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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Exodus in 1978–1979</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exodus_in_1978–1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pirates_and_other_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pirates_and_other_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pirates and other hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pirates_and_other_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refugee_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugee_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Refugee camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugee_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_surge_and_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_surge_and_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1980s surge and response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_surge_and_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resettlement_and_repatriation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resettlement_and_repatriation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Resettlement and repatriation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resettlement_and_repatriation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnamese_refugees_resettlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese_refugees_resettlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vietnamese refugees resettlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese_refugees_resettlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A6%D9%88_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="لاجئو قوارب فيتنام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاجئو قوارب فيتنام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oa%CC%8Dt-l%C3%A2m_ch%C3%BBn-b%C3%AEn" title="Oa̍t-lâm chûn-bîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oa̍t-lâm chûn-bîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boatpeople" title="Boatpeople – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Boatpeople" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_People" title="Boat People – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Boat People" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پناهندگان قایق‌سوار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پناهندگان قایق‌سوار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat-people" title="Boat-people – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boat-people" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%ED%8A%B8%ED%94%BC%ED%94%8C" title="보트피플 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보트피플" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_perahu_Vietnam" title="Orang perahu Vietnam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang perahu Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_people" title="Boat people – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Boat people" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_perahu_Vietnam" title="Orang perahu Vietnam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang perahu Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesiske_b%C3%A5tflyktninger" title="Vietnamesiske båtflyktninger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vietnamesiske båtflyktninger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_people" title="Boat people – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Boat people" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_people" title="Boat people – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boat people" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Люди в лодках – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Люди в лодках" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F.%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F._%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B2" title="ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟ.ᱣᱠᱟ. ᱦᱚᱲ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟ.ᱣᱠᱟ. ᱦᱚᱲ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venepakolainen" title="Venepakolainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venepakolainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesiska_b%C3%A5tflyktingar" title="Vietnamesiska båtflyktingar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vietnamesiska båtflyktingar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuy%E1%BB%81n_nh%C3%A2n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" title="Thuyền nhân Việt Nam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuyền nhân Việt Nam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%88%B9%E6%B0%91" title="越南船民 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="越南船民" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%88%B9%E6%B0%91" title="越南船民 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="越南船民" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boat_people&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat people">Boat people</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Refugees who fled Vietnam by boat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Boat people" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Boat_people_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Boat people (disambiguation)">Boat people (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:35_Vietnamese_boat_people_2.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/35_Vietnamese_boat_people_2.JPEG/170px-35_Vietnamese_boat_people_2.JPEG" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/35_Vietnamese_boat_people_2.JPEG/255px-35_Vietnamese_boat_people_2.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/35_Vietnamese_boat_people_2.JPEG/340px-35_Vietnamese_boat_people_2.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption>Vietnamese boat people awaiting rescue.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vietnamese boat people</b> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Thuyền nhân Việt Nam</i>) were <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> who fled <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> by boat and ship following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> in 1975. This migration and humanitarian crisis was at its highest in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but continued well into the early 1990s. The term is also often used generically to refer to the Vietnamese people who left their country in a mass exodus between 1975 and 1995 (see <a href="/wiki/Indochina_refugee_crisis" title="Indochina refugee crisis">Indochina refugee crisis</a>). This article uses the term "boat people" to apply only to those who fled Vietnam by sea. </p><p>The number of boat people leaving Vietnam and arriving safely in another country totaled almost 800,000 between 1975 and 1995. Many of the refugees failed to survive the passage, facing danger from pirates, over-crowded boats, and storms. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commission_for_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations High Commission for Refugees">United Nations High Commission for Refugees</a>, between 200,000 and 400,000 boat people died at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Associated_Press_1979_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press_1979-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boat people's first destinations were <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> locations of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. Tensions stemming from Vietnam's disputes with Cambodia and China in 1978 and 1979 caused an exodus of the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Hoa people</a> from Vietnam, many of whom fled by boat to China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1999227_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1999227-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, roughly 4 percent of Vietnam's population was of <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Hoa people</a> (Chinese Vietnamese). Because China's support of the anti-Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> regime in Cambodia and perhaps anticipating an attack by China's People's Liberation Army, the anti-Chinese contagion spread to all country. After many Hoa people had fled <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, the number of Hoa people in Vietnam was halved, from 1.8 million to 900,000 in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Asia_Sentinel_2013-07-07_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asia_Sentinel_2013-07-07-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The combination of economic sanctions, the legacy of destruction left by the Vietnam War, policies of the Vietnamese government, and further conflicts (Third Indochina war) with neighboring countries caused an international humanitarian crisis, with Southeast Asian countries increasingly unwilling to accept more boat people on their shores. After negotiations and an international conference in 1979, Vietnam agreed to limit the flow of people leaving the country. The Southeast Asian countries agreed to admit the boat people temporarily, and the rest of the world, especially more <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>, agreed to assume most of the costs of caring for the boat people and resettle them in their countries. </p><p>From <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camps</a> in Southeast Asia, the great majority of boat people were resettled in more developed countries. Significant numbers resettled in the United States, Canada, Italy, Australia, France, West Germany, and the United Kingdom. Several tens of thousands were repatriated to Vietnam, either voluntarily or involuntarily. Programs and facilities to carry out resettlement included the <a href="/wiki/Orderly_Departure_Program" title="Orderly Departure Program">Orderly Departure Program</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Refugee_Processing_Center" title="Philippine Refugee Processing Center">Philippine Refugee Processing Center</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Comprehensive Plan of Action">Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_China_Sea....A_refugee_woman_cares_for_three_small_children_on_the_replenishment_oiler_USS_Wabash,_AOR-5...._-_NARA_-_558538.