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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Colonial wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnobotany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnobotany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ethnobotany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnobotany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Current situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Wolastoqiyik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Wolastoqiyik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable Wolastoqiyik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Wolastoqiyik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82" title="Малісіт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малісіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Малисити – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Малисити" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliseets" title="Maliseets – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maliseets" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliseet" title="Maliseet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maliseet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliseet" title="Maliseet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maliseet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolastoqiyik" title="Wolastoqiyik – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wolastoqiyik" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliseet" title="Maliseet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maliseet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliseet" title="Maliseet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maliseet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesita" title="Malesita – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Malesita" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliseets" title="Maliseets – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maliseets" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malecite" title="Malecite – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Malecite" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Малеситы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малеситы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliseet" title="Maliseet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maliseet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Малисити – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Малисити" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliseet" title="Maliseet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maliseet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1563033#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ethnic group. For the Wolastoqey language, see <a href="/wiki/Maliseet-Passamaquoddy_language" title="Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language">Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous people of Canada and the USA</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples<br />in Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_(close).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A life-sized bronze statue of an Aboriginal and eagle above him; there is a bear to his right and a wolf to his left, they are all looking upwards towards a blue and white sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG/80px-Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG/120px-Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG/160px-Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_First_Nations_history" title="Timeline of First Nations history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Pre-colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism_in_Canada" title="Settler colonialism in Canada">Settler colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hospital" title="Indian hospital">Indian hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada">Reconciliation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indigenous_law" title="Canadian Indigenous law">Indigenous law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Treaty_Process" title="British Columbia Treaty Process">British Columbia Treaty Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Transfer_Policy" title="Indian Health Transfer Policy">Health Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_No_More" title="Idle No More">Idle No More</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a></i></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_claims_in_Canada" title="Indigenous land claims in Canada">Land claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_defender" title="Land defender">Land defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_land_title_in_Canada" title="Aboriginal land title in Canada">Land title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples">Royal Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada" title="Indigenous specific land claims in Canada">Specific claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Aboriginal_case_law" title="Category:Canadian Aboriginal case law">Case law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_organizations_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous organizations in Canada">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_politics_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous politics in Canada">Politics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_culture_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous culture in Canada">Indigenous cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Canadian_personalities" title="Indigenous Canadian personalities">Indigenous personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Country food">Country food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Canada" title="Indigenous music of Canada">Music</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Demographics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserves</a></li> <li>AB <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="First Nations in Alberta">FN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Atlantic_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Atlantic Canada">Atlantic CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_British_Columbia" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in British Columbia">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Manitoba" title="First Nations in