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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Congressional action</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Congressional_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Congressional action subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Congressional_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_Nebraska_bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_Nebraska_bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Introduction of Nebraska bill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_Nebraska_bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meeting_with_Pierce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_with_Pierce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Meeting with Pierce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_with_Pierce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_in_Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_in_Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Debate in Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_in_Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_in_House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_in_House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Debate in House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_in_House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enactment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enactment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Enactment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enactment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bleeding_Kansas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleeding_Kansas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bleeding Kansas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleeding_Kansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_Native_American_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_Native_American_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Effect on Native American tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_Native_American_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_the_Whig_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_the_Whig_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Destruction of the Whig party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_the_Whig_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Later developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kansas–Nebraska Act</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_de_Kansas-Nebraska" title="Llei de Kansas-Nebraska – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llei de Kansas-Nebraska" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_loven" title="Kansas-Nebraska loven – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kansas-Nebraska loven" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kansas-Nebraska Act" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Kansas-Nebraska" title="Ley de Kansas-Nebraska – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley de Kansas-Nebraska" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_Kansas-Nebraska" title="Loi Kansas-Nebraska – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loi Kansas-Nebraska" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%94%EC%9E%90%EC%8A%A4_%EB%84%A4%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%98%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4_%EB%B2%95" title="캔자스 네브래스카 법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캔자스 네브래스카 법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Kansas-Nebraska" title="Undang-Undang Kansas-Nebraska – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Undang-Undang Kansas-Nebraska" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kansas-Nebraska Act" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%94" title="חוק קנזס נברסקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק קנזס נברסקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska-t%C3%B6rv%C3%A9ny" title="Kansas–Nebraska-törvény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kansas–Nebraska-törvény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kansas-Nebraska Act" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E6%B3%95" title="カンザス・ネブラスカ法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カンザス・ネブラスカ法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska-loven" title="Kansas-Nebraska-loven – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kansas-Nebraska-loven" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="کانزاس-نبراسکا قانون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کانزاس-نبراسکا قانون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_Kansas_i_Nebrasce" title="Ustawa o Kansas i Nebrasce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ustawa o Kansas i Nebrasce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ato_de_Kansas-Nebraska" title="Ato de Kansas-Nebraska – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ato de Kansas-Nebraska" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legea_Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska" title="Legea Kansas–Nebraska – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legea Kansas–Nebraska" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Закон Канзас-Небраска – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Закон Канзас-Небраска" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kansas–Nebraska Act" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansas–Nebraska Act" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas-Nebraskalagen" title="Kansas-Nebraskalagen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kansas-Nebraskalagen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Закон Канзас-Небраска – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Закон Канзас-Небраска" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%AA%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E5%85%A7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="堪薩斯-內布拉斯加法案 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="堪薩斯-內布拉斯加法案" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q619762#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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Act</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1854 organic act</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Kansas–Nebraska Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/33rd_United_States_Congress" title="33rd United States Congress">33rd United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">May 30, 1854</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Acts repealed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the Senate by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>–<a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a>)</li><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on March 3, 1854 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/33-1/s52">37–14</a>)</li><li><b>Passed the House</b> on May 22, 1854 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/33-1/h309">113–100</a>)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> on May 30, 1854</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:4px double #000000;;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; width: 285px; background: #FFFFFF;">Events leading to the American Civil War</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 85%;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#End_of_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">End of Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of 1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">End of slavery in British colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Reuben_Crandall" title="Trial of Reuben Crandall">United States v. Crandall</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">Gag rule</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_v._Aves" title="Commonwealth v. Aves">Commonwealth v. Aves</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Murder of Elijah Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">Burning of Pennsylvania Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_As_It_Is" title="American Slavery As It Is">American Slavery As It Is</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad">United States v. The Amistad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prigg_v._Pennsylvania" title="Prigg v. Pennsylvania">Prigg v. Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Convention" title="Nashville Convention">Nashville Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Recapture of Anthony Burns</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Ostend Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning of Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Impending_Crisis_of_the_South" title="The Impending Crisis of the South">The Impending Crisis of the South</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin%E2%80%93Wellington_Rescue" title="Oberlin–Wellington Rescue">Oberlin–Wellington Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession of Southern states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Conference_of_1861" title="Peace Conference of 1861">Peace Conference of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a></li></ol></div></div> </div></div> <p>The <b>Kansas–Nebraska Act</b> of 1854 (10 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-10-277">277</a>) was a territorial <a href="/wiki/Organic_act" title="Organic act">organic act</a> that created the territories of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska</a>. It was drafted by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, passed by the <a href="/wiki/33rd_United_States_Congress" title="33rd United States Congress">33rd United States Congress</a>, and signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>. Douglas introduced the bill intending to open up new lands to develop and facilitate the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a>. However, the Kansas–Nebraska Act effectively repealed the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Compromise of 1820">Missouri Compromise of 1820</a>, stoking national tensions over <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> and contributing to a series of armed conflicts known as "<a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>." </p><p>The United States had acquired vast amounts of land in the 1803 <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, and since the 1840s Douglas had sought to establish a territorial government in a portion of the Louisiana Purchase that was still unorganized. Douglas's efforts were stymied by Senator <a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">David Rice Atchison</a> of Missouri and other <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> leaders who refused to allow the creation of territories that banned slavery; slavery would have been banned because the Missouri Compromise outlawed slavery in the territory north of latitude 36° 30′ north (except for Missouri). To win the support of Southerners like Atchison, Pierce and Douglas agreed to back the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, with the status of slavery instead decided based on "<a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a>". Under popular sovereignty, the citizens of each territory, rather than Congress, would determine whether slavery would be allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas's bill to repeal the Missouri Compromise and organize Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory won approval by a wide margin in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>, but faced stronger opposition in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. Though Northern <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a> strongly opposed the bill, it passed the House with the support of almost all Southerners and some Northern Democrats. After the passage of the act, pro- and anti-slavery elements flooded into Kansas to establish a population that would vote for or against slavery, resulting in a series of armed conflicts known as "<a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas