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id="toc-Other_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Other names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nativity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nativity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_and_medieval_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_and_medieval_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early and medieval era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_and_medieval_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_and_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>17th and 18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observance_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observance_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Observance and traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observance_and_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Observance and traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Observance_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Church_attendance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_attendance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Church attendance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_attendance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nativity_play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nativity_play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nativity play</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nativity_play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_carols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_carols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Music and carols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_carols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Traditional cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Cards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorative_stamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorative_stamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Commemorative stamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorative_stamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christmas_seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christmas_seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Christmas seals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christmas_seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gift_giving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gift_giving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Gift giving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gift_giving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gift-bearing_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gift-bearing_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.1</span> <span>Gift-bearing figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gift-bearing_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choice_of_date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice_of_date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Choice of date</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Choice_of_date-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Choice of date subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Choice_of_date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Date_according_to_Julian_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_according_to_Julian_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Date according to Julian calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_according_to_Julian_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Table of dates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christmas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 230 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-230" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">230 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Хъуромэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хъуромэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Хъуромэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Хъуромэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kersfees" title="Kersfees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kersfees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weihnachten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%88%E1%8A%93" title="ገና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ገና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juovlah" title="Juovlah – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Juovlah" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C4%ABstesm%C3%A6sse" title="Crīstesmæsse – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Crīstesmæsse" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8C%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%B3%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Қьырса ныҳәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Қьырса ныҳәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="عيد الميلاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيد الميلاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadal" title="Nadal – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nadal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%90%DC%95%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܥܐܕܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܝܠܕܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܐܕܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܝܠܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%BE%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Սուրբ Ծնունդ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սուրբ Ծնունդ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A2ciunu" title="Crâciunu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Crâciunu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalendes" title="Chalendes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Chalendes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="বৰদিন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৰদিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navid%C3%A1" title="Navidá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Navidá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिसमस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="क्रिसमस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arare%C3%B1%C3%B3i" title="Arareñói – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arareñói" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D3%80_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="МасихӀ гьави – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="МасихӀ гьави" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milad" title="Milad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="میلاد بایرامی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میلاد بایرامی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahina_Natal" title="Rahina Natal – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rahina Natal" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="বড়দিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বড়দিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal" title="Natal – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Natal" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng-t%C3%A0n-cheh" title="Sèng-tàn-cheh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèng-tàn-cheh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Раштыуа – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Раштыуа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нараджэнне Хрыстова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нараджэнне Хрыстова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Божае Нараджэньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Божае Нараджэньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिसमस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्रिसमस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasko" title="Pasko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pasko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рождество Христово – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рождество Христово" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnochtn" title="Weihnochtn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Weihnochtn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡེ་ཤུའི་འཁྲུངས་སྐར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡེ་ཤུའི་འཁྲུངས་སྐར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Božić – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Božić" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedeleg" title="Nedeleg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nedeleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рождество – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Рождество" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadal" title="Nadal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nadal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Христос Раштавĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Христос Раштавĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasko" title="Pasko – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pasko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1noce" title="Vánoce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vánoce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabidat" title="Nabidat – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Nabidat" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascua" title="Pascua – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Pascua" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natale" title="Natale – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Natale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadolig" title="Nadolig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nadolig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jul" title="Jul – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juovllat" title="Juovllat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Juovllat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grischtdaag" title="Grischtdaag – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Grischtdaag" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weihnachten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B5ulud" title="Jõulud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jõulud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Χριστούγεννα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστούγεννα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nad%C3%AAl" title="Nadêl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Nadêl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navidad" title="Navidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Navidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristnasko" title="Kristnasko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristnasko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi%C3%A1" title="Naviá – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Naviá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eguberria" title="Eguberria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eguberria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B3" title="کریسمس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریسمس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3l" title="Jól – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jól" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl" title="Noël – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noël" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryst" title="Kryst – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kryst" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nad%C3%A2l" title="Nadâl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Nadâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Nollaig" title="An Nollaig – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Nollaig" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nollick" title="Nollick – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nollick" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nollaig" title="Nollaig – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nollaig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadal" title="Nadal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nadal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thik%C5%A9_ya_g%C5%A9k%C5%A9%C4%A9ra_g%C5%A9ciarwo_kwa_Njec%C5%A9_(chrismas)" title="Thikũ ya gũkũĩra gũciarwo kwa Njecũ (chrismas) – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Thikũ ya gũkũĩra gũciarwo kwa Njecũ (chrismas)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2" title="નાતાલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નાતાલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal" title="Natal – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Natal" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B9nwh%E1%BA%B9_Jijizan_Jesu_Klisti_T%E1%BB%8Dn" title="Hùnwhẹ Jijizan Jesu Klisti Tọn – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Hùnwhẹ Jijizan Jesu Klisti Tọn" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3n-tan-chiet" title="Sṳn-tan-chiet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳn-tan-chiet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4" title="크리스마스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리스마스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsimeti" title="Kirsimeti – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kirsimeti" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalikimaka" title="Kalikimaka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kalikimaka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Սուրբ ծնունդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրբ ծնունդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिसमस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रिसमस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hody" title="Hody – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hody" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Božić – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Božić" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristonasko" title="Kristonasko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kristonasko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paskua" title="Paskua – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Paskua" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal" title="Natal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Natal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal" title="Natal – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Natal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist-nascentie" title="Crist-nascentie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Crist-nascentie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraisima%C4%A1vik" title="Kraisimaġvik – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kraisimaġvik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81" title="Цыппурс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цыппурс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhisimusi" title="UKhisimusi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UKhisimusi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3l" title="Jól – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jól" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natale" title="Natale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Natale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93" title="חג המולד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חג המולד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal" title="Natal – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Natal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಮಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಮಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ქრისტეს შობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრისტეს შობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%B3" title="کٕرسمَس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کٕرسمَس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B2d%C3%AB" title="Gòdë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Gòdë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рождество – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рождество" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noheli" title="Noheli – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Noheli" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noheli" title="Noheli – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Noheli" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krismasi" title="Krismasi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Krismasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D3%A7%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Кристослӧн Рӧштвоыс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кристослӧн Рӧштвоыс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowele" title="Nowele – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nowele" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nw%C3%A8l" title="Nwèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nwèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nw%C3%A8l" title="Nwèl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Nwèl" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaxand" title="Gaxand – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gaxand" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Шартял – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шартял" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadel" title="Nadel – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nadel" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navidad" title="Navidad – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Navidad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мавлуд Эсал – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мавлуд Эсал" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B9" title="ບຸນປະສູດພະເຢຊູ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ບຸນປະສູດພະເຢຊູ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABmyssv%C4%81tki" title="Zīmyssvātki – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Zīmyssvātki" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_Natalis_Christi" title="Dies Natalis Christi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dies Natalis Christi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tki" title="Ziemassvētki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemassvētki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%ABschtdag" title="Chrëschtdag – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chrëschtdag" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%97dos" title="Kalėdos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalėdos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanunu_Fandru" title="Fanunu Fandru – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Fanunu Fandru" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaersjmes" title="Kaersjmes – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kaersjmes" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyenga_ya_Mb%C3%B3tama" title="Eyenga ya Mbótama – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Eyenga ya Mbótama" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal" title="Natal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Natal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedal" title="Nedal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nedal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C3%A1csony" title="Karácsony – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karácsony" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिसमस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="क्रिसमस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%9C" title="Божиќ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Божиќ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noely" title="Noely – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Noely" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്രിസ്തുമസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്തുമസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milied" title="Milied – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Milied" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirihimete" title="Kirihimete – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kirihimete" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3" title="नाताळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाताळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94" title="ქირსე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქირსე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="عيد الميلاد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيد الميلاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ခရေတ်သမာတ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ခရေတ်သမာတ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B3" title="کریسمس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کریسمس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krismas" title="Krismas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Krismas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81" title="ꯈ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯃꯥꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯃꯥꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ng-d%C3%A1ng-c%C3%A1ik" title="Séng-dáng-cáik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Séng-dáng-cáik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Роштува – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Роштува" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ခရစ္စမတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခရစ္စမတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlacatilizilhuitl" title="Tlacatilizilhuitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlacatilizilhuitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirisimasi" title="Kirisimasi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kirisimasi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerstmis" title="Kerstmis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kerstmis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ACrsttied" title="Kìrsttied – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kìrsttied" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिसमस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्रिसमस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9" title="クリスマス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリスマス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natale" title="Natale – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Natale" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Ӏийса пайхамар вина де – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏийса пайхамар вина де" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCl" title="Jül – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jül" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresmes" title="Kresmes – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kresmes" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jul" title="Jul – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jul" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jul" title="Jul – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nou%C3%A9%27" title="Noué' – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Noué'" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule" title="Yule – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Yule" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadal" title="Nadal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nadal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8" title="ବଡ଼ଦିନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବଡ଼ଦିନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavlud" title="Mavlud – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mavlud" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕ੍ਰਿਸਮਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕ੍ਰਿਸਮਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Weihnachten" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korismas" title="Korismas – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Korismas" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B3" title="کرسمس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کرسمس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ခရိစ်သမတ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခရိစ်သမတ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasco" title="Pasco – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pasco" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B" title="បុណ្យណូអែល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បុណ្យណូអែល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl" title="Noël – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Noël" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/kulisimas" title="kulisimas – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="kulisimas" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiehnacht" title="Wiehnacht – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wiehnacht" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BCe_Narodzenie" title="Boże Narodzenie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Boże Narodzenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal" title="Natal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Natal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnachte" title="Weihnachte – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Weihnachte" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C4%83ciun" title="Crăciun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Crăciun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristuno" title="Kristuno – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kristuno" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadel" title="Nadel – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Nadel" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawirat" title="Nawirat – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nawirat" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Різдво Хрістове – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Різдво Хрістове" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рождество Христово – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рождество Христово" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ороһуоспа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ороһуоспа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerisimasi" title="Kerisimasi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kerisimasi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="क्रिस्मस् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="क्रिस्मस्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Christmas" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wienoachten" title="Wienoachten – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wienoachten" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishtlindja" title="Krishtlindja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krishtlindja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natali" title="Natali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Natali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BD" title="නත්තල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නත්තල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christmas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B3" title="ڪرسمس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرسمس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vianoce" title="Vianoce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vianoce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEi%C4%8D" title="Božič – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Božič" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gody" title="Gody – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gody" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B3" title="کریسمس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کریسمس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%9B" title="Божић – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Божић" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Božić – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Božić" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulu" title="Joulu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joulu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jul" title="Jul – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jul" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasko" title="Pasko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pasko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நத்தார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நத்தார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talalit_(Nuwel)" title="Talalit (Nuwel) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Talalit (Nuwel)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Раштуа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Раштуа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="క్రిస్టమస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్రిస్టమస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%C3%A1l" title="Natál – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Natál" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA" title="คริสต์มาส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์มาส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%AFthmath" title="Krïthmath – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Krïthmath" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Крисмас – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Крисмас" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B2%E1%8E%AF%E1%8E%B2" title="ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಮಸ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಮಸ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel" title="Noel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Noel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro_Christmasdestwo" title="Ro Christmasdestwo – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ro Christmasdestwo" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisi%CC%B1mat" title="Kisi̱mat – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kisi̱mat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D2%A3_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%BD%D2%AF" title="Иисус Христостуң төрүттүнген хүнү – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Иисус Христостуң төрүттүнген хүнү" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Різдво Христове – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Різдво Христове" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B3" title="کرسمس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرسمس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciet_Swngdan" title="Ciet Swngdan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ciet Swngdan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadal" title="Nadal – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nadal" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1tvad" title="Raštvad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Raštvad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%85_Gi%C3%A1ng_sinh" title="Lễ Giáng sinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lễ Giáng sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritidaz%C3%A4l" title="Kritidazäl – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kritidazäl" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noy%C3%A9" title="Noyé – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Noyé" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%AA%95%E7%AF%80" title="聖誕節 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="聖誕節" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestdag" title="Kestdag – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kestdag" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasko" title="Pasko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pasko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowel" title="Nowel – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Nowel" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E" title="圣诞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣诞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khisimusi" title="Khisimusi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Khisimusi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C" title="ניטל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניטל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Christmas" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%AA%95%E7%AF%80" title="聖誕節 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖誕節" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C4%9Fand" title="Gağand – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gağand" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kossemisse" title="Kossemisse – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Kossemisse" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliedas" title="Kaliedas – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kaliedas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E8%8A%82" title="圣诞节 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣诞节" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal" title="Natal – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Natal" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal" title="Natal – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Natal" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krismas" title="Krismas – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Krismas" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_xw%C3%A9" title="Nata xwé – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Nata xwé" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krismas" title="Krismas – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Krismas" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr 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semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christmas_Day&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian holiday, usually December 25</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Christmas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Christmas (disambiguation)">Christmas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Christmas Day" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Christmas Day (disambiguation)">Christmas Day (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lavender">Christmas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NativityChristmasLights2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/NativityChristmasLights2.jpg/240px-NativityChristmasLights2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/NativityChristmasLights2.jpg/360px-NativityChristmasLights2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/NativityChristmasLights2.jpg/480px-NativityChristmasLights2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3619" data-file-height="2585" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> depicted using <a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Noël, Nativity, <a href="/wiki/Koleda" class="mw-redirect" title="Koleda">Koleda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Christians, many non-Christians<sup id="cite_ref-nonXians_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nonXians-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NonXiansUSA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NonXiansUSA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Christian, cultural, international</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Commemoration of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">nativity of Jesus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data">Gift-giving, family and other social gatherings, symbolic decoration, feasting</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observances</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">Church services</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>December 25 (<a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a> churches)</li> <li>January 6 (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a>)</li> <li>January 7 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> December 25) (most <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> churches)</li> <li>January 19 (O.S. January 6) (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Christ">Nativity of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Christmas" title="Little Christmas">Old Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's Day">St. Stephen's Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Christmas</b> is an annual festival commemorating <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">the birth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a>, observed primarily on December 25<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> celebration among billions of people <a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country">around the world</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast</a> central to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical year</a>, preparation for Christmas begins on the <a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">First Sunday</a> of <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> (the fourth Sunday before), and it is followed by <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a>, which historically in the West lasts <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">twelve days</a> and culminates on <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a>. Christmas Day is a <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">public holiday</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_holidays_by_country" title="List of holidays by country">many countries</a>, is celebrated religiously by a majority of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, as well as culturally by many non-Christians, and forms an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">holiday season</a> surrounding it. </p><p>The traditional Christmas narrative recounted in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a>, says that Jesus was born in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament_messianic_prophecies_quoted_in_the_New_Testament" title="Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament">messianic prophecies</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> arrived in the city, the inn had no room, and so they were offered a stable where the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> was soon born, with <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> proclaiming this news to <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">shepherds</a>, who then spread the word. </p><p>There are different hypotheses regarding the <a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">date of Jesus's birth</a>. In the early fourth century, the church fixed the date as December 25, the date of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> in the Roman calendar. It is nine months after <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a> on March 25, also the Roman date of the spring equinox. Most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, which has been adopted almost universally in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_calendar" title="Civil calendar">civil calendars</a> used in countries throughout the world. However, part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian Churches</a> celebrate Christmas on December 25 of the older <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, which currently corresponds to January 7 in the Gregorian calendar. For Christians, believing that <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God</a> came into the world in the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">form of man</a> to <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atone</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a> of humanity rather than knowing Jesus's exact birth date is considered to be the primary purpose of celebrating Christmas. </p><p>The customs associated with Christmas in various countries have a mix of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pre-Christian" class="extiw" title="wikt:pre-Christian">pre-Christian</a>, Christian, and <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> themes and origins. Popular holiday traditions include <a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">gift giving</a>; completing an <a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Christmas music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">caroling</a>; watching <a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium">Christmas movies</a>; viewing a <a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity play</a>; an exchange of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Christmas cards</a>; attending <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">special meal</a>; and displaying various <a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Christmas decorations</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">nativity scenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreaths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mistletoe" title="Mistletoe">mistletoe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holly" title="Holly">holly</a>. Additionally, several related and often interchangeable figures, known as <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a>, are associated with bringing gifts to children during the Christmas season and have their own body of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">traditions</a> and lore. Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. Over the past few centuries, Christmas has had a steadily growing <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">economic effect</a> in many regions of the world. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ (title)</a></div> <p>The English word <i>Christmas</i> is a shortened form of 'Christ's <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is recorded as <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Crīstesmæsse</i></span> in 1038 and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Cristes-messe</i></span> in 1131.<sup id="cite_ref-CathChrit_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathChrit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Crīst</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Crīstes</i></span>) is from the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χριστός</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Khrīstos</i></span>, 'Christ'), a translation of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מָשִׁיחַ</span>‎</span></span> (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Māšîaḥ</i></span>, '<a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>'), meaning 'anointed';<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">mæsse</i></span> is from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">missa</i></span>, the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The form <i>Christenmas</i> was also used during some periods, but is now considered archaic and dialectal.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term derives from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Cristenmasse</i></span>, meaning 'Christian mass'.<sup id="cite_ref-XMED_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XMED-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></i> is an abbreviation of <i>Christmas</i> found particularly in print, based on the initial letter <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a> (Χ) in the Greek [Χριστός] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |literal= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>, although some <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a> discourage its use.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This abbreviation has precedent in Middle English <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><span lang="enm">Χρ̄es masse</span></span> (where <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><span lang="enm">Χρ̄</span></span> is another abbreviation of the Greek word).<sup id="cite_ref-XMED_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XMED-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_names">Other names</h3></div> <p>The holiday has had various other English names throughout its history. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> referred to the feast as "midwinter",<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, more rarely, as <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Nātiuiteð</i></span> (from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">nātīvitās</i></span> below).<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></i>, meaning 'birth', is from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">nātīvitās</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Gēola</i></span> ('<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a>') referred to the period corresponding to December and January, which was eventually equated with Christian Christmas.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Noel' (also 'Nowel' or 'Nowell', as in "<a href="/wiki/The_First_Noel" title="The First Noel">The First Nowell</a>") entered English in the late 14th century and is from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">noël</i></span> or <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">naël</i></span>, itself ultimately from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">nātālis (diēs)</i></span> meaning 'birth (day)'.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Koleda" class="mw-redirect" title="Koleda">Koleda</a></i> is the traditional Slavic name for Christmas and the period from Christmas to Epiphany or, more generally, to Slavic Christmas-related rituals, some dating to pre-Christian times.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nativity">Nativity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoration_of_the_sheperds_-_Matthias_Stomer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Adoration_of_the_sheperds_-_Matthias_Stomer.jpg/220px-Adoration_of_the_sheperds_-_Matthias_Stomer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Adoration_of_the_sheperds_-_Matthias_Stomer.jpg/330px-Adoration_of_the_sheperds_-_Matthias_Stomer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Adoration_of_the_sheperds_-_Matthias_Stomer.jpg/440px-Adoration_of_the_sheperds_-_Matthias_Stomer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8136" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption><i>Adoration of the Shepherds</i> by Dutch painter <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Stomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthias Stomer">Matthias Stomer</a>, 1632</figcaption></figure> <p>The gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> describe Jesus as being born in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a>. In the Gospel of Luke, Joseph and Mary travel from <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> to Bethlehem in order to be counted for a census, and Jesus is born there and placed in a <a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">manger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rees_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rees-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angels proclaim him a savior for all people, and three shepherds come to adore him. In the Gospel of Matthew, by contrast, three magi follow a <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">star</a> to Bethlehem to bring gifts to Jesus, born the <a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">king of the Jews</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">King Herod</a> orders the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">massacre of all the boys</a> less than two years old in Bethlehem, but the family flees to Egypt and later returns to Nazareth.<sup id="cite_ref-ng-biblical_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-biblical-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_and_medieval_era">Early and medieval era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortus_Deliciarum,_Die_Geburt_Christi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Geburt_Christi.JPG/220px-Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Geburt_Christi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Geburt_Christi.JPG/330px-Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Geburt_Christi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Geburt_Christi.JPG/440px-Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Geburt_Christi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2158" /></a><figcaption><i>Nativity of Christ</i>, medieval illustration from the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Hortus_deliciarum" title="Hortus deliciarum">Hortus deliciarum</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Herrad_of_Landsberg" title="Herrad of Landsberg">Herrad of Landsberg</a> (12th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2nd century, the "earliest church records" indicate that "Christians were remembering and celebrating the birth of the Lord", an "observance [that] sprang up organically from the authentic devotion of ordinary believers"; although "they did not agree upon a set date".<sup id="cite_ref-English_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of Christ's birth being marked on December 25 is a sentence in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronograph_of_354" title="Chronograph of 354">Chronograph of 354</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradshaw_7-10_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw_7-10-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewCath_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewCath-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liturgical historians generally agree that this part of the text was written in Rome in AD 336.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradshaw_7-10_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw_7-10-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Christmas did not appear on the lists of festivals given by the early Christian writers <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CathChrit_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathChrit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the early Church Fathers <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> attested to December 25 as the date of Christmas toward the end of the fourth century.<sup id="cite_ref-English_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> December 25 was the traditional date of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> in the Roman Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-Forsythe_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where most Christians lived, and the Roman festival <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dies Natalis Solis Invicti</i></span> (birthday of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a></i></span>, the 'Invincible Sun') had been held on this date since 274 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradshaw_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">East</a>, the birth of Jesus was celebrated in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> on January 6.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roy_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This holiday was not primarily about Christ's birth, but rather <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">his baptism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christmas was promoted in the East as part of the revival of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> that followed the death of the pro-<a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a> in 378. The feast was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 379, in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> towards the end of the fourth century,<sup id="cite_ref-Roy_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably in 388, and in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in the following century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Georgian Iadgari demonstrates that Christmas was celebrated in Jerusalem by the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth century">sixth century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nativity_from_Sherbrooke_Missal_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nativity_from_Sherbrooke_Missal_cropped.jpg/220px-Nativity_from_Sherbrooke_Missal_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nativity_from_Sherbrooke_Missal_cropped.jpg/330px-Nativity_from_Sherbrooke_Missal_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nativity_from_Sherbrooke_Missal_cropped.jpg/440px-Nativity_from_Sherbrooke_Missal_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption><i>The Nativity</i>, from a 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">missal</a>, a liturgical book containing texts and music necessary for the celebration of Mass throughout the year</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, Christmas Day was overshadowed by Epiphany, which in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">western Christianity</a> focused on the visit of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">magi</a>. However, the medieval calendar was dominated by Christmas-related holidays. The forty days before Christmas became the "forty days of St. Martin" (which began on November 11, the feast of <a href="/wiki/St._Martin_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin of Tours">St. Martin of Tours</a>), now known as Advent.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy, former <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalian</a> traditions were attached to Advent.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the 12th century, these traditions transferred again to the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days of Christmas</a> (December 25 – January 5); a time that appears in the liturgical calendars as Christmastide or Twelve Holy Days.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 567, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Tours_567" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Tours 567">Council of Tours</a> put in place the season of <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a>, proclaiming "the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_days_of_Christmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve days of Christmas">twelve days</a> from Christmas to Epiphany as a sacred and festive season, and established the duty of <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> fasting in preparation for the feast."<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done in order to solve the "administrative problem for the Roman Empire as it tried to coordinate the solar Julian calendar with the lunar calendars of its provinces in the east."<sup id="cite_ref-Hill2003_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill2003-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prominence of Christmas Day increased gradually after <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> was crowned Emperor on Christmas Day in 800.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a> was anointed on Christmas in 855 and King <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William I of England</a> was crowned on Christmas Day 1066.