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/South_China_Sea....A_refugee_woman_cares_for_three_small_children_on_the_replenishment_oiler_USS_Wabash%2C_AOR-5...._-_NARA_-_558538.jpg/170px-South_China_Sea....A_refugee_woman_cares_for_three_small_children_on_the_replenishment_oiler_USS_Wabash%2C_AOR-5...._-_NARA_-_558538.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/South_China_Sea....A_refugee_woman_cares_for_three_small_children_on_the_replenishment_oiler_USS_Wabash%2C_AOR-5...._-_NARA_-_558538.jpg/255px-South_China_Sea....A_refugee_woman_cares_for_three_small_children_on_the_replenishment_oiler_USS_Wabash%2C_AOR-5...._-_NARA_-_558538.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/South_China_Sea....A_refugee_woman_cares_for_three_small_children_on_the_replenishment_oiler_USS_Wabash%2C_AOR-5...._-_NARA_-_558538.jpg/340px-South_China_Sea....A_refugee_woman_cares_for_three_small_children_on_the_replenishment_oiler_USS_Wabash%2C_AOR-5...._-_NARA_-_558538.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>A family of Vietnamese refugees rescued by a <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> ship.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Processed_Vietnamese_refugees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Processed_Vietnamese_refugees.jpg/220px-Processed_Vietnamese_refugees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Processed_Vietnamese_refugees.jpg/330px-Processed_Vietnamese_refugees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Processed_Vietnamese_refugees.jpg/440px-Processed_Vietnamese_refugees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Rescued Vietnamese being given water.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_China_Sea....Crewmen_of_the_amphibious_cargo_ship_USS_Durham_(LKA-114)_take_Vietnamese_refugees_aboard_a_small..._-_NARA_-_558518.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/South_China_Sea....Crewmen_of_the_amphibious_cargo_ship_USS_Durham_%28LKA-114%29_take_Vietnamese_refugees_aboard_a_small..._-_NARA_-_558518.tif/lossy-page1-220px-South_China_Sea....Crewmen_of_the_amphibious_cargo_ship_USS_Durham_%28LKA-114%29_take_Vietnamese_refugees_aboard_a_small..._-_NARA_-_558518.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/South_China_Sea....Crewmen_of_the_amphibious_cargo_ship_USS_Durham_%28LKA-114%29_take_Vietnamese_refugees_aboard_a_small..._-_NARA_-_558518.tif/lossy-page1-330px-South_China_Sea....Crewmen_of_the_amphibious_cargo_ship_USS_Durham_%28LKA-114%29_take_Vietnamese_refugees_aboard_a_small..._-_NARA_-_558518.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/South_China_Sea....Crewmen_of_the_amphibious_cargo_ship_USS_Durham_%28LKA-114%29_take_Vietnamese_refugees_aboard_a_small..._-_NARA_-_558518.tif/lossy-page1-440px-South_China_Sea....Crewmen_of_the_amphibious_cargo_ship_USS_Durham_%28LKA-114%29_take_Vietnamese_refugees_aboard_a_small..._-_NARA_-_558518.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption>South China Sea - crewmen of the amphibious cargo ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Durham" title="USS Durham">USS <i>Durham</i> (LKA-114)</a> take Vietnamese refugees from a small craft, April 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>The Vietnam War ended on April 30, 1975, with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">fall of Saigon</a> to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a> and the subsequent evacuation of more than 130,000 Vietnamese closely associated with the United States or the former government of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. Most of the evacuees were resettled in the United States in <a href="/wiki/Operation_New_Life" title="Operation New Life">Operation New Life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_New_Arrivals" title="Operation New Arrivals">Operation New Arrivals</a>. The U.S. government transported refugees from Vietnam via aircraft and ships to temporarily settle down in <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> before moving them to designated homes in the contiguous United States.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the same year, <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> forces gained control of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, thus engendering a steady flow of refugees fleeing all three countries.<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Indochina_Migration_and_Refugee_Assistance_Act" title="Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act">Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act</a>, budgeting roughly 455 million dollars in the effort to provide transportation, healthcare, and accommodations to the 130,000 Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Lao refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Saigon evacuation, the number of Vietnamese leaving their country remained relatively small until mid-1978. A number of factors contributed to the refugee crisis, including economic hardship and wars in Vietnam, China, and Cambodia. In addition, up to 300,000 people, especially those associated with the former government and military of South Vietnam, were sent to <a href="/wiki/Re-education_camp_(Vietnam)" title="Re-education camp (Vietnam)">re-education camps</a>, where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, 1 million people, mostly city dwellers, "volunteered" to live in "<a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Zones_program" title="New Economic Zones program">New Economic Zones</a>" where they were to survive by reclaiming land and clearing jungle to grow crops.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Repression was especially severe on the <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Hoa people</a>, the ethnic Chinese population in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to increasing tensions between Vietnam and China, which ultimately resulted in <a href="/wiki/China%27s_1979_invasion_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="China's 1979 invasion of Vietnam">China's 1979 invasion of Vietnam</a>, the Hoa were seen by the Vietnamese government as a security threat.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoa people also controlled much of the retail trade in South Vietnam, and the communist government increasingly levied them with taxes, placed restrictions on trade, and confiscated businesses. In May 1978, the Hoa began to leave Vietnam in large numbers for China, initially by land. By the end of 1979, resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a>, 250,000 Hoa had sought refuge in China and many tens of thousands more were among the Vietnamese boat people scattered all over Southeast Asia and in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="Vietnamese people in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vietnamese government and its officials profited from the outflow of refugees, especially the often well-to-do Hoa. The price for obtaining exit permits, documentation, and a boat or ship, often derelict, to leave Vietnam was reported to be the equivalent of $3,000 for adults and half that for children. These payments were often made in the form of gold bars. Many poorer Vietnamese left their country secretly without documentation and in flimsy boats, and these were the most vulnerable to pirates and storms while at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were many methods employed by Vietnamese citizens to leave the country. Most were secret and done at night; some involved the bribing of top government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people bought places in large boats that hold up to several hundred passengers. Others boarded fishing boats (fishing being a common occupation in Vietnam) and left that way. One method used involved middle-class refugees from <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, armed with forged identity documents, traveling approximately 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) to <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a> by road. On arrival, they would take refuge for up to two days in safe houses while waiting for fishing junks and trawlers to take small groups into international waters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Planning for such a trip took many months and even years. Although these attempts often caused a depletion of resources, people often had false starts before they managed to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exodus_in_1978–1979"><span id="Exodus_in_1978.E2.80.931979"></span>Exodus in 1978–1979</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exodus in 1978–1979"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although a few thousand people had fled Vietnam by boat between 1975 and mid-1978, the exodus of the boat people began in September 1978. The vessel <i>Southern Cross</i> unloaded 1,200 Vietnamese on an uninhabited island belonging to Indonesia. The government of Indonesia was furious at the people being dumped on its shores, but was pacified by the assurances of Western countries that they would resettle the refugees. In October 1978, another ship, the <i>Hai Hong</i>, attempted to land 2,500 refugees in Malaysia. The Malaysians declined to allow them to enter their territory and the ship sat offshore until the refugees were processed for resettlement in third countries. More large ships carrying thousands of refugees began to arrive in Hong Kong territorial waters: the <i>Huey Fong</i> in December 1978 (3,318 refugees), the <i><a href="/wiki/Skyluck" title="Skyluck">Skyluck</a></i>, disguised as the <i>Kylu</i>, in February 1979 (2,651 refugees), and the <i>Seng Cheong</i>, disguised as the <i>Sen On</i>, in May (1,433 refugees).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their passengers were both ethnic Vietnamese and Hoa who had paid substantial fares for the passage.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As these larger ships met resistance to landing their human cargo, many thousands of Vietnamese began to depart Vietnam in small boats, attempting to land surreptitiously on the shores of neighbouring countries. The people in these small boats faced enormous dangers at sea and many thousands of them did not survive the voyage. The countries of the region often "pushed back" the boats when they arrived near their coastline and boat people cast about at sea for weeks or months looking for a place where they could land. Despite the dangers and the resistance of the receiving countries, the number of boat people continued to grow, reaching a high of 54,000 arrivals in the month of June 1979, with a total of 350,000 in refugee camps in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. At this point, the countries of Southeast Asia united in declaring that they had "reached the limit of their endurance and decided that they would not accept any new arrivals".