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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%ED%9A%A8%EC%9A%A9" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%ED%9A%A8%EC%9A%A9" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. 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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-효용의_크기_측정" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#효용의_크기_측정"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>효용의 크기 측정</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-효용의_크기_측정-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-기수적_효용과_서수적_효용" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#기수적_효용과_서수적_효용"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>기수적 효용과 서수적 효용</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-기수적_효용과_서수적_효용-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-기대효용" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#기대효용"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>기대효용</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-기대효용-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">효용</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 45개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="منفعة – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منفعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faydal%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Faydalılıq – 아제르바이잔어" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Faydalılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="아제르바이잔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Полезност – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полезност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="উপযোগ – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপযোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEitek_(ekonomie)" title="Užitek (ekonomie) – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Užitek (ekonomie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Усăллăлăх – 추바시어" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Усăллăлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="추바시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nytte" title="Nytte – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nytte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutzen_(Wirtschaft)" title="Nutzen (Wirtschaft) – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nutzen (Wirtschaft)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility" title="Utility – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Utility" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilidad_(econom%C3%ADa)" title="Utilidad (economía) – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Utilidad (economía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliagarritasun_(ekonomia)" title="Baliagarritasun (ekonomia) – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baliagarritasun (ekonomia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مطلوبیت – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مطلوبیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%B6ty" title="Hyöty – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hyöty" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilit%C3%A9_(%C3%A9conomie)" title="Utilité (économie) – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Utilité (économie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="उपयोगिता – 힌디어" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपयोगिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korisnost_(ekonomska_znanost)" title="Korisnost (ekonomska znanost) – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Korisnost (ekonomska znanost)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasznoss%C3%A1gi_f%C3%BCggv%C3%A9ny" title="Hasznossági függvény – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hasznossági függvény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_guna" title="Daya guna – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daya guna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilit%C3%A0_(economia)" title="Utilità (economia) – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Utilità (economia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B9%E7%94%A8" title="効用 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="効用" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಉಪಯುಕ್ತತೆ – 칸나다어" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಪಯುಕ್ತತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="칸나다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Корист (Економија) – 마케도니아어" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корист (Економија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="마케도니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4" title="ഉപയുക്തത – 말라얄람어" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപയുക്തത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="말라얄람어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utiliti" title="Utiliti – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Utiliti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(economie)" title="Nut (economie) – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nut (economie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyttefunksjon" title="Nyttefunksjon – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nyttefunksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BCyteczno%C5%9B%C4%87_(ekonomia)" title="Użyteczność (ekonomia) – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Użyteczność (ekonomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilidade_(economia)" title="Utilidade (economia) – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Utilidade (economia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitate" title="Utilitate – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Utilitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Полезность – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полезность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0" title="Туһа – 야쿠트어" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Туһа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="야쿠트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility" title="Utility – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Utility" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9A%C5%BEitok_(ekon%C3%B3mia)" title="Úžitok (ekonómia) – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Úžitok (ekonómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Корисност – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корисност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nytta" title="Nytta – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nytta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பயன்பாடு – 타밀어" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பயன்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="타밀어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="อรรถประโยชน์ – 태국어" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อรรถประโยชน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="태국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%AA_%D9%81%DB%87%D9%86%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%89" title="مەنپەت فۇنكىسيەسى – 위구르어" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مەنپەت فۇنكىسيەسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="위구르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Корисність – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корисність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naflilik" title="Naflilik – 우즈베크어" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Naflilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="우즈베크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uti%C5%82it%C3%A0_(economia)" title="Utiłità (economia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Utiłità (economia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%8Fa_d%E1%BB%A5ng" title="Thỏa dụng – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thỏa dụng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8" title="效用 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="效用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" 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title="경제학">경제학</a>에서 <b>효용</b>(效用,Utility)이란 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%ED%99%94" title="재화">재화</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4" title="서비스">용역</a>의 사용으로부터 얻을 수 있는 주관적인 만족을 측정하는 단위이다. </p><p>효용의 개념은 주어진 만족의 수준에서 사회와 개인 사이의 필요 재화의 조합을 측정하는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%B0%A8%EB%B3%84%EA%B3%A1%EC%84%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="무차별곡선">무차별곡선</a>과 같은 주제에서 경제학자들에 의해 응용된다. 또한 효용 함수, 후생함수, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A0%88%ED%86%A0_%EC%B5%9C%EC%A0%81" title="파레토 최적">파레토 최적</a>(Pareto maximization), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%90%EC%A7%80%EC%9B%8C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="에지워스 상자 (없는 문서)">에지워스 상자</a>(Edgeworth boxes), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%84%EC%95%BD_%EA%B3%A1%EC%84%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="계약 곡선 (없는 문서)">계약 곡선</a> 등에서도 사용된다. </p><p>효용은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%83%9D%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="후생경제학">후생경제학</a>의 핵심 개념이기도 하다. 공리주의에서는 사회 조직을 위한 도덕적 기준으로서 효용의 극대화를 주장했다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%A0%88%EB%AF%B8_%EB%B2%A4%EB%8B%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="제레미 벤담">벤담</a>(Jeremy Bentham, 1748-1832년)이나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%9C%EC%96%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B0%80" title="존 스튜어트 밀">밀</a>(John Stuart Mill, 1806-1876년)같은 공리주의자에 따르면 사회는 최대 다수의 최대 행복을 위해 사회 모든 주체들의 개인적인 효용 극대화에 초점이 맞추어져야 한다. </p><p>효용 이론이 가정하는 인간은 되도록 개인의 효용을 극대화하려는 합리적 인간이다. 이를테면, 개인은 어떠한 것을 사용할 수 있고, 양으로 측정할 수 있으며 어떠한 상황에 합리적인 것이라면 효용을 더 요구할 것이다. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="효용의_크기_측정"><span id=".ED.9A.A8.EC.9A.A9.EC.9D.98_.ED.81.AC.EA.B8.B0_.EC.B8.A1.EC.A0.95"></span>효용의 크기 측정</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9A%A8%EC%9A%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 효용의 크기 측정"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> 효용은 직접적으로 측정하거나 관찰하지 못한다. 