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_(German_-_The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_%28German_-_The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_%28German_-_The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_%28German_-_The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_%28German_-_The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_%28German_-_The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_%28German_-_The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4923" data-file-height="2769" /></a><figcaption>The coronation of Charlemagne on Christmas of 800 helped promote the popularity of the holiday</figcaption></figure> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the holiday had become so prominent that chroniclers routinely noted where various <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnates</a> celebrated Christmas. <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">King Richard II</a> of England hosted a Christmas feast in 1377 at which 28 oxen and 300 sheep were eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yule boar was a common feature of medieval Christmas feasts. <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Caroling</a> also became popular, and was originally performed by a group of dancers who sang. The group was composed of a lead singer and a ring of dancers that provided the chorus. Various writers of the time condemned caroling as lewd, indicating that the unruly traditions of Saturnalia and Yule may have continued in this form.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Misrule</a>"—drunkenness, promiscuity, gambling—was also an important aspect of the festival. In England, gifts were exchanged on New Year's Day, and there was special Christmas ale.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christmas during the Middle Ages was a public festival that incorporated <a href="/wiki/Ivy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivy">ivy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holly" title="Holly">holly</a>, and other evergreens.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgreevy_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgreevy-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christmas <a href="/wiki/Gift-giving" class="mw-redirect" title="Gift-giving">gift-giving</a> during the Middle Ages was usually between people with legal relationships, such as tenant and landlord.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgreevy_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgreevy-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual indulgence in eating, dancing, singing, sporting, and card playing escalated in England, and by the 17th century the Christmas season featured lavish dinners, elaborate masques, and pageants. In 1607, <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">King James I</a> insisted that a play be acted on Christmas night and that the court indulge in games.<sup id="cite_ref-BTR_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTR-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> in 16th–17th-century Europe that many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Christkindl" class="mw-redirect" title="Christkindl">Christkindl</a></i>, and the date of giving gifts changed from December 6 to Christmas Eve.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_and_18th_centuries">17th and 18th centuries</h3></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, many of the new denominations, including the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglican Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheran Church</a>, continued to celebrate Christmas.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe2011_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1629, the Anglican poet <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> penned <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Morning_of_Christ%27s_Nativity" title="On the Morning of Christ's Nativity">On the Morning of Christ's Nativity</a></i>, a poem that has since been read by many during Christmastide.<sup id="cite_ref-Shawcross1993_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shawcross1993-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donald Heinz, a professor at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Chico" title="California State University, Chico">California State University, Chico</a>, states that <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> "inaugurated a period in which Germany would produce a unique culture of Christmas, much copied in North America."<sup id="cite_ref-Heinz_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinz-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the congregations of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a>, Christmas was celebrated as one of the principal <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_feast" title="Evangelical feast">evangelical feasts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Old2002_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old2002-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 17th century England, some groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> strongly condemned the celebration of Christmas, considering it a Catholic invention and the "trappings of <a href="/wiki/Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Papist">popery</a>" or the "rags of <a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beast (Bible)">the Beast</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Durston_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durston-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglican Church</a> "pressed for a more elaborate observance of feasts, penitential seasons, and saints' days. The calendar reform became a major point of tension between the Anglican party and the Puritan party."<sup id="cite_ref-Old_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> also responded, promoting the festival in a more religiously oriented form. King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> directed his noblemen and gentry to return to their landed estates in midwinter to keep up their old-style Christmas generosity.<sup id="cite_ref-BTR_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTR-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</a> victory over Charles I during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, England's Puritan rulers banned Christmas in 1647.<sup id="cite_ref-Durston_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durston-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protests followed as pro-Christmas rioting broke out in several cities and for weeks <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> was controlled by the rioters, who decorated doorways with <a href="/wiki/Holly" title="Holly">holly</a> and shouted <a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">royalist</a> slogans.<sup id="cite_ref-Durston_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durston-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Football, among the sports the Puritans banned on a Sunday, was also used as a rebellious force: when Puritans outlawed Christmas in England in December 1647 the crowd brought out footballs as a symbol of festive misrule.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book, <i>The Vindication of Christmas</i> (London, 1652), argued against the Puritans, and makes note of Old English Christmas traditions, dinner, roast apples on the fire, card playing, dances with "plow-boys" and "maidservants", old Father Christmas and carol singing.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the ban, semi-clandestine religious services marking Christ's birth continued to be held, and people sang carols in secret.<sup id="cite_ref-Outlawed_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outlawed-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FatherChristmastrial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FatherChristmastrial.jpg/170px-FatherChristmastrial.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FatherChristmastrial.jpg/255px-FatherChristmastrial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FatherChristmastrial.jpg/340px-FatherChristmastrial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption><i>The Examination and Tryal of <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Old Father Christmas</a></i>, (1686), published after Christmas was reinstated as a holy day in England.</figcaption></figure> <p>It was restored as a legal holiday in England with the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> in 1660 when Puritan legislation was declared null and void, with Christmas again freely celebrated in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Outlawed_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outlawed-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Calvinist clergymen disapproved of Christmas celebration. As such, in Scotland, the Presbyterian <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> discouraged the observance of Christmas, and though <a href="/wiki/James_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI">James VI</a> commanded its celebration in 1618, <a href="/wiki/Church_attendance" title="Church attendance">attendance at church</a> was scant.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> officially abolished the observance of Christmas in 1640, claiming that the church had been "purged of all superstitious observation of days".<sup id="cite_ref-RPS1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPS1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas in England, Wales and Ireland Christmas Day is a common law holiday, having been a customary holiday since <a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">time immemorial</a>, it was not until 1871 that it was designated a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">bank holiday</a> in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-scotland-1871_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotland-1871-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Restoration of Charles II, <i>Poor Robin's Almanack</i> contained the lines: "Now thanks to God for Charles return, / Whose absence made old Christmas mourn. / For then we scarcely did it know, / Whether it Christmas were or no."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diary of James Woodforde, from the latter half of the 18th century, details the observance of Christmas and celebrations associated with the season over a number of years.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in England, Puritans in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">Colonial America</a> staunchly opposed the observation of Christmas.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Fathers">Pilgrims</a> of New England pointedly spent their first December 25 in the New World working normally.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puritans such as <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a> condemned Christmas both because scripture did not mention its observance and because Christmas celebrations of the day often involved boisterous behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nissenbaum_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nissenbaum-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many non-Puritans in New England deplored the loss of the holidays enjoyed by the laboring classes in England.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christmas observance was outlawed in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in 1659.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ban on Christmas observance was revoked in 1681 by English governor <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Edmund Andros</a>, but it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became fashionable in the Boston region.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, Christian residents of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and New York observed the holiday freely. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> settlers, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> settlers of <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazareth,_Pennsylvania" title="Nazareth, Pennsylvania">Nazareth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lititz" class="mw-redirect" title="Lititz">Lititz</a> in Pennsylvania and the <a href="/wiki/Wachovia,_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Wachovia, North Carolina">Wachovia</a> settlements in North Carolina, were enthusiastic celebrators of Christmas. The Moravians in Bethlehem had the first Christmas trees in America as well as the first Nativity Scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christmas fell out of favor in the United States after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, when it was considered an English custom.<sup id="cite_ref-cinne_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cinne-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (soldiers)">Hessian</a> (German) mercenaries on the day after Christmas during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a> on December 26, 1776, Christmas being much more popular in Germany than in America at this time. </p><p>With the atheistic <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> in power during the era of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary France">Revolutionary France</a>, Christian Christmas <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">religious services</a> were banned and the <a href="/wiki/Three_kings_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Three kings cake">three kings cake</a> was renamed the "equality cake" under <a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">anticlerical government policies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Inc1996_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc1996-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech,1843_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843_edit.jpg/170px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843_edit.jpg/255px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843_edit.jpg/340px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Ebenezer Scrooge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Ghost of Christmas Present</a>. From <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>, 1843</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 19th century, Christmas festivities and services became widespread with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> that emphasized the centrality of Christmas in Christianity and charity to the poor,<sup id="cite_ref-Rowel1993_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowel1993-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, and other authors emphasizing family, children, kind-heartedness, gift-giving, and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> (for Irving),<sup id="cite_ref-Rowel1993_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowel1993-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a> (for Dickens).