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> convened an international conference in <a href="/wiki/Geneva,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva, Switzerland">Geneva, Switzerland</a> in July 1979, stating that "a grave crisis exists in Southeast Asia for hundreds of thousands of refugees". Illustrating the prominence of the issue, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> headed the U.S. delegation. The results of the conference were that the Southeast Asian countries agreed to provide temporary asylum to the refugees, Vietnam agreed to promote orderly departures rather than permit boat people to depart, and the Western countries agreed to accelerate resettlement. The Orderly Departure Program enabled Vietnamese, if approved, to depart Vietnam for resettlement in another country without having to become a boat person.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the conference, boat people departures from Vietnam declined to a few thousand per month and resettlements increased from 9,000 per month in early 1979 to 25,000 per month, the majority of the Vietnamese going to the United States, France, Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Canada. The worst of the humanitarian crisis was over, although boat people would continue to leave Vietnam for more than another decade and die at sea or be confined to lengthy stays in refugee camps.<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr.org_83_84_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org_83_84-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pirates_and_other_hazards">Pirates and other hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pirates and other hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boat people had to face storms, diseases, starvation, and elude <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Associated_Press_1979_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press_1979-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boats were not intended for navigating open waters, and would typically head for busy international shipping lanes some 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the east. Additionally, these boats were especially vulnerable due to the lack of weapons to defend themselves as it was difficult to obtain unauthorized weapons in Vietnam at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1983 around 20% of boat people were rescued rescued by freighters,<sup id="cite_ref-gold_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that percentage declined the following years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lucky ones would reach shore 1–2 weeks after departure. The unlucky ones continued their perilous journey at sea, sometimes lasting a few months long, suffering from hunger, thirst, disease, theft and more attacks before finding safety.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A typical story of the hazards faced by the boat people was told in 1982 by a man named Le Phuoc. He left Vietnam with 17 other people in a boat 23 feet (7.0 m) long to attempt the 300-mile (480 km) passage across the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a> to southern Thailand or Malaysia. Their two outboard motors soon failed and they drifted without power and ran out of food and water. <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a> pirates boarded their boat three times during their 17-day voyage, raped the four women on board and killed one, stole all the possessions of the refugees, and abducted one man who was never found. When their boat sank, they were rescued by a Thai fishing boat and ended up in a refugee camp on the coast of Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another of many stories tell of a boat carrying 75 refugees which were sunk by pirates with one person surviving.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survivors of another boat in which most of the 21 women aboard were abducted by pirates said that at least 50 merchant vessels passed them by and ignored their pleas for help. An Argentine freighter finally picked them up and took them to Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR) began compiling statistics on piracy in 1981. In that year, 452 boats carrying Vietnamese boat people arrived in Thailand carrying 15,479 refugees; 349 of the boats had been attacked by pirates an average of three times each, while 228 women had been abducted and 881 people were dead or missing. An international anti-piracy campaign known as the Anti-Piracy Arrangement began in June 1982 and was made up of Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States with a total funding of £3.6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first year of the program the number of recorded piracy attacks dropped 67%, and continued to fall until a deadly resurgence of piracy in 1988 and 1989, just before the end of the Hoa exodus.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of Vietnamese boat people who died at sea can only be estimated. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commission_for_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations High Commission for Refugees">United Nations High Commission for Refugees</a>, between 200,000 and 600,000 boat people died at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Associated_Press_1979_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press_1979-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other wide-ranging estimates are that 10 to 70 percent of Vietnamese boat people died at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refugee_camps">Refugee camps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Refugee camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to the outpouring of boat people, the neighbouring countries with international assistance set up refugee camps along their shores and on small, isolated islands. As the number of boat people grew to tens of thousands per month in early 1979, their numbers outstripped the ability of local governments, the UN, and humanitarian organizations to provide food, water, housing, and medical care to them. Two of the largest refugee camps were <a href="/wiki/Bidong_Island" title="Bidong Island">Bidong Island</a> in Malaysia and <a href="/wiki/Galang_Refugee_Camp" title="Galang Refugee Camp">Galang Refugee Camp</a> in Indonesia. </p><p>Bidong Island was designated as the principal refugee camp in Malaysia in August 1978. The Malaysian government towed any arriving boatloads of refugees to the island. Less than one square mile (260 ha) in area, Bidong was prepared to receive 4,500 refugees, but by June 1979 Bidong had a refugee population of more than 40,000 who had arrived in 453 boats. The UNHCR and a large number of relief and aid organizations assisted the refugees. Food and drinking water had to be imported by barge. Water was rationed at one gallon per day per person. The food ration was mostly rice and canned meat and vegetables. The refugees constructed crude shelters from boat timbers, plastic sheeting, flattened tin cans, and palm fronds. <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> in the crowded conditions was the greatest problem. The United States and other governments had representatives on the island to interview refugees for resettlement. With the expansion of the numbers to be resettled after the July 1979 Geneva Conference, the population of Bidong slowly declined. The last refugee left in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Galang Refugee Camp was also on an island, but with a much larger area than Bidong. More than 170,000 Indochinese, the great majority of boat people, were temporary residents at Galang while it served as a refugee camp from 1975 until 1996. After they became well-established, Galang and Bidong and other refugee camps provided education, language and cultural training to boat people who would be resettled abroad. Refugees usually had to live in camps for several months—and sometimes years—before being resettled.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Refugee_Processing_Center" title="Philippine Refugee Processing Center">Philippine Refugee Processing Center</a> was established on the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan Peninsula">Bataan Peninsula</a> in the Philippines. The center housed up to 18,000 Indochinese refugees who were approved for resettlement in the United States and elsewhere and provided them English language and other cross-cultural training. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980s_surge_and_response">1980s surge and response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1980s surge and response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1980 and 1986, the outflow of boat people from Vietnam was less than the numbers resettled in other countries. In 1987, the numbers of boat people began to grow again. The destination this time was primarily Hong Kong and Thailand. Concerning the impact on its economy, security and society, the <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong government</a> began to search for solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1987, one of the accommodated Vietnamese refugee boats received the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Immigration Department (Hong Kong)">Immigration Department</a> to depart to continue sailing. It arrived in <a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a> to apply for <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> but was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">ROC military</a>, then was slaughtered on <a href="/wiki/Lieyu" title="Lieyu">Lieyu</a> Island on March 7, known as the <a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">Lieyu Massacre</a>. The boat was burnt, evidence destroyed, and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Republic_of_China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)">ROC Ministry of National Defense</a> repeatedly denied on the journalists' reportages and the parliament questioning. The <a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">chilling effect</a> made the refugee boats extinct on northbound afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gao_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 15, 1988, after more than 18,000 Vietnamese had arrived that year, Hong Kong authorities announced that all new arrivals would be placed in detention centres and confined until they could be resettled. Boat people were held in prison-like conditions and education and other programs were eliminated. Countries in Southeast Asia were equally negative about accepting newly arriving Vietnamese boat people into their countries. Moreover, both asylum and resettlement countries were doubtful that many of the newer boat people were fleeing political repression and thus merited refugee status.