그래서 경제학자들은 관찰된 결과(선택)를 가지고 그 선택에 담긴 상대적인 효용의 크기를 측정할 수 있는 방법을 고안했다. 이것이 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%98%EC%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="폴 사무엘슨">폴 사무엘슨</a>이 명명한 '현시선호이론'이다. 현시선호이론은 예를 들어 사람들의 지불의사에 담긴 선호도를 측정하여 효용의 상대적 크기를 비교하는 것이다. </p><blockquote><p>효용은 소망이나 욕구와 상관이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 욕구라는 것이 직접적으로 측정될 수 없고, 단지 그것을 암시하는 외부현상에 의해서만 간접적으로 측정될 수 있다. 그리고 그 경우 경제학자들이 관심을 갖는 것은 대부분 사람들이 지불하고자 하는 가격으로, 이를 욕구 만족의 크기로 간주한다. (마샬 1920:78)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="기수적_효용과_서수적_효용"><span id=".EA.B8.B0.EC.88.98.EC.A0.81_.ED.9A.A8.EC.9A.A9.EA.B3.BC_.EC.84.9C.EC.88.98.EC.A0.81_.ED.9A.A8.EC.9A.A9"></span>기수적 효용과 서수적 효용</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9A%A8%EC%9A%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 기수적 효용과 서수적 효용"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>경제학에서 효용을 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%98%EC%A0%81_%ED%9A%A8%EC%9A%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="기수적 효용 (없는 문서)">기수적 효용</a>(cardinal utility)과 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%84%9C%EC%88%98%EC%A0%81_%ED%9A%A8%EC%9A%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="서수적 효용 (없는 문서)">서수적 효용</a>(ordinal utility) 둘로 나눈다. 기수적 효용은 효용의 크기를 측정할 수 있는 것으로 보는 반면 서수적 효용은 숫자를 단지 선호의 강도 차이라고 생각하여 순서를 구분하기 위한 장치로만 사용한다. </p><p>두 종류의 효용 모두 선택지 간의 순서를 구분할 수 있게 해준다. 예를 들어 오렌지쥬스 한 잔이 120 만큼의 효용을 주고 차 한 잔은 80 만큼의 효용을, <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="물">물</a> 한 잔은 40 만큼의 효용을 준다고 가정해보자. 기수적 효용으로 말한다면, 오렌지쥬스 한 잔과 차 한 잔의 효용 차이는 차 한 잔과 물 한 잔의 효용 차이와 정확히 같다. 그러나 쥬스 한 잔이 물보다 세 배만큼의 효용을 준다고 말할 수는 없는데, 효용이 0인 지점을 어떻게 설정하느냐에 따라 달라지기 때문이다. </p><p>여러 사람들의 효용을 합할 때, 기수적 효용이 매우 유용한 것처럼 보인다. 하지만 이에 대한 반론이 있는데, 사람들 개개인이 각 소비조합에서 얻는 가치의 크기를 측정하여 비교할 수 있는 방법이 없기 때문에, 효용의 사람 간의 비교는 의미가 없다는 것이다. </p><p>서수적 효용에서 효용의 크기 차이는 의미가 없다고 생각한다. 효용은 단지 선택지 간의 차이를 보여줄 수 있고 <i>선호의 강도</i>는 알 수 없다는 것이다. 위의 예를 다시 본다면, 단지 쥬스가 차보다, 차가 물보다 더 좋다는 것만 알 수 있고 그 이상은 알 수 없다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84%ED%95%99%ED%8C%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="신고전학파">신고전학파</a>는 그간 경제분석에 사용하던 기수적 효용함수에서 한 발 물러섰다.. 그러나 선호관계는 몇 조건을 만족시키기만 한다면 효용함수로 표현하는 것도 가능하다. </p><p>서수적 효용함수는 단조증가변환(positive monotone transformation)에 의해서는 바뀌지 않고, 기수적 효용함수는 단조선형변환(positive linear transformation)에 의해서 바뀌지 않는다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%A0%ED%98%B8" title="선호">선호</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%8B%9C%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="미시경제학">미시경제학</a>의 전통적인 개념이지만, 선호를 효용함수로 표현하여 인간행동을 간접적으로 분석하는 것이 편할 때가 있다. <i>X</i>를 <b>소비집합</b>이라 하고, 각 집합은 소비자들이 소비가능하며 상호 배제적인 묶음이라고 한다. 여기서 각 묶음에 해당하는 소비 집합을 소비자의 <b>효용 함수</b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u:X\rightarrow {\textbf {R}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">R</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u:X\rightarrow {\textbf {R}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d4b9cd99f6c98e491f2695cfef140e6c383be41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.864ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u:X\rightarrow {\textbf {R}}}"></span> 라고 나타낼 수 있다. 만약 <i>y</i> 보다 <i>x</i>를 강선호(strictly prefer)하거나 무차별(indifferent)할 때, 우리는 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u(x)\geq u(y)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≥</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u(x)\geq u(y)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49db011500396283895f5ac88f3f8dafca5ffbd6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.862ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u(x)\geq u(y)}"></span> 이와 같이 표현한다. </p><p>예를 들어, 소비집합 <i>X</i>가 = {nothing,  사과 1, 오렌지 1,  사과 1과  오렌지 1,  사과 2,  오렌지 2} 라면, 효용함수 <i>u</i>=(nothing) = 0, <i>u</i>( 사과 1) = 1, <i>u</i>( 오렌지 1) = 2, <i>u</i>( 사과 1과  오렌지 1) = 4, <i>u</i>( 사과 2) = 2 와 <i>u</i>( 오렌지 2) = 3 라고 하자. 그러면 소비자는 오렌지 1개를 사과 1개보다 더 좋아하고 각각 1개씩 소비하는 것은 오렌지 2개보다 더 선호한다고 말할 수 있다. </p><p>미시경제학에서 소비자들이 소비할 수 있는 재화의 개수를 L개라고 가정한다. 이것은 소비집합이 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {R}}_{+}^{L}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">R</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {R}}_{+}^{L}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32a73eb5885c47b0efb5c1dbdaffdbec543785be" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.514ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {R}}_{+}^{L}}"></span> 이고, 소비집합의 한 원소 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in {\textbf {R}}_{+}^{L}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">R</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in {\textbf {R}}_{+}^{L}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9ae657516c3bd7707979790c37a23c7f7bdd23fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.684ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in {\textbf {R}}_{+}^{L}}"></span>는 각 재화의 양을 나타내는 벡터로 나타낼 수 있다. 위의 예에서, 우리는 사과와 오렌지 두 가지 재화만 있다고 가정했다. 