Manitoba">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Ontario" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec" title="Indigenous peoples in Quebec">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Saskatchewan" title="First Nations in Saskatchewan">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Northern_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Northern Canada">Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Pacific Coast</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada#Aboriginal_languages" title="Languages of Canada">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinuk_Wawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinuk Wawa">Chinuk Wawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada">Indigenous English Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">NAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Aboriginal syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook Writing">Chinuk pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit grammar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Traditional beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit religion</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Index</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Indigenous_Canadians" title="Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians">Index of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_Nations_in_Canada" title="Category:First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inuit" title="Category:Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_M%C3%A9tis_people" title="Category:Canadian Métis people">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America_stubs" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of North America stubs">Stubs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/16px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/24px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Wəlastəkwew</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Wəlastəkwewiyik</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maliseet-Passamaquoddy_language" title="Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language">Wəlastəkwey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dawnland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawnland">Wəlastəkok</a><br />     <a href="/wiki/Dawnland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawnland">Wabanaki</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Wolastoqiyik</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-can_enc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-can_enc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also <b>Wəlastəkwewiyik</b>, <b>Malecite</b> or <b>Maliseet</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a>. They are the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wolastoq" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolastoq">Wolastoq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(Bay_of_Fundy)" title="Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)">Saint John River</a>) valley and its tributaries. Their territory extends across the current borders of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in Canada, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> in the United States. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Houlton_Band_of_Maliseet_Indians" title="Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians">Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians</a>, based on the Meduxnekeag River in the Maine portion of their historical homeland, are—since 19 July 1776—the first foreign treaty allies with the United States of America. They are a <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized tribe</a> of Wolastoqey people. Today Wolastoqey people have also migrated to other parts of the world. The Wolastoqiyik have occupied areas of forest, river and coastal areas within their 20,000,000-acre, 200-mile-wide, and 600-mile-long homeland in the Saint John River watershed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The people call themselves <i>Wəlastəkwewiyik</i> and <i>Wolastoqiyik'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-can_enc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-can_enc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Wəlastəkw</i> means "bright river" or "shining river" ("wəl-" = good, "-as-" shining, "-təkw" = river; "-iyik" = people of). Wəlastəkwiyik therefore simply means "People of the Bright River" in their native language.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wolastoqiyik have long been associated with the Saint John River, from which they draw their name. Their territory still extends as far as the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a>. Their lands and resources are bounded on the east by the <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq">Miꞌkmaq people</a>, on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Penobscot" title="Penobscot">Penobscot</a>, and on the south by the <a href="/wiki/Passamaquoddy" title="Passamaquoddy">Passamaquoddy</a>, who also still speak related <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a>. </p><p><i>Malesse'jik</i> was a <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a> word believed to mean "He speaks slowly," or differently, and was term that Miꞌkmaq people used to describe people from other nations. The meaning of the word today is unknown but it is commonly mistranslated to "he speaks badly, lazy, or broken".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term is the <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> by which the Miꞌkmaq people referred to this group when speaking to early Europeans. The French met the Miꞌkmaq people before the Wəlastəkwewiyik, and transliterated <i>Malesse'jik</i> to <i>Malécite</i>, not understanding that it was not their name. The later English colonists anglicized this term as Maliseet. </p><p>Beginning in 1758, the terms "Marichites" in French and in English "Maricheets" increased in use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wolastoqey_nations">Wolastoqey nations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wolastoqey nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houlton_Band_of_Maliseet_Indians" title="Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians">Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians</a> (Metaksonekiyak Wolastoqewiyik)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingsclear,_New_Brunswick" title="Kingsclear, New Brunswick">Kingsclear First Nation</a> (Bilijk Wəlastəkwewiyik)<sup