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another international refugee conference in Geneva in June 1989 produced the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Comprehensive Plan of Action">Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> (CPA) which had the aim of reducing the migration of boat people by requiring that all new arrivals be screened to determine if they were genuine refugees. Those who failed to qualify as refugees would be <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriated</a>, voluntarily or involuntarily, to Vietnam, a process that would take more than a decade. The CPA quickly served to reduce boat people migration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1989, about 70,000 Indochinese boat people arrived in five Southeast Asian countries and Hong Kong. By 1992, that number declined to only 41 and the era of the Vietnamese Boat People fleeing their homeland definitively ended. However, resettlement of Vietnamese continued under the Orderly Departure Program, especially of former re-education camp inmates, <a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a> children, and to reunify families.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resettlement_and_repatriation">Resettlement and repatriation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Resettlement and repatriation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boat people comprised only part of the Vietnamese resettled abroad from 1975 until the end of the twentieth century. A total of more than 1.2 million Vietnamese were resettled between 1975 and 1997. Of that number more than 700,000 were boat people; the remaining 900,000 were resettled under the Orderly Departure Program or in China or Malaysia. (For complete statistics see <a href="/wiki/Indochina_refugee_crisis" title="Indochina refugee crisis">Indochina refugee crisis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UNHCR statistics for 1975 to 1997 indicate that 839,228 Vietnamese arrived in UNHCR camps in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. They arrived mostly by boat, although 42,918 of the total arrived by land in Thailand. 749,929 were resettled abroad. 109,322 were repatriated, either voluntarily or involuntarily. The residual caseload of Vietnamese boat people in 1997 was 2,288, of whom 2,069 were in Hong Kong. The four countries resettling most Vietnamese boat people and land arrivals were the United States with 402,382; France with 120,403; Australia with 108,808; and Canada with 100,012.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vietnamese_refugees_resettlement">Vietnamese refugees resettlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vietnamese refugees resettlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vietnamese_boat_people" title="Special:EditPage/Vietnamese boat people">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluchtboot_Cap_Anamur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fluchtboot_Cap_Anamur.jpg/220px-Fluchtboot_Cap_Anamur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fluchtboot_Cap_Anamur.jpg/330px-Fluchtboot_Cap_Anamur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fluchtboot_Cap_Anamur.jpg/440px-Fluchtboot_Cap_Anamur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3041" data-file-height="2282" /></a><figcaption>Escape boat saved by the <a href="/wiki/Cap_Anamur" title="Cap Anamur">Cap Anamur</a> in late April 1984, placed in <a href="/wiki/Troisdorf" title="Troisdorf">Troisdorf</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cap-anamur-denkmal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cap-anamur-denkmal.JPG/220px-Cap-anamur-denkmal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cap-anamur-denkmal.JPG/330px-Cap-anamur-denkmal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cap-anamur-denkmal.JPG/440px-Cap-anamur-denkmal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Memorial and tribute of Vietnamese refugees in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Orderly_Departure_Program" title="Orderly Departure Program">Orderly Departure Program</a> from 1979 until 1994 helped to resettle refugees in the United States and other Western countries. In this program, refugees were asked to go back to Vietnam and wait for assessment. If they were deemed to be eligible to be resettled in the United States (according to criteria that the US government had established), they would be allowed to emigrate. </p><p>Humanitarian Program for Former Political Detainees, popularly called Humanitarian Operation or HO due to the "H" subgroup designation within the ODP and trailing numbers 01-09 (e.g., H01-H09, H10, etc.), was set up to benefit former South Vietnamese who were involved in the former regime or worked for the United States. They were to be allowed to immigrate to the U.S. if they had suffered persecution by the communist regime after 1975. Half-American children in Vietnam, descendants of servicemen, were also allowed to immigrate along with their mothers or foster parents. This program sparked a wave of rich Vietnamese parents buying the immigration rights from the real mothers or foster parents. They paid money (in the black market) to transfer the half-American children into their custody, then applied for visas to emigrate to the United States. </p><p>Most of these half-American children were born of American soldiers and prostitutes. They were subject to discrimination, poverty, neglect, and abuse. On November 15, 2005, the United States and Vietnam signed an agreement allowing additional Vietnamese to immigrate who were not able to do so before the humanitarian program ended in 1994. Effectively, this new agreement was an extension and final chapter of the HO program. </p><p>Hong Kong adopted the "port of first asylum policy" in July 1979 and received over 100,000 Vietnamese at the peak of migration in the late 1980s. Many <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="Vietnamese people in Hong Kong">refugee camps were set up in its territories</a>. Frequent violent clashes between the boat people and security forces caused public outcry and mounting concerns in the early 1990s since many camps were very close to high-density residential areas. </p><p>By the late 1980s, Western Europe, the United States, and Australia received fewer Vietnamese refugees. It became much harder for refugees to get <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visas</a> to settle in those countries. </p><p>As hundreds of thousands of people were escaping out of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia via land or boat, countries of first arrival in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> were faced with the continuing exodus and the increasing reluctance by third countries to maintain resettlement opportunities for every exile. The countries threatened push-backs of the <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum seekers">asylum seekers</a>. In this crisis, the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Comprehensive Plan of Action">Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> For Indochinese Refugees was adopted in June 1989. The cut-off date for refugees was March 14, 1989. Effective from this day, the Indochinese Boat people would no longer automatically be considered as <i><a href="/wiki/Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a></i> refugees, but only <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum seekers">asylum seekers</a> and would have to be screened to qualify for <a href="/wiki/Refugee_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugee status">refugee status</a>. Those who were "screened-out" would be sent back to Vietnam and Laos, under an orderly and monitored <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a> program. </p><p>The refugees faced prospects of staying years in the camps and ultimate repatriation to Vietnam. They were branded, rightly or wrongly, as economic <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>. By the mid-1990s, the number of refugees fleeing from Vietnam had significantly dwindled. Many refugee camps were shut down. Most of the well educated or those with genuine refugee status had already been accepted by receiving countries. </p><p>There appeared to be some unwritten rules in Western countries. Officials gave preference to married couples, young families, and women over 18 years old, leaving single men and minors to suffer at the camps for years. Among these unwanted, those who worked and studied hard and involved themselves in constructive refugee community activities were eventually accepted by the West by recommendations from UNHCR workers. Hong Kong was open about its willingness to take the remnants at its camp, but only some refugees took up the offer. </p><p>The market reforms of Vietnam, the imminent <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong">handover of Hong Kong</a> to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> by Britain scheduled for July 1997, and the financial incentives for voluntary return to Vietnam caused many boat people to return to Vietnam during the 1990s. Most remaining asylum seekers were voluntarily or forcibly repatriated to Vietnam, although a small number (about 2,500) were granted the right of abode by the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Government">Hong Kong Government</a> in 2002. In 2008, the remaining refugees in the Philippines (around 200) were granted asylum in Canada, Norway, and the United States, marking an end to the history of the boat people from Vietnam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg/220px-Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg/330px-Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg/440px-Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Bronze plaque in the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a> dedicated by Vietnamese refugees giving thanks to <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Neudeck" title="Rupert Neudeck">Rupert