우리가 사과를 첫 번째 재화, 오렌지를 두 번째 재화라 한다면, 소비집합은 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X={\textbf {R}}_{+}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">R</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X={\textbf {R}}_{+}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9c7e7e71e61a45f710e163a2de98c734a64bb352" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.593ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X={\textbf {R}}_{+}^{2}}"></span> 이고, 효용의 양은 전과 같이 <i>u</i>(0, 0) = 0, <i>u</i>(1, 0) = 1, <i>u</i>(0, 1) = 2, <i>u</i>(1, 1) = 4, <i>u</i>(2, 0) = 2, <i>u</i>(0, 2) = 3이다. 여기서 <i>u</i> 가  <i>X</i>에 대한 효용함수이고, 모든  <i>X</i>에 대하여 정의되어야 한다는 것을 기억해라.그러면 효용함수를 다음과 같이 쓸 수 있다. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u:X\rightarrow {\textbf {R}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">R</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u:X\rightarrow {\textbf {R}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d4b9cd99f6c98e491f2695cfef140e6c383be41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.864ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u:X\rightarrow {\textbf {R}}}"></span> 이것은 모든 x, y (x와 y의 조건은 다음과 같다. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,y\in X}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,y\in X}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d72f66ab332ed430aa9b34ff18c9723c4fea2a1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.34ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,y\in X}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\preceq y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>⪯</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\preceq y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c51521f83e947000789960c7804a542a2f609942" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.584ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\preceq y}"></span>를 의미하는 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u(x)\leq u(y)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u(x)\leq u(y)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8eb16157d5a9e9e244b2f97ff3b14fb04c3b18b0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.862ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u(x)\leq u(y)}"></span> )에 대해서, X에 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u:X\rightarrow {\textbf {R}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">R</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u:X\rightarrow {\textbf {R}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d4b9cd99f6c98e491f2695cfef140e6c383be41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.864ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u:X\rightarrow {\textbf {R}}}"></span> 선호관계를 가짐을 나타낸다. 만약 u가 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \preceq }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⪯</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \preceq }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63dfe475e1377b3b4e936a3aa8fb1d7177dcdbc3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \preceq }"></span> 로 표현된다면, 이는 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \preceq }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⪯</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \preceq }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63dfe475e1377b3b4e936a3aa8fb1d7177dcdbc3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \preceq }"></span> 가 완전성과 이행성을 가지고 있고, 그렇기에 합리적이라는 것을 보여준다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="기대효용"><span id=".EA.B8.B0.EB.8C.80.ED.9A.A8.EC.9A.A9"></span>기대효용</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9A%A8%EC%9A%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 기대효용"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311305">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8C%80%ED%9A%A8%EC%9A%A9%EA%B0%80%EC%84%A4" title="기대효용가설">기대효용가설</a>입니다.</div> <p>기대효용이론은 결과에 <b>위험성</b> 이 있는 선택에 대해 분석하는 이론이다. </p><p>기대효용가설은 니콜라스 베르누이 1세가 1713년 처음 제안했고, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%88%EC%97%98_%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%88%84%EC%9D%B4" title="다니엘 베르누이">다니엘 베르누이</a>가 1738년 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%94%BC%ED%84%B0%EC%8A%A4%EB%B2%84%EA%B7%B8_%ED%8C%A8%EB%9F%AC%EB%8F%85%EC%8A%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="피터스버그 패러독스 (없는 문서)">피터스버그 패러독스</a>를 풀면서 이론이 전개되었다. 베르누이는 의사결정이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%97%98%ED%9A%8C%ED%94%BC" title="위험회피">위험회피</a>(risk aversion)를 보이거나 로그적 서수 효용함수의 모양을 띌 때, 패러독스가 해결될 수 있다고 말했다. </p><p>기대효용이론은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%B0_%EB%85%B8%EC%9D%B4%EB%A7%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="폰 노이만">폰 노이만</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4_%EB%AA%A8%EB%A5%B4%EA%B2%90%EC%8A%88%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B8" title="오스카르 모르겐슈테른">오스카르 모르겐슈테른</a>의 이론에서 가장 중요하게 다루어 진다. 그들은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="게임이론">게임이론</a>을 설명함에 있어 기대효용이론의 극대화 가정을 이용했다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9A%A8%EC%9A%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="게임 이론">게임 이론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%8B%9C%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="미시경제학">미시경제학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%A8%EC%9A%A9" title="한계효용">한계효용</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%B8%EC%9D%B5%EB%B9%84%EC%9A%A9%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="편익비용분석">편익비용분석</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9A%A8%EC%9A%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Marshall. 