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and participation</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: expectations and participation"> <meta name="keywords" content="expectations and participation"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="expectations and participation"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 2519</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: expectations and participation</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2519</span> The Study of Personal Participation in Educational Quality Assurance: Case Study of Programs in Graduate School, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nopadol%20Burananat">Nopadol Burananat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kedsara%20Tripaichayonsak"> Kedsara Tripaichayonsak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to study the level of expectations and participation of personnel in implementing educational quality assurance of programs in Graduate School, Rajabhat Suan Sunandha University. The sample used in this study is 60 participants. The tool used for data collection is a questionnaire constructed by the researcher. The analysis is done by frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. It was found that the level of expectations personnel in Graduate School, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University in implementing educational quality assurance is at high level. The category which received the most score is Action, followed by Check, Do and Plan, respectively. For the level of participation of personnel at program level of Graduate School, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University in implementing educational quality assurance, the overall score is at high level. The category which received the most score is Action, followed by Do, Check and Plan, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participation" title="participation">participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implementation%20of%20educational%20quality%20assurance" title=" implementation of educational quality assurance"> implementation of educational quality assurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20quality%20assurance" title=" educational quality assurance"> educational quality assurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expectations%20and%20participation" title=" expectations and participation"> expectations and participation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11804/the-study-of-personal-participation-in-educational-quality-assurance-case-study-of-programs-in-graduate-school-suan-sunandha-rajabhat-university" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11804.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">384</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2518</span> African American Female Caregivers’ Perceptions, Experiences, and Expectations of the Special Education Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lenell%20D.%20Walton">Lenell D. Walton</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> African American families have consistently contended that their child’s special education team does not provide the services necessary to meet their child’s academic goals. Special education teams must guide and mentor African American students and their families through the special education process. This qualitative study examined African American female caregivers' perceptions, experiences, and expectations regarding the special education process. Data collection methods utilized in the study included a survey, semi-structured interviews, and three focus groups. Data were analyzed and compared to identify themes. Three themes emerged from the survey: education and training, participation, and challenges. Six major themes emerged: (a) differences in treatment and cultural disconnect, (b) lack of support and resources, (c) participants’ experiences of the special education process, (d) parent participation, (e) barriers and concerns, and (f) expectations. Implications for policy and practice to improve the special education process are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=African%20American" title="African American">African American</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caregivers" title=" caregivers"> caregivers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20race%20theory" title=" critical race theory"> critical race theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=special%20education" title=" special education"> special education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166005/african-american-female-caregivers-perceptions-experiences-and-expectations-of-the-special-education-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166005.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2517</span> Citizens’ Expectations, Motivations, and Evaluation of Participatory Use of Social Media Tools for Civic Engagement in Oman</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20S.%20Al-Aufi">Ali S. Al-Aufi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20S.%20Al-Harthi"> Ibrahim S. Al-Harthi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yousuf%20S.%20AlHinai"> Yousuf S. AlHinai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20H.S.%20Al-Badi"> Ali H.S. Al-Badi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahran%20S.%20Al-Salti"> Zahran S. Al-Salti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Social media tools have currently been leading a major change in the flow and use of information for different life aspects within people and between people and their governments. They represent powerful channels for direct exchanges of information, ideas, and suggestions for purposes of civic participation. The current study aims at investigating Omani citizens’ perceptions, expectations, and motivations of their uses of social media tools to interact with the government for civic participation. A quantitative methodology was used to collect data through self-administered questionnaires from a random sample of university students and staff drawn from Sultan Qaboos University, considering them as well-informed and typically active users of social media. The literature was comprehensively reviewed to retrieve relevant empirical studies that particularly investigated the use of social media for civic engagement which provided a basis for the construct of the questionnaire; taken into consideration the delineated dimensions of perceptions, expectations, and motivations. The findings of the study offer practical and useful recommendations for governmental units in Oman and similar contexts in the region to inform better and efficient use of social media tools to interact with citizens in issues related to civic engagement; particularly to make best use of these tools for improving services and developing existing and newer initiatives, and hence, encouraging and strengthening citizens’ involvement for civic engagement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20media" title="social media">social media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20networking%20sites" title=" social networking sites"> social networking sites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web%202.0" title=" web 2.0"> web 2.0</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civic%20engagement" title=" civic engagement"> civic engagement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civic%20participation" title=" civic participation"> civic participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oman" title=" oman"> oman</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30816/citizens-expectations-motivations-and-evaluation-of-participatory-use-of-social-media-tools-for-civic-engagement-in-oman" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30816.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2516</span> Economic Stability and Legitimate Expectations in Foreign Investment Rights</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Ghaemi">Mehdi Ghaemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Within the current paper, there is an attempt to examine the legal system that overrules economic stability and legitimate expectations of foreign investment rights. Studies show that Meeting the legitimate expectations of foreign investment is one of the rights and privileges which obviously are to be benefited from by all types of foreign investments. The legitimate expectations of foreign investors are protected and structured strongly with the help of international investment laws. The body of international investment laws is faced with multiple challenges with respect to the legitimate expectations of foreign investments, including the Economic stability and the public interest of the host country, the attitude of the host country towards the legitimate rights and privileges of the foreign investment, the ways to meet and to control those expectations, and also the assessment of the regulations of the host country which would affect the investing bodies within different circumstances. