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Renda per capita - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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[n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Renda_com_a_indicador_de_benestar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renda_com_a_indicador_de_benestar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Renda com a indicador de benestar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renda_com_a_indicador_de_benestar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crítiques_a_l&#039;ús_com_a_indicador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crítiques_a_l&#039;ús_com_a_indicador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Crítiques a l'ús com a indicador</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crítiques_a_l&#039;ús_com_a_indicador-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Crítiques a l'ús com a indicador</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crítiques_a_l&#039;ús_com_a_indicador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crítica_de_Kuznets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crítica_de_Kuznets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Crítica de Kuznets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crítica_de_Kuznets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Índexs_més_apropiats_per_a_mesurar_el_benestar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Índexs_més_apropiats_per_a_mesurar_el_benestar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Índexs més apropiats per a mesurar el benestar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Índexs_més_apropiats_per_a_mesurar_el_benestar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Índexs més apropiats per a mesurar el benestar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Índexs_més_apropiats_per_a_mesurar_el_benestar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Índexs_per_a_mesurar_la_distribució_de_la_renda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Índexs_per_a_mesurar_la_distribució_de_la_renda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Índexs per a mesurar la distribució de la renda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Índexs_per_a_mesurar_la_distribució_de_la_renda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Índexs_per_a_mesurar_el_benestar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Índexs_per_a_mesurar_el_benestar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Índexs per a mesurar el benestar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Índexs_per_a_mesurar_el_benestar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Índexs_de_desenvolupament_humà_i_pobresa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Índexs_de_desenvolupament_humà_i_pobresa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Índexs de desenvolupament humà i pobresa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Índexs_de_desenvolupament_humà_i_pobresa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Renda per capita</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 40 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ناتج قومي للفرد - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناتج قومي للفرد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renta_per_c%C3%A1pita" title="Renta per cápita - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Renta per cápita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="মাথাপিছু আয় - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাথাপিছু আয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADjem_na_osobu" title="Příjem na osobu - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Příjem na osobu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Kopf-Einkommen" title="Pro-Kopf-Einkommen - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pro-Kopf-Einkommen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD_%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Κατά κεφαλήν εισόδημα - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατά κεφαλήν εισόδημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Per capita income" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renta_per_c%C3%A1pita" title="Renta per cápita - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Renta per cápita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_errenta" title="Per capita errenta - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Per capita errenta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="درآمد سرانه - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درآمد سرانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenu_par_t%C3%AAte" title="Revenu par tête - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Revenu par tête" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renda_per_c%C3%A1pita" title="Renda per cápita - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Renda per cápita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A9" title="הכנסה לנפש - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכנסה לנפש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF" title="प्रति व्यक्ति आय - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रति व्यक्ति आय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendapatan_per_kapita" title="Pendapatan per kapita - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendapatan per kapita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddito_pro_capite" title="Reddito pro capite - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reddito pro capite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%E4%BA%BA%E5%BD%93%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8A%E3%81%AE%E6%89%80%E5%BE%97" title="1人当たりの所得 