1920. Principles of Economics. An introductory Volume. 8th edition. London: Macmillan.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480591">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="경제학" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311309">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="틀:경제학"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:경제학 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="특수:문서편집/틀:경제학"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="경제학" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="경제학">경제학</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EC%8B%9C%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="거시경제학">거시경제학</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IS-LM_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="IS-LM 모형">IS-LM 모형</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAIRU" title="NAIRU">NAIRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84%ED%87%B4" title="경기후퇴">경기후퇴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%A5" title="경제성장">경제성장</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EA%B8%B0_%EC%88%9C%ED%99%98" class="mw-redirect" title="경기 순환">경기 순환</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EC%A7%80%ED%91%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="경제지표">경제지표</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%9A%A9%C2%B7%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%90_%EB%B0%8F_%ED%99%94%ED%8F%90%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="고용·이자 및 화폐의 일반 이론">고용·이자 및 화폐의 일반 이론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%89%EC%B6%A9%EA%B2%A9" title="공급충격">공급충격</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A7%A4%EB%A0%A5_%ED%8F%89%EA%B0%80" title="구매력 평가">구매력 평가</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="국민계정">국민계정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%88%98%EC%A7%80" title="국제수지">국제수지</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%A9" title="대공황">대공황</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%88" title="돈">돈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%83%9C%ED%99%95%EB%A5%A0_%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98%EA%B7%A0%ED%98%95" title="동태확률 일반균형">동태확률 일반균형</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="디플레이션">디플레이션</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%8B%9C%EC%A0%81_%EA%B8%B0%EC%B4%88" title="미시적 기초">미시적 기초</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%84%A4%EB%B9%84%EA%B0%80%EB%8F%99%EB%A5%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="설비가동률 (없는 문서)">설비가동률</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%B9%84%EC%9E%90_%EC%8B%A0%EB%A2%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%88%98" title="소비자 신뢰지수">소비자 신뢰지수</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%9A%94%EC%B6%A9%EA%B2%A9" title="수요충격">수요충격</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%9D%B5%EB%A5%A0" title="수익률">수익률</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%9C%EA%B7%B8%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="스태그플레이션">스태그플레이션</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EC%97%85" title="실업">실업</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%9A%A8%EC%88%98%EC%9A%94" title="유효수요">유효수요</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%90" title="이자">이자</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A8" title="이자율">이자율</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%B8%EB%8F%84%ED%94%BC" title="자본도피">자본도피</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EC%B6%95" title="저축">저축</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%91%EC%A0%81_%EA%B8%B0%EB%8C%80" title="적응적 기대">적응적 기대</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99%EC%9D%80%ED%96%89" title="중앙은행">중앙은행</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%9D%B8%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="초인플레이션">초인플레이션</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%9D%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%89" title="총공급">총공급</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%9D%EC%88%98%EC%9A%94" title="총수요">총수요</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%B5%ED%99%94" title="통화">통화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%B5%ED%99%94%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85" class="mw-redirect" title="통화정책">통화정책</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EC%9E%90" title="투자">투자</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%A9%EB%A6%AC%EC%A0%81_%EA%B8%B0%EB%8C%80" title="합리적 기대">합리적 기대</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%8B%9C%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="미시경제학">미시경제학</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%81_%EA%B7%A0%ED%98%95" title="경제적 균형">경제적 