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20investment" title="foreign investment">foreign investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legitimate%20expectations" title=" legitimate expectations"> legitimate expectations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regulating%20investments" title=" regulating investments"> regulating investments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20investment" title=" international investment"> international investment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163638/economic-stability-and-legitimate-expectations-in-foreign-investment-rights" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163638.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2515</span> From Manipulation to Citizen Control: A Case Study Revealing the Level of Participation in the Citizen Participatory Audit</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20Jason%20E.%20Arca">Mark Jason E. Arca</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jay%20Vee%20R.%20Linatoc"> Jay Vee R. Linatoc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rex%20Francis%20N.%20Lupango"> Rex Francis N. Lupango</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Joe%20A.%20Ramirez"> Michael Joe A. Ramirez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Participation promises an avenue for citizens to take part in governance, but it does not necessarily mean effective participation. The proper integration of participants in the decision-making process should be properly addressed to ensure effectiveness. This study explores the integration of the participants in the decision-making process to reveal the level of participation in the Solid Waste Management audit done by the Citizen Participatory Audit (CPA), a program under the supervision of the Commission on Audit. Specifically, this study will use the experience of participation to identify emerging themes that will help reveal the level of participation through the integrated ladder of participation. The researchers used key informant interviews to gather necessary data from the actors of the program. The findings revealed that the level of participation present in the CPA is at the Placation level, a level below the program’s targeted level of participation. The study also allowed the researchers to reveal facilitating factors in the program that contributed to a better understanding of the practice of participation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizen%20participation" title="citizen participation">citizen participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture%20of%20participation" title=" culture of participation"> culture of participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ladder%20of%20participation" title=" ladder of participation"> ladder of participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=level%20of%20participation" title=" level of participation"> level of participation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56864/from-manipulation-to-citizen-control-a-case-study-revealing-the-level-of-participation-in-the-citizen-participatory-audit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56864.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">411</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2514</span> Parents' Expectations from Compulsory Pre-School Education in the Slovak Republic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sona%20Lorencova">Sona Lorencova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beata%20Hornickova"> Beata Hornickova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study deals with the presentation of the results of qualitatively oriented research, the aim of which was to find out the attitudes of parents to the planned compulsory pre-school education in the Slovak Republic. The research was conceived as an entry into the field of the researched issue and its aim was to support the validity and effectiveness of items in the questionnaire, which was created based on the statements of parents. The research method was an interview with 15 parents whose children attended kindergarten. The main question of the interviews was to find out what are the parents' expectations from compulsory pre-school education, which will be compulsory in the Slovak Republic from 2021 for all 5-year-old children. From the introduction of compulsory pre-school education, the professional public expects in particular greater participation of children from marginalized Roma communities in pre-school education, as well as children from socially disadvantaged backgrounds, better preparation of children for primary school and better results in international testing. The research found that the expectations of parents are different and depend on their socio-economic status, in accordance with which they place greater importance on the upbringing and education of children. The findings from interviews with parents contributed to the formulation of items in the questionnaire, which will be distributed to parents whose children will attend compulsory pre-school education in the Slovak Republic from 2021. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compulsory%20pre-school%20education" title="compulsory pre-school education">compulsory pre-school education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kindergarten" title=" kindergarten"> kindergarten</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education%20of%20pre-school%20children" title=" education of pre-school children"> education of pre-school children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parental%20expectations%20from%20pre-school%20education" title=" parental expectations from pre-school education"> parental expectations from pre-school education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127311/parents-expectations-from-compulsory-pre-school-education-in-the-slovak-republic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127311.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2513</span> Customer Expectation on Service Quality in Bed and Breakfast Establishments in Johannesburg Metropolitan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chiedza%20Lebogang%20Gutu">Chiedza Lebogang Gutu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nester%20Rufaro%20Manuwa"> Nester Rufaro Manuwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Marie%20Mbuya"> Jean-Marie Mbuya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Johannesburg, Metropolitan customer expectations in the hospitality industry have rapidly been increasing which has lead to the need of improving service quality to help satisfy customer expectations. Businesses need to make sure that customer expectations are met, or find ways to control customer expectations. Therefore the purpose of the study is to investigate how customer expectations of services in bed and breakfast establishments affect the perceived quality of service. A quantitative approach was used through random sampling to collect descriptive and correlation study between customer expectations and perceived quality. Findings of the study indicated that customers at bed and breakfast generally expect a clean, friendly and safe environment that has a homely feel, while they are away from home. In addition, findings of the study also emphasised that the age-groups between 20 and 35 are more likely to travel, for business and vacation purposes, staying for more or less 3, have high expectations towards modern facilities and extras in the room such as coffee machines, and are more concerned about the service being provided quickly and right, and taking extra care to deal with problems promptly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Customer%20satisfaction" title="Customer satisfaction">Customer satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Service%20quality" title=" Service quality"> Service quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bed%20and%20breakfast" title=" Bed and breakfast"> Bed and breakfast</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Customer%20retention" title=" Customer retention"> Customer retention</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77194/customer-expectation-on-service-quality-in-bed-and-breakfast-establishments-in-johannesburg-metropolitan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77194.