Neudeck</a> and the rescue ship <i>Cap Anamur</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_ship_Cap_Anamur_II_with_Vietnamese_refugees_Summer_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/German_ship_Cap_Anamur_II_with_Vietnamese_refugees_Summer_1986.jpg/220px-German_ship_Cap_Anamur_II_with_Vietnamese_refugees_Summer_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/German_ship_Cap_Anamur_II_with_Vietnamese_refugees_Summer_1986.jpg/330px-German_ship_Cap_Anamur_II_with_Vietnamese_refugees_Summer_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/German_ship_Cap_Anamur_II_with_Vietnamese_refugees_Summer_1986.jpg/440px-German_ship_Cap_Anamur_II_with_Vietnamese_refugees_Summer_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="2073" /></a><figcaption>Vietnamese refugees arrive in Hamburg, summer of 1986 on the rescue ship <i>Cap Anamur II</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunkbeds_inside_Cap_Anamur_II_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bunkbeds_inside_Cap_Anamur_II_1986.jpg/220px-Bunkbeds_inside_Cap_Anamur_II_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bunkbeds_inside_Cap_Anamur_II_1986.jpg/330px-Bunkbeds_inside_Cap_Anamur_II_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bunkbeds_inside_Cap_Anamur_II_1986.jpg/440px-Bunkbeds_inside_Cap_Anamur_II_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2966" data-file-height="1985" /></a><figcaption>Bunk beds used by Vietnamese refugees inside the rescue ship <i>Cap Anamur II</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greeting_Vietnamese_refugees_in_Hamburg,_Germany_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Greeting_Vietnamese_refugees_in_Hamburg%2C_Germany_1986.jpg/220px-Greeting_Vietnamese_refugees_in_Hamburg%2C_Germany_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Greeting_Vietnamese_refugees_in_Hamburg%2C_Germany_1986.jpg/330px-Greeting_Vietnamese_refugees_in_Hamburg%2C_Germany_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Greeting_Vietnamese_refugees_in_Hamburg%2C_Germany_1986.jpg/440px-Greeting_Vietnamese_refugees_in_Hamburg%2C_Germany_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption>Greeting Vietnamese refugees from the rescue ship <i>Cap Anamur II</i> in 1986</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_Boat_People_Memorial,_Captain_Burke_Park,_Kangaroo_Point,_Queensland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vietnamese_Boat_People_Memorial%2C_Captain_Burke_Park%2C_Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland.jpg/220px-Vietnamese_Boat_People_Memorial%2C_Captain_Burke_Park%2C_Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vietnamese_Boat_People_Memorial%2C_Captain_Burke_Park%2C_Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland.jpg/330px-Vietnamese_Boat_People_Memorial%2C_Captain_Burke_Park%2C_Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vietnamese_Boat_People_Memorial%2C_Captain_Burke_Park%2C_Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland.jpg/440px-Vietnamese_Boat_People_Memorial%2C_Captain_Burke_Park%2C_Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnamese Boat People Memorial, in Brisbane, QLD, dedicated 2 December 2012, executed by Phillip Piperides</figcaption></figure> <p>Some monuments and memorials were erected to commemorate the dangers and the people, who died on the journey to escape from Vietnam. Among them are: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa, Ontario">Ottawa, Ontario</a>, Canada (1995): "Refugee Mother and Child" Monument, Preston Street at Somerset<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Saconnex" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand-Saconnex">Grand-Saconnex</a>, Switzerland (February 2006).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>City of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana, California</a>, US (February 2006).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, Belgium (July 2006).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany (October 2006).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troisdorf" title="Troisdorf">Troisdorf</a>, Germany (May 2007) (tháng 5, 2007)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footscray,_Victoria" title="Footscray, Victoria">Footscray</a> (Jensen Park Reserve of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>), Australia (June 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagneux,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine">Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine</a>, France (May 11, 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster,_California" title="Westminster, California">Westminster, California</a> (April 2009), by ViVi Vo Hung Kiet.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Port <a href="/wiki/Landungsbruecken" class="mw-redirect" title="Landungsbruecken">Landungsbruecken</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>), Germany (September 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galang_Island" title="Galang Island">Galang Island</a>, Indonesia (demolished)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidong_Island" title="Bidong Island">Bidong Island</a>, Malaysia</li> <li>Washington, D.C., United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marne-la-Vall%C3%A9e" title="Marne-la-Vallée">Marne-la-Vallée</a>, France: Roundabout "Rond Point Saigon"; André Malraux intersection avenue and boulevard des Genets of Bussy-Saint-Georges commune (September 12, 2010).,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> statue by sculptor Vũ Đình Lâm.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bankstown" title="Bankstown">Bankstown</a>, New South Wales, Australia (November 2011) at Saigon Place.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the bronze statue, weighing more than three tons by sculptor Terrence Plowright.</li> <li>Tarempa in <a href="/wiki/Anambas" class="mw-redirect" title="Anambas">Anambas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisbane, Queensland">Brisbane, Queensland</a>, Australia (December 2, 2012) by Phillip Piperides.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Perth, Western Australia, Australia (November 1, 2013) in Wade Street Park Reserve. 5.5 meter high monument of sculptor Coral Lowry.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Montreal, Quebec, Canada (November 18, 2015) by UniAction. Courage & Inspiration is the commemorative and collective artwork of 14'L x4'H highlighting the 40th anniversary of Vietnamese Boat people refugees in Canada. It has been inaugurated and displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_City_Hall" title="Montreal City Hall">Montreal City Hall</a>, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Benjamin" title="Frantz Benjamin">Frantz Benjamin</a>, City Council President and Thi Be Nguyen, Founder of UniAction, from November 18 to 28, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almere" title="Almere">Almere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (30 April 2016) by the <i>Cộng Đồng Việt Nam Tỵ Nạn Cộng Sản Tại Hòa Lan</i> (Associatie Van Vietnamese Vluchtelingen In Nederland).<sup id="cite_ref-Tượng-Đài-Thuyền-Nhân-Việt-Nam-tại-Hòa-Lan_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tượng-Đài-Thuyền-Nhân-Việt-Nam-tại-Hòa-Lan-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Omroep-Flevoland-2016_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omroep-Flevoland-2016-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Monument for Vietnamese boat refugees (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i>Monument voor Vietnamese bootvluchtelingen</i>; Vietnamese: <i>Tượng Đài Thuyền Nhân Việt Nam tại Hòa Lan</i>) started construction in 2012 and was inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Franc_Weerwind" title="Franc Weerwind">Franc Weerwind</a>, the mayor of Almere, on 30 April 2016 at the Vạn Hạnh Pagoda, a local <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Tượng-Đài-Thuyền-Nhân-Việt-Nam-tại-Hòa-Lan_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tượng-Đài-Thuyền-Nhân-Việt-Nam-tại-Hòa-Lan-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Omroep-Flevoland-2016_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omroep-Flevoland-2016-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Des Moines, Iowa, United States. The Robert D Ray Asian Gardens is a pagoda and garden erected along the banks of the Des Moines River. Paid for in part by the thousands of Tai Dam refugees living in Iowa, the garden memorializes Governor Ray being the first elected official in the US to advocate for their resettlement.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide, South Australia">Adelaide, South Australia</a>, Australia (February 2021): "Vietnamese Boat People Monument"<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Duong" title="Wendy Duong"><i>Postcards from Nam</i></a> (published by AmazonEncore/Lake Union in 2011) is a novel by Uyen Nicole Duong describing the search of a boat person by his successful Vietnamese immigrant lawyer friend.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_People_(film)" title="Boat People (film)"><i>Boat People</i></a> is a 1982 Hong Kong film based on research on Vietnamese refugees</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Beach_(film)" title="Turtle Beach (film)">Turtle Beach</a></i> is a 1992 Australian film about raising awareness for the plight of the boat people</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beautiful_Country" title="The Beautiful Country">The Beautiful Country</a></i> is a 2004 film about Vietnamese refugees and their journey to the US</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_from_the_Fall" title="Journey from the Fall">Journey from the Fall</a></i> is a 2005 independent film by Ham Tran, about the Vietnamese re-education camp and boat people experience following the Fall of Saigon</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ru_(novel)" title="Ru (novel)">Ru</a></i> is a 2009 novel by Kim Thúy on the life of a Vietnamese woman who leaves Saigon as a boat person and eventually immigrates to Quebec</li> <li>"Plus près des étoiles" is a French song by <a href="/wiki/Gold_(band)" title="Gold (band)">Gold</a> that describes the departure of the boat people from Vietnam.