id="cite_ref-Malécite_Du_Saint-Laurent_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malécite_Du_Saint-Laurent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madawaska_Maliseet_First_Nation" title="Madawaska Maliseet First Nation">Madawaska Maliseet First Nation</a> (Matowesekok Wəlastəkwewiyik)<sup id="cite_ref-Malécite_Du_Saint-Laurent_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malécite_Du_Saint-Laurent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromocto" title="Oromocto">Oromocto First Nation</a> (Welamoktuk) <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_First_Nation" title="St. Mary's First Nation">St. Mary's First Nation</a> (Sitansisk Wolastoqiyik)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobique_First_Nation" title="Tobique First Nation">Tobique First Nation</a> (Wolastoqiyik Neqotkuk)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock_First_Nation" title="Woodstock First Nation">Woodstock First Nation</a> (Wetstak)<sup id="cite_ref-Malécite_Du_Saint-Laurent_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malécite_Du_Saint-Laurent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolastoqiyik_Wahsipekuk_(Viger)_First_Nation" title="Wolastoqiyik Wahsipekuk (Viger) First Nation">Wolastoqiyik Wahsipekuk (Viger) First Nation</a> (Wahsipekuk)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png/300px-Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="481" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png/450px-Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png/600px-Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="1609" /></a><figcaption> Wolastoqey Territory</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of European encounter, the Wəlastəkwewiyik were living in walled villages and practicing horticulture (corn, beans, squash and tobacco). In addition to cultivating and growing crops, the women gathered and processed fruits, berries, nuts and natural produce. The men contributed by fishing and hunting, and the women cooked these finds. Written accounts in the early 17th century, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Lescarbot" title="Marc Lescarbot">Marc LesCarbot</a>, refer to a large Wolastoqey village at the mouth of the Saint John River. Later in the century, sources indicate their headquarters had shifted upriver to <a href="/wiki/Meductic_Indian_Village_/_Fort_Meductic" title="Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic"><i>Meductic</i></a>, on the middle reaches of the Saint John River. </p><p>The French explorers were the first to establish a <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> with the Wəlastəkwewiyik, which became important in their territory. Some European goods were desired because they were useful to Wəlastəkwewiyik subsistence and culture. The French Jesuits also established missions, where some Wəlastəkwewiyik <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converted</a> to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>. After years of colonialism, many learned the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>. The French called them <i>Malécite</i>, a transliteration of the Mi'kmaq name for the people. </p><p>Local histories depict many encounters with the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, five powerful nations based south and east of the Great Lakes, and the <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu</a> located to the north. Contact with European fisher-traders in the early 17th century and with specialized fur traders developed into a stable relationship which lasted for nearly 100 years. Despite <a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">devastating population losses to European infectious diseases</a>, to which they had no <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a>, these Atlantic First Nations held on to their traditional coastal or river locations for hunting, fishing and gathering. They lived along river valleys for trapping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_wars">Colonial wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Maliseet" title="Military history of the Maliseet">Military history of the Maliseet</a></div> <p>As both the French and English increased the number of their settlers in North America, their competition grew for control of the fur trade and physical territory. In addition, wars were carried out that reflected war in Europe. The lucrative eastern fur trade faltered with the general unrest, as French and English hostilities concentrated in the region between Québec and <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port-Royal</a>. Increasing sporadic fighting and raiding also took place on the lower Saint John River. </p><p>In this period, Wolastoqey women took over a larger share of the economic burden and began to farm, raising crops which previously had been grown only south of Wolastoqey territory. Men continued to hunt, though with limited success. They became useful allies to the French as support against the English. For a short period during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Wolastoqey warriors were engaged frequently in armed conflict, becoming virtually a military organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the gradual cessation of hostilities in the first quarter of the 18th century, and with the beaver supply severely diminished, fur trading declined. There was little possibility for the Wolastoqiyik to return to their traditional ways of life. Their style of seasonal, shifting agriculture on the river was curtailed by the encroachment of European settlers. All the while, the land was becoming well known to wealthy elites, who took advantage of the quality hunting and sport-fishing spots scattered throughout the province.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernwood_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They took all the farmland along the Saint John River, which was previously occupied by the Wolastoqiyik, displacing many Aboriginal people from more than a million and a half acres of prime land.