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Holmes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Holmes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frederic L. Holmes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_L._Holmes" title="Frederic L. Holmes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frederic L. Holmes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_L._Holmes" title="Frederic L. Holmes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frederic L. Holmes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84._%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2" title="فريدريك ال. هولمز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريدريك ال. هولمز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Холмс, Фредерик Лоуренс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холмс, Фредерик Лоуренс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American historian of science (1932–2003)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Frederic Lawrence Holmes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1932-02-06</span>)</span>February 6, 1932<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 27, 2003<span style="display:none">(2003-03-27)</span> (aged 71)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Welch_Medal" title="William H. Welch Medal">William H. Welch Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_the_History_of_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Dexter Award for Outstanding Achievement in the History of Chemistry">Dexter Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/George_Sarton_Medal" title="George Sarton Medal">George Sarton Medal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Historian of science">Historian of science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_W._Rossiter" title="Margaret W. Rossiter">Margaret W. Rossiter</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frederic Lawrence Holmes</b> (6 February 1932, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> – 27 March 2003, <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American historian of science, specifically of chemistry, medicine and biology. He was Avalon Professor of the History of Medicine at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and was known for his work developing Yale's programs in history of science and medicine. His scholarship included notable studies of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justus_Liebig" class="mw-redirect" title="Justus Liebig">Justus Liebig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Hans Adolf Krebs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Meselson" title="Matthew Meselson">Matthew Meselson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Stahl" title="Franklin Stahl">Franklin Stahl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a>. He was awarded a <a href="/wiki/George_Sarton_Medal" title="George Sarton Medal">George Sarton Medal</a> for lifetime achievement in the history of science and served as a president of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Science_Society" title="History of Science Society">History of Science Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_L._Holmes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holmes earned his bachelor's degree in <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_biology" title="Quantitative biology">quantitative biology</a> from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) in 1954<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then began graduate study in the history department of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he graduated with MA in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His graduate study was interrupted by two years of service in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/ROTC" class="mw-redirect" title="ROTC">ROTC</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when he returned to Harvard he transferred to the department of the history of science, graduating with PhD in 1962<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with thesis <i>Claude Bernard and the concept of internal environment</i> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Everett_Mendelsohn" title="Everett Mendelsohn">Everett Mendelsohn</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Edsall" class="mw-redirect" title="John Edsall">John Edsall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his dissertation, he reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a>'s path of discovery of basic physiological functions, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Glucogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucogenic">glucogenic</a> functions of the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, on the basis of Bernard's laboratory books from the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mirko_Grmek" title="Mirko Grmek">Mirko Grmek</a> referred the laboratory books to Holmes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warner_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_L._Holmes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holmes spent two years at MIT as an assistant professor starting in 1962, teaching in the Humanities Department.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964 Holmes became an assistant professor of the history of science at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and in 1968 he became an associate professor. Holmes was a founder of the Joint Atlantic Seminars in History of Biology in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Yale, he supervised <a href="/wiki/Margaret_W._Rossiter" title="Margaret W. Rossiter">Margaret W. Rossiter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who graduated in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-CornellSTS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CornellSTS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972 he moved to become a full professor and department chair at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979 he returned to Yale as a full professor and from 1979 to 2002 he chaired the Section of the History of Medicine in the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine" title="Yale School of Medicine">Yale School of Medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holmes became Avalon Professor of the History of Medicine at Yale in 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from 1982 to 1987 he was Master of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_College" title="Jonathan Edwards College">Jonathan Edwards College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a leading force in building the history of science and medicine at the university.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He initiated an undergraduate major in the history of science and history of medicine and in 1986 he initiated a graduate program in the history of medicine and the life sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002 he helped establish a new Program in the History of Medicine and Science.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACS_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holmes was the author of more than sixty papers and several books on the history of medicine and the biological sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his two-volume work on <a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Hans Adolf Krebs</a> and the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a>, Holmes not only evaluated Krebs's lab books, but also conducted detailed interviews with Krebs; he also repeated this pattern with <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Meselson" title="Matthew Meselson">Matthew Meselson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Stahl" title="Franklin Stahl">Franklin Stahl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holmes won several prizes and was a leading contributor to the history of medicine and the biological sciences for two generations.