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href="#Johnson's_speeches_in_Ohio_and_Michigan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Johnson's speeches in Ohio and Michigan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johnson's_speeches_in_Ohio_and_Michigan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_task_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_task_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Presidential task forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_task_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_election_of_1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_election_of_1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The election of 1964</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_election_of_1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_two_sessions_of_the_Eighty-Ninth_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_two_sessions_of_the_Eighty-Ninth_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The two sessions of the Eighty-Ninth Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_two_sessions_of_the_Eighty-Ninth_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_major_policy_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_major_policy_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The major policy areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_major_policy_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The major policy areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_major_policy_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Privacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Civil rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"War_On_Poverty"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"War_On_Poverty""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>The "War On Poverty"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"War_On_Poverty"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medicare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Medicare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicaid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicaid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Medicaid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicaid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhood_health_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhood_health_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span> <span>Neighborhood health centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhood_health_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Welfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_arts_and_cultural_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_arts_and_cultural_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>The arts and cultural institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_arts_and_cultural_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Endowments_for_the_arts_and_the_humanities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Endowments_for_the_arts_and_the_humanities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>National Endowments for the arts and the humanities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Endowments_for_the_arts_and_the_humanities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.2</span> <span>Public broadcasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.3</span> <span>Cultural centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Consumer protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Rural development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>Labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Conservative opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Society</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="مجتمع عظيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجتمع عظيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вялікае грамадства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікае грамадства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Велико общество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Велико общество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Great Society" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Sociedad" title="Gran Sociedad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Sociedad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizarte_Handia" title="Gizarte Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizarte Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="جامعه بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_Johnson" title="Grande société de Johnson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande société de Johnson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C_%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C" title="위대한 사회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위대한 사회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_societ%C3%A0" title="Grande società – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande società" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyszer%C5%B1_T%C3%A1rsadalom" title="Nagyszerű Társadalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagyszerű Társadalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Great Society" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Great Society" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="لويه ټولنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لويه ټولنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielkie_Spo%C5%82ecze%C5%84stwo" title="Wielkie Społeczeństwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielkie Społeczeństwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Sociedade" title="Grande Sociedade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Sociedade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Великое общество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великое общество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Great Society" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Great Society" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Great Society" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Велике суспільство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велике суспільство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="偉大社會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="偉大社會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1191264#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">1960s programs of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1960s band featuring Grace Slick, see <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Society_(band)" title="The Great Society (band)">The Great Society (band)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act,_July_2,_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/300px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/450px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/600px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4687" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> on July 2, 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Great Society</b> was a series of domestic programs initiated by President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1964 and 1965, with the main goals of totally eliminating poverty and racial injustice in the country. Johnson first used the phrase in a May 7, 1964, speech at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major new federal programs addressing civil rights, education, medical care, urban problems, <a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">rural poverty</a>, and transportation were launched. In scope and sweep, the Great Society was comparable to the 1930s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> domestic programs of previous <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> president <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. </p><p>Some of the Great Society initiatives were derived from <a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a> proposals which had stalled during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson's success depended on his skills of persuasion and the Democratic <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_elections" title="1964 United States elections">landslide victory in the 1964 elections</a>, which brought many new liberals into Congress and made the House of Representatives of 1965 the most liberal since 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/88th_United_States_Congress" title="88th United States Congress">88th Congress</a>, there was an estimated 56 liberals and 44 conservatives in the Senate, and 224 liberals and 211 conservatives in the House. In the <a href="/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress" title="89th United States Congress">89th Congress</a>, by contrast, there were some 59 liberals and 41 conservatives in the Senate, and 267 liberals and 168 conservatives in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The core programs of the Great Society focused on a "<a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">war on poverty</a>" which increased federal involvement in education, employment, and healthcare. The <a href="/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act_of_1964" title="Economic Opportunity Act of 1964">Economic Opportunity Act of 1964</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Job_Corps" title="Job Corps">Job Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volunteers_in_Service_to_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteers in Service to America">Volunteers in Service to America</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964" title="Food Stamp Act of 1964">Food Stamp Act of 1964</a> provided low-income people assistance in purchasing food; the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act" title="Elementary and Secondary Education Act">Elementary and Secondary Education Act</a> of 1965 authorized federal expenditure on schools with low-income students; and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Amendments of 1965</a> created <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a>, which funds some medical costs for low-income individuals, and <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>, a health insurance program for people aged 65 and over. Measures designed to end racial injustice included the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, which prohibited racial segregation in schools, public spaces, and workplaces; the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, which ensured that minorities could exercise their right to vote; the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a>, which abolished quotas based on national origin and placed a greater emphasis on skills and links to U.S. citizens; and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a>, which prohibited housing discrimination. Additional projects included the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a>; consumer protection measures; the <a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Urban_Development_Act_of_1965" title="Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965">Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965</a>, which expanded the federal housing program; the <a href="/wiki/Motor_Vehicle_Air_Pollution_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act">Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965</a>, which limited motor vehicle emissions; and the <a href="/wiki/National_Trails_System_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trails System Act">National Trails System Act of 1968</a>, which created a system of hiking trails. </p><p>Many of the Great Society projects were opposed by <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>, who objected to what they considered "government handouts". Johnson's popularity declined as he committed more troops to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, which drew on resources that could have been directed toward the Great Society. Some projects were expanded under the administrations of <a href="/wiki/GOP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOP">Republican</a> presidents <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> while others were dismantled, and funding for many were cut by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1963 to 1970, the portion of Americans living below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a> declined from 22.2 to 12.6 percent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_and_social_conditions">Economic and social conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Economic and social conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Johnson's Great Society initiatives came during a period of rapid economic growth in the U.S., unlike the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> three decades earlier, which was a response to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Kennedy proposed an across-the-board tax cut lowering the top marginal income tax rate in the United States by 20%, from 91% to 71%, which was enacted in February 1964, three months after Kennedy's assassination, under Johnson. The tax cut also significantly reduced marginal rates in the lower brackets as well as for corporations. The <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product</a> rose 10% in the first year of the tax cut, and economic growth averaged a rate of 4.5% from 1961 to 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GNP increased by 7% in 1964, 8% in 1965, and 9% in 1966. The unemployment rate fell below 5%, and by 1966 the number of families with incomes of $7,000 a year or more had reached 55%, compared with 22% in 1950. In 1968, when <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> published a new edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Affluent_Society" title="The Affluent Society">The Affluent Society</a>,</i> the average income of the American family stood at $8,000, double what it had been a decade earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Johnson's_speeches_in_Ohio_and_Michigan"><span id="Johnson.27s_speeches_in_Ohio_and_Michigan"></span>Johnson's speeches in Ohio and Michigan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Johnson's speeches in Ohio and Michigan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Johnson's first public reference to the "Great Society" took place during a speech to students on May 7, 1964, on <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio University</a>'s historic <a href="/wiki/College_Green_of_Ohio_University" title="College Green of Ohio University">College Green</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Ohio" title="Athens, Ohio">Athens, Ohio</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>And with your courage and with your compassion and your desire, we will build a Great Society. It is a society where no child will go unfed, and no youngster will go unschooled.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He later formally presented his specific goals for the Great Society in another speech at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>, on May 22, 1964. </p> <blockquote><p>We are going to assemble the best thought and broadest knowledge from all over the world to find these answers. I intend to establish working groups to prepare a series of conferences and meetings—on the cities, on natural beauty, on the quality of education, and on other emerging challenges. From these studies, we will begin to set our course toward the Great Society.