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">Afghan refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a> and the boat people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFt_%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u_t%E1%BB%AB_nay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bắt đầu từ nay">Bắt đầu từ nay</a>, a Vietnamese radio PSA announcing the policy of Comprehensive Plan of Action on Vietnamese boat people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariel_boatlift" title="Mariel boatlift">Mariel boatlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_refugees_in_Israel" title="Vietnamese refugees in Israel">Vietnamese refugees in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_feet,_dry_feet_policy" title="Wet feet, dry feet policy">Wet feet, dry feet policy</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Associated_Press_1979-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Associated_Press_1979_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Associated_Press_1979_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Associated_Press_1979_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Associated Press</i>, June 23, 1979, <i>San Diego Union</i>, July 20, 1986. See generally Nghia M. Vo, <i>The Vietnamese Boat People</i> (2006), 1954 and 1975-1992, McFarland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1999227-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1999227_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChang1999">Chang (1999)</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Straits Times</i>, 10 July 1989.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THAI+PIRATES+CONTINUING+BRUTAL+ATTACKS+ON+VIETNAMESE+BOAT+PEOPLE&rft.date=1982-01-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Crossette&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Times%2C+Special+To+the+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F01%2F11%2Fworld%2Fthai-pirates-continuing-brutal-attacks-on-vietnamese-boat-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNHCR "The Adventures of Len", <i>Refugees Magazine</i> May 1983, pp. 87-92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllemanForbesRosenberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Elleman, Bruce A; Forbes, Andrew; Rosenberg, David (2013). "Chapter Six—The Looting and Rape of Vietnamese Boat People". <i>Piracy and Maritime Crime</i>. United States: United States Dept. of Defense. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935352204" title="Special:BookSources/9781935352204"><bdi>9781935352204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Six%E2%80%94The+Looting+and+Rape+of+Vietnamese+Boat+People&rft.btitle=Piracy+and+Maritime+Crime&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=United+States%3A+United+States+Dept.+of+Defense&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781935352204&rft.aulast=Elleman&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A&rft.au=Forbes%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rummel, Rudolph (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP6.HTM">Statistics of Vietnamese Democide</a>, in his <i>Statistics of Democide</i>, Table 6.1B, lines 730, 749-751.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bidong Island" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.terengganutourism.com/pulau_bidong.htm">http://www.terengganutourism.com/pulau_bidong.htm</a>, accessed 15 January 2014; Thompson, pp 156-160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Galang Refugee Camp" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unhcr.or.id/en/news-and-views/photo-galleries/29-galang-refugee-camp">http://www.unhcr.or.id/en/news-and-views/photo-galleries/29-galang-refugee-camp</a>, accessed 14 January 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegina_Ip2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Regina_Ip" title="Regina Ip">Regina Ip</a> (17 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200007/17/0717289.htm">"世界最後一個越南難民中心關閉標誌歷史新紀元"</a> [The closure of the last Vietnamese refugee center in the world marks a new era in history]. Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/Security_Bureau_(Hong_Kong)" title="Security Bureau (Hong Kong)">Security Bureau (Hong Kong)</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%9C%80%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E9%97%9C%E9%96%89%E6%A8%99%E8%AA%8C%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Security+Bureau+%28Hong+Kong%29&rft.date=2000-07-17&rft.au=Regina+Ip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.hk%2Fgia%2Fgeneral%2F200007%2F17%2F0717289.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHau2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hau, Pei-tsun (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2WKCAAAAIAAJ"><i>八年參謀總長日記</i></a> [<i>8-year Diary of the Chief of the General Staff (1981–1989)</i>] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="extiw" title="zh:天下文化">Commonwealth Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9576216389" title="Special:BookSources/9576216389"><bdi>9576216389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%85%AB%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%83%E8%AC%80%E7%B8%BD%E9%95%B7%E6%97%A5%E8%A8%98&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Publishing&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=9576216389&rft.aulast=Hau&rft.aufirst=Pei-tsun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2WKCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuan2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guan, Ren-jian (1 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.books.com.tw/products/0010516575"><i>你不知道的台灣國軍故事</i></a> [<i>The Taiwan you don't know: Stories of ROC Arm Forces</i>] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Puomo Digital Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789576636493" title="Special:BookSources/9789576636493"><bdi>9789576636493</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%BD%A0%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3+%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Puomo+Digital+Publishing&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft.isbn=9789576636493&rft.aulast=Guan&rft.aufirst=Ren-jian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.books.com.tw%2Fproducts%2F0010516575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gao-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gao_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gao, Yong-cheng (13 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cy.gov.tw/CyBsBoxContent.aspx?n=133&s=17946">"111司調0025 調查報告"</a> [2022 Justice Investigation Report No. 0025] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: <a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">Control Yuan</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=111%E5%8F%B8%E8%AA%BF0025+%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Control+Yuan&rft.date=2022-07-13&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Yong-cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cy.gov.tw%2FCyBsBoxContent.aspx%3Fn%3D133%26s%3D17946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, W. Courtland, "The Comprehensive Plan of Action for Indochinese Refugees, 1989-1997: Sharing the Burden and Pass the Buck" <i>Journal of Refugee Studies</i>, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2004, p. 320, 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, W. Courtland <i>Terms of Refuge</i>, London: Zed Books, 1998, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, <i>Terms of Refuge</i> Appendix 1 and 2; <i>Far Eastern Economic Review</i>, June 23, 1978, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, <i>Terms of Refuge</i>, Appendix 1 and 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietboatpeoplememorialgta.com/category/article-in-english/">"Then and Now: Artist Trung Pham from Vietnam"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Then+and+Now%3A+Artist+Trung+Pham+from+Vietnam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietboatpeoplememorialgta.com%2Fcategory%2Farticle-in-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anhduong.net/Tincongdong/Jan06/DaiTuongNiem.htm">"Bản Tin Liên Hội Nhân Quyền Việt Nam ở Thụy Sĩ"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%E1%BA%A3n+Tin+Li%C3%AAn+H%E1%BB%99i+Nh%C3%A2n+Quy%E1%BB%81n+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+%E1%BB%9F+Th%E1%BB%A5y+S%C4%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anhduong.net%2FTincongdong%2FJan06%2FDaiTuongNiem.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hoahao.org/default.asp?catid=10&nid=7738">"Error - 404"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Error+-+404&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhoahao.org%2Fdefault.asp%3Fcatid%3D10%26nid%3D7738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/2006/07/06/InaugurationVnBoatPeopleMonumentBi_DHieu/">"Thời Sự"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Th%E1%BB%9Di+S%E1%BB%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fvietnamese%2Fin_depth%2F2006%2F07%2F06%2FInaugurationVnBoatPeopleMonumentBi_DHieu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090922183852/http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Kurzmeldungen/DE/2009/09/gedenkstein.html">Report (Gedenkstein der Dankbarkeit)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804143237/http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Bilderstrecken/20090912_Festakt_Hamburg.html?nn=109628&notFirst=false%23Start">Images</a> of inauguration ceremony on the site of the Ministry of Interior Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304033951/http://viengiac.de/vn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=175&Itemid=33">"Tượng đài Hamburg"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viengiac.de/vn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=175&Itemid=33">the original</a> on 2008-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng+%C4%91%C3%A0i+Hamburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viengiac.de%2Fvn%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D175%26Itemid%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/BoatPeopleMonumentInaugurationCelebrationGermany_MThuy-20070501.html?searchterm=None">"Khánh thành Bia tị nạn tưởng niệm thuyền nhân ở nước Đức"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kh%C3%A1nh+th%C3%A0nh+Bia+t%E1%BB%8B+n%E1%BA%A1n+t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng+ni%E1%BB%87m+thuy%E1%BB%81n+nh%C3%A2n+%E1%BB%9F+n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fvietnamese%2Fin_depth%2FBoatPeopleMonumentInaugurationCelebrationGermany_MThuy-20070501.html%3Fsearchterm%3DNone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/vietnam/story/2007/05/070502_viet_monument.shtml">"BBCVietnamese.