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1人当たりの所得" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%EC%9D%B8%EB%8B%B9_%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EC%86%8C%EB%93%9D" title="1인당 국민소득 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1인당 국민소득" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രതിശീർഷവരുമാനം - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രതിശീർഷവരുമാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="वार्षिक दरडोई उत्पन्न - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वार्षिक दरडोई उत्पन्न" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendapatan_per_kapita" title="Pendapatan per kapita - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendapatan per kapita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF" title="प्रतिव्यक्ति आय - nepalès" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रतिव्यक्ति आय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%86%E0%AD%9F" title="ମୁଣ୍ଡପିଛା ଆୟ - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମୁଣ୍ଡପିଛା ଆୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਆਮਦਨ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਆਮਦਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فی کس آمدنی - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فی کس آمدنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renda_per_capita" title="Renda per capita - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Renda per capita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Доход на душу населения - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Доход на душу населения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A" title="في ماڻهو آمدني - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="في ماڻهو آمدني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Per capita income" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தனி நபர் வருமானம் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனி நபர் வருமானம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="తలసరి ఆదాయం - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తలసరి ఆదాయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita_ng_bawat_tao" title="Kita ng bawat tao - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kita ng bawat tao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%9Fi_ba%C5%9F%C4%B1na_d%C3%BC%C5%9Fen_mill%C3%AE_gelir" title="Kişi başına düşen millî gelir - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kişi başına düşen millî gelir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Дохід на душу населення - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дохід на душу населення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فی کس آمدنی - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فی کس آمدنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8dito_par_%C3%B2n" title="Rèdito par òn - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rèdito par òn" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu_nh%E1%BA%ADp_b%C3%ACnh_qu%C3%A2n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di" title="Thu nhập bình quân đầu người - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thu nhập bình quân đầu người" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivnou_par_djin" title="Rivnou par djin - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rivnou par djin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="人均收入 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人均收入" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="人均收入 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人均收入" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l&#039;enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:CountriesByGDPPerCapitaNominal2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/CountriesByGDPPerCapitaNominal2018.png/450px-CountriesByGDPPerCapitaNominal2018.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/CountriesByGDPPerCapitaNominal2018.png/675px-CountriesByGDPPerCapitaNominal2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/CountriesByGDPPerCapitaNominal2018.png/900px-CountriesByGDPPerCapitaNominal2018.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Mapa de països per PIB <i>per capita</i> <a href="/wiki/2018" title="2018">2018</a> (nominal), segons estimacions de l'<a href="/wiki/Fons_Monetari_Internacional" title="Fons Monetari Internacional">FMI</a> (abril de 2018)</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>renda <i>per capita</i></b>, <b>PIB <i>per capita</i></b> o <b>ingrés per capita</b>, és la relació que hi ha entre el <a href="/wiki/Producte_interior_brut" title="Producte interior brut">producte interior brut (PIB)</a> d'un país i la seva quantitat d'habitants. Per aconseguir-ho, cal dividir el PIB d'un país entre la població d'aquest. El terme «<a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a>» (sense accent) és un <a href="/wiki/Llatinisme" title="Llatinisme">llatinisme</a> directament adoptat en català.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renda_com_a_indicador_de_benestar">Renda com a indicador de benestar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renda_per_capita&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Renda com a indicador de benestar"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>És un indicador habitualment usat per estimar la riquesa econòmica d'un país. Nombroses evidències mostren que la renda <i>per capita</i> té una correlació positiva amb la <a href="/wiki/Qualitat_de_vida" title="Qualitat de vida">qualitat de vida</a> dels habitants d'un país. Això és especialment cert quan la renda no supera un llindar, però, per a països de major correlació entre qualitat de vida i renda <i>per capita</i> es va perdent.