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_task_forces">Presidential task forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presidential task forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost immediately after the Ann Arbor speech, 14 separate task forces began studying nearly all major aspects of United States society under the guidance of presidential assistants <a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Bill Moyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Goodwin" title="Richard N. Goodwin">Richard N. Goodwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_557_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods_557-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his use of task forces to provide expert advice on policy, Johnson was following Kennedy's example, but unlike Kennedy, Johnson directed his task forces to work in secret.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_557_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods_557-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His intent was to prevent his program from being derailed by public criticism of proposals that had not yet been reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average task force had five to seven members and generally was composed of governmental experts and academics.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the task force reports were submitted to the White House, Moyers began a second round of review. The recommendations were circulated among the agencies concerned, and strategies were developed for getting the proposed legislation through Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 4, 1965, Johnson announced much of his proposed program in his <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_election_of_1964">The election of 1964</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The election of 1964"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cra64_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cra64-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Great Society agenda was not a widely discussed issue during the <a href="/wiki/US_presidential_election,_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="US presidential election, 1964">1964 presidential election</a> campaign. Johnson won the election with 61% of the vote, and he carried all but six states. Democrats gained enough seats to control more than two-thirds of each chamber in the <a href="/wiki/Eighty-ninth_Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-ninth Congress of the United States">Eighty-ninth Congress</a>, with a 68–32 margin in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> and a 295–140 margin in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson won a large majority of the Jewish vote, a liberal constituency that gave strong support to the Great Society.<sup id="cite_ref-Dollinger2001_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_two_sessions_of_the_Eighty-Ninth_Congress">The two sessions of the Eighty-Ninth Congress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The two sessions of the Eighty-Ninth Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political realignment allowed House leaders to alter rules that had allowed <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> to kill New Frontier and civil rights legislation in committee, which aided efforts to pass Great Society legislation. In 1965, the first session of the Eighty-Ninth Congress created the core of the Great Society. It began by enacting long-stalled legislation such as Medicare and federal aid to education and then moved into other areas, including high-speed mass transit, rental supplements, truth in packaging, environmental safety legislation, new provisions for mental health facilities, the <a href="/wiki/Teacher_Corps" title="Teacher Corps">Teacher Corps</a>, manpower training, the <a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(program)" title="Head Start (program)">Head Start</a> program, aid to urban mass transit, a demonstration cities program, a housing act that included rental subsidies, and an act for higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Johnson Administration submitted 87 bills to Congress, and Johnson signed 84, or 96%, arguably the most successful legislative agenda in US congressional history.<sup id="cite_ref-unger104_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unger104-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_major_policy_areas">The major policy areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The major policy areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy">Privacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Privacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 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data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain information <b>not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">important or relevant</a> to the article's subject.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit">improve this section</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Specific plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>focuses too much on specific examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit">improve this section</a> by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Provide_context_for_the_reader" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">sources that evaluate within a broader context</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Society" title="The Naked Society">The Naked Society</a></i> is a 1964 book on <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Vance Packard</a>. The book argues that changes in technology are encroaching on privacy and could create a society in the future with radically different privacy standards. Packard criticized advertisers' unfettered use of private information to create marketing schemes. He compared a recent Great Society initiative by then-president <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, the National Data Bank, to the use of information by advertisers and argued for increased <a href="/wiki/Data_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Data privacy">data privacy</a> measures to ensure that information did not find its way into the wrong hands. The essay led <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Special_Subcommittee_on_the_Invasion_of_Privacy" title="Special Subcommittee on the Invasion of Privacy">Special Subcommittee on the Invasion of Privacy</a> and inspired privacy advocates such as <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Edward_Gallagher" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Edward Gallagher">Neil Gallagher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Ervin" title="Sam Ervin">Sam Ervin</a> to fight what they perceived as Johnson's flagrant disregard for consumer privacy. Ervin criticized Johnson's domestic agenda as invasive and claimed that the unfiltered database of consumers' information as a sign of presidential abuse of power. Ervin warned that "The computer never forgets".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerry M. Rosenberg dedicated a chapter of his 1969 book <i>The Death of Privacy</i> to the National Data Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Civil rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LyndonJohnson_signs_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/LyndonJohnson_signs_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965.jpg/300px-LyndonJohnson_signs_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/LyndonJohnson_signs_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965.jpg/450px-LyndonJohnson_signs_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/LyndonJohnson_signs_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965.jpg/600px-LyndonJohnson_signs_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>President Johnson signs the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian Alan Brinkley has suggested that the most important domestic achievement of the Great Society may have been its success in translating some of the demands of the civil rights movement into law.<sup id="cite_ref-Brinkley_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brinkley-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four civil rights acts were passed, including three laws in the first two years of Johnson's presidency. The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a><sup id="cite_ref-cra64_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cra64-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forbade job discrimination and the segregation of public accommodations. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> assured minority registration and voting. It suspended use of literacy or other voter-qualification tests that had sometimes served to keep <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-Americans</a> off voting lists and provided for federal court lawsuits to stop discriminatory <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll taxes</a>. It also reinforced the Civil Rights Act of 1964<sup id="cite_ref-cra64_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cra64-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by authorizing the appointment of federal voting examiners in areas that did not meet voter-participation requirements. The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Services_Act_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965</a> abolished the national-origin quotas in immigration law. The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a> banned housing discrimination and extended constitutional protections to <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> on <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>. </p><p>Johnson recognized the benefits and costs of passing civil rights legislation. His support for the 1964 Civil Rights Act was despite his personal opinions on racial matters, as Johnson regularly articulated thoughts and disparaging language against racial minorities, including against African-Americans and Asians.<sup id="cite_ref-msnbc.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msnbc.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar and biographer Robert Caro suggested that Johnson used racially charged language to appease legislators in an effort to pass civil rights laws, including adapting how he said the word 'negro' based upon where the legislator's district was located.<sup id="cite_ref-msnbc.com_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msnbc.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"War_On_Poverty""><span id="The_.22War_On_Poverty.22"></span>The "War On Poverty"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The "War On Poverty""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_on_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Poverty">War on Poverty</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signing_of_the_EOA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Signing_of_the_EOA.jpg/300px-Signing_of_the_EOA.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Signing_of_the_EOA.jpg/450px-Signing_of_the_EOA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Signing_of_the_EOA.jpg/600px-Signing_of_the_EOA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3929" /></a><figcaption>The August 1964 signing of the Poverty Bill</figcaption></figure> <p>The most ambitious and controversial part of the Great Society was its initiative to end poverty. The Kennedy Administration had been contemplating a federal effort against poverty. Johnson, who, as a teacher, had observed extreme poverty in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> among <a href="/wiki/Mexican-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican-American">Mexican-Americans</a>, launched an "unconditional war on poverty" in the first months of his presidency with the goal of eliminating hunger, illiteracy, and unemployment from American life. The centerpiece of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Poverty">War on Poverty</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act_of_1964" title="Economic Opportunity Act of 1964">Economic Opportunity Act of 1964</a>, which created an <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Economic_Opportunity" title="Office of Economic Opportunity">Office of Economic Opportunity</a> (OEO) to oversee a variety of community-based antipoverty programs. </p><p>Federal funds were provided for special education schemes in slum areas, including help in paying for books and transport, while financial aid was also provided for slum clearances and rebuilding city areas. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Regional_Development_Act" title="Appalachian Regional Development Act">Appalachian Regional Development Act</a> of 1965 created jobs in one of the most impoverished regions of the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 provided various methods through which young people from poor homes could receive job training and higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OEO reflected a fragile consensus among policymakers that the best way to deal with poverty was not simply to raise the incomes of the poor but to help them better themselves through education, job training, and community development. Central to its mission was the idea of "<a href="/wiki/Community_Action_Agencies" title="Community Action Agencies">community action</a>", the participation of the poor in framing and administering the programs designed to help them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Programs">Programs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The War on Poverty began with a $1 billion appropriation in 1964 and spent another $2 billion in the following two years. It gave rise to dozens of programs, among them the <a href="/wiki/Job_Corps" title="Job Corps">Job Corps</a>, whose purpose was to help disadvantaged youth develop marketable skills; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neighborhood_Youth_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neighborhood Youth Corps (page does not exist)">Neighborhood Youth Corps</a>, established to give poor urban youths work experience and to encourage them to stay in school; <a href="/wiki/Volunteers_in_Service_to_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteers in Service to America">Volunteers in Service to America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volunteers_in_Service_to_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteers in Service to America">VISTA</a>), a domestic version of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a>, which placed concerned citizens with community-based agencies to work towards empowerment of the poor; the <a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model Cities Program</a> for urban redevelopment; <a href="/wiki/Upward_Bound" title="Upward Bound">Upward Bound</a>, which assisted poor high school students entering college; legal services for the poor; and the <a href="/wiki/Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964" title="Food Stamp Act of 1964">Food Stamp Act of 1964</a> (which expanded the federal food stamp program).<sup id="cite_ref-adaction1964_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adaction1964-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Programs included the <a href="/wiki/Community_Action_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Action Program">Community Action Program</a>, which initiated local <a href="/wiki/Community_Action_Agencies" title="Community Action Agencies">Community Action Agencies</a> charged with helping the poor become self-sufficient; and Project <a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Start (education)">Head Start</a>, which offered preschool education for poor children. In addition, funding was provided for the establishment of community health centers to expand access to health care,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while major amendments were made to <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> in 1965 and 1967 which significantly increased benefits, expanded coverage, and established new programs to combat poverty and raise living standards.