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">386</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2512</span> Evidence of Conditional and Unconditional Cooperation in a Public Goods Game: Experimental Evidence from Mali</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Laura%20Alzua">Maria Laura Alzua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Adelaida%20Lopera"> Maria Adelaida Lopera</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper measures the relative importance of conditional cooperation and unconditional cooperation in a large public goods experiment conducted in Mali. We use expectations about total public goods provision to estimate a structural choice model with heterogeneous preferences. While unconditional cooperation can be captured by common preferences shared by all participants, conditional cooperation is much more heterogeneous and depends on unobserved individual factors. This structural model, in combination with two experimental treatments, suggests that leadership and group communication incentivize public goods provision through different channels. First, We find that participation of local leaders effectively changes individual choices through unconditional cooperation. A simulation exercise predicts that even in the most pessimistic scenario in which all participants expect zero public good provision, 60% would still choose to cooperate. Second, allowing participants to communicate fosters conditional cooperation. The simulations suggest that expectations are responsible for around 24% of the observed public good provision and that group communication does not necessarily ameliorate public good provision. In fact, communication may even worsen the outcome when expectations are low. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conditional%20cooperation" title="conditional cooperation">conditional cooperation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20choice%20model" title=" discrete choice model"> discrete choice model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expectations" title=" expectations"> expectations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20goods%20game" title=" public goods game"> public goods game</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20coefficients%20model" title=" random coefficients model"> random coefficients model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43314/evidence-of-conditional-and-unconditional-cooperation-in-a-public-goods-game-experimental-evidence-from-mali" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2511</span> Parental Expectations and Student Performance in Secondary School Mathematics Education</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daya%20Weerasinghe">Daya Weerasinghe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Parental expectations often differ to that of their children and the influence and involvement of parents, at home, may affect the student performance in the classroom. This paper presents results from a survey of Asian and European background secondary school mathematics students (N=128) in Melbourne, Australia. Student responses to survey questions were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis, followed by t-tests and ANOVA. The aim of the analysis was to identify similarities and differences in parental expectations in relation to ethnicity, gender, and the year level of the students. The notable findings from the analysis showed no significant difference (at 0.05 level) in parental expectations and student performance, in relation to ethnicity or gender. Conversely, there was a significant difference in both parental expectations and student performance between year 7 and year 12 students. Further, whilst there was a significant difference in parental expectations between year 7 and year 11 students, the students’ performances were not significantly different. The results suggest further research may be needed to understand the parental expectations and student performance between the lower and upper secondary school mathematics students. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnic%20background" title="ethnic background">ethnic background</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parental%20expectations" title=" parental expectations"> parental expectations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=student%20performance" title=" student performance"> student performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=year%20level" title=" year level"> year level</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41425/parental-expectations-and-student-performance-in-secondary-school-mathematics-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41425.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2510</span> Drivers of E-Participation: Case of Saudi Arabia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Alrashedi">R. Alrashedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Persaud"> A. Persaud</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study provides insights into the readiness of users to participate in e-government activities in Saudi Arabia. A user-centric model of e-participation is developed based on a review of the literature and empirically tested. The findings are based on an online survey of a sample of 200 hundred Saudi citizens and residents living in Saudi Arabia. The study found that trust of the government, attitude towards e-participation, e-participation through the use of social media, and social influence and social identity positively influence e-participation while perceived benefits of e-government is negatively related to e-participation. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence of the drivers of e-participation. The study also provides insights that could be used by policymakers to increase the level of e-participation in Saudi Arabia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-government" title="e-government">e-government</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-participation" title=" e-participation"> e-participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20media" title=" social media"> social media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trust" title=" trust"> trust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20influence%20and%20social%20identity" title=" social influence and social identity"> social influence and social identity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13128/drivers-of-e-participation-case-of-saudi-arabia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13128.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">462</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2509</span> Comparison of Women’s Political Participation in Korea and China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minjeoung%20Kim">Minjeoung Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper deals with the comparison of women’s political participation in Korea and China. Korean women are participated more in higher education. As the economic development and the women's social participation can enhance the possibility of women's political participation in advanced democratic countries, in Asian countries such as Korea and China in which Confucianism prohibited women to participate in public life and the process of nation building is different from western countries, the political power takes an initiative to implement policies for women's participation in politics and for women's consciousness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=korea" title="korea">korea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=china" title=" china"> china</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women" title=" women"> women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20participation" title=" political participation"> political participation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53040/comparison-of-womens-political-participation-in-korea-and-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53040.