and Pierce hoped that popular sovereignty would help bring an end to the national debate over slavery, but the Kansas–Nebraska Act outraged Northerners. The division between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces caused by the Act was the death knell for the ailing Whig Party, which broke apart after the Act. Its Northern remnants would give rise to the anti-slavery <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. The Act, and the tensions over slavery it inflamed, were key events leading to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1853 inaugural address, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> expressed hope that the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> had settled the debate over the issue of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territory">territories</a>. The compromise had allowed slavery in <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a>, which had been acquired in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>, which banned slavery in territories north of the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north" title="Parallel 36°30′ north">36°30′ parallel</a>, remained in place for the other U.S. territories acquired in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, including a vast <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Formerly_unorganized_territories" title="Territories of the United States">unorganized territory</a> often referred to as "Nebraska". As settlers poured into the unorganized territory, and commercial and political interests called for a <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a> through the region, pressure mounted for the organization of the eastern parts of the unorganized territory. Though the organization of the territory was required to develop the region, an organization bill threatened to re-open the contentious debates over slavery in the territories that had taken place during and after the Mexican–American War.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_SlaveFree1821.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/US_SlaveFree1821.gif/220px-US_SlaveFree1821.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/US_SlaveFree1821.gif/330px-US_SlaveFree1821.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/US_SlaveFree1821.gif/440px-US_SlaveFree1821.gif 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Missouri Compromise line (36°30′ parallel) in dark blue, 1820. Territory above this line would be reserved for free states, and below, slave states.</figcaption></figure> <p>The topic of a <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a> had been discussed since the 1840s. While there were debates over the specifics, especially the route to be taken, there was a public consensus that such a railroad should be built by private interests, and financed by public land grants. In 1845, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, then serving in his first term in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, had submitted an unsuccessful plan to organize the Nebraska Territory formally, as the first step in building a railroad with its eastern terminus in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. Railroad proposals were debated in all subsequent sessions of Congress with cities such as Chicago, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Illinois" title="Quincy, Illinois">Quincy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> competing to be the jumping-off point for the construction.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several proposals in late 1852 and early 1853 had strong support, but they failed because of disputes over whether the railroad would follow a northern or a southern route. In early 1853, the House of Representatives passed a bill 107 to 49 to organize the Nebraska Territory in the land west of Iowa and Missouri. In March, the bill moved to the Senate Committee on Territories, which was headed by Douglas. Missouri Senator <a href="/wiki/David_Atchison" class="mw-redirect" title="David Atchison">David Atchison</a> announced that he would support the Nebraska proposal only if slavery were to be permitted. While the bill was silent on this issue, slavery would have been prohibited under the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> in the territory north of 36°30' latitude and west of the Mississippi River. Other Southern senators were as inflexible as Atchison. By a vote of 23 to 17, the Senate voted to <a href="/wiki/Table_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Table (parliamentary procedure)">table</a> the motion, with every senator from the states south of Missouri voting to the table.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Senate adjournment, the issues of the railroad and the repeal of the Missouri Compromise became entangled in Missouri politics, as Atchison campaigned for re-election against the forces of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hart Benton (senator)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>. Atchison was maneuvered into choosing between antagonizing the state's railroad interests or its slaveholders. Finally, he took the position that he would rather see Nebraska "sink in hell" before he would allow it to be overrun by <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">free soilers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Representatives then generally found lodging in boarding houses when they were in the nation's capital to perform their legislative duties. Atchison shared lodgings in an F Street house shared by the leading Southerners in Congress. He was the <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">Senate's President pro tempore</a>. His housemates included <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer_Taliaferro_Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter">Robert T. Hunter</a> (from Virginia, chairman of the Finance Committee), <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="James Murray Mason">James Mason</a> (from Virginia, chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee) and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_P._Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew P. Butler">Andrew P. Butler</a> (from South Carolina, chairman of the Judiciary Committee). When Congress reconvened on December 5, 1853, the group, termed the F Street <a href="/wiki/Mess" title="Mess">Mess</a>, along with Virginian <a href="/wiki/William_O._Goode" class="mw-redirect" title="William O. Goode">William O. Goode</a>, formed the nucleus that would insist on slaveholder equality in Nebraska. Douglas was aware of the group's opinions and power and knew that he needed to address its concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas was also a fervent believer in <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a>—the policy of letting the voters, almost exclusively white males, of a territory decide whether or not slavery should exist in it.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iowa Senator <a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Dodge" title="Augustus C. Dodge">Augustus C. Dodge</a> immediately reintroduced the same legislation to organize Nebraska that had stalled in the previous session; it was referred to Douglas's committee on December 14. Douglas, hoping to achieve the support of the Southerners, publicly announced that the same principle that had been established in the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> should apply in Nebraska.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988123_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_1853-12-1854.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/United_States_1853-12-1854.png/220px-United_States_1853-12-1854.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/United_States_1853-12-1854.png/330px-United_States_1853-12-1854.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/United_States_1853-12-1854.png/440px-United_States_1853-12-1854.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>The United States after the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a>. Douglas sought to organize parts of the area labeled as "Unorganized territory".</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Compromise of 1850, Utah and New Mexico Territories had been organized without any restrictions on slavery, and many supporters of Douglas argued that the compromise had already superseded the Missouri Compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territories were, however, given the authority to decide for themselves whether they would apply for statehood as either free or slaves states whenever they chose to apply.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two territories, however, unlike Nebraska, had not been part of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> and had arguably never been subject to the Missouri Compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988124_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988124-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congressional_action">Congressional action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Congressional action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Presidency of Franklin Pierce</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_Nebraska_bill">Introduction of Nebraska bill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Introduction of Nebraska bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bill was reported to the main body of the Senate on January 4, 1854. It had been modified by Douglas, who had also authored the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a> Acts, to mirror the language from the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>. In the bill, a vast new <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska Territory</a> was created to extend from Kansas north to the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north#_Canada_–_United_States_border" title="49th parallel north">49th</a> <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">parallel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">US–Canada border</a>. A large portion of Nebraska Territory would soon be split off into <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> (1861), and smaller portions transferred to <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a> (1861) and <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a> (1863) before the balance of the land became the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Nebraska">State of Nebraska</a> in 1867.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> Furthermore, any decisions on slavery in the new lands were to be made "when admitted as a state or states, the said territory, or any portion of the same, shall be received into the Union, with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a report accompanying the bill, Douglas's committee wrote that the Utah and New Mexico Acts: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... were intended to have a far more comprehensive and enduring effect than the mere adjustment of the difficulties arising out of the recent acquisition of Mexican territory. They were designed to establish certain great principles, which would not only furnish adequate remedies for existing evils, but, in all times to come, avoid the perils of a similar agitation, by withdrawing the question of slavery from the halls of Congress and the political arena, and committing it to the arbitrament of those who were immediately interested in, and alone responsible for its consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Johanssen_p._406_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johanssen_p._406-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The report compared the situation in New Mexico and Utah with the situation in Nebraska. In the first instance, many had argued that slavery had previously been prohibited under <a href="/wiki/Mexican_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican law">Mexican law</a>, just as it was prohibited in Nebraska under the Missouri Compromise. Just as the creation of New Mexico and Utah territories had not ruled on the validity of Mexican law on the acquired territory, the Nebraska bill was neither "affirming nor repealing ... the Missouri act". In other words, popular sovereignty was being established by ignoring, rather than addressing, the problem presented by the Missouri Compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-Johanssen_p._406_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johanssen_p._406-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg/220px-Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg/330px-Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg/440px-Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Stephen A. Douglas – "The great principle of self-government is at stake, and surely the people of this country are never going to decide that the principle upon which our whole republican system rests is vicious and wrong."