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crítiques_a_l'ús_com_a_indicador"><span id="Cr.C3.ADtiques_a_l.27.C3.BAs_com_a_indicador"></span>Crítiques a l'ús com a indicador</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renda_per_capita&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Crítiques a l&#039;ús com a indicador"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hi ha diversos indicadors alternatius com a mesura del <a href="/wiki/Benestar_social" title="Benestar social">benestar social</a> o de la <a href="/wiki/Qualitat_de_vida" title="Qualitat de vida">qualitat de vida</a> dels habitants d'un país. Algunes crítiques al PIB <i>per capita</i> són: </p> <ol><li>Ignora les desigualtats de la renda. Així, en dividir el total del PIB entre el seu nombre d'habitants, el que es fa és atribuir el mateix nivell de renda a tots, ignorant les diferències econòmiques entre els habitants. Per mesurar aproximadament la uniformitat de la distribució de la renda entre tots els individus d'un país determinat hi ha indicadors econòmics alternatius com el <a href="/wiki/Coeficient_de_Gini" title="Coeficient de Gini">coeficient de Gini</a> o l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dndex_d%27Atkinson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Índex d&#39;Atkinson (encara no existeix)">índex d'Atkinson</a>.</li> <li>No comptabilitza externalitats negatives. Quan els recursos naturals d'un país disminueixen, o es consumeixen excessivament ràpid o es produeix contaminació, apareixen factors que fan disminuir el benestar social d'un país, que no estan comptabilitzats dins del PIB.</li> <li>No tota la producció incrementa el benestar material. Cert tipus de despeses comptabilitzades del PIB no tenen per objecte ser consumits o augmentar les possibilitats de producció, sinó que només tenen per objecte protegir d'externalitats negatives. Tal és el cas de les despeses militars o en seguretat.</li></ol> <p>Hi ha mesures alternatives a la <a href="/wiki/Renda_nacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Renda nacional">renda nacional</a> que comptabilitzen d'alguna manera els factors englobats en les crítiques 2 i 3; aquests indicadors són: l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dndex_de_benestar_econ%C3%B2mic_sostenible&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Índex de benestar econòmic sostenible (encara no existeix)">índex de benestar econòmic sostenible (IBES)</a> i l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndex_de_progr%C3%A9s_real" title="Índex de progrés real">índex de progrés real (IPR)</a>, també conegut com a <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndex_de_progr%C3%A9s_genu%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Índex de progrés genuí"><i>índex de progrés genuí</i> (IPG)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crítica_de_Kuznets"><span id="Cr.C3.ADtica_de_Kuznets"></span>Crítica de Kuznets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renda_per_capita&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Crítica de Kuznets"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El primer crític en va ser el mateix <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> (1901-1985), creador del sistema nord-americà unificat de comptabilitat nacional, i inventor del PIB (Producte interior brut).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kuznets va ser molt crític amb la pretensió de mesurar el benestar exclusivament sobre la base de l'ingrés <i>per capita</i> derivat del PIB. En un discurs davant el congrés nord-americà el 1934 advertia que: </p> <div style="clear:&#123;&#123;#switch:left&#124;center=both&#124;#default=left;"> <table style="margin:auto; width:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px; text-align:left; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">« </td> <td valign="middle" align="left" style="">És molt difícil deduir el benestar d'una nació a partir de la renda nacional ("per capita").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px 10px; text-align:right; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">» </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right; font-size:smaller;">— Simon Kuznets, 1934 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>No obstant això, les seves advertències van ser ignorades i tant economistes com polítics van continuar equiparant prosperitat i creixement del PIB <i>per capita</i>. Així, anys més tard, en la seva declaració davant el congrés va ampliar les seves crítiques quan va declarar: </p> <div style="clear:&#123;&#123;#switch:left&#124;center=both&#124;#default=left;"> <table style="margin:auto; width:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px; text-align:left; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">« </td> <td valign="middle" align="left" style="">Cal tenir en compte les diferències entre quantitat i qualitat del creixement, entre els seus costos i els seus beneficis i entre el termini curt i el llarg. [...] Els objectius de "més" creixement haurien d'especificar de què i per què.