Epanorthosis">Epanorthosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">Hyperbole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adynaton" title="Adynaton">Adynaton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphemism" title="Dysphemism">Dysphemism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euphemism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis_(figure_of_speech)" title="Meiosis (figure of speech)">Meiosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuendo" title="Innuendo">Innuendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophasis" title="Apophasis">Apophasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">Sarcasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litotes" title="Litotes">Litotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">Oxymoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleonasm" title="Pleonasm">Pleonasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procatalepsis" title="Procatalepsis">Procatalepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">Pun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antanaclasis" title="Antanaclasis">Antanaclasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_question" title="Rhetorical question">Rhetorical question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">Simile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">Synecdoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautology_(language)" title="Tautology (language)">Tautology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Censorship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Censorship" title="Template:Censorship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Censorship" title="Template talk:Censorship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Censorship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">books banned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">banned films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">circumvention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech and expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Student media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Televisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television censorship">banned televisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">banned video games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censor_bars" title="Censor bars">Censor bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">Chilling effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_censorship" title="Collateral censorship">Collateral censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concision_(media_studies)" title="Concision (media studies)">Concision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_silence_(expression)" title="Conspiracy of silence (expression)">Conspiracy of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Content-control software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euphemism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">Minced oath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogging_(censorship)" title="Fogging (censorship)">Fogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler" title="Heckler">Heckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">Heckler's veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_intranet" title="National intranet">National intranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_theft" title="Newspaper theft">Newspaper theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">Sanitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_code" title="Speech code">Speech code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">computer and network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">Whitewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Word filtering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal speech">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Apple" title="Censorship by Apple">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Facebook" title="Censorship by Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Google</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_hate_speech" title="Online hate speech">Online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">Naturalistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Chinese issues overseas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Muhammad controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_manipulation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_manipulation" title="Template talk:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_manipulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_document" title="False document">False document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83464#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83464#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015680-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Euphemism"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85045590">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Euphémisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11956912t">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Euphémisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11956912t">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="eufemismy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120029&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558089905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=18587">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&oldid=1256148199">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euphemism&oldid=1256148199</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Euphemisms" title="Category:Euphemisms">Euphemisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Censorship" title="Category:Censorship">Censorship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Connotation" title="Category:Connotation">Connotation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Figures_of_speech" 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