균형</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%81_%EB%B6%80%EC%A1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="경제적 부족 (없는 문서)">경제적 부족</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%81_%EC%9E%89%EC%97%AC" title="경제적 잉여">경제적 잉여</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%AC" title="공공재">공공재</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%90" title="과점">과점</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EC%97%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="교역">무역</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B7%9C%EB%AA%A8%EC%97%90_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C_%EC%88%98%EC%9D%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="규모에 대한 수익 (없는 문서)">규모에 대한 수익</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%9C%EB%AA%A8%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C" title="규모의 경제">규모의 경제</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8C%80%ED%9A%A8%EC%9A%A9%EA%B0%80%EC%84%A4" title="기대효용가설">기대효용가설</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="기업이론">기업이론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9A%8C%EB%B9%84%EC%9A%A9" title="기회비용">기회비용</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%A0%90" title="독점">독점</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A4%EB%AA%B0_%EB%B9%84%EC%9A%A9" title="매몰 비용">매몰 비용</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%B0%A8%EB%B3%84_%EA%B3%A1%EC%84%A0" title="무차별 곡선">무차별 곡선</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%94%EC%9C%84%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C" title="범위의 경제">범위의 경제</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%80_%EC%95%8A%EB%8A%94_%EC%86%90" title="보이지 않는 손">보이지 않는 손</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EC%A0%90" title="복점">복점</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B3%BC%EB%A1%9D%EC%84%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="볼록성 (없는 문서)">볼록성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%B0%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="분배">분배</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%88%ED%99%95%EC%8B%A4%EC%84%B1" title="불확실성">불확실성</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%84%EB%B3%BC%EB%A1%9D%EC%84%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="비볼록성 (없는 문서)">비볼록성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%9A%A9-%ED%8E%B8%EC%9D%B5_%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="비용-편익 분석">비용-편익 분석</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%A4%91%EC%86%90%EC%8B%A4" title="사중손실">사중손실</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%84%A0%ED%83%9D%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="사회선택이론">사회선택이론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%A0%ED%98%B8" title="선호">선호</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%B9%84%EC%9E%90_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="소비자 이론">소비자 이론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%9A%94%EB%8F%85%EC%A0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="수요독점">수요독점</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%9A%94%EC%99%80_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%89" title="수요와 공급">수요와 공급</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%9E%A5_%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0" title="시장 구조">시장 구조</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%9E%A5%EC%8B%A4%ED%8C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="시장실패">시장실패</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%9C%EC%A0%90%EA%B0%84_%EC%84%A0%ED%83%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="시점간 선택 (없는 문서)">시점간 선택</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%99%84%EC%A0%84_%EA%B2%BD%EC%9F%81" title="완전 경쟁">완전 경쟁 시장</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EB%B6%80%EC%84%B1" title="외부성">외부성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%97%98%ED%9A%8C%ED%94%BC" title="위험회피">위험회피</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%9D%B5" title="이익">이익</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98%EA%B7%A0%ED%98%95%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="일반균형이론">일반균형이론</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A7%91%EA%B3%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="집계의 문제 (없는 문서)">집계의 문제</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EB%A0%A5%EC%84%B1" title="탄력성">탄력성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B3%84%EB%B9%84%EC%9A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="한계비용">한계비용</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">효용</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%AC%EC%86%8C%EC%84%B1" title="희소성">희소성</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">하위 분과</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="개발경제학">개발경제학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%ED%95%99" title="경제사회학">경제사회학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="경제심리학">경제심리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="경제지리학">경제지리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="국제경제학">국제경제학</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="기술경제학 (없는 문서)">기술경제학</a></li> <li><a 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