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px 10px; text-align:right; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">» </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right; font-size:smaller;">— Simon Kuznets, 1962 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Índexs_més_apropiats_per_a_mesurar_el_benestar"><span id=".C3.8Dndexs_m.C3.A9s_apropiats_per_a_mesurar_el_benestar"></span>Índexs més apropiats per a mesurar el benestar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renda_per_capita&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Índexs més apropiats per a mesurar el benestar"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hi ha índexs o mesures alternatives de la <a href="/wiki/Renda_nacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Renda nacional">renda nacional</a> que comptabilitzen d'alguna manera els factors no englobats en el PIB i en la renda per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-empatica_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empatica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Índexs_per_a_mesurar_la_distribució_de_la_renda"><span id=".C3.8Dndexs_per_a_mesurar_la_distribuci.C3.B3_de_la_renda"></span>Índexs per a mesurar la distribució de la renda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renda_per_capita&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Índexs per a mesurar la distribució de la renda"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Com s'ha indicat, per a mesurar aproximadament la distribució uniforme de la renda entre tots els individus d'un país determinat, hi ha alguns indicadors econòmics alternatius, com són: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeficient_de_Gini" title="Coeficient de Gini">Coeficient de Gini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dndex_d%27Atkinson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Índex d&#39;Atkinson (encara no existeix)">Índex d'Atkinson</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Índexs_per_a_mesurar_el_benestar"><span id=".C3.8Dndexs_per_a_mesurar_el_benestar"></span>Índexs per a mesurar el benestar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renda_per_capita&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Índexs per a mesurar el benestar"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alguns dels indicadors més idonis per a mesurar el benestar social d'un país són: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dndex_de_benestar_econ%C3%B2mic_sostenible&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Índex de benestar econòmic sostenible (encara no existeix)">Índex de benestar econòmic sostenible -(IBES)</a> (basat en les idees presentades per W. Nordhaus i James Tobin en el <i>Measure of Economic Welfare</i>, el terme va ser encunyat el 1989 per Herman Daly i John Cobb).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndex_de_progr%C3%A9s_real" title="Índex de progrés real">Índex de progrés real -IPR</a> o <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndex_de_progr%C3%A9s_genu%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Índex de progrés genuí">índex de progrés genuí- MAG</a>, aquest índex és com l'IBES, però amb més variables.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndex_de_desenvolupament_hum%C3%A0" title="Índex de desenvolupament humà">Índex de desenvolupament humà -(IDH</a>) (Nacions Unides).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dndex_Forham_de_salut_social&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Índex Forham de salut social (encara no existeix)">Índex Forham de salut social -(IFSS)</a>. Mesura 16 indicadors, inclosa la taxa de mortalitat, l'abús i la pobresa infantil, el suïcidi, el consum de drogues, abandonament escolar, guanys mitjans, atur, cobertura sanitària, pobresa en ancians, homicidis, habitatge i desigualtat social.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-empatica_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empatica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dndex_de_benestar_econ%C3%B2mic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Índex de benestar econòmic (encara no existeix)">Índex de benestar econòmic -IBE</a>. Considera l'índex d'estalvi de les famílies i l'acumulació de capital tangible, com el valor de l'habitatge, que mesura la sensació de seguretat futura.<sup id="cite_ref-empatica_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empatica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Índexs_de_desenvolupament_humà_i_pobresa"><span id=".C3.8Dndexs_de_desenvolupament_hum.C3.A0_i_pobresa"></span>Índexs de desenvolupament humà i pobresa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renda_per_capita&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Índexs de desenvolupament humà i pobresa"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A més de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndex_de_desenvolupament_hum%C3%A0" title="Índex de desenvolupament humà">índex de desenvolupament humà (IDH)</a>, directe, que entre els seus paràmetres té la renda <i>per capita</i>, n'hi ha d'altres, indirectes, que són aquells que indiquen el grau de pobresa, subdesenvolupament o privació. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndex_de_pobresa" class="mw-redirect" title="Índex de pobresa">Índexs de pobresa</a> o indicadors de pobresa: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndex_de_pobresa_multidimensional" title="Índex de pobresa multidimensional">Índex de pobresa multidimensional</a> (IPM o MPI -Multidimensional Poverty Index-), des de 2010 suplanta els índexs de pobresa humana (IPH i IPH-1/IPH-2).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dndex_de_pobresa_humana_per_pa%C3%AFsos_en_desenvolupament&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Índex de pobresa humana per països en desenvolupament (encara no existeix)">Índex de pobresa humana per països en desenvolupament (IPH-1)</a>, elaborat a partir de 1998.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dndex_de_pobresa_humana_per_pa%C3%AFsos_de_l%27OCDE_seleccionats&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Índex de pobresa humana per països de l&#39;OCDE seleccionats (encara no existeix)">Índex de pobresa humana per països de l'OCDE seleccionats (IPH-2)</a>, elaborat a partir de 1998.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndex_de_desenvolupament_hum%C3%A0_relatiu_al_g%C3%A8nere" title="Índex de desenvolupament humà relatiu al gènere">Índex de desenvolupament humà relatiu al gènere (IDG)</a>, elaborat a partir de 1996.