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">400</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2508</span> The Psychological Contract and the Readiness to Verbalize It in Financial Institutions in Poland</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Rogozi%C5%84ska-Pawe%C5%82czyk">Anna Rogozińska-Pawełczyk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A psychological contract is an agreement between the employer and an employee that covers the parties’ informal and frequently non-verbalized obligations and expectations towards each other. The contract is a cognitive pattern-governing employee’s behaviour in the organization. A gap between employee’s expectations and the organizational reality may lead to difficult-to-solve conflicts or cause the employee to modify their behaviour towards organizational values and goals, if they are willing and ready to verbalize their expectations. The article discusses psychological contracts in the financial institutions in Poland. Its theoretical part outlines the types of psychological contracts in organizations (relational, transactional, and balanced) and shows the process of their verbalization. The purpose of the article is to present how the type of the psychological contract relates to employee’s readiness to verbalize it. The article ends with conclusions arising from the study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customer%20contact%20staff%20in%20banks" title="customer contact staff in banks">customer contact staff in banks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employee%20expectations" title=" employee expectations"> employee expectations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20institutions" title=" financial institutions"> financial institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mutual%20expectations" title=" mutual expectations"> mutual expectations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20contract" title=" psychological contract"> psychological contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verbalization%20of%20the%20psychological%20contract" title=" verbalization of the psychological contract"> verbalization of the psychological contract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35372/the-psychological-contract-and-the-readiness-to-verbalize-it-in-financial-institutions-in-poland" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35372.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">487</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2507</span> An Interaction Model of Communication Skills and Participation in Social Work among Youth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Yusri%20Ibrahim">Mohd Yusri Ibrahim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Youth participation in social work is essential in social and community development. Although many studies have been conducted to identify the determinant of youth involvement, few studies were discussed interaction between communication skills and youth participation in volunteerism. This article will discuss a cross-sectional study that was conducted to identify the relationship between communication skills and youth participation in social work. The results were successfully developed an interaction model of communication skills as predictor to participation criteria among youth. Finally, the article was suggested several ways to encourage youth participation in community by developing their communication skill in various stages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=youth" title="youth">youth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participation" title=" participation"> participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication%20skill" title=" communication skill"> communication skill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20work" title=" social work"> social work</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60745/an-interaction-model-of-communication-skills-and-participation-in-social-work-among-youth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60745.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2506</span> Public Participation and Decision-Making towards Planning Legislation: A Case for GCC Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20Saeed%20Althiabi">Saad Saeed Althiabi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is great progress in formulating and executing legislative policies in GCC, however, the public participation in formulating and in major decision making still remains weak. Drawing attention on the international law of public participation in construction and natural resource management, this paper aims in creating a feasible legislative framework for extensive public participation in the industries such as construction and oil and gas decision-making that GCC can implement. This paper would address the conflicts associated with the management and creation of legislation and ensuring public participation for the creation of a practical framework. A feasible legislative framework must take into account the various factors that shape the effectiveness of participation and the elements that promote the objectives of participation. It is premised on the ground that viewing to international prescriptions might help to reveal gaps in domestic laws, as well as alternatives to overcome them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20policies" title="legislative policies">legislative policies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20participation" title=" public participation"> public participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=planning%20legislation" title=" planning legislation"> planning legislation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GCC%20countries" title=" GCC countries"> GCC countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title=" international law"> international law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20556/public-participation-and-decision-making-towards-planning-legislation-a-case-for-gcc-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20556.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">534</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2505</span> Citizen Participation in Smart Cities: Singapore and Tokyo</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Benson">Thomas Benson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Smart cities have been heralded as multi-faceted entities which utilise information and communication technologies to enhance citizen participation. The purpose of this paper is to outline authoritative definitions of smart cities and citizen participation and investigate smart city citizen-centrism rhetoric by examining urban governance and citizen participation processes. Drawing on extant literature and official city government documents and websites, Singapore (Singapore) and Tokyo (Japan) are chosen as comparable smart city case studies. For the smart city to be truly realised, this paper concludes that smart cities must do more to incorporate genuine citizen participation mechanisms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizen%20participation" title="citizen participation">citizen participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20cities" title=" smart cities"> smart cities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20governance" title=" urban governance"> urban governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Singapore" title=" Singapore"> Singapore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tokyo" title=" Tokyo"> Tokyo</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130144/citizen-participation-in-smart-cities-singapore-and-tokyo" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130144.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2504</span> Identifying Understanding Expectations of School Administrators Regarding School Assessment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eftah%20Bte.%20Moh%20Hj%20Abdullah">Eftah Bte. Moh Hj Abdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Izazol%20Binti%20Idris"> Izazol Binti Idris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abd%20Aziz%20Bin%20Abd%20Shukor"> Abd Aziz Bin Abd Shukor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to identify the understanding expectations of school administrators concerning school assessment. The researcher utilized a qualitative descriptive study on 19 administrators from three secondary schools in the North Kinta district. The respondents had been interviewed on their understanding expectations of school assessment using the focus group discussion method. Overall findings showed that the administrators’ understanding expectations of school assessment was weak; especially in terms of content focus, articulation across age and grade, transparency and fairness, as well as the pedagogical implications. Findings from interviews indicated that administrators explained their understanding expectations of school assessment from the aspect of school management, and not from the aspect of instructional leadership or specifically as assessment leaders. The study implications from the administrators’ understanding expectations may hint at the difficulty of the administrators to function as assessment leaders, in order to reduce their focus as manager, and move towards their primary role in the process of teaching and learning. The administrator, as assessment leaders, would be able to reach assessment goals via collaboration in identifying and listing teacher assessment competencies, how to construct assessment capacity, how to interpret assessment correctly, the use of assessment and how to use assessment information to communicate confidently and effectively to the public. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assessment%20leaders" title="assessment leaders">assessment leaders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assessment%20goals" title=" assessment goals"> assessment goals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instructional%20leadership" title=" instructional leadership"> instructional leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=understanding%20expectation%20of%20assessment" title=" understanding expectation of assessment"> understanding expectation of assessment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36759/identifying-understanding-expectations-of-school-administrators-regarding-school-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36759.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">457</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2503</span> Media Usage, Citizenship Norms, and Political Participation of Transition to Democracy in Indonesia </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Najmuddin%20Najmuddin">Najmuddin Najmuddin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to determine whether media usage and change of citizenship norms influence political participation. The focus of this study is to examine citizenship norms in the context of the development of information, and communication technology and how it will impact political participation in the context of Indonesia's transition to democracy. The study use survey method. The main theoretical framework is media and political participation. The results of this study reveal that gender, age and educational background of the respondents did not influence significantly media usage and citizenship norms. The Results also show that educational background is not a factor that distinguishes media usage but it becomes differentiating factor in citizenship norms. The results further show that the media usage has a significant correlation with citizenship norms and citizenship norms has a significant relationship with political participation. In addition, media usage and citizenship norms impact significantly to political participation. The sub-dimensions of citizenship norms (compliance, duty, and engaged citizen) provides a significant contribution to the sub-dimensions of political participation (traditional political participation, modern political participation, civic political participation). Based on the findings it can be concluded that the political euphoria in the era of transition to democracy has changed pattern media usage and citizenship norms of among the young generation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=media" title="media">media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizenship" title=" citizenship"> citizenship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=norms" title=" norms"> norms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political" title=" political"> political</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participation" title=" participation"> participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democracy" title=" democracy "> democracy </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42405/media-usage-citizenship-norms-and-political-participation-of-transition-to-democracy-in-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42405.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2502</span> Business Buyers’ Expectations in Buyer-Seller Encounters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pia%20I.%20Hautam%C3%A4ki">Pia I. Hautamäki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sales has changed. Selling has taken on aspects of relationship marketing and sales force play a critical role in developing long-term relationships between buyers and sellers which is seen to serve the company’s targets and create success for a long run. The purpose of this study was to examine what really matters in buyer-seller encounters and determine what expectations business buyers have. We studied 17 business buyers by a qualitative interview. We found that buyers appreciate encounters where the salesperson face the buyer as a way he or she is as a person, identificate the real needs to improve buyers’ business and build up cooperation for long-term relationship. This study show that personality matters are a key elements when satisfying business buyers’ expectations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20buyer-seller%20encounters" title="business buyer-seller encounters">business buyer-seller encounters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customer%20expectations" title=" customer expectations"> customer expectations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perceived%20similarity" title=" perceived similarity"> perceived similarity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20selling" title=" personal selling"> personal selling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personality%20types" title=" personality types"> personality types</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25599/business-buyers-expectations-in-buyer-seller-encounters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25599.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">432</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2501</span> Managing Education through, Effective School Community Relationships/Participation for National Security</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shehu%20S.%20Janguza">Shehu S. Janguza</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The need for national security cannot be over Emphasis, which should be pursued by any means. Thus the need for effective management of education through effective school community Relationship/participation. In preparing and implementing only effort to promote community involvement in manning Education, it is importance to understand the whole picture of community participation, how it works, what forms are used, what benefit it can yield and what we should expect in the process of carrying out the efforts finally emphasis will be made on how effective school community relationship/participation and lead to national security. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20participation" title="community participation">community participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=managing" title=" managing"> managing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school%20community" title=" school community"> school community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20security" title=" national security"> national security</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22224/managing-education-through-effective-school-community-relationshipsparticipation-for-national-security" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22224.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">594</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2500</span> Developing a Grading System for Restaurants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joseph%20Roberson">Joseph Roberson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carina%20Kleynhans"> Carina Kleynhans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Willie%20Coetzee"> Willie Coetzee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The low entry barriers of the restaurant industry lead to an extremely competitive business environment. In this volatile business sector it is of the utmost importance to implement a strategy of quality differentiation. Vital aspects of a quality differentiation strategy are total quality management, benchmarking and service quality management. Ultimately, restaurant success depends on the continuous support of customers. Customers select restaurants based on their expectations of quality. If the customers' expectations are met, they perceive quality service and will re-patronize the restaurant. The restaurateur can manage perceptions of quality by influencing expectations while ensuring that those expectations are not inflated. The management of expectations can be done by communicating service quality to customers. The aim of this research paper is to describe the development of a grading process for restaurants. An assessment of the extensive body of literature on grading was conducted through content analysis. A standardized method for developing a grading system would assist in successful grading systems that could inform both customers and restaurateurs of restaurant quality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benchmarking" title="benchmarking">benchmarking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=restaurants" title=" restaurants"> restaurants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grading" title=" grading"> grading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=service%20quality" title=" service quality"> service quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20quality%20management" title=" total quality management"> total quality management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9127/developing-a-grading-system-for-restaurants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9127.