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Douglas's attempt to finesse his way around the Missouri Compromise did not work. Kentucky <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Dixon" title="Archibald Dixon">Archibald Dixon</a> believed that unless the Missouri Compromise was explicitly repealed, slaveholders would be reluctant to move to the new territory until slavery was approved by the settlers, who would most likely oppose slavery. On January 16 Dixon surprised Douglas by introducing an amendment that would repeal the section of the Missouri Compromise that prohibited slavery north of the 36°30' parallel. Douglas met privately with Dixon and in the end, despite his misgivings on Northern reaction, agreed to accept Dixon's arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar amendment was offered in the House by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Phillips_(lawyer)" title="Philip Phillips (lawyer)">Philip Phillips</a> of Alabama. With the encouragement of the "F Street Mess", Douglas met with them and Phillips to ensure that the momentum for passing the bill remained with the Democratic Party. They arranged to meet with President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> to ensure that the issue would be declared a test of party loyalty within the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meeting_with_Pierce">Meeting with Pierce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Meeting with Pierce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pierce was not enthusiastic about the implications of repealing the Missouri Compromise and had barely referred to Nebraska in his <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> message delivered December 5, 1853, just a month before. Close advisors Senator <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> of Michigan, a proponent of popular sovereignty as far back as 1848 as an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a> both told Pierce that repeal would create serious political problems. The full cabinet met and only Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> and Secretary of Navy <a href="/wiki/James_C._Dobbin" title="James C. Dobbin">James C. Dobbin</a> supported repeal. Instead, the president and cabinet submitted to Douglas an alternative plan that would have sought out a judicial ruling on the constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise. Both Pierce and Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Caleb Cushing</a> believed that the Supreme Court would find it unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas's committee met later that night. Douglas was agreeable to the proposal, but the Atchison group was not. Determined to offer the repeal to Congress on January 23 but reluctant to act without Pierce's commitment, Douglas arranged through Davis to meet with Pierce on January 22 even though it was a Sunday when Pierce generally refrained from conducting any business. Douglas was accompanied at the meeting by Atchison, Hunter, Phillips, and <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> of Kentucky.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas and Atchison first met alone with Pierce before the whole group convened. Pierce was persuaded to support repeal, and at Douglas' insistence, Pierce provided a written draft, asserting that the Missouri Compromise had been made inoperative by the principles of the Compromise of 1850. Pierce later informed his cabinet, which concurred with the change of direction.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Washington Union</i>, the communications organ for the administration, wrote on January 24 that support for the bill would be "a test of Democratic orthodoxy".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_in_Senate">Debate in Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Debate in Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 23, a revised bill was introduced in the Senate that repealed the Missouri Compromise and split the unorganized land into two new territories: Kansas and Nebraska. The division was the result of concerns expressed by settlers already in Nebraska as well as the senators from Iowa, who were concerned with the location of the territory's seat of government if such a large territory were created. Existing language to affirm the application of all other laws of the United States in the new territory was supplemented by the language agreed on with Pierce: "except the eighth section of the act preparatory to the admission of Missouri into the Union, approved March 6, 1820 [the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>], which was superseded by the legislation of 1850, commonly called the compromise measures [the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>], and is declared inoperative." Identical legislation was soon introduced in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forcing_slavery_down_the_throat_of_a_freesoiler_(1856)_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Forcing_slavery_down_the_throat_of_a_freesoiler_%281856%29_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Forcing_slavery_down_the_throat_of_a_freesoiler_%281856%29_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Forcing_slavery_down_the_throat_of_a_freesoiler_%281856%29_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Forcing_slavery_down_the_throat_of_a_freesoiler_%281856%29_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Forcing_slavery_down_the_throat_of_a_freesoiler_%281856%29_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Forcing_slavery_down_the_throat_of_a_freesoiler_%281856%29_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="3030" /></a><figcaption><i> Forcing Slavery Down the Throat of a Freesoiler</i>. An 1854 cartoon depicts a giant <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">free soiler</a> being held down by <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a>, standing on the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> platform of making slave states out of "<a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>". <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> also holds down the giant's beard, as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> shoves a black man down his throat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> wrote that the country then became convulsed with two interconnected battles over <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>. A political battle was being fought in Congress over the question of slavery in the new states that were coming. At the same time, there was a moral debate. Southerners claimed that <a href="/wiki/Pro-slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-slavery">slavery was beneficent</a>, endorsed by the Bible, and generally good policy, whose expansion must be supported. The publications and speeches of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionists</a>, some of them former slaves themselves, were telling Northerners that the supposed beneficence of slavery was a Southern lie, and that enslaving another person was un-Christian, a horrible sin that must be fought. Both battles were "fought with a pertinacity, bitterness, and rancor unknown even in <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a> days". The <a href="/wiki/Freesoilers" class="mw-redirect" title="Freesoilers">freesoilers</a> were at a distinct disadvantage in Congress. The Democrats held large majorities in each house, and Douglas, "a ferocious fighter, the fiercest, most ruthless, and most unscrupulous that Congress had perhaps ever known", led a tightly disciplined party. In the nation at large, the opponents of Nebraska hoped to achieve a moral victory. The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, which had earlier supported Pierce, predicted that this would be the last straw for Northern supporters of the slavery forces and would "create a deep-seated, intense, and ineradicable hatred of the institution which will crush its political power, at all hazards, and at any cost".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The day after the bill was reintroduced, two Ohioans, Representative <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Giddings" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua Giddings">Joshua Giddings</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>, published a free-soil response, "<a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_the_Independent_Democrats" title="Appeal of the Independent Democrats">Appeal of the Independent Democrats</a> in Congress to the People of the United States": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We arraign this bill as a gross violation of a sacred pledge; as a criminal betrayal of precious rights; as part and parcel of an atrocious plot to exclude from vast unoccupied region immigrants from the Old World and free laborers from our States, and convert it into a dreary region of despotism, inhabited by masters and slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Douglas took the appeal personally and responded in Congress, when the debate was opened on January 30 before a full House and packed gallery. Douglas biographer Robert W. Johanssen described part of the speech: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Douglas charged the authors of the "Appeal", whom he referred to throughout as the "Abolitionist confederates", with having perpetrated a "base falsehood" in their protest. He expressed his sense of betrayal, recalling that Chase, "with a smiling face and the appearance of friendship", had appealed for a postponement of debate on the ground that he had not yet familiarized himself with the bill. "Little did I suppose at the time that I granted that act of courtesy", Douglas remarked, that Chase and his compatriots had published a document "in which they arraigned me as having been guilty of a criminal betrayal of my trust", of bad faith, and of plotting against the cause of free government. While other Senators were attending divine worship, they had been "assembled in a secret conclave", devoting the Sabbath to their own conspiratorial and deceitful purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The debate would continue for four months, as many <a href="/wiki/Anti-Nebraska_movement" title="Anti-Nebraska movement">Anti-Nebraska</a> political rallies were held across the north. Douglas remained the main advocate for the bill while Chase, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William Seward</a>, of New York, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a>, of Massachusetts, led the opposition. The <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i> wrote on March 2: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The unanimous sentiment of the North is indignant resistance. ... The whole population is full of it. The feeling in 1848 was far inferior to this in strength and universality.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_houston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Samuel_houston.jpg/220px-Samuel_houston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Samuel_houston.jpg/330px-Samuel_houston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Samuel_houston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> from Texas was one of the few southern opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. In the debate, he urged, "<i>Maintain the Missouri Compromise!