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early-19th century, writers imagined <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a>-period Christmas as a time of heartfelt celebration. In 1843, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> wrote the novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>, which helped revive the "spirit" of Christmas and seasonal merriment.<sup id="cite_ref-standiford_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standiford-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFP_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its instant popularity played a major role in portraying Christmas as a holiday emphasizing family, goodwill, and compassion.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowel1993_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowel1993-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dickens sought to construct Christmas as a family-centered festival of generosity, linking "worship and feasting, within a context of social reconciliation."<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton2001_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton2001-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Superimposing his humanitarian vision of the holiday, in what has been termed "Carol Philosophy",<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes2008_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes2008-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dickens influenced many aspects of Christmas that are celebrated today in Western culture, such as family gatherings, seasonal food and drink, dancing, games, and a festive generosity of spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prominent phrase from the tale, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season#History_of_the_phrase" title="Christmas and holiday season">"Merry Christmas"</a>, was popularized following the appearance of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coincided with the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> and the growth of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a>, which led a revival in traditional rituals and religious observances.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmarkt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Christmarkt.jpg/170px-Christmarkt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Christmarkt.jpg/255px-Christmarkt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Christmarkt.jpg/340px-Christmarkt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>19th century lithograph showing the <i><a href="/wiki/Christkindlesmarkt,_Nuremberg" title="Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg">Christkindlesmarkt</a></i> (Christmas market) in Nuremberg, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></i> became a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Miser" title="Miser">miser</a>, with the phrase <a href="/wiki/Humbug" title="Humbug">"Bah! Humbug!"</a> becoming emblematic of a dismissive attitude of the festive spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1843, the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Christmas_card#History" title="Christmas card">Christmas card</a> was produced by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry Cole">Sir Henry Cole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revival of the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Carol" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Carol">Christmas Carol</a> began with <a href="/wiki/William_Sandys_(antiquarian)" title="William Sandys (antiquarian)">William Sandys</a>'s <i>Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern</i> (1833), with the first appearance in print of "<a href="/wiki/The_First_Noel" title="The First Noel">The First Noel</a>", "<a href="/wiki/I_Saw_Three_Ships" title="I Saw Three Ships">I Saw Three Ships</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Hark_the_Herald_Angels_Sing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hark the Herald Angels Sing">Hark the Herald Angels Sing</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/God_Rest_Ye_Merry,_Gentlemen" class="mw-redirect" title="God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen">God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen</a>", popularized in Dickens's <i>A Christmas Carol</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Christmas_Tree_at_Windsor_Castle,_by_J._L._Williams_-_ILN_1848_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Christmas_Tree_at_Windsor_Castle%2C_by_J._L._Williams_-_ILN_1848_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-The_Christmas_Tree_at_Windsor_Castle%2C_by_J._L._Williams_-_ILN_1848_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Christmas_Tree_at_Windsor_Castle%2C_by_J._L._Williams_-_ILN_1848_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-The_Christmas_Tree_at_Windsor_Castle%2C_by_J._L._Williams_-_ILN_1848_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Christmas_Tree_at_Windsor_Castle%2C_by_J._L._Williams_-_ILN_1848_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-The_Christmas_Tree_at_Windsor_Castle%2C_by_J._L._Williams_-_ILN_1848_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Queen's Christmas tree at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, published in the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, 1848</figcaption></figure> <p>In Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree#18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a> was introduced in the early 19th century by the German-born <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Charlotte">Queen Charlotte</a>. In 1832, the future <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> wrote about her delight at having a Christmas tree, hung with <a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights_(holiday_decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas lights (holiday decoration)">lights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas ornaments">ornaments</a>, and presents placed round it.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After her marriage to her German cousin <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>, by 1841 the custom became more widespread throughout Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Lejeune,_Marie_Claire_p.550_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lejeune,_Marie_Claire_p.550-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An image of the British royal family with their Christmas tree at Windsor Castle created a sensation when it was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a></i> in 1848. A modified version of this image was published in <i><a href="/wiki/Godey%27s_Lady%27s_Book" title="Godey's Lady's Book">Godey's Lady's Book</a></i>, Philadelphia in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoemaker_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoemaker-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1870s, putting up a Christmas tree had become common in America.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoemaker_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoemaker-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In America, interest in Christmas had been revived in the 1820s by several short stories by <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> which appear in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sketch_Book_of_Geoffrey_Crayon,_Gent." title="The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.">The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.</a></i> and "Old Christmas". Irving's stories depicted harmonious warm-hearted English Christmas festivities he experienced while staying in <a href="/wiki/Aston_Hall" title="Aston Hall">Aston Hall</a>, Birmingham, England, that had largely been abandoned,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he used the tract <i>Vindication of Christmas</i> (1652) of Old English Christmas traditions, that he had transcribed into his journal as a format for his stories.<sup id="cite_ref-BTR_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTR-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolph_Tidemand_Norsk_juleskik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Adolph_Tidemand_Norsk_juleskik.jpg/170px-Adolph_Tidemand_Norsk_juleskik.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Adolph_Tidemand_Norsk_juleskik.jpg/255px-Adolph_Tidemand_Norsk_juleskik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Adolph_Tidemand_Norsk_juleskik.jpg/340px-Adolph_Tidemand_Norsk_juleskik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Norwegian Christmas, 1846 painting by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Adolph Tidemand</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1822, <a href="/wiki/Clement_Clarke_Moore" title="Clement Clarke Moore">Clement Clarke Moore</a> wrote the poem <i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_From_St._Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="A Visit From St. Nicholas">A Visit From St. Nicholas</a></i> (popularly known by its first line: <i>Twas the Night Before Christmas</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem helped popularize the tradition of exchanging gifts, and seasonal Christmas shopping began to assume economic importance.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also started the cultural conflict between the holiday's spiritual significance and its associated <a href="/wiki/Commercialism" title="Commercialism">commercialism</a> that some see as corrupting the holiday. In her 1850 book <i>The First Christmas in New England</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> includes a character who complains that <a href="/wiki/The_true_meaning_of_Christmas" class="mw-redirect" title="The true meaning of Christmas">the true meaning of Christmas</a> was lost in a shopping spree.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the celebration of Christmas was not yet customary in some regions in the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a> detected "a transition state about Christmas here in New England" in 1856. "The old puritan feeling prevents it from being a cheerful, hearty holiday; though every year makes it more so."<sup id="cite_ref-APH_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APH-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading, Pennsylvania</a>, a newspaper remarked in 1861, "Even our presbyterian friends who have hitherto steadfastly ignored Christmas—threw open their church doors and assembled in force to celebrate the anniversary of the Savior's birth."<sup id="cite_ref-APH_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APH-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The First Congregational Church of Rockford, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, "although of genuine Puritan stock", was 'preparing for a grand Christmas jubilee', a news correspondent reported in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-APH_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APH-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1860, fourteen states including several from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> had adopted Christmas as a legal holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-ABD_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABD-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1875, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Prang" title="Louis Prang">Louis Prang</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_card#History" title="Christmas card">Christmas card</a> to Americans. He has been called the "father of the American Christmas card".<sup id="cite_ref-meggspage148_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meggspage148-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 28, 1870, Christmas was formally declared a <a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">United States federal holiday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-federalholidays_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-federalholidays-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Christmas_Visit._Postcard,_c._1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Christmas_Visit._Postcard%2C_c._1910.jpg/170px-The_Christmas_Visit._Postcard%2C_c._1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Christmas_Visit._Postcard%2C_c._1910.jpg/255px-The_Christmas_Visit._Postcard%2C_c._1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Christmas_Visit._Postcard%2C_c._1910.jpg/340px-The_Christmas_Visit._Postcard%2C_c._1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="1631" /></a><figcaption>The Christmas Visit. Postcard, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and particularly (but not exclusively) in 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a series of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">informal truces</a> took place for Christmas between opposing armies. The truces, which were organised spontaneously by fighting men, ranged from promises not to shoot (shouted at a distance in order to ease the pressure of war for the day) to friendly socializing, gift giving and even sport between enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These incidents became a well known and semi-mythologised part of popular memory.