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernwood_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wolastoqiyik practised some traditional crafts as late as the 19th century, especially building <a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">wigwams</a> and birchbark <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a>. They had made changes during the previous two centuries while acquiring European metal cutting tools and containers, muskets and alcohol, foods and clothing. In making wood, bark or basketry items, or in guiding, trapping and hunting, the Wolastoqiyik identified as engaging in "Indian work". </p><p>The Europeans developed <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> farming in Maine and New Brunswick, which created a new market and demand for Wolastoqey baskets and containers. Other Wolastoqiyik worked in pulp mills, construction, nursing, teaching and business. With evidence that many Wolastoqiyik suffered widespread hunger and were wandering, government officials established the first <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserves</a> at The Brothers, Oromocto, Fredericton, Kingsclear, Woodstock, Tobique, Madawaska (pre-1800s), and Cacouna. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Silas_Tertius_Rand" title="Silas Tertius Rand">Silas Tertius Rand</a> was a linguist missionary who translated some Bible Selections into Wolastoqey which were published in 1863 and then the Gospel of John in 1870. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wolastoqiyik of New Brunswick struggled with problems of unemployment and poverty common to Indigenous people elsewhere in Canada, but they have evolved a sophisticated system of decision making and resource allocation<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. They support community enterprises in economic development, scouting and sports. Some are successful in middle and higher education and have important trade and professional standings; individuals and families are prominent in Indigenous and women's rights; and others serve in provincial and federal native organizations, in government and in community development. There were 4,659 registered Wolastoqiyik in 1996. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The customs and <a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">language</a> of the Wolastoqiyik are very similar to those of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Passamaquoddy" title="Passamaquoddy">Passamaquoddy</a> (<i>Peskotomuhkati</i>). They are also close to those of the Algonquian-speaking Miꞌkmaq and Penobscot peoples. </p><p>The Wəlastəkwewiyik differed from the Miꞌkmaq by pursuing a partial <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agrarian</a> economy. They also overlapped territory with neighbouring peoples. The Wəlastəkwewiyik and Passamaquoddy languages are similar enough that linguists consider them slightly different dialects of the same language. Typically they are not differentiated for study. </p><p>In 1907, <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Curtis" title="Natalie Curtis">Natalie Curtis</a> collected and published two traditional Wolastoqey songs: a dance song and a love song.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis1907_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis1907-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As transcribed by Curtis, the love song demonstrates a meter cycle of seven bars and switches between major and minor tonality.<sup id="cite_ref-FP_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many other songs were recorded by anthropologist William H. Mechling, whose wax cylinder recordings of Wolastoqey songs are held by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History" title="Canadian Museum of History">Canadian Museum of History</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-future_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-future-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these songs were lost to the community, as the pressures to assimilate into mainstream Canadian culture led the Wolastoqiyik to stop passing their songs on to youth; in the 2010s, however, Wolastoqew musician <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Dutcher" title="Jeremy Dutcher">Jeremy Dutcher</a> undertook a project of listening to the wax cylinder recordings and reviving the songs.<sup id="cite_ref-future_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-future-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His album <i><a href="/wiki/Wolastoqiyik_Lintuwakonawa" title="Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa">Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa</a></i> was released in 2018, and won the <a href="/wiki/2018_Polaris_Music_Prize" title="2018 Polaris Music Prize">2018 Polaris Music Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ethnobotany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wolastoqiyik use the <a href="/wiki/Balsam_fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsam fir">balsam fir</a> tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Abies_balsamea" title="Abies balsamea">Abies balsamea</a></i>) in many ways. Its juice is a laxative,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its pitch is medical,<sup id="cite_ref-speck_dexter_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speck_dexter-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an infusion of its bark, sometimes mixed spruce and tamarack bark, can treat <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have used the fir's needles and branches as pillows and bedding, the roots as thread, and its pitch to waterproof seams in canoes.<sup id="cite_ref-speck_dexter_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speck_dexter-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_situation">Current situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Current situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wolastoqiyik" title="Special:EditPage/Wolastoqiyik">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wolastoqiyik%22">"Wolastoqiyik"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wolastoqiyik%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wolastoqiyik%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wolastoqiyik%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wolastoqiyik%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wolastoqiyik%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Today, in New Brunswick, there are approximately 7,700 Wolastoqiyik with status in the <a href="/wiki/Madawaska_Maliseet_First_Nation" title="Madawaska Maliseet First Nation">Madawaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobique_First_Nation" title="Tobique First Nation">Tobique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_First_Nation" title="Woodstock First Nation">Woodstock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingsclear_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingsclear First Nation">Kingsclear</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_First_Nation" title="St. Mary's