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">333</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2499</span> Investigation of Engineers` and Student Engineers` University Choices Effect over Professional Expectations </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alev%20Erenler">Alev Erenler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeliz%20Yazici"> Yeliz Yazici</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is undoubtful that the development in the technology has been increasing the importance of engineering day by day along with the interest of the profession also. Like in any other genre, the success in engineering career is directly related to the amount of the satisfaction from the profession. Having satisfaction is an important factor for both having psychological health and efficiency. In this concept, the engineers from all steps, like students from different grades, working in related professions and the candidates of engineering have been included in order to define the expectations of the profession and the levels if professional satisfaction. In the concept of the study, the factors such as; the graduated university, the university which has been attending at, the grades of the participants, the reasons behind the choosing the university, the order of the choices and demographic values have planned to examine. It is thought that these factors have a meaningful effect on the professional expectations. It is also aimed to find the similar participants from the working life, and the data is to be compared to candidates of engineering in terms if differentiation of expectations. The related data will be gathered by the help of the scale prepared and developed by the researchers special for this study, titled as ' the professional expectation scale for engineers'. The data is to be analyzed in SPSS program, and the results will be interpreted in relation with the literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engineering%20education" title="engineering education">engineering education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engineers%27%20professional%20expectations" title=" engineers' professional expectations"> engineers' professional expectations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engineering%20students%27%20professional%20expectations" title=" engineering students' professional expectations"> engineering students' professional expectations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=students%E2%80%99%20university%20choices" title=" students’ university choices"> students’ university choices</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79481/investigation-of-engineers-and-student-engineers-university-choices-effect-over-professional-expectations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79481.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2498</span> Civic Engagement and Political Participation in Bangladesh</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syeda%20Salina%20Aziz">Syeda Salina Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanvir%20Ahmed%20Mozumder"> Tanvir Ahmed Mozumder</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Citizenship is an important concept of democracy which broadly defines the relationship between the state and its citizens; at the same time, it analyzes the rights and duties of a citizen. The universal citizenship principle demands that citizens should be aware of the political system, possess democratic attitudes, and join the political activity. Bangladesh presents an interesting case for democracy; the democratic practices in the country have been long introduced, have been interrupted several times, and the democratic values and practices have yet to be established in the country. These transitions have influenced citizens’ ideologies and participation in decision-making and also shaped their expectations differently. In this backdrop, this paper aims to understand and explain the citizenship behavior of Bangladeshi nationals. Based on nationally representative household survey data of 4000 respondents, this paper creates a composite citizenship index which is a combination of three separate indices, including participation index, knowledge and awareness index, and ideology index. The paper then tries to explain the factors that affect the citizenship index. Using fixed effect regression analysis, the paper intends to explore the association between citizenship and socio-demographic variables, including education, location, gender, and exposure to the media of respondents. Additionally, using national election polls, the paper creates a variable to measure long-term support towards the current ruling party and tests whether and how this affects the citizenship variables. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizenship" title="citizenship">citizenship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20participation" title=" political participation"> political participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bangladesh" title=" Bangladesh"> Bangladesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stronghold" title=" stronghold"> stronghold</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141023/civic-engagement-and-political-participation-in-bangladesh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141023.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2497</span> Moderators of the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Expected Firm Growth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laszlo%20Szerb">Laszlo Szerb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zsofia%20Voros"> Zsofia Voros</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this article, we seek to answer why many attempts to empirically link entrepreneurial self-efficacy to growth expectations have failed. While doing so, we reconcile the literature on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and overconfidence. By analyzing GEM APS (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Adult Population Survey) data, we show that early-stage entrepreneurs’ self-efficacy statements are systematically inflated. Our results also indicate that entrepreneurial overconfidence is fading and its form changes as business owners learn and gather experience. In addition, by using Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (2006) as a modeling framework, we illustrate that early stage business owners’ overconfidence results in overly high firm growth expectations. However, the changes in the form of overconfidence and the adjustments of expectations on market conditions as a venture ages alter the relationship between overconfidence and growth expectations across the business life-cycle stages. Overall, our study empirically links young entrepreneurs’ overconfidence to their growth expectations at the firm level. This link is important to establish as expected growth was linked to realized growth both on micro and macro levels. Moreover, we detected several moderators of this relationship providing a potential answer to why many studies failed to link entrepreneurial self-efficacy to growth expectations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-efficacy" title="self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overconfidence" title=" overconfidence"> overconfidence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurship" title=" entrepreneurship"> entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expected%20growth" title=" expected growth"> expected growth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89995/moderators-of-the-relationship-between-entrepreneurial-self-efficacy-and-expected-firm-growth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89995.