<sup id="cite_ref-ssa_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssa-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, average AFDC payments were 35% higher in 1968 than in 1960, but remained insufficient and uneven.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important educational component of the Great Society was the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act" title="Elementary and Secondary Education Act">Elementary and Secondary Education Act</a> of 1965, designed by Commissioner of Education <a href="/wiki/Francis_Keppel" title="Francis Keppel">Francis Keppel</a>. It was signed into law on April 11, 1965, less than three months after it was introduced. It ended a long-standing political taboo by providing significant federal aid to public education, initially allocating more than $1 billion to help schools purchase materials and start special education programs to schools with a high concentration of low-income children. During its first year of operation, the Act authorized a $1.1 billion program of grants to states, for allocations to school districts with large numbers of children of low-income families, funds to use community facilities for education within the entire community, funds to improve educational research and to strengthen state departments of education, and grants for the purchase of books and library materials.<sup id="cite_ref-adaction1965_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adaction1965-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act also established <a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Start (education)">Head Start</a>, which had originally been started by the Office of Economic Opportunity as an eight-week summer program, as a permanent program. </p><p>The Higher Education Facilities Act of 1963, which was signed into law by Johnson a month after becoming president,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> authorized several times more college aid within a five-year period than had been appropriated under the Land Grant College in a century. It provided better college libraries, ten to twenty new graduate centers, several new technical institutes, classrooms for several hundred thousand students, and twenty-five to thirty new community colleges a year.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This major piece of legislation was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965" title="Higher Education Act of 1965">Higher Education Act of 1965</a>, which increased federal money given to universities, created scholarships and low-interest loans for students, and established a national <a href="/wiki/Teacher_Corps" title="Teacher Corps">Teacher Corps</a> to provide teachers to poverty-stricken areas of the United States. The Act also began a transition from federally funded institutional assistance to individual student aid. </p><p>In 1964, basic improvements in the National Defense Education Act were achieved, and total funds available to educational institutions were increased. The yearly limit on loans to graduate and professional students was raised from $1,000 to $2,500, and the aggregate limit was raised from $5,000 to $10,000. The program was extended to include geography, history, reading, English, and civics, and guidance and counseling programs were extended to elementary and public junior high schools.<sup id="cite_ref-adaction1964_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adaction1964-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_Education_Act" title="Bilingual Education Act">Bilingual Education Act</a> of 1968 offered federal aid to local school districts in assisting them to address the needs of children with limited English-speaking ability until it expired in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Great Society programs also provided support for postgraduate clinical training for both nurses and physicians committed to work with disadvantaged patients in rural and urban health clinics.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medicare">Medicare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medicare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare (United States)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_signs_Medicare_Bill_at_the_Harry_S._Truman_Library,_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_signs_Medicare_Bill_at_the_Harry_S._Truman_Library%2C_1965.jpg/300px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_signs_Medicare_Bill_at_the_Harry_S._Truman_Library%2C_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_signs_Medicare_Bill_at_the_Harry_S._Truman_Library%2C_1965.jpg/450px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_signs_Medicare_Bill_at_the_Harry_S._Truman_Library%2C_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_signs_Medicare_Bill_at_the_Harry_S._Truman_Library%2C_1965.jpg/600px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_signs_Medicare_Bill_at_the_Harry_S._Truman_Library%2C_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>President Johnson signs the Social Security Act of 1965.</figcaption></figure> <p>On August 31, 1964, an amendment to the proposed Social Security Amendments of 1964, which further increased the proposed level of Social Security benefits and added hospital insurance to the program, was passed in the Senate by a vote of 49 to 44. The following day the entire bill passed the Senate by 60 to 28 votes. Following this vote, as noted by one study, "Seeking to ensure that the health insurance proposal emerge from the conference committee as part of the report, the administration flirted with an effort to have the full House of Representatives vote to instruct the conference to yield to the Senate version. Though the health insurance provision appeared to have majority support in the House, the tactic did not, and the idea was dropped. Sure enough, the House conferees voted 3 to 2 against the Senate health provision; the Senate conferees voted 4 to 3 to accept a bill only if Medicare were included."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medicare finally came about with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security Act of 1965">Social Security Act of 1965</a> which authorized <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> and provided federal funding for many of the medical costs of older Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation overcame the bitter resistance, particularly from the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>, to the idea of <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">publicly funded health care</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Socialized_medicine" title="Socialized medicine">socialized medicine</a>" by making its benefits available to everyone over sixty-five, regardless of need, and by linking payments to the existing private insurance system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medicaid">Medicaid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Medicaid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a></div> <p>In 1966 welfare recipients of all ages received medical care through the <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> program. Medicaid was created on July 30, 1965, under Title XIX of the Social Security Act of 1965. Each state administers its own Medicaid program while the federal <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services">Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services</a> (CMS) monitors the state-run programs and establishes requirements for service delivery, quality, funding, and eligibility standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neighborhood_health_centers">Neighborhood health centers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Neighborhood health centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964's Community Action Program, as noted by one study, "hospitals, medical schools, community groups, and health departments received grants to plan and administer neighborhood health centers in low-income areas." One hundred neighborhood health centers had been set up under the Economic Opportunity Act by 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welfare">Welfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of changes were made to the Social Security program in terms of both coverage and adequacy of benefits. The Tax Adjustment Act of 1966 included a provision for special payments under the social security program to certain uninsured individuals aged 72 and over. The Social Security Amendments of 1965 included a 7% increase in cash benefits, a liberalization of the definition of disability, a liberalization of the amount a person can earn and still get full benefits (the so-called retirement test), payment of benefits to eligible children aged 18–21 who are attending school, payment of benefits to widows at age 60 on an actuarially reduced basis, coverage of self-employed physicians, coverage of tips as wages, liberalization of insured-status requirements for persons already aged 72 or over, an increase to $6,600 the amount of earnings counted for contribution and benefit purposes (the contribution and benefit base), and an increase in the contribution rate schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-ssa_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssa-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Social Security Amendments of 1967 included a 13% increase in old-age, survivors, and disability insurance benefits, with a minimum monthly benefit of $55 for a person retiring at or after age-65 (or receiving disability benefits), an increase from $35 to $40 in the special age-72 payments, an increase from $1,500 to $1,680 in the amount a person may earn in a year and still get full benefits for that year, monthly cash benefits for disabled widows and disabled dependent widowers at age 50 at reduced rates, a liberalization of the eligibility requirements for benefits for dependents and Survivors of women workers, and an alternative insured-status test for workers disabled before age 31.<sup id="cite_ref-ssa_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssa-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, new guidelines for determining eligibility for disability insurance benefits, additional non-contributory wage credits for servicemen, broadened coverage of clergy and members of religious orders who have not taken a vow of poverty, and an increase in the contribution and benefit base from $6,600 to $7,800, beginning in 1968. In addition, the Social Security Amendments of 1967 provided the first major amendments of Medicare. These social security amendments extended the coverage of the program to include certain services previously excluded, simplified reimbursement procedures under both the hospital and medical insurance plans, and facilitated the administrative procedures concerning general enrollment periods.<sup id="cite_ref-ssa_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssa-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Food Stamp Act of 1964 made the program permanent, while the Social Security Amendments of 1967 specified that at least 6% of monies for maternal and child health should be spent on family planning. By 1967, the federal government began requiring state health departments to make contraceptives available to all adults who were poor. Meal programs for low-income senior citizens began in 1965, with the federal government providing funding for "congregate meals" and "home-delivered meals."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Child Nutrition Act, passed in 1966, made improvements to nutritional assistance to children such as in the introduction of the School Breakfast Program.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_arts_and_cultural_institutions">The arts and cultural institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The arts and cultural institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Johnson promoted the arts in terms of social betterment, not artistic creativity. He typically emphasized qualitative and quantitative goals, especially the power of the arts to improve the quality of life of ordinary Americans and to reduce the inequalities between the haves and the have-nots. Karen Patricia Heath observes that, "Johnson personally was not much interested in the acquisition of knowledge, cultural or otherwise, for its own sake, nor did he have time for art appreciation or meeting with artists."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Endowments_for_the_arts_and_the_humanities">National Endowments for the arts and the humanities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: National Endowments for the arts and the humanities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1965, Johnson signed the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act into law, creating both the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> as separate, independent agencies. Lobbying for federally funded arts and humanities support began during the Kennedy Administration. In 1963 three scholarly and educational organizations—the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), the Council of Graduate Schools in America, and the United Chapters of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>—joined to establish the National Commission on the Humanities. In June 1964, the commission released a report that suggested that the emphasis placed on science endangered the study of the humanities from elementary schools through postgraduate programs. To correct the balance, it recommended "the establishment by the President and the Congress of the United States of a National Humanities Foundation."<sup id="cite_ref-neh_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neh-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1964, Representative <a href="/wiki/William_S._Moorhead" title="William S. Moorhead">William S. Moorhead</a> of Pennsylvania proposed legislation to implement the commission's recommendations. Support from the White House followed in September, when Johnson lent his endorsement during a speech at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>. In March 1965, the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> proposed the establishment of a National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities and requested $20 million in start-up funds. The commission's report had generated other proposals, but the White House's approach eclipsed them. The administration's plan, which called for the creation of two separate agencies each advised by a governing body, was the version that the Congress approved. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> dramatically expanded funding for NEH and NEA.