First Nation">Saint Mary's</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromocto_First_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oromocto First Nation (page does not exist)">Oromocto</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also 1700 in the <a href="/wiki/Houlton_Band_of_Maliseet_Indians" title="Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians">Houlton Band</a> in Maine, and 1200 in the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_Nation_Wolastoqiyik_Wahsipekuk" class="extiw" title="fr:Première Nation Wolastoqiyik Wahsipekuk">Viger First Nation</a> in Quebec. The Brothers is a reserve made up of two islands in the Kennebecasis River; they are uninhabited but available for hunting and fishing. </p><p>About 650 native speakers of Wolastoqey remain, and about 500 of Passamaquoddy, living on both sides of the border between New Brunswick and Maine<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Most are older, although some young people have begun studying and preserving the language. An active program of scholarship on the Wolastoqey-Passamaquoddy language takes place at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_-_Maliseet_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mi'kmaq - Maliseet Institute (page does not exist)">Mi'kmaq - Maliseet Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick" title="University of New Brunswick">University of New Brunswick</a>, in collaboration with the native speakers. David Francis Sr., a Passamaquoddy elder living in <a href="/wiki/Sipayik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipayik">Sipayik</a>, Maine, has been an important resource for the program. The Institute has the goal of helping Native American students master their native languages. The <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_LeSourd" title="Philip LeSourd">Philip LeSourd</a> has done extensive research on the language<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (October 2014)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The Houlton Band of Maliseet was invited to take a nonvoting seat in the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Legislature" title="Maine Legislature">Maine Legislature</a>, starting with the 126th Legislature in 2013. <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Bear" title="Henry John Bear">Henry John Bear</a>, a treaty rights educator, tribal lawyer, fisherman and forester, was elected by his people to this seat.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been centuries of intermarriage between the Wolastoqiyik and European colonists and settlers. Surnames associated with Wolastoqey ancestry include: Denis, Sabattis, Gabriel, Saulis, Atwin, Launière, Athanase, Nicholas, Brière, Bear, Ginnish, Jenniss, Solis, Vaillancourt, Wallace, Paul, Polchies, Tomah, Sappier, Perley, Aubin, Francis, Sacobie, Nash, Meuse<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Also included are DeVoe, DesVaux, DeVou, DeVost, DeVot, DeVeau<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The Wolastoqiyik own the <a href="/wiki/Kataskomiq" title="Kataskomiq">Kataskomiq</a> reserve.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Wolastoqiyik">Notable Wolastoqiyik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable Wolastoqiyik"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Acquin" title="Gabriel Acquin">Gabriel Acquin</a> was the founder of the Reserve created in 1867, which is now part of <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_First_Nation" title="St. Mary's First Nation">St. Mary's First Nation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Anala" title="Sarah Anala">Sarah Anala</a>, social worker, awardee of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Bear" title="Noel Bear">Noel Bear</a>, active during the “Aroostook War” of (1838–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Bernard_(Malecite_leader)" title="Noël Bernard (Malecite leader)">Noël Bernard</a>, Wolastoqew leader; fl. 1781–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Dutcher" title="Jeremy Dutcher">Jeremy Dutcher</a>, musician, winner of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Polaris_Music_Prize" title="2018 Polaris Music Prize">2018 Polaris Music Prize</a> for his album <i><a href="/wiki/Wolastoqiyik_Lintuwakonawa" title="Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa">Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayne_Michael" title="Shayne Michael">Shayne Michael</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graydon_Nicholas" title="Graydon Nicholas">Graydon Nicholas</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor">Lieutenant Governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, Canada, from 2009 to 2014. In this <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceregal</a> position he acted as the Queen's representative in the province.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Lovelace_Nicholas" title="Sandra Lovelace Nicholas">Sandra Lovelace Nicholas</a>, a Wolastoqew activist, is known for challenging discriminatory provisions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, which deprived <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Aboriginal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a> women of their status when they married non-Aboriginals. It imposed a patriarchal idea of descent and identity on peoples who traditionally had <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> kinship systems, whereby children belonged to the mother's people and took their social status from her family. Nicholas was instrumental in bringing the case before the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Human Rights Commission">United Nations Human Rights Commission</a> and lobbying for the 1985 legislation which reinstated some rights of First Nation women and their children in Canada via Bill C31 (1985). Retaining Aboriginal status for future generations is still an issue for the Wolastoqiyik and all Aboriginal groups. Nicholas was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a> on September 21, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lewis_Paul" title="Peter Lewis Paul">Peter Lewis Paul</a> was a Wolastoqew oral historian (1902-1989) who lived on the Woodstock Reserve (N.B.) on the Saint John River. He shared information with numerous academic <a href="/wiki/Linguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguists">linguists</a>, ethnohistorians, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropologists">anthropologists</a>. The recipient of many honours, he