</i> Stir not up agitation! Give us peace!"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlexStephens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AlexStephens.jpg/220px-AlexStephens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AlexStephens.jpg/330px-AlexStephens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AlexStephens.jpg/440px-AlexStephens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Stephens from Georgia – "Nebraska is through the House. I took the reins in my hand, applied the whip and spur, and brought the 'wagon' out at eleven o'clock P.M. Glory enough for one day."<sup id="cite_ref-Nevins_p._156_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevins_p._156-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The debate in the Senate concluded on March 4, 1854, when Douglas, beginning near midnight on March 3, made a five-and-a-half-hour speech. The final vote in favor of passage was 37 to 14.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free-state senators voted 14 to 12 in favor, and slave-state senators supported the bill 23 to 2.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_in_House_of_Representatives">Debate in House of Representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Debate in House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 21, 1854, as a delaying tactic in the House of Representatives, the legislation was referred by a vote of 110 to 95 to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Committee of the Whole</a>, where it was the last item on the calendar. Realizing from the vote to stall that the act faced an uphill struggle, the <a href="/wiki/Pierce_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce administration">Pierce administration</a> made it clear to all Democrats that passage of the bill was essential to the party and would dictate how federal <a href="/wiki/Patronage#Politics" title="Patronage">patronage</a> would be handled. Davis and Cushing, from Massachusetts, along with Douglas, spearheaded the partisan efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of April, Douglas believed that there were enough votes to pass the bill. The House leadership then began a series of roll call votes in which legislation ahead of the Kansas–Nebraska Act was called to the floor and tabled without debate.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hart Benton (senator)">Thomas Hart Benton</a> was among those speaking forcefully against the measure. On April 25, in a House speech that biographer William Nisbet Chambers called "long, passionate, historical, [and] polemical", Benton attacked the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>, which he "had stood upon ... above thirty years, and intended to stand upon it to the end—solitary and alone, if need be; but preferring company". The speech was distributed afterward as a pamphlet when opposition to the action moved outside the walls of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until May 8 that the debate began in the House. The debate was even more intense than in the Senate. While it seemed to be a foregone conclusion that the bill would pass, the opponents went all out to fight it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Michael Morrison wrote: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hart_Benton_(senator)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Thomas_Hart_Benton_%28senator%29_2.jpg/220px-Thomas_Hart_Benton_%28senator%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Thomas_Hart_Benton_%28senator%29_2.jpg/330px-Thomas_Hart_Benton_%28senator%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Thomas_Hart_Benton_%28senator%29_2.jpg/440px-Thomas_Hart_Benton_%28senator%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri – "What is the excuse for all this turmoil and mischief? We are told it is to keep the question of slavery out of Congress! Great God! It was out of Congress, completely, entirely, and forever out of Congress, unless Congress dragged it in by breaking down the sacred laws which settled it!"<sup id="cite_ref-Nevins_p._156_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevins_p._156-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A filibuster led by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_D._Campbell" title="Lewis D. Campbell">Lewis D. Campbell</a>, an Ohio <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Soil">free-soiler</a>, nearly provoked the House into a war of more than words. Campbell, joined by other antislavery northerners, exchanged insults and invectives with southerners, neither side giving quarter. Weapons were brandished on the floor of the House. Finally, bumptiousness gave way to violence. <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Edmundson" title="Henry A. Edmundson">Henry A. Edmundson</a>, a Virginia <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunk">well oiled</a> and well-armed, had to be restrained from making a violent attack on Campbell. Only after the sergeant at arms arrested him, the debate was cut off, and the House adjourned did the melee subside.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The floor debate was handled by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stephens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stephens">Alexander Stephens</a>, of Georgia, who insisted that the Missouri Compromise had never been a true compromise but had been imposed on the South. He argued that the issue was whether republican principles, "that the citizens of every distinct community or State should have the right to govern themselves in their domestic matters as they please", would be honored.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final House vote in favor of the bill was 113 to 100.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern Democrats supported the bill 44 to 42, but all 45 northern Whigs opposed it. Southern Democrats voted in favor by 57 to 2, and southern Whigs supported it by 12 to 7.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enactment">Enactment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Enactment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President Franklin Pierce signed the Kansas–Nebraska Act into law on May 30, 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-senate.gov_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate.gov-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander2023_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander2023-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and spurred interest in the territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSumner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CSumner.jpg/220px-CSumner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CSumner.jpg/330px-CSumner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CSumner.jpg/440px-CSumner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Charles Sumner on Douglas – "Alas! too often those principles which give consistency, individuality, and form to the Northern character, which renders it staunch, strong, and seaworthy, which bind it together as with iron, are drawn out, one by one, like the bolts of the ill-fitted vessel, and from the miserable, loosened fragments is formed that human anomaly—<i>a Northern man with Southern principles</i>. Sir, no such man can speak for the North."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Immediate responses to the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act fell into two classes. The less common response was held by Douglas's supporters, who believed that the bill would withdraw "the question of slavery from the halls of Congress and the political arena, committing it to the arbitration of those who were immediately interested in, and alone responsible for, its consequences".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, they believed that the Act would leave decisions about whether slavery would be permitted in the hands of the people rather than the Federal government. The far more common response was one of outrage, interpreting Douglas's actions as, in their words, "part and parcel of an atrocious plot to exclude from a vast unoccupied region emigrant from the Old World, and free laborers from our States, and convert it into a dreary region of despotism, inhabited by masters and slaves".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in the eyes of northerners, the Kansas–Nebraska Act was aggression and an attack on the power and beliefs of free states.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The response led to calls for public action against the South, as seen in broadsides that advertised gatherings in northern states to discuss publicly what to do about the presumption of the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas and former Illinois Representative <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> aired their disagreement over the Kansas–Nebraska Act in seven public speeches during September and October 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln gave his most comprehensive argument against slavery and the provisions of the act in <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria, Illinois</a>, on October 16, in the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Peoria_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Peoria speech">Peoria Speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and Douglas both spoke to the large audience, Douglas first and Lincoln in response, two hours later. Lincoln's three-hour speech presented thorough moral, legal, and economic arguments against slavery and raised Lincoln's political profile for the first time. The speeches set the stage for the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Douglas_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln-Douglas debates">Lincoln-Douglas debates</a> four years later, when Lincoln sought Douglas's Senate seat.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bleeding_Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bleeding Kansas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reynolds%27s_Political_Map_of_the_United_States_1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Reynolds%27s_Political_Map_of_the_United_States_1856.jpg/240px-Reynolds%27s_Political_Map_of_the_United_States_1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Reynolds%27s_Political_Map_of_the_United_States_1856.jpg/360px-Reynolds%27s_Political_Map_of_the_United_States_1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Reynolds%27s_Political_Map_of_the_United_States_1856.jpg/480px-Reynolds%27s_Political_Map_of_the_United_States_1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7813" data-file-height="7090" /></a><figcaption>This 1856 map shows slave states (gray), free states (pink), <a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a> (green), and Kansas (white).</figcaption></figure> <p>Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas, or the Border War was a series of violent political confrontations in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> between 1854 and 1861 involving <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">anti-slavery</a> "<a href="/wiki/Free-Stater_(Kansas)" title="Free-Stater (Kansas)">Free-Staters</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Pro-slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-slavery">pro-slavery</a> "<a href="/wiki/Border_Ruffian" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Ruffian">Border Ruffian</a>", or "Southern" elements in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a> would allow or outlaw slavery, and thus enter the Union as a <a href="/wiki/Slave_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave state">slave state or a free state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pro-slavery settlers came to Kansas mainly from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, successfully <a href="/wiki/Vote_stacking" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote stacking">vote stacking</a> to form a temporary pro-slavery government prior to statehood.