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been described as a symbol of common humanity even in the darkest of situations and used to demonstrate to children the ideals of Christmas.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> of the Soviet Union, after its foundation in 1917, Christmas celebrations—along with other Christian holidays—were prohibited in public.<sup id="cite_ref-Connelly2000_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connelly2000-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Militant_Atheists" title="League of Militant Atheists">League of Militant Atheists</a> encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions, such as the Christmas tree, as well as other Christian holidays, including Easter; the League established an antireligious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet2005_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet2005-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the height of this persecution, in 1929, on Christmas Day, children in Moscow were encouraged to spit on <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifixes</a> as a protest against the holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-Zugger2001_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zugger2001-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the importance of the holiday and all its trappings, such as the Christmas tree and gift-giving, was transferred to the New Year.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 that the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">persecution</a> ended and Orthodox Christmas became a state holiday again for the first time in Russia after seven decades.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European History Professor Joseph Perry wrote that likewise, in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, "because Nazi ideologues saw organized religion as an enemy of the totalitarian state, propagandists sought to deemphasize—or eliminate altogether—the Christian aspects of the holiday" and that "Propagandists tirelessly promoted numerous Nazified Christmas songs, which replaced Christian themes with the regime's racial ideologies."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Christmas celebrations began to spread globally even outside traditional <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian cultures</a>, several Muslim-majority countries began to ban the observance of Christmas, claiming it undermined <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, public Christmas celebrations were cancelled in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, the city synonymous with the birth of Jesus. <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> leaders of various Christian denominations cited the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">ongoing Israel–Hamas war</a> in their unanimous decision to cancel celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observance_and_traditions">Observance and traditions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Christmas traditions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country">Observance of Christmas by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_at_the_Church_of_the_Annunciation,_Nazareth,_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Christmas at the Annunciation Church in Nazareth, 1965. Photo by Dan Hadani." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Christmas_at_the_Church_of_the_Annunciation%2C_Nazareth%2C_1965.jpg/220px-Christmas_at_the_Church_of_the_Annunciation%2C_Nazareth%2C_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Christmas_at_the_Church_of_the_Annunciation%2C_Nazareth%2C_1965.jpg/330px-Christmas_at_the_Church_of_the_Annunciation%2C_Nazareth%2C_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Christmas_at_the_Church_of_the_Annunciation%2C_Nazareth%2C_1965.jpg/440px-Christmas_at_the_Church_of_the_Annunciation%2C_Nazareth%2C_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3309" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption>Christmas at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Annunciation" title="Basilica of the Annunciation">Annunciation Church</a> in Nazareth, 1965</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Countries_that_do_not_recognize_Christmas_as_Public_Holiday.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Map_of_Countries_that_do_not_recognize_Christmas_as_Public_Holiday.svg/220px-Map_of_Countries_that_do_not_recognize_Christmas_as_Public_Holiday.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Map_of_Countries_that_do_not_recognize_Christmas_as_Public_Holiday.svg/330px-Map_of_Countries_that_do_not_recognize_Christmas_as_Public_Holiday.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Map_of_Countries_that_do_not_recognize_Christmas_as_Public_Holiday.svg/440px-Map_of_Countries_that_do_not_recognize_Christmas_as_Public_Holiday.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Dark brown – countries that do not recognize Christmas on December 25 or January 7 as a public holiday. Light brown – countries that do not recognize Christmas as a public holiday, but the holiday is given observance.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Complete-church-midnight-mass_(3135957575).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg/220px-Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg/330px-Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg/440px-Complete-church-midnight-mass_%283135957575%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="2331" /></a><figcaption>Many Christians attend <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a> to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth of Jesus Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jespersen2011_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jespersen2011-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Christmas Day is celebrated as a major festival and public holiday in countries around the world, including many whose populations are mostly non-Christian. In some non-Christian areas, periods of former colonial rule introduced the celebration (e.g. Hong Kong); in others, Christian minorities or foreign cultural influences have led populations to observe the holiday. Countries such as Japan, where Christmas is popular despite there being only a small number of Christians, have adopted many of the cultural aspects of Christmas, such as gift-giving, decorations, and Christmas trees. A similar example is in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, being Muslim-majority and with a small number of Christians, where Christmas trees and decorations tend to line public streets during the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many popular customs associated with Christmas developed independently of the commemoration of Jesus's birth, with some claiming that certain elements are Christianized and have origins in pre-Christian festivals that were celebrated by pagan populations who were later <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">converted to Christianity</a>; other scholars reject these claims and affirm that Christmas customs largely developed in a Christian context.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrath2015_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrath2015-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huckabee2021_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huckabee2021-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevailing atmosphere of Christmas has also continually evolved since the holiday's inception, ranging from a sometimes raucous, drunken, <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a>-like state in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a tamer family-oriented and children-centered theme introduced in a 19th-century transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-standiford_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standiford-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFP_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The celebration of Christmas was banned on more than one occasion within certain groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (who do not celebrate birthdays in general), due to concerns that it was too unbiblical.<sup id="cite_ref-Durston_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durston-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to and through the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> centuries, <a href="/wiki/List_of_winter_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of winter festivals">winter festivals</a> were the most popular of the year in many European pagan cultures. Reasons included the fact that less agricultural work needed to be done during the winter, as well as an expectation of better weather as spring approached.<sup id="cite_ref-AncientHoliday_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AncientHoliday-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a> winter herbs such as <a href="/wiki/Mistletoe" title="Mistletoe">mistletoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivy">ivy</a>, and the custom of kissing under a mistletoe, are common in modern Christmas celebrations in the English-speaking countries.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>—including the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse—celebrated a winter festival called <a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a>, held in the late December to early January period, yielding modern English <i>yule</i>, today used as a synonym for <i>Christmas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK379_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK379-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germanic language-speaking areas, numerous elements of modern Christmas folk custom and iconography may have originated from Yule, including the <a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yule_boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule boar">Yule boar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK379_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK379-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often leading a ghostly procession through the sky (the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a>), the long-bearded god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> is referred to as "the Yule one" and "Yule father" in Old Norse texts, while other gods are referred to as "Yule beings".<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK-2010_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK-2010-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, as there are no reliable existing references to a Christmas log prior to the 16th century, the burning of the Christmas block may have been an early modern invention by Christians unrelated to the pagan practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiser1958_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiser1958-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">countries with a strong Christian tradition</a>, a variety of Christmas celebrations have developed that incorporate regional and local cultures. For example, in eastern Europe Christmas celebrations incorporated pre-Christian traditions such as the <a href="/wiki/Koleda" class="mw-redirect" title="Koleda">Koleda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which shares parallels with the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_attendance">Church attendance</h3></div> <p>Christmas Day (inclusive of its <a href="/wiki/Vigil#Eves_of_religious_celebrations" title="Vigil">vigil</a>, Christmas Eve), is a <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)#Festivals" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Festival</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Solemnity" title="Solemnity">solemnity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Principal_Feast" title="Principal Feast">Principal Feast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>. Other Christian denominations do not rank their feast days but nevertheless place importance on Christmas Eve/Christmas Day, as with other Christian feasts like Easter, Ascension Day, and Pentecost.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, for Christians, attending a Christmas Eve or Christmas Day <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church service</a> plays an important part in the recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmas season</a>. Christmas, along with Easter, is the period of highest annual church attendance. A 2010 survey by <a href="/wiki/LifeWay_Christian_Resources" title="LifeWay Christian Resources">LifeWay Christian Resources</a> found that six in ten Americans attend church services during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, the Church of England reported an estimated attendance of 2.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>million people at Christmas services in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorations">Decorations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Christmas decoration</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hanging_of_the_greens" title="Hanging of the greens">Hanging of the greens</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie_Presepio.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Carnegie_Presepio.JPG/220px-Carnegie_Presepio.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Carnegie_Presepio.JPG/330px-Carnegie_Presepio.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Carnegie_Presepio.JPG/440px-Carnegie_Presepio.