was awarded a Centennial Medal in 1969, received an honorary Doctor of Law degree from the University of New Brunswick, and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Slagger" title="David Slagger">David Slagger</a> represented the Wolastoqey people to the <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine House of Representatives</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-can_enc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-can_enc_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-can_enc_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/maliseet">"Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet)"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Wolastoqiyik+%28Maliseet%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmaliseet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolastoqiyik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson, Vincent O. (1978). "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy." In <i>Northeast</i>, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tales from Maliseet Country: The Maliseet Texts of Karl V. Teeter,</i> Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, p. 17, fnote 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson 1978, pg. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmportal.org/dictionary/metaksonekiyak">Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal</a> - "Metaksonekiyak: <i>on or along Meduxnekeag River (Maine and New Brunswick); in the territory of the Houlton Band of Maliseets</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malécite_Du_Saint-Laurent-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malécite_Du_Saint-Laurent_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malécite_Du_Saint-Laurent_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malécite_Du_Saint-Laurent_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Girard, Camil, and Carl Brisson. Essay. In Alliances Et traités Avec Les Peuples Autochtones Du Québec: L'histoire De La Première Nation Wolastoqiyik Wahsipekuk: La Nation Malécite Du Saint-Laurent, 148. Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval, 2021. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Betts, Sarah. “Oromocto's All-Weekend Powwow Builds on Last Year's Success | CBC News.” CBC news. CBC/Radio Canada, July 21, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/oromocto-pow-wow-full-weekend-1.4216564">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/oromocto-pow-wow-full-weekend-1.4216564</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stmarysfirstnation.com/">St. Mary’s Wolastoqiyik</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tobiquefirstnation.ca/">Tobique First Nation Website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wolastoqiyikwahsipekuk.ca/">Première Nation Wolastoqiyik Wahsipekuk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernwood-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fernwood_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernwood_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_Bear_Nicholas2011" class="citation book cs1">Andrea Bear Nicholas (2011). "Settler Imperialism and the Dispossession of the Maliseet, 1758-1765". In Reid, John G.; Savoie, Donald J. (eds.). <i>Shaping an Agenda for Atlantic Canada</i>. Winnipeg: Fernwood. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Settler+Imperialism+and+the+Dispossession+of+the+Maliseet%2C+1758-1765&rft.btitle=Shaping+an+Agenda+for+Atlantic+Canada&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Fernwood&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Andrea+Bear+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolastoqiyik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtis1907-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Curtis1907_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalie_Curtis1907" class="citation book cs1">Natalie Curtis (1907). <i>The Indians' Book: an offering by the American Indians of Indian lore, musical and narrative, to form a record of the songs and legends of their race</i>. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indians%27+Book%3A+an+offering+by+the+American+Indians+of+Indian+lore%2C+musical+and+narrative%2C+to+form+a+record+of+the+songs+and+legends+of+their+race&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers+Publishers&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Natalie+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolastoqiyik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FP-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FP_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClint_Goss2013" class="citation web cs1">Clint Goss (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Flutopedia.com/song_MaliseetLoveSong.htm">"Maliseet Love Song"</a>. <i>Flutopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flutopedia&rft.atitle=Maliseet+Love+Song&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Clint+Goss&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2FFlutopedia.com%2Fsong_MaliseetLoveSong.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolastoqiyik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-future-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-future_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-future_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exclaim.ca/music/article/jeremy_dutchers_innovative_wolastoqiyik_lintuwakonawa_is_really_about_the_future">"Jeremy Dutcher's Innovative 'Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa' Is Really About the Future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Exclaim!" title="Exclaim!">Exclaim!</a></i>, April 16, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exclaim.ca/music/article/jeremy_dutcher-2018_polaris_music_prize_winner">"Jeremy Dutcher Wins 2018 Polaris Music Prize"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Exclaim!" title="Exclaim!">Exclaim!