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander2023_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander2023-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their influence in territorial elections was often bolstered by resident Missourians who crossed into Kansas solely for voting in such ballots. They formed groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Lodges" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Lodges">Blue Lodges</a> and were dubbed <i><a href="/wiki/Border_ruffians" class="mw-redirect" title="Border ruffians">border ruffians</a></i>, a term coined by the opponent and abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>. Abolitionist settlers, known as "<a href="/wiki/Jayhawkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayhawkers">jayhawkers</a>", moved from the East expressly to make Kansas a free state. A clash between the opposing sides was inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successive territorial governors, usually sympathetic to slavery, attempted to maintain the peace. The territorial capital of <a href="/wiki/Lecompton,_Kansas" title="Lecompton, Kansas">Lecompton</a>, the target of much agitation, became such a hostile environment for <a href="/wiki/Free-Stater_(Kansas)" title="Free-Stater (Kansas)">Free-Staters</a> that they set up their own, unofficial legislature at <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> and his sons gained notoriety in the fight against slavery by murdering five pro-slavery farmers with a broadsword in the <a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_massacre" title="Pottawatomie massacre">Pottawatomie massacre</a>. Brown also helped defend a few dozen Free-State supporters from several hundred angry pro-slavery supporters at <a href="/wiki/Osawatomie,_Kansas" title="Osawatomie, Kansas">Osawatomie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_Native_American_tribes">Effect on Native American tribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Effect on Native American tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the organization of the Kansas–Nebraska territory in 1854, the Kansas and Nebraska Territories were consolidated as part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>. Throughout the 1830s, large-scale relocations of Native American tribes to the Indian Territory took place, with many Southeastern nations removed to present-day <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, a process ordered by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a> of 1830 and known as the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>, and many Midwestern nations removed by way of the treaty to present-day Kansas. Among the latter were the <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia" title="Kaskaskia">Kaskaskia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peoria_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria tribe">Peoria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iowa_people" title="Iowa people">Ioway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passing of the Kansas–Nebraska Act came into direct conflict with the relocations. White American settlers from both the free-soil North and pro-slavery South flooded the Northern Indian Territory, hoping to influence the vote on slavery that would come following the admittance of Kansas and, to a lesser extent, Nebraska to the United States. </p><p>To avoid and/or alleviate the reservation-settlement problem, further treaty negotiations were attempted with the tribes of Kansas and Nebraska. In 1854 alone, the U.S. agreed to acquire lands in Kansas or Nebraska from several tribes including the Kickapoo,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delaware,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Omaha_people" title="Omaha people">Omaha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shawnee,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Otoe_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoe tribe">Otoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouria" title="Missouria">Missouri</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miami,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kaskaskia and Peoria.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exchange for their land cessions, the tribes largely received small reservations in the Indian Territory of Oklahoma or Kansas in some cases. </p><p>For the nations that remained in Kansas beyond 1854, the Kansas–Nebraska Act introduced a host of other problems. In 1855, white "<a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatters</a>" built the city of <a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</a> on the Delaware reservation without the consent of either Delaware or the US government. When Commissioner of <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Indian Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Manypenny" title="George Washington Manypenny">George Manypenny</a> ordered military support in removing the squatters, both the military and the squatters refused to comply, undermining both Federal authority and the treaties in place with Delaware.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the violations of treaty agreements, other promises made were not being kept. Construction and infrastructure improvement projects dedicated to nearly every treaty, for example, took a great deal longer than expected. Beyond that, however, the most damaging violation by white American settlers was the mistreatment of Native Americans and their properties. Personal maltreatment, stolen property, and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> have all been cited.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the squatters' premature and illegal settlement of the Kansas Territory jeopardized the value of the land, and with it the future of the Indian tribes living on them. Because treaties were land cessions and purchases, the value of the land handed over to the Federal government was critical to the payment received by a given Native nation. Deforestation, destruction of property, and other general injuries to the land lowered the value of the territories that were ceded by the Kansas Territory tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manypenny's 1856 "Report on Indian Affairs" explained the devastating effect on Indian populations of diseases that white settlers brought to Kansas. Without providing statistics, Indian Affairs Superintendent to the area Colonel Alfred Cumming reported at least more deaths than births in most tribes in the area. While noting intemperance, or <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, as a leading cause of death, Cumming specifically cited <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, none of which the Native Americans were able to treat.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disastrous epidemics exemplified the <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a> people, who lost an estimated 1300 lives to <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>, measles, smallpox, and <a href="/wiki/Scrofula" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrofula">scrofula</a> between 1852 and 1856,<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_F._Burns_2004_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_F._Burns_2004-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributing, in part, to the massive decline in population, from 8000 in 1850 to just 3500 in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Osage had already encountered epidemics associated with relocation and white settlement. The initial removal acts in the 1830s brought both White American settlers and foreign Native American tribes to the Great Plains and into contact with the Osage people. Between 1829 and 1843, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, cholera, and smallpox killed an estimated 1242 Osage Indians,<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_F._Burns_2004_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_F._Burns_2004-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in a population recession of roughly 20 percent between 1830 and 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_the_Whig_party">Destruction of the Whig party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Destruction of the Whig party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)#Beginnings:_1854–1860" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History of the Republican Party (United States) § Beginnings: 1854–1860</a></div> <p>From a political standpoint, the Whig Party had been in decline in the South because of the effectiveness with which it had been hammered by the Democratic Party over slavery. The Southern Whigs hoped that by seizing the initiative on this issue, they would be identified as strong defenders of slavery. Many Northern Whigs broke with them in the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American party system had been dominated by Whigs and Democrats for decades leading up to the Civil War. But the Whig party's increasing internal divisions had made it a party of strange bedfellows by the 1850s. An ascendant anti-slavery wing clashed with a traditionalist and increasingly pro-slavery southern wing. These divisions came to a head in the <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 election</a>, where Whig candidate <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> was trounced by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>. Southern Whigs, who had supported the prior Whig president <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, had been burned by Taylor and were unwilling to support another Whig. Taylor, who despite being a slave owner, had proved notably anti-slave despite campaigning neutrally on the issue. With the loss of Southern Whig support and the loss of votes in the North to the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>, Whigs seemed doomed. So they were, as they would never again contest a presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988117–119_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988117–119-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kansas–Nebraska Act was the final nail in the Whig coffin. It was also the spark that began the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, which would take in both Whigs and Free Soilers (as well as sympathetic northern Democrats like <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>) to fill the anti-slavery void that the Whig Party had never seemed willing to fill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988117–119_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988117–119-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes in the act were viewed by anti-slavery Northerners as an aggressive, expansionist maneuver by the slave-owning South. Opponents of the Act were intensely motivated and began forming a new party. The party began as a coalition of anti-slavery <a href="/wiki/Conscience_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscience Whigs">Conscience Whigs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Zachariah Chandler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soilers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eric_Foner_1970_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_Foner_1970-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Anti-Nebraska_movement" title="Anti-Nebraska movement">anti-Nebraska</a> local meeting where "Republican" was suggested as a name for a new anti-slavery party was held in a <a href="/wiki/Ripon,_Wisconsin" title="Ripon, Wisconsin">Ripon, Wisconsin</a> schoolhouse on March 20, 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first statewide convention that formed a platform and nominated candidates under the Republican name was held near <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson, Michigan</a>, on July 6, 1854. At that convention, the party opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories and selected a statewide slate of candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> took the lead in forming state Republican Party tickets; apart from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> and a few areas adjacent to free states, there were no efforts to organize the Party in the southern states.