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBCVietnamese.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fvietnamese%2Fvietnam%2Fstory%2F2007%2F05%2F070502_viet_monument.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://franklin.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/e741a3eefa539841ca256c8c0016eaac/15919ba0bf49572cca25747300057667!OpenDocument">Hulls unveils Vietnamese Boat People Memorial</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vnbp.org/vietnamese/memorial/monuments/france/index.htm">"Archive of Vietnamese Boat People"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive+of+Vietnamese+Boat+People&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vnbp.org%2Fvietnamese%2Fmemorial%2Fmonuments%2Ffrance%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/boat-people-once-accused-by-hanoi-as-traitor-and-now-vietnam-thousands-of-miles-away-intestine-sections-05012009155937.html">"Thuyền nhân khúc ruột ngàn dặm"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thuy%E1%BB%81n+nh%C3%A2n+kh%C3%BAc+ru%E1%BB%99t+ng%C3%A0n+d%E1%BA%B7m&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fvietnamese%2Fin_depth%2Fboat-people-once-accused-by-hanoi-as-traitor-and-now-vietnam-thousands-of-miles-away-intestine-sections-05012009155937.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietbao.com/a236954/uy-ban-xay-dung-tuong-dai-chien-si-viet-my-to-chuc-le-tuong-niem-40-nam-quoc-han-va-12-nam-thanh-lap-tuong-dai">"Ủy Ban Xây Dựng Tượng Đài Chiến Sĩ Việt Mỹ Tổ Chức Lễ Tưởng Niệm 40 Năm Quốc Hận Và 12 Năm Thành Lập Tượng Đài"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_B%C3%A1o_Daily_News" title="Việt Báo Daily News">Việt Báo Daily News</a></i> (in Vietnamese). Garden Grove, California. April 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+B%C3%A1o+Daily+News&rft.atitle=%E1%BB%A6y+Ban+X%C3%A2y+D%E1%BB%B1ng+T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng+%C4%90%C3%A0i+Chi%E1%BA%BFn+S%C4%A9+Vi%E1%BB%87t+M%E1%BB%B9+T%E1%BB%95+Ch%E1%BB%A9c+L%E1%BB%85+T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng+Ni%E1%BB%87m+40+N%C4%83m+Qu%E1%BB%91c+H%E1%BA%ADn+V%C3%A0+12+N%C4%83m+Th%C3%A0nh+L%E1%BA%ADp+T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng+%C4%90%C3%A0i&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietbao.com%2Fa236954%2Fuy-ban-xay-dung-tuong-dai-chien-si-viet-my-to-chuc-le-tuong-niem-40-nam-quoc-han-va-12-nam-thanh-lap-tuong-dai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531181529/http://www.calitoday.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=71fa7e95106aaf56228cd8a284b4e334">"Thành phố Westminster và Tượng-đài Thuyền-nhân Việt-Nam"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calitoday.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=71fa7e95106aaf56228cd8a284b4e334">the original</a> on 31 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Th%C3%A0nh+ph%E1%BB%91+Westminster+v%C3%A0+T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng-%C4%91%C3%A0i+Thuy%E1%BB%81n-nh%C3%A2n+Vi%E1%BB%87t-Nam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalitoday.com%2Fnews%2Fview_article.html%3Farticle_id%3D71fa7e95106aaf56228cd8a284b4e334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501112605/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm/anmviewer.asp?a=94059&z=1">"<i>Người Việt</i>: Khánh-thành tượng-đài Westminster"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm/anmviewer.asp?a=94059&z=1">the original</a> on May 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+Vi%E1%BB%87t%3A+Kh%C3%A1nh-th%C3%A0nh+t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng-%C4%91%C3%A0i+Westminster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nguoi-viet.com%2Fabsolutenm%2Fanmviewer.asp%3Fa%3D94059%26z%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001144404/http://tvvn.org/tvvn/index.php?categoryid=68&p2_articleid=546">"Tường thuật buổi lễ Khánh Thành Tượng Đài Tị Nạn Hamburg"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvvn.org/tvvn/index.php?categoryid=68&p2_articleid=546">the original</a> on 1 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+thu%E1%BA%ADt+bu%E1%BB%95i+l%E1%BB%85+Kh%C3%A1nh+Th%C3%A0nh+T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng+%C4%90%C3%A0i+T%E1%BB%8B+N%E1%BA%A1n+Hamburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvvn.org%2Ftvvn%2Findex.php%3Fcategoryid%3D68%26p2_articleid%3D546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325202739/http://www.lyhuong.net/viet/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1513:1513&catid=37:bandoc&Itemid=56">"Ngày tri ân nhân dân Đức"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lyhuong.net/viet/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1513:1513&catid=37:bandoc&Itemid=56">the original</a> on 25 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ng%C3%A0y+tri+%C3%A2n+nh%C3%A2n+d%C3%A2n+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lyhuong.net%2Fviet%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1513%3A1513%26catid%3D37%3Abandoc%26Itemid%3D56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726085230/http://www.tuongdaibussy.com/">"Tượng đài Bussy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuongdaibussy.com/">the original</a> on 26 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng+%C4%91%C3%A0i+Bussy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuongdaibussy.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/The-opening-of-vietnamese-boat-people-monument-in-france-TuongAn-09212010223327.html">"Hướng về tương lai với <i>Niềm Mơ Ước của Mẹ</i>" Khánh thành tượng đài thuyền nhân</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vietluanonline.com/11-11-11/KhanhthanhtuongdaithuyennhanVNoSydney.html">"Vietluanonline.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietluanonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvietluanonline.com%2F11-11-11%2FKhanhthanhtuongdaithuyennhanVNoSydney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120907083947/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/?a=141320&z=3">"Khắc tên thuyền nhân trên đài tưởng niệm tại Indonesia - Cộng Đồng - Người Việt Online"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/?a=141320&z=3">the original</a> on September 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kh%E1%BA%AFc+t%C3%AAn+thuy%E1%BB%81n+nh%C3%A2n+tr%C3%AAn+%C4%91%C3%A0i+t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng+ni%E1%BB%87m+t%E1%BA%A1i+Indonesia+-+C%E1%BB%99ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng+-+Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nguoi-viet.com%2Fabsolutenm2%2Ftemplates%2F%3Fa%3D141320%26z%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209005718/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=158835&zoneid=3#.UMQtt4XlE7A">"Queensland khánh thành tượng đài thuyền nhân - Cộng Đồng - Người Việt Online"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queensland+kh%C3%A1nh+th%C3%A0nh+t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng+%C4%91%C3%A0i+thuy%E1%BB%81n+nh%C3%A2n+-+C%E1%BB%99ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng+-+Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nguoi-viet.com%2Fabsolutenm2%2Ftemplates%2FviewarticlesNVO.aspx%3Farticleid%3D158835%26zoneid%3D3%23.UMQtt4XlE7A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perthvoiceinteractive.com/2013/11/01/boat-people-say-thanks-australia/">"Boat people say 'thanks, Australia'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Perth Voice Interactive</i>. November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perth+Voice+Interactive&rft.atitle=Boat+people+say+%27thanks%2C+Australia%27&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperthvoiceinteractive.com%2F2013%2F11%2F01%2Fboat-people-say-thanks-australia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational2015" class="citation web cs1">International, Radio Canada (7 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/05/07/commemorating-the-arrival-of-vietnamese-refugees/">"Commemorating the arrival of Vietnamese refugees"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monument+voor+Vietnamese+bootvluchtelingen.&rft.pub=Omroep+Flevoland+%28government+of+the+province+of+Flevoland%29&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft.au=Friedlander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepflevoland.nl%2Fnieuws%2F135019%2Falmere-monument-voor-vietnamese-bootvluchtelingen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Art_Foundation" class="citation web cs1">Public Art Foundation, Greater Des Moines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsmpublicartfoundation.org/public-artwork/robert-d-ray-asian-gardens/">"Robert D. Ray Asian Gardens"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+D.+Ray+Asian+Gardens&rft.aulast=Public+Art+Foundation&rft.aufirst=Greater+Des+Moines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsmpublicartfoundation.org%2Fpublic-artwork%2Frobert-d-ray-asian-gardens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vbpm.com.au/">"Vietnamese Boat People Monument - Adelaide"</a>. <i>www.vbpm.com.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426033337/https://www.vbpm.com.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vbpm.com.au&rft.atitle=Vietnamese+Boat+People+Monument+-+Adelaide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vbpm.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1999" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Pao-min (1999). "Corruption and Crime in China: Old Problems and New Trends". <i>The Journal of East Asian Affairs</i>. <b>13</b> (1). Institute for National Security Strategy: 221–268. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23257220">23257220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+East+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Corruption+and+Crime+in+China%3A+Old+Problems+and+New+Trends&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=221-268&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23257220%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Pao-min&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+boat+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Martin Tsamenyi, <i>The Vietnamese boat people and international law</i>, Nathan: Griffith University, 1981</li> <li>Steve Roberts <i>From Every End of This Earth: 13 Families and the New Lives They Made in America</i> (novel, a.o. on Vietnamese family), 2009.