</a></i>, September 17, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mechling, W.H., 1959, "The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs", <i>Anthropologica</i> 8, nos. 239–63, page 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-speck_dexter-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-speck_dexter_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-speck_dexter_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 42, nos. 1-7, page 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mechling, W.H., 1959, "The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs", <i>Anthropologica</i> 8, nos. 239–63, page 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/aboriginal_affairs/fnc.html">"First Nations Communities"</a>. <i>New Brunswick Aboriginal Affairs</i>. June 3, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Brunswick+Aboriginal+Affairs&rft.atitle=First+Nations+Communities&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gnb.ca%2Fcontent%2Fgnb%2Fen%2Fdepartments%2Faboriginal_affairs%2Ffnc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolastoqiyik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2012" class="citation news cs1">Bayly, Julia (January 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangordailynews.com/2013/01/26/politics/houlton-maliseet-first-elected-tribal-representative-to-maine-house-looking-forward-to-session/">"King will caucus with Senate Democrats"</a>. <i>Bangor Daily News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=King+will+caucus+with+Senate+Democrats&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangordailynews.com%2F2013%2F01%2F26%2Fpolitics%2Fhoulton-maliseet-first-elected-tribal-representative-to-maine-house-looking-forward-to-session%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolastoqiyik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201152000/http://www.liberal.ca/senators_e.aspx?id=15916">"Liberal.ca :: Senators :: Sandra Lovelace Nicholas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberal.ca/senators_e.aspx?id=15916">the original</a> on February 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liberal.ca+%3A%3A+Senators+%3A%3A+Sandra+Lovelace+Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberal.ca%2Fsenators_e.aspx%3Fid%3D15916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolastoqiyik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl V. Teeter, ed. 1993. "In Memoriam Peter Lewis Paul 1902-1989". Canadian Ethnology Service, <i>Mercury Series Paper 126.</i> Hull: Canadian Museum of Civilization</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maps">Maps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> (from north to south): </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mi%27kmaq.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Miꞌkmaq"><img alt="Miꞌkmaq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Mi%27kmaq.png/120px-The_Mi%27kmaq.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Mi%27kmaq.png/180px-The_Mi%27kmaq.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Mi%27kmaq.png/240px-The_Mi%27kmaq.png 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="1650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq">Miꞌkmaq</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wolastoqiyik, Passamaquoddy"><img alt="Wolastoqiyik, Passamaquoddy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png/75px-Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png/112px-Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png/149px-Wohngebiet_Maliseet.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="1609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wolastoqiyik, <a href="/wiki/Passamaquoddy" title="Passamaquoddy">Passamaquoddy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wohngebiet_Oestlicheabenaki.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Kennebec, Arosaguntacook, Pigwacket/Pequawket)"><img alt="Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Kennebec, Arosaguntacook, Pigwacket/Pequawket)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wohngebiet_Oestlicheabenaki.png/86px-Wohngebiet_Oestlicheabenaki.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wohngebiet_Oestlicheabenaki.png/129px-Wohngebiet_Oestlicheabenaki.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wohngebiet_Oestlicheabenaki.png/173px-Wohngebiet_Oestlicheabenaki.png 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eastern Abenaki (<a href="/wiki/Penobscot" title="Penobscot">Penobscot</a>, Kennebec, <a href="/wiki/Androscoggin_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Androscoggin (tribe)">Arosaguntacook</a>, Pigwacket/Pequawket)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wohngebiet_Westlicheabenaki.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, Pennacook)"><img alt="Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, Pennacook)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wohngebiet_Westlicheabenaki.png/92px-Wohngebiet_Westlicheabenaki.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wohngebiet_Westlicheabenaki.png/138px-Wohngebiet_Westlicheabenaki.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wohngebiet_Westlicheabenaki.png/184px-Wohngebiet_Westlicheabenaki.png 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, <a href="/wiki/Pennacook" title="Pennacook">Pennacook</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolastoqiyik&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maliseet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maliseet">Maliseet</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-languages.org/maliseet.htm">Maliseet language and culture links</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/10/11/archives/indians-to-open-school-in-maine-us-funds-aid-experimental-center.html.-from">https://www.nytimes.com/1970/10/11/archives/indians-to-open-school-in-maine-us-funds-aid-experimental-center.html.-from</a> state schools to job corps to tribal recognition. The history of wabanaki micmac maliseet education included a discussion of wabanaki tribes and land issues . the schools lead to band recognition in maine I.e job corps or related programs in maine</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unbf.ca/education/mmi/">Mi'kmaq-Maliseet Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107235705/http://www.unbf.ca/education/mmi/">Archived</a> January 7, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of New Brunswick</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pmportal.org/">Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Maliseet Indians"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Maliseet_Indians">"Maliseet Indians" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maliseet+Indians&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolastoqiyik" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Cultural areas: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Northeastern Woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Arctic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnolinguistic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw" title="Atikamekw">Atikamekw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu" 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