<sup id="cite_ref-neh_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neh-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_broadcasting">Public broadcasting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a></div> <p>After the First National Conference on Long-Range Financing of Educational Television Stations in December 1964 called for a study of the role of noncommercial education television in society, the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Corporation">Carnegie Corporation</a> agreed to finance the work of a 15-member national commission. Its landmark report, <i>Public Television: A Program for Action,</i> published on January 26, 1967, popularized the phrase "public television" and assisted the legislative campaign for federal aid. The <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act of 1967</a>, enacted less than 10 months later, chartered the <a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting" title="Corporation for Public Broadcasting">Corporation for Public Broadcasting</a> as a private, non-profit corporation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The law initiated federal aid through the CPB for the operation, as opposed to the funding of capital facilities, of public broadcasting. The CPB initially collaborated with the pre-existing <a href="/wiki/National_Educational_Television" title="National Educational Television">National Educational Television</a> system, but in 1969 decided to start the <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a> (PBS). A public radio study commissioned by the CPB and the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> and conducted from 1968 to 1969 led to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>, a public radio system under the terms of the amended Public Broadcasting Act.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_centers">Cultural centers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cultural centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two long-planned national cultural and arts facilities received federal funding that would allow for their completion through Great Society legislation. A National Cultural Center, suggested during the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> Administration and created by a bipartisan law signed by <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>, was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Center">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a>, a living memorial to the assassinated president. Fundraising for the original cultural center had been poor prior to legislation creating the Kennedy Center, which passed two months after the president's death and provided $23 million for construction. The Kennedy Center opened in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1930s the U.S. Congress mandated a <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> art museum for the National Mall, and a design by <a href="/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen" title="Eliel Saarinen">Eliel Saarinen</a> was unveiled in 1939, but plans were shelved during World War II. A 1966 act of the U.S. Congress established the <a href="/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden" title="Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden">Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> with a focus on modern art, in contrast to the existing <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Art Gallery</a>. The museum was primarily federally funded, although New York financier <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hirshhorn" title="Joseph Hirshhorn">Joseph Hirshhorn</a> later contributed $1 million toward building construction, which began in 1969. The Hirshhorn opened in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transportation initiatives started during President Johnson's term in office included the consolidation of transportation agencies into a cabinet-level position under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The department was authorized by Congress on October 15, 1966, and began operations on April 1, 1967. Congress passed a variety of legislation to support improvements in transportation including The <a href="/wiki/Urban_Mass_Transportation_Act_of_1964" title="Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964">Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964</a> which provided $375 million for large-scale urban public or private rail projects in the form of matching funds to cities and states and created the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Mass_Transit_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Mass Transit Administration">Urban Mass Transit Administration</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration" title="Federal Transit Administration">Federal Transit Administration</a>), <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Ground_Transportation_Act_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965">High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965</a> which resulted in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Metroliner_(train)" title="Metroliner (train)">high-speed rail between New York and Washington</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act_of_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966">National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966</a>—a bill largely taken credit for by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a>, whose book <i><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_at_Any_Speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsafe at Any Speed">Unsafe at Any Speed</a></i> he claims helped inspire the legislation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_protection">Consumer protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Consumer protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1964, Johnson named Assistant Secretary of Labor <a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a> to be the first presidential assistant for consumer affairs. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_Labeling_and_Advertising_Act" title="Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act">Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act</a> of 1965 required packages to carry warning labels. The Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 set standards through creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fair_Packaging_and_Labeling_Act" title="Fair Packaging and Labeling Act">Fair Packaging and Labeling Act</a> requires products identify manufacturer, address, clearly mark quantity and servings. The statute also authorized the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health,_Education,_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare">HEW</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">FTC</a> to establish and define voluntary standard sizes. The original would have mandated uniform standards of size and weight for comparison shopping, but the final law only outlawed exaggerated size claims. </p><p>The Child Safety Act of 1966 prohibited any chemical so dangerous that no warning can make it safe. The Flammable Fabrics Act of 1967 set standards for children's sleepwear, but not baby blankets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wholesome_Meat_Act" title="Wholesome Meat Act">Wholesome Meat Act</a> of 1967 required inspection of meat which must meet federal standards. The <a href="/wiki/Truth-in-Lending_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth-in-Lending Act">Truth-in-Lending Act</a> of 1968 required lenders and credit providers to disclose the full cost of finance charges in both dollars and annual percentage rates, on installment loan and sales. The Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968 required inspection of poultry which must meet federal standards. The Land Sales Disclosure Act of 1968 provided safeguards against fraudulent practices in the sale of land. The Radiation Safety Act of 1968 provided standards and recalls for defective electronic products.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Califano_Jr." title="Joseph A. Califano Jr.">Joseph A. Califano Jr.</a> has suggested that the Great Society's main contribution to the environment was an extension of protections beyond those aimed at the conservation of untouched resources.<sup id="cite_ref-califano_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-califano-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a message he transmitted to Congress, President Johnson said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The air we breathe, our water, our soil and wildlife, are being blighted by poisons and chemicals which are the by-products of technology and industry. The society that receives the rewards of technology, must, as a cooperating whole, take responsibility for [their] control. To deal with these new problems will require a new conservation. We must not only protect the countryside and save it from destruction, we must restore what has been destroyed and salvage the beauty and charm of our cities. Our conservation must be not just the classic conservation of protection [against] development, but a creative conservation of restoration and innovation.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Special Message to the Congress on Conservation and Restoration of Natural Beauty; February 8, 1965<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>At the behest of Secretary of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Udall" title="Stewart Udall">Stewart Udall</a>, the Great Society included several new environmental laws to protect air and water. Environmental legislation enacted included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Water Quality Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act of 1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Act" title="Wilderness Act">Wilderness Act</a> of 1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Preservation_Act#Endangered_Species_Preservation_Act_of_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Preservation Act">Endangered Species Preservation Act</a> of 1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Trails_System_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trails System Act">National Trails System Act</a> of 1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild and Scenic Rivers Act">Wild and Scenic Rivers Act</a> of 1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_Water_Conservation_Fund_Act_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965">Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid Waste Disposal Act">Solid Waste Disposal Act</a> of 1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_Vehicle_Air_Pollution_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act">Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act</a> of 1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act" title="National Historic Preservation Act">National Historic Preservation Act</a> of 1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> of 1969</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 loans were authorized "to low income farm families for small farm improvements and nonfarm enterprises that would add to family income."<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year a Housing Act was introduced<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which improved the quality of the housing program by requiring minimum standards of code enforcement, providing assistance to dislocated families and small businesses and authorizing below market interest loans for rehabilitating housing in urban renewal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-adaction1964_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adaction1964-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, the rural housing program was converted to one largely funded on an insured-loan basis, which opened the way "for a great increase in volume of the program and expanded the loan program for rural waste systems to a loan and grant program for water and waste disposal systems, raising the maximum population of rural towns served to 5,500 and maximum financing per project to $4 million. In addition, the annual ceiling on insured loans for community facilities and farm ownership was increased from $200 million to $450 million. New housing legislation in 1966 removed a 62-year age minimum "on tenants of low income rural rent housing financed through the agency, and on borrowers obtaining individual housing loans on the basis of cosigners. It also authorized FmHa to finance purchase of newly-constructed homes."<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 included important elements such as rent subsidies for low-income families, rehabilitation grants to enable low-income homeowners in urban renewal areas to improve their homes instead of relocating elsewhere, and improved and extended benefits for relocation payments.<sup id="cite_ref-adaction1965_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adaction1965-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Demonstration Cities Act of 1966 established a new program for comprehensive neighborhood renewal, with an emphasis on strategic investments in housing renovation, urban services, neighborhood facilities, and job creation activities.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_development">Rural development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rural development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of measures were introduced to improve socio-economic conditions in rural areas. Under Title III of the 1964 Economic Opportunity Act, Special Programs to Combat Rural Poverty, the Office for Economic Opportunity was authorized to act as a lender of last resort for rural families who needed money to help them permanently increase their earning capacity. Loans could be made to purchase land, improve the operation of family farms, allow participation in cooperative ventures, and finance non-agricultural business enterprises, while local cooperatives which served low-income rural families could apply for another category of loans for similar purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Title III also made loans and grants available to local groups to improve housing, education, and child care services for migrant farm workers, while Titles I and II also included potentially important programs for rural development. Title I established the Job Corps which enrolled school dropouts in community service projects: 40% of the corpsmen were to work in a Youth Conservation Corps to carry out resource conservation, beautification, and development projects in the National Forests and countryside. Arguably more important for rural areas were the Community Action Programs authorized by Title II. Federal money was allocated to States according to their needs for job training, housing, health, and welfare assistance, and the States were then to distribute their shares of the Community Action grants on the basis of proposals from local public or non-profit private groups.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 reorganized the Areas Redevelopment Administration (ARA) into the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Development_Administration" title="Economic Development Administration">Economic Development Administration</a> (EDA), and authorized $3.3 billion over 5 years while specifying seven criteria for eligibility. The list included low median family income, but the 6% or higher unemployment applied to the greatest number of areas, while the Act also mentioned outmigration from rural areas as a criterion. In an attempt to go beyond what one writer described as "ARA's failed scattershot approach" of providing aid to individual counties and inspired by the European model of regional development, the EDA encouraged counties to form Economic Development Districts (EDDs) as it was recognized that individual distressed counties (called RAs or Redevelopment Areas) lacked sufficient resources for their own development.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EDDs encompassed from 5 to 15 counties and both planned and implemented development with EDA funding and technical assistance, and each EDD had a "growth center" (another concept borrowed from Europe) called a redevelopment center if it was located in an RA or development center if in another county. With the exception of the growth centers, EDD counties were ineligible for assistance unless they were RAs, but they were all expected to benefit from "coordinated districtwide development planning."