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesura_d%27apoderament_de_g%C3%A8nere" title="Mesura d&#39;apoderament de gènere">Mesura d'apoderament de gènere (MAG)</a>, elaborat a partir de 1996.</li> <li>Índex de privació material o Indicador de privació material -aplicat a Gran Bretanya el 2010, que inclou el càlcul de pobresa en l'ingrés i el càlcul de la privació material, i millora el proposat càlcul complementari de pobresa (SPM) dels Estats Units per a 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renda_per_capita&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist &#123;&#123;#if: &#124; references-column-count references-column-count-&#123;&#123;&#123;col&#125;&#125;&#125;" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scl.gencat.cat/scl/AppJava/bustia/detallConsultaBustia.do?idConsulta=19679">Consulta a Optimot</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Inglehart (2001): <i>Modernización y postmodernización</i>, CSIC &amp; Ed. Siglo XXI, Madrid, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-7476-270-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-7476-270-7">ISBN 84-7476-270-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[National Income 1929-1932, Senate Report, Division of Economic Research, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 4/1/1934, pag. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Kuztnets, How to Be Happy, Financial Times Weekend, 8-9 de marzo de 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Rikfin, La edad de la empatía, Paídos, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-84-493-2356-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-84-493-2356-0">ISBN 978-84-493-2356-0</a>, pag. 539</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">citat per C. Cobb, T. Halstead y J. Rowe, <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>, Octubre 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibidem</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-empatica-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-empatica_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-empatica_8-1">8,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-empatica_8-2">8,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=jbxALGnqobAC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=jeremy+rifkin&amp;hl=ca&amp;ei=IZOITJ_SM9m5jAezwpClBQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=7&amp;ved=0CEgQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Jeremy Rifkin, La civilización empática. Paidos,</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-84-493-2356-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-84-493-2356-0">ISBN 978-84-493-2356-0</a>, pag. 539 -en inglés pág. 548</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisisenergetica.org/staticpages/index.php?page=20040213181657769">¿Qué hay de equivocado en el PIB?, apartado <i>Indicador de progreso real, en crisisenergetica.org</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consultmcgregor.com/documents/resources/GDP_and_GPI.pdf">Alternatives to the GDP, McGregor Consulting Group, 25 de marzo de 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004195111/http://ambiental.uaslp.mx/docs/PMM-AP990909-EcologiayEconomia.pdf">Economía y ecología, El desarrollo sostenible intenta armonizarlas, Pedro Medellín Milán, 1999, México</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ambiental.uaslp.mx/docs/PMM-AP990909-EcologiayEconomia.pdf">original</a> el 2018-10-04.&#32;[Consulta: 15 desembre 2010].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry Osberg y Andrew Sharpe, <i>Human Well-Being and Economic Well-Being: What Values are Implicit in Current Indices?, Center for the Study of Living Standars, julio de 2003</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/es/informes/mundial/idh2010/ipm/">Índex de pobresa multidimensional des de 2010</a> El IPM o MPI està desenvolupat per la PNUD i l'OPHI (Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sinpermiso.info/textos/index.php?id=3602">l'Indicador de privació material. Un instrument millor per l'estudi de la pobresa, Stephen Crawford · Shawn Fremstad</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sin_Permiso" title="Sin Permiso">Sin Permiso</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renda_per_capita&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/servlets/ECR?contentMDK=20421402&amp;sitePK=239419">Classificació dels països per I.N.B.</a> del <a href="/wiki/Banc_Mundial" title="Banc Mundial">Banc Mundial</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2005/02/data/index.htm"></a><a href="/wiki/Fons_Monetari_Internacional" title="Fons Monetari Internacional">Fons Monetari Internacional</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_03-2007.xls">Dades històriques del PIB 1820-2003 (arxiu excel)</a>.</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐559c9fd9f4‐v6fhg Cached time: 20241126131647 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.069 seconds Real time usage: 0.095 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 581/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3763/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1605/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 7609/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.006/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 646718/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 59.821 1 -total 79.63% 47.635 1 Plantilla:Referències 32.63% 19.520 1 Plantilla:Ref-web 29.69% 17.761 3 Plantilla:ISBN 19.15% 11.454 1 Plantilla:Data_consulta 13.66% 8.174 2 Plantilla:Cita 4.15% 2.481 1 Plantilla:If_both --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key cawiki:pcache:71951:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241126131647 and revision id 30291449. 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