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During the final months of his life, he was intent on attempting to finish his study of <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a> and molecular biology, and those who visited him at the Yale Health Service Clinic recall a room filled with books, papers, a laptop, and a scholar eager to talk about ideas. He completed the final chapter two weeks before his death ...<sup id="cite_ref-Warner_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He and his wife Harriet Vann Holmes (d. 2000) had three daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_L._Holmes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1962 — <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Reingold_Prize" title="Nathan Reingold Prize">Schuman Prize</a> of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Science_Society" title="History of Science Society">History of Science Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1975 — <a href="/wiki/Pfizer_Award" title="Pfizer Award">Pfizer Award</a> of the History of Science Society<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1978 — <a href="/wiki/William_H._Welch_Medal" title="William H. Welch Medal">William H. Welch Medal</a> of <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_History_of_Medicine" title="American Association for the History of Medicine">American Association for the History of Medicine</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1981–1983 — President of the History of Science Society<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1994 — <a href="/wiki/Dexter_Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_the_History_of_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Dexter Award for Outstanding Achievement in the History of Chemistry">Dexter Award for Outstanding Achievement in the History of Chemistry</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACSDexter2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACSDexter2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1994 — Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000 — <a href="/wiki/George_Sarton_Medal" title="George Sarton Medal">George Sarton Medal</a> of the History of Science Society<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000 — Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_L._Holmes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Claude Bernard and Animal Chemistry, Harvard University Press 1974</li> <li>Lavoisier and the Chemistry of Life: an exploration of scientific creativity, Princeton University Press, 1985; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MLY-x9a393QC">Reprint University of Wisconsin Press, 1987</a></li> <li>Antoine Lavoisier - the next crucial year: or, the sources of his quantitative method in chemistry, Princeton University Press 1997; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9FIABAAAQBAJ">Reprint (pbk), 2014</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Hans_Krebs.html?id=qi8qfnKTuGoC">Hans Krebs: the formation of a scientific life 1900–1933</a>, Oxford University Press 1991</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Hans_Krebs.html?id=XxUqWDwwIewC">Hans Krebs: Architect of intermediary metabolism 1933–1937</a>, Oxford University Press 1993</li> <li>Meselson, Stahl and the Replication of DNA: A history of the most beautiful experiment in biology, Yale University Press 2001; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g4DGSXAqReoC">Reprint (pbk), 2008</a> (See also <a href="/wiki/Meselson%E2%80%93Stahl_experiment" title="Meselson–Stahl experiment">Meselson–Stahl experiment</a>.)</li> <li>Investigative Pathways: pattern and stages in the careers of experimental scientists, Yale University Press 2004<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>with William C. Summers: Reconceiving the gene: Seymour Benzer's adventures in phage genetics, Yale University Press 2006;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Reconceiving_the_Gene.html?id=vLvyX2kGJxcC">Reprint (pbk), 2008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/events/1995paulingconference/video-s4-2-holmes.html">Historians and Contemporary Scientific Biography, Pauling Symposium 1995</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_L._Holmes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123787217">"Frederic Lawrence Holmes"</a>. <i>data.bnf.fr</i> (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.bnf.fr&rft.atitle=Frederic+Lawrence+Holmes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fcb123787217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederic+L.+Holmes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockeWarner2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rocke, Alan; Warner, John Harley (2003). 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_History_of_Science_Society" title="Template:Presidents of the History of Science Society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_History_of_Science_Society" title="Template talk:Presidents of the History of Science Society"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_History_of_Science_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the History of Science Society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_History_of_Science_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Science_Society" title="History of Science Society">History of Science Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1924–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Joseph_Henderson" title="Lawrence Joseph Henderson">Lawrence Joseph Henderson</a> (1924–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">James Henry Breasted</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eugene_Smith" title="David Eugene Smith">David Eugene Smith</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Fahs_Smith" title="Edgar Fahs Smith">Edgar Fahs Smith</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Thorndike" title="Lynn Thorndike">Lynn Thorndike</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crew" title="Henry Crew">Henry Crew</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Welch" title="William H. Welch">William H. Welch</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthold_Laufer" title="Berthold Laufer">Berthold Laufer</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Playfair_McMurrich" title="J. Playfair McMurrich">J. Playfair McMurrich</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Williams_Cushing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Williams Cushing">Harvey Williams Cushing</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Browne,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Albert Browne, Jr.">Charles Albert Browne, Jr.