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor">Labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of measures concerning labor were also introduced during Johnson's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amendments made to the 1931 Davis-Bacon Act in 1964 extended the prevailing wage provisions to cover fringe benefits,<sup id="cite_ref-illinois.edu_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illinois.edu-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while several increases were made to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_minimum_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal minimum wage">federal minimum wage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Service Contract Act of 1965 provided for minimum wages and fringe benefits as well as other conditions of work for contractors under certain types of service contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comprehensive minimum rate hike was also signed into law that extended the coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a> to about 9.1 million additional workers.<sup id="cite_ref-illinois.edu_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illinois.edu-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservative_opposition">Conservative opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Conservative opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1966 midterm elections, the Republicans made major gains in part through a challenge to the "War on Poverty." Large-scale civic unrest in the inner-city was escalating (reaching a climax in 1968), strengthened demand for <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urban white ethnics who had been an important part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="New Deal Coalition">New Deal Coalition</a> felt abandoned by the Democratic Party's concentration on racial minorities. Republican candidates ignored more popular programs, such as Medicare or the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and focused their attacks on less popular programs. Furthermore, Republicans made an effort to avoid the stigma of negativism and elitism that had dogged them since the days of the New Deal, and instead proposed well-crafted alternatives—such as their "Opportunity Crusade."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was a major gain of 47 House seats for the GOP in the <a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966 United States House of Representatives elections</a> that put the conservative coalition of Republicans and Southern Democrats back in business.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite conservatives who attacked Johnson's Great Society making major gains in Congress in <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1966">the 1966 midterm elections</a>, and with anger and frustration mounting over the Vietnam War, Johnson was still able to secure the passage of additional programs during his last two years in office. Laws were passed to extend the Food Stamp Program, to expand consumer protection, to improve safety standards, to train health professionals, to assist handicapped Americans, and to further urban programs.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pens_used_to_sign_civil_rights_legislation_by_LBJ._LBJ_Library,_Austin,_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pens_used_to_sign_civil_rights_legislation_by_LBJ._LBJ_Library%2C_Austin%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Pens_used_to_sign_civil_rights_legislation_by_LBJ._LBJ_Library%2C_Austin%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pens_used_to_sign_civil_rights_legislation_by_LBJ._LBJ_Library%2C_Austin%2C_Texas.jpg/330px-Pens_used_to_sign_civil_rights_legislation_by_LBJ._LBJ_Library%2C_Austin%2C_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pens_used_to_sign_civil_rights_legislation_by_LBJ._LBJ_Library%2C_Austin%2C_Texas.jpg/440px-Pens_used_to_sign_civil_rights_legislation_by_LBJ._LBJ_Library%2C_Austin%2C_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption>The pens used by President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> to sign Great Society legislation</figcaption></figure> <p>Interpretations of the War on Poverty remain controversial. The Office of Economic Opportunity was dismantled by the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> administrations, largely by transferring poverty programs to other government departments.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding for many of these programs was further cut in President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gramm-Latta_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramm-Latta Budget">Gramm-Latta Budget</a> in 1981.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brinkley" title="Alan Brinkley">Alan Brinkley</a> has suggested that "the gap between the expansive intentions of the War on Poverty and its relatively modest achievements fueled later conservative arguments that government is not an appropriate vehicle for solving social problems."<sup id="cite_ref-Brinkley_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brinkley-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Johnson's aides, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Califano_Jr." title="Joseph A. Califano Jr.">Joseph A. Califano Jr.</a>, has countered that "from 1963 when <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> took office until 1970 as the impact of his Great Society programs were felt, the portion of Americans living below the poverty line dropped from 22.2 percent to 12.6 percent, the most dramatic decline over such a brief period in this century."<sup id="cite_ref-califano_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-califano-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the long run, statistical analysis shows that the Official Poverty Rate fell from 19.5 percent in 1963 to 12.3 percent in 2017. However, using a broader definition that includes cash income, taxes, and major in-kind transfers and inflation rates, the "Full-income Poverty Rate" based on President Johnson's standards fell from 19.5 percent to 2.3 percent over that period.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The percentage of African Americans below the poverty line dropped from 55 percent in 1960 to 27 percent in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1964 to 1967, federal expenditures on education rose from $4 billion to $12 billion, while spending on health rose from $5 billion to $16 billion. By that time, the federal government was spending $4,000 per annum on each poor family of four, four times as much as in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to economists like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a>, Johnson's Great Society policies led to the dismantling of the Black nuclear family.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of strikingly higher rates of single motherhood has led to lower outcomes in Black children across the board.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Big society">Big society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_group_liberalism" title="Interest group liberalism">Interest group liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social programs in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">Social safety net</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Page_numbers_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg/40px-Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg/60px-Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg/80px-Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.library.ohio.edu/digital/collection/archives/id/40947/">"U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson visits Ohio University, film, May 7, 1964"</a>. <i>media.library.ohio.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=media.library.ohio.edu&rft.atitle=U.S.+President+Lyndon+B.+Johnson+visits+Ohio+University%2C+film%2C+May+7%2C+1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.library.ohio.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Farchives%2Fid%2F40947%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelizer,_Julian_E.2015" class="citation book cs1">Zelizer, Julian E. (2015). <i>The fierce urgency of now : Lyndon Johnson, Congress, and the battle for the Great Society</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-434-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-434-0"><bdi>978-1-59420-434-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881094066">881094066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fierce+urgency+of+now+%3A+Lyndon+Johnson%2C+Congress%2C+and+the+battle+for+the+Great+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881094066&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-434-0&rft.au=Zelizer%2C+Julian+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Life</i>, November 5, 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nation's Business A Useful Look Ahead January 1966 Vol. 54 No. 1, P.73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley,_Jason_L.2008" class="citation book cs1">Riley, Jason L. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letthemincasefor00rile"><i>Let Them In: The Case for Open Borders</i></a></span>. Gotham Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letthemincasefor00rile/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592403493" title="Special:BookSources/9781592403493"><bdi>9781592403493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+Them+In%3A+The+Case+for+Open+Borders&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Gotham+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781592403493&rft.au=Riley%2C+Jason+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fletthemincasefor00rile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1964" title="Revenue Act of 1964">Revenue Act of 1964</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chafe, William H. <i>The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26225&st=&st1">"President Johnson's speech at Ohio University, May 7, 1964"</a>. The American Presidency Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Johnson%27s+speech+at+Ohio+University%2C+May+7%2C+1964&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D26225%26st%3D%26st1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020602041420/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/640522.asp">"President Johnson's speech at the University of Michigan from the LBJ Library"</a>. Lbjlib.utexas.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/640522.asp">the original</a> on June 2, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Johnson%27s+speech+at+the+University+of+Michigan+from+the+LBJ+Library&rft.pub=Lbjlib.utexas.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbjlib.utexas.edu%2Fjohnson%2Farchives.hom%2Fspeeches.hom%2F640522.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods_557-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woods_557_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods_557_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, Randall (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x6EcuyDFukoC&pg=PA557">LBJ: Architect of American Ambition</a></i>. Simon and Schuster. p. 557. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1416593314" title="Special:BookSources/1416593314">1416593314</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1985" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Nancy Kegan (1985). "Presidential Task Force Operation during the Johnson Administration". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 320–329. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27550209">27550209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Presidential+Task+Force+Operation+during+the+Johnson+Administration&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=320-329&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27550209%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Kegan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013144109/http://cisupa.proquest.com/ksc_assets/catalog/101686.pdf"><i>Task Force Reports of the Johnson White House, 1963–1969</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. LexisNexis. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88692-654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88692-654-0"><bdi>978-0-88692-654-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cisupa.proquest.com/ksc_assets/catalog/101686.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Task+Force+Reports+of+the+Johnson+White+House%2C+1963%E2%80%931969&rft.pub=LexisNexis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-88692-654-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcisupa.proquest.com%2Fksc_assets%2Fcatalog%2F101686.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaugessDeBolt2011" class="citation book cs1">Baugess, James S.; DeBolt, Abbe Allen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JscEZeXBsZYC&pg=PA261"><i>Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32944-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32944-9"><bdi>978-0-313-32944-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Sixties%3A+A+Decade+of+Culture+and+Counterculture&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32944-9&rft.aulast=Baugess&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft.au=DeBolt%2C+Abbe+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJscEZeXBsZYC%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cra64-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cra64_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cra64_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cra64_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101021141154/http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21">"Civil Rights Act of 1964"</a>. Finduslaw.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21">the original</a> on October 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964&rft.pub=Finduslaw.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinduslaw.com%2Fcivil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dollinger2001-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2001_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollinger2001" class="citation journal cs1">Dollinger, Marc (December 2001). "The other War: American Jews, Lyndon Johnson, and the Great Society". <i>American Jewish History</i>. <b>89</b> (4): 437–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajh.2001.0062">10.1353/ajh.2001.0062</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154781969">154781969</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA92805458">A92805458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+History&rft.atitle=The+other+War%3A+American+Jews%2C+Lyndon+Johnson%2C+and+the+Great+Society&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=437-463&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fajh.2001.0062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154781969%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dollinger&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unger104-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unger104_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Unger" title="Irwin Unger">Unger, Irwin</a> (1996). <i>The Best of Intentions: The Triumphs and Failures of the Great Society Under Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon</i>. Doubleday. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46833-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46833-6"><bdi>978-0-385-46833-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+Intentions%3A+The+Triumphs+and+Failures+of+the+Great+Society+Under+Kennedy%2C+Johnson%2C+and+Nixon&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-385-46833-6&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mara2018" class="citation news cs1">O'Mara, Margaret (5 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/05/opinion/google-facebook-privacy.