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So was born the Republican Party—campaigning on the popular, emotional issue of "free soil" in the frontier—which would capture the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> just six years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988117–119_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988117–119-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Presidency of James Buchanan</a></div> <p>The Kansas–Nebraska Act divided the nation and pointed it toward civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-test_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congressional Democrats suffered huge losses in the mid-term elections of 1854, as voters provided support to a wide array of new parties that opposed the Democrats and the Kansas–Nebraska Act.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander2023_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander2023-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierce deplored the new Republican Party, because of its perceived anti-southern, anti-slavery stance. To Northerners, the President's perceived Southern bias did anything but de-escalate public mood and helped inflame abolitionist anger.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt9194etc_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt9194etc-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Partly due to the unpopularity of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, Pierce lost his bid for re-nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 Democratic National Convention</a> to <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>. Pierce remains the only elected president who actively sought reelection but was denied his party's nomination for a second term.<sup id="cite_ref-krudin_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krudin-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republicans nominated <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 presidential election</a> and campaigned on "Bleeding Kansas" and the unpopularity of the Kansas–Nebraska Act.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan won the election, but Frémont carried a majority of the free states.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days after Buchanan's inauguration, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Roger_Taney" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Taney">Roger Taney</a> delivered the <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford"><i> Dred Scott</i> decision</a>, which asserted that Congress had no constitutional power to exclude slavery in the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1995316_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1995316-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas continued to support the doctrine of popular sovereignty, but Buchanan insisted that Democrats respect the <i>Dred Scott</i> decision and its repudiation of federal interference with slavery in the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004120–121_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004120–121-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guerrilla warfare in Kansas continued throughout Buchanan's presidency and extended into the 1860s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988784_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988784-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continuing until the American Civil War ended in 1865, with many unjust killings and lootings performed by partisans on either side of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan attempted to admit Kansas as a state under the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith197540–43_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith197540–43-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Kansas voters rejected that constitution in an August 1858 referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004100–105_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004100–105-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-slavery delegates won a majority of the elections to the 1859 Kansas constitutional convention, and Kansas won admission as a free state under the anti-slavery <a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Constitution" title="Wyandotte Constitution">Wyandotte Constitution</a> in the final months of Buchanan's presidency. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988169_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988169-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Nebraska" title="History of slavery in Nebraska">History of slavery in Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Kansas" title="History of slavery in Kansas">History of slavery in Kansas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSutton2017" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Robert K. (August 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/wealthy-activist-who-helped-turn-bleeding-kansas-free-180964494/">"The Wealthy Activist Who Helped Turn 'Bleeding Kansas' Free"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327195015/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/wealthy-activist-who-helped-turn-bleeding-kansas-free-180964494/">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Wealthy+Activist+Who+Helped+Turn+%27Bleeding+Kansas%27+Free&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fwealthy-activist-who-helped-turn-bleeding-kansas-free-180964494%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicole Etcheson, <i>Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era</i> (2006) ch 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (2010), pp. 53–54, 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter pp. 146–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter pp. 150–152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter pp. 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freehling pp. 550–551. Johanssen p. 407</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert W. Johansson, <i>Stephen A. Douglas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1973) pp. 374–400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988123-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988123_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1988">McPherson 1988</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannsen pp. 402–403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan Kent Powell, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, "Utah Territory"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988124-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988124_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1988">McPherson 1988</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johanssen p. 405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johanssen_p._406-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johanssen_p._406_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johanssen_p._406_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johanssen p. 406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1978) p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins pp. 95–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johanssen pp. 412–413. Cooper pp. 350–351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter p. 161. Johanssen pp. 413–414</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter p. 161. Johanssen p. 414</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johanssen pp. 414–415</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johanssen pp. 415–417</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins pp. 111–112. Johanssen p. 418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johanssen p. 420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nevins_p._156-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nevins_p._156_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nevins_p._156_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/33-1/s52">"To Pass S. 22. – Senate Vote No. 52 – Mar 3, 1854"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503033614/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/33-1/s52">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=To+Pass+S.+22.+%E2%80%93+Senate+Vote+No.+52+%E2%80%93+Mar+3%2C+1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F33-1%2Fs52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter p. 165. The vote occurred at 3:30 a.m. and many senators, including Houston, had retired for the night. Estimates on what the vote might have been with all still in attendance vary from 40–20 to 42–18. Nevins p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers p. 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins pp. 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrison p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/33-1/h309">"To Pass H.R. 236. (P. 1254). – House Vote No. 309 – May 22, 1854"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503033613/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/33-1/h309">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=To+Pass+H.R.+236.+%28P.+1254%29.+%E2%80%93+House+Vote+No.+309+%E2%80%93+May+22%2C+1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F33-1%2Fh309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins pp. 156–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate.gov-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-senate.gov_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Kansas_Nebraska_Act.htm">"U.S. Senate: The Kansas–Nebraska Act"</a>. <i>www.senate.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329002617/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Kansas_Nebraska_Act.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+The+Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fminute%2FKansas_Nebraska_Act.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanheritage.com/content/pierce-signs-kansas-nebraska-act">"Pierce signs the Kansas–Nebraska Act"</a>. <i>American Heritage</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331183237/https://www.americanheritage.com/content/pierce-signs-kansas-nebraska-act">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=Pierce+signs+the+Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fpierce-signs-kansas-nebraska-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander2023-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander2023_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander2023_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander2023_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2023" class="citation web cs1">Alexander, Kathy (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legendsofamerica.com/ks-bleedingkansas/">"Bleeding Kansas and the Missouri Border War"</a>. <i>Legends of America</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2024</span>. <q>The Kansas-Nebraska Act also repealed the Missouri Compromise and reopened the issue of extending slavery north, allowing the two territories to decide the matter. As a result, settlement of the state was spurred, not so much by westward expansion as by the determination of both pro-slavery and abolitionist factions to achieve a majority population in the territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legends+of+America&rft.atitle=Bleeding+Kansas+and+the+Missouri+Border+War&rft.date=2023-01&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legendsofamerica.com%2Fks-bleedingkansas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Senate Reports</i>, 33 Cong., 1 Sess., No. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Congressional Globe</i>, 33 Cong., 1 Sess., 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1956" class="citation journal cs1">Nichols, Roy F. 