</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_D._Leake" title="Chauncey D. Leake">Chauncey D. Leake</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Sigerist" title="Henry E. Sigerist">Henry E. Sigerist</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Shryock" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard H. Shryock">Richard H. Shryock</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles_Karpinski" title="Louis Charles Karpinski">Louis Charles Karpinski</a> (1943–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Bowman" title="Isaiah Bowman">Isaiah Bowman</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Vilhjalmur Stefansson</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Farquhar_Fulton" title="John Farquhar Fulton">John Farquhar Fulton</a> (1947–1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harcourt_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harcourt Brown (page does not exist)">Harcourt Brown</a> (1951–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Stimson" title="Dorothy Stimson">Dorothy Stimson</a> (1953–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Guerlac" title="Henry Guerlac">Henry Guerlac</a> (1957–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._Bernard_Cohen" title="I. Bernard Cohen">I. Bernard Cohen</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Clagett" title="Marshall Clagett">Marshall Clagett</a> (1963–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coulston_Gillispie" title="Charles Coulston Gillispie">Charles Coulston Gillispie</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._O%27Malley" class="mw-redirect" title="C. D. O'Malley">C. D. O'Malley</a> (1967–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Townsend_White,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn Townsend White, Jr.">Lynn Townsend White, Jr.</a> (1971–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_N._Hiebert" title="Erwin N. Hiebert">Erwin N. Hiebert</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Greene_(historian)" title="John C. Greene (historian)">John C. Greene</a> (1975–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Westfall" title="Richard S. Westfall">Richard S. Westfall</a> (1977-1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Multhauf" title="Robert P. Multhauf">Robert P. Multhauf</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederic L. Holmes</a> (1981–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Holton" title="Gerald Holton">Gerald Holton</a> (1983–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grant" title="Edward Grant">Edward Grant</a> (1985–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Coleman_(historian)" title="William Coleman (historian)">William Coleman</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jo_Nye" title="Mary Jo Nye">Mary Jo Nye</a> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Brush" title="Stephen G. Brush">Stephen G. Brush</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Gregory_Kohlstedt" title="Sally Gregory Kohlstedt">Sally Gregory Kohlstedt</a> (1992–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Lindberg" title="David C. Lindberg">David C. Lindberg</a> (1994–1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Gregory_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Gregory (historian) (page does not exist)">Frederick Gregory</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Van_Helden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Van Helden (page does not exist)">Albert Van Helden</a> (1998–1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Numbers" title="Ronald Numbers">Ronald Numbers</a> (2000–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Servos" title="John Servos">John Servos</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sokal" title="Michael Sokal">Michael Sokal</a> (2004–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Cadden_(historian)" title="Joan Cadden (historian)">Joan Cadden</a> (2006–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Maienschein" title="Jane Maienschein">Jane Maienschein</a> (2008–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lawrence_Farber" title="Paul Lawrence Farber">Paul Lawrence Farber</a> (2010–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_K._Nyhart" title="Lynn K. Nyhart">Lynn K. Nyhart</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_N._H._Creager" title="Angela N. H. Creager">Angela N. H. Creager</a> (2014–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Browne" title="Janet Browne">Janet Browne</a> (2016–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lightman" title="Bernard Lightman">Bernard Lightman</a> (2018–2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Golinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Golinski (page does not exist)">Jan Golinski</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa-ti_Fan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fa-ti Fan (page does not exist)">Fa-ti Fan</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelynn_Hammonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelynn Hammonds">Evelynn Hammonds</a> (2024–2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15446721#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15446721#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15446721#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000373964479">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27146829">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1461186/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmpghy4Bm6MHgMYwBFVG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/135802407">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84016808">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123787217">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123787217">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/100629">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074372637">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90614258">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000098638&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000161651&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810649221605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262605105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02197449?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=217511">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd135802407.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/135802407">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032834543">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_L._Holmes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.1835">Frederic Lawrence Holmes Papers (MS 1835).</a> Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederic_L._Holmes&oldid=1258759148">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederic_L._Holmes&oldid=1258759148</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_historians_of_science" title="Category:American historians of science">American historians of science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Science_alumni" title="Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni">Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_University_alumni" title="Category:Harvard University alumni">Harvard University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Western_Ontario" title="Category:Academic staff of the University of Western Ontario">Academic staff of the University of Western Ontario</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yale_University_faculty" title="Category:Yale University faculty">Yale University faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society">Members of the American Philosophical Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_births" title="Category:1932 births">1932 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_deaths" title="Category:2003 deaths">2003 deaths</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a 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