</li> <li>Georges Claude Guilbert <i>Après Hanoï: Les mémoires brouillés d'une princesse vietnamienne</i> (novel, on Vietnamese woman and her boat people family), 2011.</li> <li>Thompson, Larry Clinton, <i>Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus</i>, Jefferson, NC: MacFarland Publishing Company, 2010.</li> <li>Kim Thúy <i>Ru</i>, 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhou" title="Min Zhou">Zhou, Min</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Bankston" title="Carl L. Bankston">Carl L. Bankston</a> III <i><a href="/wiki/Growing_Up_American" title="Growing Up American">Growing Up American</a>: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States</i> New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-995-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-995-2">978-0-87154-995-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mary Terrell Cargill and Jade Quang Huynh, <i>Voices of Vietnamese Boat People: Nineteen Narratives of Escape and Survival</i>, 2000, <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0785-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0785-9">978-0-7864-0785-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_boat_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_boat_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vietnamese boat people">Vietnamese boat people</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.throughmyeyes.org.uk/server/show/nav.23334">Through My Eyes Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004153957/http://www.throughmyeyes.org.uk/server/show/nav.23334">Archived</a> 2011-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Imperial War Museum - Online Exhibition (images, video and interviews with Vietnam War refugees, including Boat People)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/cultur/vietnam/viint00e.shtml">The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Boat People No Longer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/immigration/boat-people-a-refugee-crisis/topic---boat-people-a-refugee-crisis.html">Boat people - a refugee crisis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> Archives footage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpsos.org/">Boat People S.O.S</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vnbp.org/">Archive of Vietnamese Boatpeople</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531113643/http://www.vnbp.org/">Archived</a> 2012-05-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110235144/http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/vietnamese">Oral History Interviews with 15 Canadian Vietnamese Boat People</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030405185711/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/vietnam/story/boat.people/">Vietnam's boat people: 25 years of fears, hopes and dreams</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapresse.ca/cinema/cinema-quebecois/201508/10/01-4891651-un-film-sur-les-40-ans-des-boat-people.php/">Courage & Inspiration: Boat people Documentary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205015404/http://www.lapresse.ca/cinema/cinema-quebecois/201508/10/01-4891651-un-film-sur-les-40-ans-des-boat-people.php">Archived</a> 2016-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Les Films de l'Hydre and UniAction, <a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(Canadian_newspaper)" title="La Presse (Canadian newspaper)">La Presse</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/05/world/exodus-of-refugees-reaches-its-last-stage.html">Exodus of Refugees Reaches Its Last Stage</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vietnam_War" title="Template:Vietnam War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vietnam_War" title="Template talk:Vietnam War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vietnam_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Outline of the Vietnam War">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Việt Minh / PAVN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">ARVN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_participation_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="International participation in the Vietnam War">International participants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Thailand in the Vietnam War">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93South_Vietnam_relations" title="Philippines–South Vietnam relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="China in the Vietnam War">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Republic of China in the Vietnam War">Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="South Korea in the Vietnam War">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="New Zealand in the Vietnam War">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War (1962–1979)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> (1949–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Vietnamese migration of 1954–55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">1955 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">North Vietnamese invasion of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt" title="1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt">1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>1962</b>: <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Hamlet_Program" title="Strategic Hamlet Program">Strategic Hamlet Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_South_Vietnamese_Independence_Palace_bombing" title="1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing">Independence Palace bombing</a></li> <li><b>1963</b>: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">Coup against Diem</a></li> <li><b>1964</b>: <a href="/wiki/January_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="January 1964 South Vietnamese coup">Coup against Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="December 1964 South Vietnamese coup">December coup</a></li> <li><b>1965</b>: <a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare_in_South_Vietnam,_1963%E2%80%931969" title="Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969">U.S. escalation / "Americanization"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="1965 South Vietnamese coup">1965 South Vietnamese coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Bombing of North Vietnam</a></li> <li><b>1966</b>: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising" title="Buddhist Uprising">Buddhist Uprising</a></li> <li><b>1968</b>: <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh" title="Battle of Khe Sanh">Khe Sanh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Battle of Huế">Hue</a>)</li> <li><b>1970</b>: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">Cambodian campaign</a></li> <li><b>1971</b>: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">ARVN campaign in Laos</a></li> <li><b>1972</b>: <a href="/wiki/Easter_Offensive" title="Easter Offensive">Easter Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II" title="Operation Linebacker II">Christmas bombings</a></li> <li><b>1973</b>: <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></li> <li><b>1974</b>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long" title="Battle of Phước Long">Battle of Phước Long</a></li> <li><b>1975</b>: <a href="/wiki/1975_spring_offensive" title="1975 spring offensive">1975 spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%A7_Chi_tunnels" title="Củ Chi tunnels">Củ Chi tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihanouk_Trail" title="Sihanouk Trail">Sihanouk Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Popeye" title="Operation Popeye">Operation Popeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Weapons of the Vietnam War">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mines_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Land mines in the Vietnam War">Land mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="Rape during the Vietnam War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_prisoners_of_war_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States prisoners of war during the Vietnam War">United States prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Vietnam" title="List of massacres in Vietnam">War crimes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Massacre at Huế">Huế</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_S%C6%A1n_massacre" title="Đắk Sơn massacre">Đắk Sơn</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Impacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_casualties" title="Vietnam War casualties">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_body_count_controversy" title="Vietnam War body count controversy">Body count controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Agent_Orange_in_Vietnam" title="Impact of Agent Orange in Vietnam">Impact of Agent Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Environmental impact of the Vietnam War">Environmental impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_refugee_crisis" title="Indochina refugee crisis">Indochina refugee crisis</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnamese boat people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_veteran" title="Vietnam veteran">Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">Normalization of US–Vietnam relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Draft evasion in the Vietnam War">Draft evasion in the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_news_media_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States news media and the Vietnam War">United States news media</a></li> <li>In popular culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam War in film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnam_War_games" title="List of Vietnam War games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of songs about the Vietnam War">Songs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Awards and decorations of the Vietnam War">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Vietnam" title="CIA activities in Vietnam">CIA activities in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_UK_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="The UK and the Vietnam War">United Kingdom and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Henry Kissinger and the Vietnam War">Henry Kissinger’s involvement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Women in the Vietnam War">Women in the Vietnam War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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