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"The Kansas–Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography". <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 187–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1902683">10.2307/1902683</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902683">1902683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act%3A+A+Century+of+Historiography&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-212&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1902683&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1902683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Roy+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/Evans/?p_product=EAIX&p_theme=eai&p_nbid=I4FS4FHLMTQ1NzA2MzIyNi4zMDQ5NDQ6MToxNDo2OC4xNjkuMTY4LjIyMA&p_action=doc&p_docnum=1&p_queryname=3&p_docref=v2:10D2F64C960591AE@EAIX-10F45436DC239530@9060-@1&f_mode=citation">"American Broadsides and Ephemera, Series I. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=10&subjectID=2">the original</a> on 2008-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digital.library.okstate.edu&rft.atitle=Indian+Affairs%3A+Laws+and+Treaties.+Vol.+2%2C+Treaties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fmia0641.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114202638/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kas0636.htm">"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"</a>. <i>digital.library.okstate.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kas0636.htm">the original</a> on 2016-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digital.library.okstate.edu&rft.atitle=Indian+Affairs%3A+Laws+and+Treaties.+Vol.+2%2C+Treaties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fkas0636.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George W. Manypenny, <i>Our Indian Wards</i> (1880) 123–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George W. Manypenny, <i>Our Indian Wards</i> (1880) 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=goto&id=History.AnnRep55&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=109">"History: Annual report of the commissioner of Indian affairs, for the year 1855: [Central superintendency]"</a>. <i>digicoll.library.wisc.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222234545/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=goto&id=History.AnnRep55&isize=M&submit=Go%20to%20page&page=109">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digicoll.library.wisc.edu&rft.atitle=History%3A+Annual+report+of+the+commissioner+of+Indian+affairs%2C+for+the+year+1855%3A+%5BCentral+superintendency%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistory%2FHistory-idx%3Ftype%3Dgoto%26id%3DHistory.AnnRep55%26isize%3DM%26submit%3DGo%2Bto%2Bpage%26page%3D109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=turn&entity=History.AnnRep56.p0072&id=History.AnnRep56&isize=M">"History: Annual report of the commissioner of Indian affairs, for the year 1856: [Central superintendency]"</a>. <i>digicoll.library.wisc.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222084144/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=turn&entity=History.AnnRep56.p0072&id=History.AnnRep56&isize=M">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digicoll.library.wisc.edu&rft.atitle=History%3A+Annual+report+of+the+commissioner+of+Indian+affairs%2C+for+the+year+1856%3A+%5BCentral+superintendency%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistory%2FHistory-idx%3Ftype%3Dturn%26entity%3DHistory.AnnRep56.p0072%26id%3DHistory.AnnRep56%26isize%3DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis_F._Burns_2004-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_F._Burns_2004_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_F._Burns_2004_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis F. Burns, <i>A History of the Osage People</i> (2004) 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis F. Burns, <i>A History of the Osage People</i> (2004) 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper p. 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988117–119-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988117–119_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988117–119_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988117–119_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1988">McPherson 1988</a>, pp. 117–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Finkelman, and Peter Wallenstein, eds. <i>The encyclopedia of American political history</i> (2001) p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eric_Foner_1970-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eric_Foner_1970_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner, <i>Free soil, free labor, free men: the ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War</i> (1970). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.F. Gilman, <i>The origin of the Republican Party</i> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/search.asp?id=137">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624003914/https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/search.asp?id=137">Archived</a> 2021-06-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Stocking, ed. <i>Under the Oaks: Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Republican Party, at Jackson, Michigan, July 6, 1854</i> (1904) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9VniAAAAMAAJ&dq=Jackson+Michigan++republican+party+1854&pg=PA9">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505140031/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en&id=9VniAAAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=Jackson+Michigan++republican+party+1854&ots=wP9Wk94j1M&sig=E529yUR9YESEQfYO4xMzi-obxSI">Archived</a> 2021-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan Nevins, <i>. The ordeal of the Union: A house dividing, 1852–1857. Vol. 2</i> (1947) pp. 316–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Gienapp, <i>The origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856</i> (1987) pp. 189–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2009/1/2009_1_20.shtml">Tom Huntington</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102181639/http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2009/1/2009_1_20.shtml">Archived</a> 2010-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Civil War Chronicles: Abolitionist John Doy", <i>American Heritage</i>, Spring 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson (1988), pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt9194etc-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holt9194etc_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (2010), pp. 91–94, 99, 106–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krudin-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-krudin_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudin2009" class="citation news cs1">Rudin, Ken (July 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/politicaljunkie/2009/07/a_president_denied_renominatio.html">"When Has A President Been Denied His Party's Nomination?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205001230/https://www.npr.org/sections/politicaljunkie/2009/07/a_president_denied_renominatio.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=When+Has+A+President+Been+Denied+His+Party%27s+Nomination%3F&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft.aulast=Rudin&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fpoliticaljunkie%2F2009%2F07%2Fa_president_denied_renominatio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (2010), loc. 1610.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (2010), pp. 109–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1995316-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1995316_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1995">Klein 1995</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004120–121-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004120–121_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988784-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988784_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1988">McPherson 1988</a>, p. 784.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeely" class="citation web cs1">Neely, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civilwaronthewesternborder.org/essay/%e2%80%9c-most-cruel-and-unjust-war%e2%80%9d-guerrilla-struggle-along-missouri-kansas-border">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A Most Cruel and Unjust War:" The Guerrilla Struggle along the Missouri-Kansas Border | Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854–1865"</a>. <i>Civil War on the Western Border</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+on+the+Western+Border&rft.atitle=%22A+Most+Cruel+and+Unjust+War%3A%22+The+Guerrilla+Struggle+along+the+Missouri-Kansas+Border+%26%23124%3B+Civil+War+on+the+Western+Border%3A+The+Missouri-Kansas+Conflict%2C+1854%E2%80%931865&rft.aulast=Neely&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivilwaronthewesternborder.org%2Fessay%2F%25e2%2580%259c-most-cruel-and-unjust-war%25e2%2580%259d-guerrilla-struggle-along-missouri-kansas-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith197540–43-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith197540–43_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1975">Smith 1975</a>, pp. 40–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2004100–105-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2004100–105_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2004">Baker 2004</a>, pp. 100–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988169-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988169_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1988">McPherson 1988</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2004" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Jean H. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805069464"><i>James Buchanan</i></a></span>. New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6946-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6946-1"><bdi>0-8050-6946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Buchanan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8050-6946-1&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jean+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780805069464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0805069461">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308062934/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0805069461">Archived</a> 2021-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Burns, Louis F. <i>A History of the Osage People</i> (2004)</li> <li>Chambers, William Nisbet. <i>Old Bullion Benton: Senator From the New West</i> (1956)</li> <li>Childers, Christopher. "Interpreting Popular Sovereignty: A Historiographical Essay", <i>Civil War History</i> Volume 57, Number 1, March 2011 pp. 48–70 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/v057/57.1.childers.html">in Project MUSE</a></li> <li>Etcheson, Nicole. <i>Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era</i> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a>. <i>Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War</i> (1970) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509497-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509497-2">0-19-509497-2</a>.</li> <li>Freehling, William W. <i>The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay 1776–1854</i> (1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505814-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505814-3">0-19-505814-3</a>.</li> <li>Holt, Michael. <i>The Political Crisis of the 1850s</i> (1978)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Holt" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Michael F. (2010). <i>Franklin Pierce</i>. The American Presidents (Kindle ed.). Henry Holt and Company, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8719-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8719-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-8719-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franklin+Pierce&rft.series=The+American+Presidents&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company%2C+LLC&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8719-2&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Huston, James L. <i>Stephen A. Douglas and the dilemmas of democratic equality</i> (2007)</li> <li>Johannsen. Robert W. <i>Stephen A. Douglas</i> (1973) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-501620-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-501620-3">0-19-501620-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1995" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Philip S. (1995) [1962]. <i>President James Buchanan: A Biography</i>. Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945707-11-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-945707-11-8"><bdi>0-945707-11-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+James+Buchanan%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Newtown%2C+CT&rft.pub=American+Political+Biography+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-945707-11-8&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1988" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James M. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GXfGuNAvm7AC"><i>Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743902" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743902"><bdi>9780199743902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780199743902&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGXfGuNAvm7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Manypenny, George W. <i>Our Indian Wards</i> (1880)</li> <li>Morrison, Michael. <i>Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War</i> (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54440370">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524182017/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54440370">Archived</a> 2012-05-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a>. <i>Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing 1852–1857</i> (1947) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-10424-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-10424-5">0-684-10424-5</a></li> <li>Nichols, Roy F. "The Kansas–Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography". <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> 43 (September 1956): 187–212. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1902683">Online at JSTOR</a></li> <li>Potter, David M. <i>The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861</i> (1976), <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_History" title="Pulitzer Prize for History">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning scholarly history.</li> <li>SenGupta, Gunja. "Bleeding Kansas: A Review Essay". <i>Kansas History</i> 24 (Winter 2001/2002): 318–341. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/2001winter_sengupta.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419054748/http://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/2001winter_sengupta.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-04-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1975" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Elbert B. (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofjame0000smit"><i>The Presidency of James Buchanan</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0132-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0132-5"><bdi>0-7006-0132-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+James+Buchanan&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-7006-0132-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Elbert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofjame0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas%E2%80%93Nebraska+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stewart, Matthew G. <i>The Burden of Western History: Kansas, Collective Memory, and the Reunification of the American Empire, 1854–1913</i> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_W._Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald W. Wolff (page does not exist)">Wolff, Gerald W.</a>, <i>The Kansas–Nebraska Bill: Party, Section, and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, (Revisionist Press, 1977), 385 pp.</li> <li>Wunder, John R. and Joann M. Ross, eds. <i>The Nebraska-Kansas Act of 1854</i> (2008), essays by scholars.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Kansas-Nebraska_Bill" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Kansas-Nebraska Bill">Kansas-Nebraska Bill</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/10/277?link-type=pdf&.pdf">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> as enacted (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/10/277?link-type=details">10 Stat. 277</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">US Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/33-congress/house-bill/236">H.R. 236</a> on <a href="/wiki/Congress.gov" title="Congress.gov">Congress.gov</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/cgiwrap/imlskto/index.php?SCREEN=bibliography/kansas_nebraska_act">An annotated bibliography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220044533/http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/cgiwrap/imlskto/index.php?SCREEN=bibliography%2Fkansas_nebraska_act">Archived</a> 2008-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?millard-fillmore-fugitive-slave-kansas-nebraska-act-slavery-fanaticism">Millard Fillmore on the Fugitive Slave and Kansas–Nebraska Acts: Original Letter</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Shapell Manuscript Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/kansas-nebraska-act-1854-popular-sovereignty-and-political-polarization-over-slavery">The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854: Popular Sovereignty and the Political Polarization over Slavery </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216084610/http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/kansas-nebraska-act-1854-popular-sovereignty-and-political-polarization-over-slavery">Archived</a> 2014-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/kansas.html">Kansas–Nebraska Act and related resources at the Library of Congress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180102175044/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/kansas.html">Archived</a> 2018-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?171290">President Pierce's Private Correspondence on the Kansas–Nebraska Act</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Shapell Manuscript Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act">Transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511042121/https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act">Archived</a> 2024-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> available via the National Archives</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Origins:</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wakarusa_War" title="Wakarusa War">Wakarusa War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacking_of_Lawrence" title="Sacking of Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_massacre" title="Pottawatomie massacre">Pottawatomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs_(Kansas)" title="Battle of the Spurs (Kansas)">Spurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Black_Jack" title="Battle of Black Jack">Black Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_Fort#History" title="Franklin's Fort">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Titus" title="Battle of Fort Titus">Fort Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osawatomie" title="Battle of Osawatomie">Osawatomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_massacre" title="Marais des Cygnes massacre">Marais des Cygnes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Combatants:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kansas_Civil_War_units" title="List of Kansas Civil War units">Union</a></li> <li><i>Campaigns:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Missouri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>1861:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacking_of_Osceola" title="Sacking of Osceola">Osceola</a></li> <li><i>1863:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Massacre" title="Lawrence Massacre">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_near_Brooklyn,_Kansas" title="Skirmish near Brooklyn, Kansas">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baxter_Springs" title="Battle of Baxter Springs">Baxter Springs</a></li> <li><i>1864:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marais_des_Cygnes" title="Battle of Marais des Cygnes">Marais des Cygnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mine_Creek" title="Battle of Mine Creek">Mine Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1863)" title="General Order No. 11 (1863)">General Order 11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Franklin_Pierce" title="Template:Franklin Pierce"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Franklin_Pierce" title="Template talk:Franklin Pierce"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Franklin_Pierce" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Franklin Pierce"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franklin_Pierce" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">14th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1853–1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire" title="List of United States senators from New Hampshire">Senator from New Hampshire</a> (1837–1842)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Hampshire" title="List of United States representatives from New Hampshire">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="New Hampshire's at-large congressional district">NH at-large</a> (1833–1837)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doughface" title="Doughface">Doughface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="9th Infantry Regiment (United States)">9th Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Battle of Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Battle of Churubusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 United States presidential election</a>–</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_North_Cemetery_(Concord,_New_Hampshire)" title="Old North Cemetery (Concord, New Hampshire)">Old North Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Inauguration of Franklin Pierce">Inauguration of Franklin Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_Pierce" title="List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce">List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America_movement" title="Young America movement">Young America movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Ostend Manifesto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka_Constitution" title="Topeka Constitution">Topeka Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 Democratic National Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_Homestead" title="Franklin Pierce Homestead">Franklin Pierce Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_House_(South_Main_Street,_Concord,_New_Hampshire)" title="Franklin Pierce House (South Main Street, Concord, New Hampshire)">Franklin Pierce House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Manse" title="Pierce Manse">Pierce Manse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_University" title="Franklin Pierce University">Franklin Pierce University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pierce_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Pierce (New Hampshire)">Mount Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierceton,_Indiana" title="Pierceton, Indiana">Pierceton, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington" title="Pierce County, Washington">Pierce County, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Georgia" title="Pierce County, Georgia">Pierce County, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Statue of Franklin Pierce">Statue of Franklin Pierce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Pierce" title="Jane Pierce">Jane Pierce</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Pierce_(governor)" title="Benjamin Pierce (governor)">Benjamin Pierce</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Kendrick_Pierce" title="Benjamin Kendrick Pierce">Benjamin Kendrick Pierce</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">← Millard Fillmore</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Franklin_Pierce" title="Category:Franklin Pierce">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619762#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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