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage">"The End of Privacy Began in the 1960s"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Privacy+Began+in+the+1960s&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft.aulast=O%27Mara&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F05%2Fopinion%2Fgoogle-facebook-privacy.html%3Faction%3Dclick%26module%3DOpinion%26pgtype%3DHomepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgo2018" class="citation book cs1">Igo, Sarah E. (2018-05-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CrNyDwAAQBAJ&q=%22national+data+bank%22+%22lyndon+johnson%22&pg=PT357"><i>The Known Citizen: A History of Privacy in Modern America</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674985193" title="Special:BookSources/9780674985193"><bdi>9780674985193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Known+Citizen%3A+A+History+of+Privacy+in+Modern+America&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018-05-07&rft.isbn=9780674985193&rft.aulast=Igo&rft.aufirst=Sarah+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCrNyDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522national%2Bdata%2Bbank%2522%2B%2522lyndon%2Bjohnson%2522%26pg%3DPT357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brinkley-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brinkley_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brinkley_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Brinkley, "Great Society" in <i>The Reader's Companion to American History</i>, Eric Foner and John Arthur Garraty eds., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-51372-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-51372-3">0-395-51372-3</a>, Houghton Mifflin Books, p. 472</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msnbc.com-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-msnbc.com_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msnbc.com_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerwer2014" class="citation news cs1">Serwer, Adam (11 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/lyndon-johnson-civil-rights-racism-msna305591">"Lyndon Johnson was a civil rights hero. But also a racist"</a>. <i>MSNBC.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSNBC.com&rft.atitle=Lyndon+Johnson+was+a+civil+rights+hero.+But+also+a+racist.&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft.aulast=Serwer&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.com%2Fmsnbc%2Flyndon-johnson-civil-rights-racism-msna305591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, Norman. <i>Mastering Modern World History.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adaction1964-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adaction1964_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adaction1964_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adaction1964_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528223644/http://www.adaction.org/media/votingrecords/1964.pdf">"Voting Record-88th Congress, 2nd Session"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ADA World</i>. Americans for Democratic Action. October 1964. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaction.org/media/votingrecords/1964.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ADA+World&rft.atitle=Voting+Record-88th+Congress%2C+2nd+Session&rft.date=1964-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaction.org%2Fmedia%2Fvotingrecords%2F1964.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rachman, Fred D. (August 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921130826/http://healthit.hhs.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_0_7730_3079_20787_43/http%3B/wci-pubcontent/publish/onc/public_communities/_content/files/rachman_quality_wg_testimony_102810.pdf">"Quality Measures Workgroup Testimony"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Alliance of Chicago Community Health Services. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthit.hhs.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_0_7730_3079_20787_43/http%3B/wci-pubcontent/publish/onc/public_communities/_content/files/rachman_quality_wg_testimony_102810.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quality+Measures+Workgroup+Testimony&rft.date=2010-08-28&rft.aulast=Rachman&rft.aufirst=Fred+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealthit.hhs.gov%2Fportal%2Fserver.pt%2Fgateway%2FPTARGS_0_0_7730_3079_20787_43%2Fhttp%253B%2Fwci-pubcontent%2Fpublish%2Fonc%2Fpublic_communities%2F_content%2Ffiles%2Frachman_quality_wg_testimony_102810.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssa-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssa_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssa_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssa_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssa_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssa.gov/history/ssa/lbjleg1.html">"History of SSA During the Johnson Administration 1963–1968"</a>. Social Security Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+SSA+During+the+Johnson+Administration+1963%E2%80%931968&rft.pub=Social+Security+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fssa%2Flbjleg1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Backlash against welfare mothers: past and present by Ellen Reese</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adaction1965-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adaction1965_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adaction1965_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023300/http://www.adaction.org/media/votingrecords/1965.pdf">"Voting Record-89th Congress, 1st Session"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ADA World</i>. Americans for Democratic Action. November 1965. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaction.org/media/votingrecords/1965.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ADA+World&rft.atitle=Voting+Record-89th+Congress%2C+1st+Session&rft.date=1965-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaction.org%2Fmedia%2Fvotingrecords%2F1965.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26387#axzz1ew5Ba2Da">Lyndon B. Johnson: Remarks Upon Signing the Higher Education Facilities Act</a>. Presidency.ucsb.edu (December 16, 1963). Retrieved July 15, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy by Theodore C. Sorensen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/T7obit.htm">The Bilingual Education Act </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060807173602/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/T7obit.htm">Archived</a> 2006-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairman2009" class="citation book cs1">Fairman, Julie (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwG25RFlhGUC&q=great+society+Bureau+of+Work+Training+Programs&pg=PA51"><i>Making Room in the Clinic: Nurse Practitioners and the Evolution of Modern ...</i></a> Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813545028" title="Special:BookSources/9780813545028"><bdi>9780813545028</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Room+in+the+Clinic%3A+Nurse+Practitioners+and+the+Evolution+of+Modern+...&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2009-08&rft.isbn=9780813545028&rft.aulast=Fairman&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwG25RFlhGUC%26q%3Dgreat%2Bsociety%2BBureau%2Bof%2BWork%2BTraining%2BPrograms%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Battle for Social Security From FDR's Vision To Bush's Gamble By Nancy J. Altman, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=99">"Social Security Act Amendments (1965)"</a>. Ourdocuments.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Security+Act+Amendments+%281965%29&rft.pub=Ourdocuments.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourdocuments.gov%2Fdoc.php%3Fdoc%3D99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of Health Services Research: Ed. by Ross M. Mullner edited by Ross M. Mullner, P.201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nachc.org/about-nachc/history-of-nachc/">"History of Community Health Centers"</a>. <i>National Association of Community Health Centers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>The first Community Health Centers (originally called Neighborhood Health Centers) were funded as a demonstration project under the Federal Office of Economic Opportunity, the lead federal agency in President Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Association+of+Community+Health+Centers&rft.atitle=History+of+Community+Health+Centers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nachc.org%2Fabout-nachc%2Fhistory-of-nachc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreenivasan2009" class="citation book cs1">Sreenivasan, Jyotsna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yk5NI69ZO9sC&q=food+stamp+act+1964+provisions&pg=PA88"><i>Poverty and the Government in America</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598841688" title="Special:BookSources/9781598841688"><bdi>9781598841688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+the+Government+in+America&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781598841688&rft.aulast=Sreenivasan&rft.aufirst=Jyotsna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyk5NI69ZO9sC%26q%3Dfood%2Bstamp%2Bact%2B1964%2Bprovisions%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813211140/http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/lunch/aboutlunch/programhistory_6.htm">"Child Nutrition Act of 1966 - Food and Nutrition Service"</a>. <i>usda.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usda.gov&rft.atitle=Child+Nutrition+Act+of+1966+-+Food+and+Nutrition+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fns.usda.gov%2Fcnd%2Flunch%2Faboutlunch%2Fprogramhistory_6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2017" class="citation journal cs1">Heath, Karen Patricia (1 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:648dbe27-79fa-4a83-abef-64a4f656619d">"Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Society liberalism"</a>. <i>European Journal of American Culture</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 5–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fejac.36.1.5_1">10.1386/ejac.36.1.5_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164923622">164923622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+American+Culture&rft.atitle=Artistic+scarcity+in+an+age+of+material+abundance%3A+President+Lyndon+Johnson%2C+the+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts%2C+and+Great+Society+liberalism&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-22&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fejac.36.1.5_1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164923622%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Karen+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A648dbe27-79fa-4a83-abef-64a4f656619d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neh-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neh_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-neh_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305215642/http://www.neh.gov/nehat40/founding/">"How NEH got its start"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dotlibrary.dot.gov/Historian/history.htm">the original</a> on July 17, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Department+of+Transportation%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Transportation&rft.aulast=Grinder&rft.aufirst=R.+Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdotlibrary.dot.gov%2FHistorian%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-califano-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-califano_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-califano_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/1999/9910.califano.html">What Was Really Great About The Great Society: The truth behind the conservative myths</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326175845/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/1999/9910.califano.html">Archived</a> 2014-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Joseph A. Califano Jr.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1965" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Lyndon B. 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(1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cm_8yPD1uUC&q=demonstration+cities+program+1966&pg=PA20"><i>Reality and Research: Social Science and U.S. Urban Policy Since 1960</i></a>. The Urban Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877666394" title="Special:BookSources/9780877666394"><bdi>9780877666394</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reality+and+Research%3A+Social+Science+and+U.S.+Urban+Policy+Since+1960&rft.pub=The+Urban+Institute&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780877666394&rft.aulast=Galster&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Cm_8yPD1uUC%26q%3Ddemonstration%2Bcities%2Bprogram%2B1966%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConley2002" class="citation book cs1">Conley, Richard Steven (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXB5QneDfVQC&q=88th+Congress+welfare&pg=PA225"><i>The Presidency, Congress, and Divided Government: A Postwar Assessment</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603446815" title="Special:BookSources/9781603446815"><bdi>9781603446815</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency%2C+Congress%2C+and+Divided+Government%3A+A+Postwar+Assessment&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781603446815&rft.aulast=Conley&rft.aufirst=Richard+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXB5QneDfVQC%26q%3D88th%2BCongress%2Bwelfare%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Dennis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824082628/http://www.nal.usda.gov/ric/ricpubs/rural_development_chap5.pdf">"The Johnson Administration and the Great Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federal Rural Development Policy in the Twentieth Century</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Johnson+Administration+and+the+Great+Society&rft.btitle=Federal+Rural+Development+Policy+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nal.usda.gov%2Fric%2Fricpubs%2Frural_development_chap5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077850876&view=1up&seq=3">Annual digest of state and federal labor legislation 1963</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077850892&view=1up&seq=3">Annual digest of state and federal labor legislation 1964</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077884818&view=1up&seq=3">Annual digest of state and federal labor legislation 1965-1966</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077884826&view=1up&seq=3">Annual digest of state and federal labor legislation 1967</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-illinois.edu-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-illinois.edu_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-illinois.edu_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bruno, Robert (January 3–5, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130821090400/http://www.ler.illinois.edu/faculty/papers/bruno-presidentiallabor.pdf">"Presidential Labor Regimes: Democrats from Roosevelt to Clinton"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Presidential+Labor+Regimes%3A+Democrats+from+Roosevelt+to+Clinton&rft.date=1998-01-03%2F1998-01-05&rft.aulast=Bruno&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ler.illinois.