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">272</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2496</span> Support for and Participation in 'Spontaneous' Mass Protest in Iceland: The Moderating Effects of Biographical Availability, Critical Mass, and Social Embeddedness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jon%20Gunnar%20Bernburg">Jon Gunnar Bernburg</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study addresses a topic that is fundamental to social movement theory, namely, the contingent link between movement support and movement participation. Usually, only a small fraction of those who agree with the cause of a social movement is mobilized into participating in it (a pattern sometimes referred to as 'the collective action problem'). However, historical moments sometimes emerge when many supporters become mobilized to participate in the movement, greatly enhancing the chance of movement success. By studying a case in point, this paper addresses the limited work on how support and participation are related at such critical moments. Specifically, the paper examines the association between supporting and participating in a huge 'pro-democracy' protest in Iceland in April 2016, in the wake of the global Panama Papers scandal. Organized via social media by only a handful of activists, but supported by a majority of Icelanders, the protest attracted about a fourth of the urban population, leading to a snap election and government change. Surveying Iceland’s urban population, this paper tests hypotheses about the processes mobilizing supporters to participate in the protest. The findings reveal how variables derived from the theories of biographical availability (males vs. females, working class vs. professionals), critical mass (expectations, prior protest success), and social embeddedness (close ties with protesters) moderate the association between protest support and participation. The study helps to account for one of the largest protests in Iceland’s history while contributing to the theory about how historical contexts shape the behavior of movement supporters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crisis" title=" crisis"> crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protest%20support%20vs.%20participation" title=" protest support vs. participation"> protest support vs. participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theories%20of%20mass%20mobilization" title=" theories of mass mobilization"> theories of mass mobilization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84396/support-for-and-participation-in-spontaneous-mass-protest-in-iceland-the-moderating-effects-of-biographical-availability-critical-mass-and-social-embeddedness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84396.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2495</span> The Effect of Law on Politics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boukrida%20Rafiq">Boukrida Rafiq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Democracy is based on the notion that all citizens have the right to participate in the managing of political affairs and that every citizens input is of equal importance. This basic assumption clearly places emphasis on public participation in maintaining a stable democracy. The level of public participation, however is highly contested with many theorists arguing that too much public participation would overwhelm and ultimately cripple democratic systems. On the other hand, others who favor high levels of participation argue that more citizen involvement leads to greater representation. Regardless of these disagreements over the utopian level of participation, there is widespread agreement amongst scholars that, at the very least, some participation is necessary to maintain democratic systems. The ways in which citizens participate vary greatly and depending on the method used, influence political decision making at varying levels. The method of political participation is a key in controlling public influence over political affairs and therefore is also an integral part of maintaining democracy, whether it be "thin" (low levels of participation) or "Robust" (high levels of participation). High levels of participation or "robust" democracy are argued by some theorists to enhance democracy through providing the opportunity for more issues to be represented during decision making. The notion of widespread participation was first advanced by classical theorists. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assumption%20clearly%20places%20emphasis" title="assumption clearly places emphasis">assumption clearly places emphasis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultimately%20cripple" title=" ultimately cripple"> ultimately cripple</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influence%20political%20decision%20making%20at%20varying" title=" influence political decision making at varying"> influence political decision making at varying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classical%20theorists" title=" classical theorists"> classical theorists</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28942/the-effect-of-law-on-politics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28942.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">460</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2494</span> Security Issues and Primary School Participation in Kenya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rose%20Mwanza">Rose Mwanza</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates security factors influencing primary school pupils’ school participation in Kenya. Schools, communities and the Government all have roles to play in enhancing primary school pupil’s school participation. The effective security system of a country provides the necessary avenues to facilitate improved health services protection of children and allows free movement of the country’s citizens which leads to a conducive atmosphere for school participation. Kenya is a signatory to international commitments and conventions related to security such as the National Policy on Peace Building and Conflict Management, United Nations Development Assistance Framework and Key Security Unity, which enable primary school pupils to participate in education. The paper also looks at the strategies the Government of Kenya has put in place to ensure effective pupil school participation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnicity" title="ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20media" title=" social media"> social media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participation%20in%20school" title=" participation in school"> participation in school</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poverty" title=" poverty"> poverty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terrorism" title=" terrorism"> terrorism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175481/security-issues-and-primary-school-participation-in-kenya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175481.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">61</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2493</span> Knowledge and Organisational Success: Developing a Scale of Knowledge Framework</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Almohammedali">Mohammed Almohammedali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Edgar"> David Edgar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Duncan%20Peter"> Duncan Peter</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this exploratory research is to further understand how organisations can evaluate their activities, which generate knowledge creation, to meet changing stakeholder expectations. A Scale of Knowledge (SoK) Framework is proposed which links knowledge management and organisational activities to changing stakeholder expectations. The framework was informed by the knowledge management literature, as well as empirical work conducted via a single case study of a multi-site hospital organisation in Saudi Arabia. Eight in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers from across the organisation regarding current and future stakeholder expectations, organisational strategy/activities and knowledge management. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and a hierarchical value map technique to identify activities that can produce further knowledge and consequently impact on how stakeholder expectations are met. The SoK Framework developed may be useful to practitioners as an analytical aid to determine if current organisational activities produce organisational knowledge which helps them meet (increasingly higher levels of) stakeholder expectations. The limitations of the research and avenues for future development of the proposed framework are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20creation" title="knowledge creation">knowledge creation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20management" title=" knowledge management"> knowledge management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organisational%20knowledge" title=" organisational knowledge"> organisational knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20aid" title=" analytical aid"> analytical aid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stakeholders" title=" stakeholders"> stakeholders</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23627/knowledge-and-organisational-success-developing-a-scale-of-knowledge-framework" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23627.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">433</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2492</span> The Effect of Global Value Chain Participation on Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piyaphan%20Changwatchai">Piyaphan Changwatchai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Global value chain is important for current world economy through foreign direct investment. Multinational enterprises' efficient location seeking for each stage of production lead to global production network and more global value chain participation of several countries. Global value chain participation has several effects on participating countries in several aspects including the environment. The effect of global value chain participation on the environment is ambiguous. As a result, this research aims to study the effect of global value chain participation on countries' CO₂ emission and methane emission by using quantitative analysis with secondary panel data of sixty countries. The analysis is divided into two types of global value chain participation, which are forward global value chain participation and backward global value chain participation. The results show that, for forward global value chain participation, GDP per capita affects two types of pollutants in downward bell curve shape. Forward global value chain participation negatively affects CO₂ emission and methane emission. As for backward global value chain participation, GDP per capita affects two types of pollutants in downward bell curve shape. Backward global value chain participation negatively affects methane emission only. However, when considering Asian countries, forward global value chain participation positively affects CO₂ emission. The recommendations of this research are that countries participating in global value chain should promote production with effective environmental management in each stage of value chain. The examples of policies are providing incentives to private sectors, including domestic producers and MNEs, for green production technology and efficient environment management and engaging in international agreements in terms of green production. Furthermore, government should regulate each stage of production in value chain toward green production, especially for Asia countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO%E2%82%82%20emission" title="CO₂ emission">CO₂ emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20value%20chain%20participation" title=" global value chain participation"> global value chain participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methane%20emission" title=" methane emission"> methane emission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86948/the-effect-of-global-value-chain-participation-on-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86948.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2491</span> People Participation as Social Capital Form for Realizing Sustainable Ecotourism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Putu%20Eka%20N.%20Kencana">I. Putu Eka N. Kencana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Wayan%20Mertha"> I. Wayan Mertha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A variety of research’s evidence suggests that community involvement is one of the vital elements in the development of sustainable tourism. As an entity of the tourism system, local communities are considered have better understanding of their region as well as influenced positively or negatively by the tourism activities in the region. This study elaborates role of community involvement in the development of ecotourism in Kintamani Bali from two perspectives of view, namely participation in the process of initiatives development and participation in the economic benefits of tourism. As one element of social capital form, community participation on the development and management of ecotourism in Kintamani, could be expected maintain its sustainability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20involvement" title="community involvement">community involvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecotourism" title=" ecotourism"> ecotourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participation" title=" participation"> participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20capital" title=" social capital"> social capital</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9517/people-participation-as-social-capital-form-for-realizing-sustainable-ecotourism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9517.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">520</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2490</span> Trends of Change of Political Participation of Young Voters in Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Najmuddin%20Rasul">Najmuddin Rasul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to determine whether media usage and change of citizenship norms influence trends of change of political participation of young voters in Indonesia. The focus of this study is to examine citizenship norms in the context of the development of information and communication technology influence political participation in the context of Indonesia's transition to democracy. The main theoretical framework is media and political participation. For data gathering, 384 young voters between the ages of 17 to 40 years were interviewed in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. The results of this study reveal that gender, age and educational background of respondents did not influence significantly media usage and citizenship norms. The results also show that educational background is not a factor that distinguishes media usage but it becomes differentiating factor in citizenship norms. The results further show that media usage has a significant correlation with citizenship norms and citizenship norms has a significant relationship with political participation. In addition, media usage and citizenship norm significantly influence political participation. The sub-dimensions the citizenship norms (compliance, duty, and engaged citizenship) provides a significant contribution to the sub-dimensions of political participation (traditional political participation, modern political participation, civic political participation). Based on the findings it can be concluded that the political euphoria in the era of transition to democracy has changed pattern of media usage and citizenship norms among the young generation in Indonesia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20participation" title="political participation">political participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=media" title=" media"> media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizenship%20norms" title=" citizenship norms"> citizenship norms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democracy" title=" democracy"> democracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=young%20voters" title=" young voters"> young voters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indonesia" title=" Indonesia"> Indonesia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85841/trends-of-change-of-political-participation-of-young-voters-in-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85841.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expectations%20and%20participation&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expectations%20and%20participation&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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