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fpapers%2Fbruno-presidentiallabor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitterman2010" class="citation book cs1">Gitterman, Daniel P. (2010). <i>Boosting Paychecks: The Politics of Supporting America's Working Poor</i>. Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0458-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0458-4"><bdi>978-0-8157-0458-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boosting+Paychecks%3A+The+Politics+of+Supporting+America%27s+Working+Poor&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-0458-4&rft.aulast=Gitterman&rft.aufirst=Daniel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2012" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Bob (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLihciIedlgC&q=Service+Contract+Act+(SCA)+in+1965&pg=PT125"><i>The COR/COTR Answer Book, Thi - Bob Boyd</i></a>. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781567263732" title="Special:BookSources/9781567263732"><bdi>9781567263732</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+COR%2FCOTR+Answer+Book%2C+Thi+-+Bob+Boyd&rft.pub=Berrett-Koehler+Publishers&rft.date=2012-08&rft.isbn=9781567263732&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLihciIedlgC%26q%3DService%2BContract%2BAct%2B%28SCA%29%2Bin%2B1965%26pg%3DPT125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlamm2005" class="citation book cs1">Flamm, Michael W. (2005). <i>Law and Order: Street Crime, Civil Unrest, and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50972-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50972-5"><bdi>978-0-231-50972-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Order%3A+Street+Crime%2C+Civil+Unrest%2C+and+the+Crisis+of+Liberalism+in+the+1960s&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50972-5&rft.aulast=Flamm&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLay2019" class="citation journal cs1">McLay, Mark (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/188631/1/188631.pdf">"A High-Wire Crusade: Republicans and the War on Poverty, 1966"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Policy History</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 382–405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898030619000125">10.1017/S0898030619000125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197823008">197823008</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/728522">728522</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2239162451">2239162451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+History&rft.atitle=A+High-Wire+Crusade%3A+Republicans+and+the+War+on+Poverty%2C+1966&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=382-405&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898030619000125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197823008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McLay&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F188631%2F1%2F188631.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"1966 Elections–A Major Republican Comeback." in <i>CQ Almanac 1966</i> (22nd ed., 1967) pp 1387-88. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/cqal66-1299950">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.J. Heale, <i>The Sixties in America: History, Politics, and Protest</i> (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyDuquette2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Martha J.; Duquette, Nicolas J. (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266933">"How Johnson Fought the War on Poverty: The Economics and Politics of Funding at the Office of Economic Opportunity"</a>. <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>74</b> (2): 351–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022050714000291">10.1017/s0022050714000291</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266933">4266933</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25525279">25525279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=How+Johnson+Fought+the+War+on+Poverty%3A+The+Economics+and+Politics+of+Funding+at+the+Office+of+Economic+Opportunity&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=351-388&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4266933%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25525279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022050714000291&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Martha+J.&rft.au=Duquette%2C+Nicolas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4266933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkhauserCorinthElwellLarrimore2019" class="citation journal cs1">Burkhauser, Richard V.; Corinth, Kevin; Elwell, James; Larrimore, Jeff (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Burkhauser-Corinth-Elwell-Larrimore-President-Johnson-War-on-Poverty-WP-1.pdf">"Evaluating the Success of President Johnson's War on Poverty: Revisiting the Historical Record Using a Full-Income Poverty Measure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Enterprise Institute. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw26532">10.3386/w26532</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201338597">201338597</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3877009">3877009</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA612580996">A612580996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+Success+of+President+Johnson%27s+War+on+Poverty%3A+Revisiting+the+Historical+Record+Using+a+Full-Income+Poverty+Measure&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201338597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3877009%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw26532&rft.aulast=Burkhauser&rft.aufirst=Richard+V.&rft.au=Corinth%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Elwell%2C+James&rft.au=Larrimore%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F12%2FBurkhauser-Corinth-Elwell-Larrimore-President-Johnson-War-on-Poverty-WP-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggs2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Riggs, Thomas, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/PC3611087112/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=dc465ff1">"This graph shows the U.S. poverty rate from 1960 through 2012. President Lyndon Johnsons 'war on..."</a>. <i>Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History</i>. Gale in Context: Biography. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Gale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=This+graph+shows+the+U.S.+poverty+rate+from+1960+through+2012.+President+Lyndon+Johnsons+%27war+on...&rft.btitle=Gale+Encyclopedia+of+U.S.+Economic+History&rft.series=Gale+in+Context%3A+Biography&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FPC3611087112%2FGPS%3Fu%3Dwikipedia%26sid%3Dbookmark-GPS%26xid%3Ddc465ff1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintz2007" class="citation web cs1">Mintz, S (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116143323/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=372">"The Great Society and the Drive for Black Equality"</a>. <i>Digital History</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=372">the original</a> on January 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+History&rft.atitle=The+Great+Society+and+the+Drive+for+Black+Equality&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fdatabase%2Farticle_display.cfm%3FHHID%3D372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2007" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Randall (2007). <i>LBJ: Architect of American Ambition</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-9331-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-9331-7"><bdi>978-1-4165-9331-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LBJ%3A+Architect+of+American+Ambition&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-9331-7&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoynihan1992" class="citation journal cs1">Moynihan, Daniel (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalaffairs.com/public_interest/detail/how-the-great-society-destroyed-the-american-family">"How the Great Society "destroyed the American family"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Public Interest</i>: 53–64<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Interest&rft.atitle=How+the+Great+Society+%22destroyed+the+American+family%22&rft.pages=53-64&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Moynihan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalaffairs.com%2Fpublic_interest%2Fdetail%2Fhow-the-great-society-destroyed-the-american-family&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoeglein" class="citation web cs1">Goeglein, Timothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hc.edu/news-and-events/2017/02/28/great-society-wrought-fifty-years-later-marriage-family-poverty/">"What has the Great Society Wrought Fifty Years Later? Marriage, Family and Poverty"</a>. Houston Christian University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+has+the+Great+Society+Wrought+Fifty+Years+Later%3F+Marriage%2C+Family+and+Poverty&rft.pub=Houston+Christian+University&rft.aulast=Goeglein&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhc.edu%2Fnews-and-events%2F2017%2F02%2F28%2Fgreat-society-wrought-fifty-years-later-marriage-family-poverty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalahar" class="citation web cs1">Kalahar, Dean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2014/03/the_decline_of_the_africanamerican_family.html">"The Decline of the African-American family"</a>. <i>American Thinker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Thinker&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+the+African-American+family&rft.aulast=Kalahar&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanthinker.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F03%2Fthe_decline_of_the_africanamerican_family.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2022" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, Ian (2022). <i>Agency</i>. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59947-583-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59947-583-7"><bdi>978-1-59947-583-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agency&rft.place=West+Conshohocken%2C+PA&rft.pub=Templeton+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-59947-583-7&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Andrew, John A.. <i>Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society.</i> I.R. Dee, (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-184-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56663-184-X">1-56663-184-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ginzberg" title="Eli Ginzberg">Ginzberg, Eli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Solow" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (eds.) <i>The Great Society: Lessons for the Future</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02705-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02705-9">0-465-02705-9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=57028660">(1974), 11 chapters on each program</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605074312/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=57028660">Archived</a> 2011-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gordon, Kermit (ed.) <i>Agenda for the Nation</i>, The Brookings Institution. (1968)</li> <li>Helsing, Jeffrey W. <i>Johnson's War/Johnson's Great Society: the guns and butter trap</i> Praeger Greenwood (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96449-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96449-3">0-275-96449-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_C._Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara C. Jordan">Jordan, Barbara C.</a> and Elspeth D. Rostow (editors) <i>The Great Society: a twenty year critique</i>: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs (1986) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89940-417-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89940-417-0">0-89940-417-0</a></li> <li>Kaplan, Marshall, and Peggy L. Cuciti; <i>The Great Society and Its Legacy: Twenty Years of U.S. Social Policy</i> Duke University Press, (1986) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-0589-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-0589-5">0-8223-0589-5</a></li> <li>Milkis, Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur, eds. <i>The Great Society and the High Tide Of Liberalism</i> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes, Amity</a> <i>Great Society: A New History</i> Harper, (2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061706424" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061706424">978-0061706424</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Unger" title="Irwin Unger">Unger, Irwin</a> (1996). <i>The Best of Intentions: The Triumphs and Failures of the Great Society Under Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon</i>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46833-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46833-6"><bdi>978-0-385-46833-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+Intentions%3A+The+Triumphs+and+Failures+of+the+Great+Society+Under+Kennedy%2C+Johnson%2C+and+Nixon&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-385-46833-6&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Woods, Randall B. <i>Prisoners of Hope: Lyndon B. Johnson, the Great Society, and the Limits of Liberalism</i> (2016), 480pp., a scholarly history.</li> <li>Zarefsky, David. <i>President Johnson's War on Poverty</i> (1986).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitz2019" class="citation book cs1">Zeitz, Joshua (2019). <i>Building the Great Society: Inside Lyndon Johnson's White House</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311143-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311143-6"><bdi>978-0-14-311143-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+the+Great+Society%3A+Inside+Lyndon+Johnson%27s+White+House&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311143-6&rft.aulast=Zeitz&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelizer2015" class="citation book cs1">Zelizer, Julian E. (2015). <i>The Fierce Urgency of Now: Lyndon Johnson, Congress, and the Battle for the Great Society</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-60549-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-60549-3"><bdi>978-1-101-60549-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fierce+Urgency+of+Now%3A+Lyndon+Johnson%2C+Congress%2C+and+the+Battle+for+the+Great+Society&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-101-60549-3&rft.aulast=Zelizer&rft.aufirst=Julian+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Society" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Johnson, Lyndon B. <i>My Hope for America</i>: Random House, 1964 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-121-42877-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-121-42877-0">1-121-42877-0</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Cost to taxpayers to date for sixty years $40,000,000,000,000. Results, there are no results to show. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Society&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020602041420/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/640522.asp">President Johnson's speech at the University of Michigan from the LBJ Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100607072746/http://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/myumich/myumich_search.php?id=32">80,000 people filled Michigan Stadium to hear President Lyndon Johnson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/Lesson_104_LBJ.htm">Social Studies help on the Great Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051213220401/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/13/documents/lbj/">Johnson's Great Society speech on CNN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/johngardner/chapters/4.html">John Gardner Architect of the Great Society on PBS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/great-congress">The Great Society Congress Digital Exhibition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323085257/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/great-congress">Archived</a> 2016-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Johnson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">36th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1963–1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">37th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">Texas</a> (1949–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">TX-10</a> (1937–1949)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">Timeline</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_Continue" title="Let Us Continue">Let Us Continue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model Cities Program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Barriers_Act_of_1968" title="Architectural Barriers Act of 1968">Architectural Barriers Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Nutrition_Act" title="Child Nutrition Act">Child Nutrition Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1965" title="Coinage Act of 1965">Coinage Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act_of_1964" title="Economic Opportunity Act of 1964">Economic Opportunity Act of 1964</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_Start_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Start Program">Head Start Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Corps" title="Job Corps">Job Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act" title="Elementary and Secondary Education Act">Elementary and Secondary Education Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act" title="Truth in Lending Act">Truth in Lending Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1968" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964" title="Food Stamp Act of 1964">Food Stamp Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965" title="Higher Education Act of 1965">Higher Education Act of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Bound" title="Upward Bound">Upward Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIO_(program)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRIO (program)">TRIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_Corps" title="Teacher Corps">Teacher Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Urban_Development_Act_of_1968" title="Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968">Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1965%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66)">Dominican Republic occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)#History" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11246" title="Executive Order 11246">Executive Order 11246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11375" title="Executive Order 11375">Executive Order 11375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Americans_Act" title="Older Americans Act">Older Americans Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#Lyndon_B._Johnson's_escalation,_1963–69" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Gulf of Tonkin Resolution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Credibility_gap" title="Credibility gap">Credibility gap</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">War on poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_White_House" title="Committee for the Preservation of the White House">White House preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1964 State of the Union Address">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1965 State of the Union Address">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1966 State of the Union Address">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1967 State of the Union Address">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1968 State of the Union Address">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1969 State of the Union Address">1969</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Administration_and_Cabinet" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination">Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_desk" title="Johnson desk">Johnson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Presidential transition of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Lyndon Baines Johnson/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Lyndon Baines Johnson/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/100px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/150px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/200px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Early_years" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Early years and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Texas" title="Operation Texas">Operation Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTBC_(TV)" title="KTBC (TV)">Texas Broadcasting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Amendment" title="Johnson Amendment">Johnson Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_13_scandal" title="Box 13 scandal">Box 13 scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Ahmad_(camel_driver)" title="Bashir Ahmad (camel driver)">Bashir Ahmad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of memorials to Lyndon B. Johnson">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Grassland" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland">Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Historical_Park" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park">Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_School_of_Public_Affairs" title="Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs">Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Memorial Grove on the Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Electoral history of Lyndon B. Johnson">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1938 United States House of Representatives elections">1938 United States House of Representatives elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1940 United States House of Representatives elections">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1942 United States House of Representatives elections">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1944 United States House of Representatives elections">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">United States Senate special elections, 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1948 United States Senate elections">1948 United States Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1954 United States Senate elections">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1960_and_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate elections, 1960 and 1961">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1964</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Personality_and_public_image" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_popular_culture" title="Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture">Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_(advertisement)" title="Daisy (advertisement)"><i>Daisy</i> advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_cult" title="Johnson cult">Johnson cult</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson" title="The Years of Lyndon Johnson">The Years of Lyndon Johnson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBJ_(1991_film)" title="LBJ (1991 film)"><i>LBJ</i> (1991 television film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_to_War" title="Path to War"><i>Path to War</i> (2002 film)</a></li> <li><i>All the Way</i> (<a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(play)" title="All the Way (play)">play</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(2016_film)" title="All the Way (2016 film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)"><i>Selma</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBJ_(2016_film)" title="LBJ (2016 film)"><i>LBJ</i> (2017 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Family of Lyndon B. Johnson">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Bird_Johnson_Robb" title="Lynda Bird Johnson Robb">Lynda Bird Johnson Robb</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luci_Baines_Johnson" title="Luci Baines Johnson">Luci Baines Johnson</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson_Jr." title="Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Johnson" title="Sam Houston Johnson">Sam Houston Johnson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Baines" title="Joseph Wilson Baines">Joseph Wilson Baines</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Baines" title="George Washington Baines">George Washington Baines</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Chuck Robb</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">← John F. Kennedy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">← Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Category:Lyndon B. Johnson">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_policy_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_policy" title="Template:United States policy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_policy" title="Template talk:United States policy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_policy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States policy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_policy_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Agricultural policy of the United States">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Arctic policy of the United States">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural policy of the United States">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Education policy of the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Fireworks policy of the United States">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Fiscal policy of the United States">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Telecommunications policy of the United States">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Vaccination policy of the United States">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_domestic_policy" title="Category:United States domestic policy">Domestic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Freedom" title="The New Freedom">New Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Society</a>/<a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">War on Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump##Energy" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_economic_policy" title="Category:United States economic policy">Economic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Monetary policy of the United States">Monetary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monetary_policy_in_the_United_States" title="History of monetary policy in the United States">history</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_Presidency" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixonomics" title="Nixonomics">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Economic policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Trump</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Economic policy of the Joe Biden administration">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Hydropower policy of the United States">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear energy policy of the United States">Nuclear energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_radioactive_waste_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Low-level radioactive waste policy of the United States">Low-level radioactive waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Smart grid policy of the United States">Smart grid</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_Presidency" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump#Energy" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Environmental policy of the United States">Environmental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solid_waste_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Solid waste policy of the United States">Solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Climate change policy of the United States">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration">G. W. Bush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_Presidency" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental policy of the Barack Obama administration">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Environmental policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Trump</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Environmental policy of the Joe Biden administration">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_United_States_foreign_policy" title="Criticism of United States foreign policy">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Obama</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_Presidency" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Foreign policy of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_administration" title="Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Gerald_Ford_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Gerald Ford administration">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Jimmy Carter administration">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Trump</a> (1st)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Gun control policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Immigration policy of the United States">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_immigration_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Same-sex immigration policy of the United States">Same-sex immigration</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_Presidency" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Immigration policy of Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Immigration policy of the Joe Biden administration">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Infrastructure policy of the United States">Infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrastructure policy of the Joe Biden administration">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Indian_Policy" title="Federal Indian Policy">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_policy_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration" title="Native American policy of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Native American policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Native American policy of the Barack Obama administration">Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Science policy of the United States">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Genetic policy of the United States">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_laws_and_policy_in_the_United_States" title="Stem cell laws and policy in the United States">Stem cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social policy of the United States">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Social policy of Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Social policy of the Joe Biden administration">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Space policy of the Donald Trump administration">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Joe Biden administration">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191264#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639478">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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