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan <i>presepio</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museum_of_Art" title="Carnegie Museum of Art">Carnegie Museum of Art</a> in Pittsburgh</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scenes</a> are known from 10th-century Rome. They were popularised by Saint <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> from 1223, quickly spreading across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins47_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins47-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different types of decorations developed across the Christian world, dependent on local tradition and available resources, and can vary from simple representations of the crib to far more elaborate sets – renowned manger scene traditions include the colourful <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Kraków szopka</a></i></span> in Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which imitate <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>'s historical buildings as settings, the elaborate Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">presepi</i></span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presepe_napoletano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presepe napoletano (page does not exist)">Neapolitan</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presepe_napoletano" class="extiw" title="it:Presepe napoletano">it</a>]</sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presepe_genovese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presepe genovese (page does not exist)">Genoese</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presepe_genovese" class="extiw" title="it:Presepe genovese">it</a>]</sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presepe_bolognese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presepe bolognese (page does not exist)">Bolognese</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presepe_bolognese" class="extiw" title="it:Presepe bolognese">it</a>]</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençal</a> crèches in <a href="/wiki/Le_Midi" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Midi">southern</a> France, using hand-painted terracotta figurines called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Santon_(figurine)" title="Santon (figurine)">santons</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain parts of the world, notably <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, living nativity scenes following the tradition of Saint Francis are a popular alternative to static crèches.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first commercially produced decorations appeared in Germany in the 1860s, inspired by paper chains made by children.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins83_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins83-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In countries where a representation of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> is very popular, people are encouraged to compete and create the most original or realistic ones. Within some families, the pieces used to make the representation are considered a valuable family <a href="/wiki/Heirloom" title="Heirloom">heirloom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional colors of Christmas decorations are red, green, and gold.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red symbolizes the blood of Jesus, which was shed in his <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>; green symbolizes eternal life, and in particular the evergreen tree, which does not lose its leaves in the winter; and gold is the first color associated with Christmas, as one of the three gifts of the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a>, symbolizing royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-Ace_Collins_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ace_Collins-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1962_Entrance_Hall_(Official_White_House)_Christmas_tree_-_Jack_and_Jacqueline_Kennedy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1962_Entrance_Hall_%28Official_White_House%29_Christmas_tree_-_Jack_and_Jacqueline_Kennedy.jpg/220px-1962_Entrance_Hall_%28Official_White_House%29_Christmas_tree_-_Jack_and_Jacqueline_Kennedy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1962_Entrance_Hall_%28Official_White_House%29_Christmas_tree_-_Jack_and_Jacqueline_Kennedy.jpg/330px-1962_Entrance_Hall_%28Official_White_House%29_Christmas_tree_-_Jack_and_Jacqueline_Kennedy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1962_Entrance_Hall_%28Official_White_House%29_Christmas_tree_-_Jack_and_Jacqueline_Kennedy.jpg/440px-1962_Entrance_Hall_%28Official_White_House%29_Christmas_tree_-_Jack_and_Jacqueline_Kennedy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The official White House Christmas tree for 1962, displayed in the Entrance Hall and presented by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jackie</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a> was first used by German Lutherans in the 16th century, with records indicating that a Christmas tree was placed in the Cathedral of Strassburg in 1539, under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, these "German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them; the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a> put lighted candles on those trees."<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2010_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2010-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blainey2013_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blainey2013-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Christmas_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas decorations">decorating</a> the Christmas tree, many individuals place a star at the top of the tree symbolizing the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a>, a fact recorded by <i>The School Journal</i> in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandryk2005_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandryk2005-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor David Albert Jones of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> writes that in the 19th century, it became popular for people to also use an angel to top the Christmas tree in order to symbolize the angels mentioned in the accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, in the context of a Christian celebration of Christmas, the Christmas tree, being evergreen in colour, is <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian symbol">symbolic</a> of Christ, who offers eternal life; the candles or lights on the tree represent the <a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Light of the World</a>—Jesus—born in Bethlehem.<sup id="cite_ref-Becker2000_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker2000-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian services for family use and public worship have been published for the blessing of a Christmas tree, after it has been erected.<sup id="cite_ref-Socias2020_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Socias2020-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christmas tree is considered by some as <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> tradition and ritual surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Solstice" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Solstice">Winter Solstice</a>, which included the use of <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> boughs, and an adaptation of pagan <a href="/wiki/Tree_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree worship">tree worship</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Shaman_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaman-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to eighth-century biographer <a href="/wiki/%C3%86ddi_Stephanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Æddi Stephanus">Æddi Stephanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a> (634–709), who was a missionary in Germany, took an ax to an oak tree dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> and pointed out a <a href="/wiki/Fir_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Fir tree">fir tree</a>, which he stated was a more fitting object of reverence because it pointed to <a href="/wiki/Heaven_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven (Christianity)">heaven</a> and it had a triangular shape, which he said was symbolic of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English language phrase "Christmas tree" is first recorded in 1835<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and represents an importation from the German language.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaman_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaman-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christmas_Archives_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christmas_Archives-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fashion_Era-_Christmas_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fashion_Era-_Christmas-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advent_Wreath_(Broadway_United_Methodist_Church).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Advent_Wreath_%28Broadway_United_Methodist_Church%29.jpg/170px-Advent_Wreath_%28Broadway_United_Methodist_Church%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Advent_Wreath_%28Broadway_United_Methodist_Church%29.jpg/255px-Advent_Wreath_%28Broadway_United_Methodist_Church%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Advent_Wreath_%28Broadway_United_Methodist_Church%29.jpg/340px-Advent_Wreath_%28Broadway_United_Methodist_Church%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>On Christmas, the Christ Candle in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a> is traditionally lit in many <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">poinsettia</a>, a native plant from Mexico, has been associated with Christmas carrying the Christian symbolism of the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a>; in that country it is known in Spanish as the <i>Flower of the Holy Night</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewitson2013_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewitson2013-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other popular holiday plants include holly, <a href="/wiki/Mistletoe" title="Mistletoe">mistletoe</a>, red <a href="/wiki/Amaryllis" title="Amaryllis">amaryllis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_cactus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas cactus">Christmas cactus</a>. Along with a Christmas tree, the interior of a home may be decorated with these plants, along with <a href="/wiki/Garland_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garland (decoration)">garlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> foliage. The display of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_village" title="Christmas village">Christmas villages</a> has also become a tradition in many homes this season. The outside of houses may be decorated with lights and sometimes with illuminated <a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">sleighs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowmen">snowmen</a>, and other Christmas figures. Mistletoe features prominently in European myth and folklore (for example, the legend of <a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a>); it is an evergreen parasitic plant that grows on trees, especially apple and poplar, and turns golden when it is dried. It is customary to hang a sprig of mistletoe in the house at Christmas, and anyone standing underneath it may be kissed. Mistletoe has sticky white berries, one of which was traditionally removed whenever someone was kissed under it. This is probably a fertility ritual. The mistletoe berry juice resembles semen.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neve_a_Verona_17.01.2006_033.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Neve_a_Verona_17.01.2006_033.jpg/220px-Neve_a_Verona_17.01.2006_033.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Neve_a_Verona_17.01.2006_033.jpg/330px-Neve_a_Verona_17.01.2006_033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Neve_a_Verona_17.01.2006_033.jpg/440px-Neve_a_Verona_17.01.2006_033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a> in <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Other traditional decorations include <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candles" class="mw-redirect" title="Candles">candles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candy_canes" class="mw-redirect" title="Candy canes">candy canes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">stockings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreaths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a>. The wreaths and candles in each window are a more traditional Christmas display. The concentric assortment of leaves, usually from an <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a>, make up Christmas wreaths. Candles in each window are meant to demonstrate that Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the ultimate light of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a> and banners may be hung along streets, music played by speakers, and Christmas trees placed in prominent places.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common in many parts of the world for town squares and consumer shopping areas to sponsor and display decorations. Rolls of brightly colored paper with secular or religious Christmas motifs are manufactured to wrap gifts. In some countries, Christmas decorations are traditionally taken down on <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nativity_play">Nativity play</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity play</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-13-_-_Institution_of_the_Crib_at_Greccio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-13-_-_Institution_of_the_Crib_at_Greccio.jpg/220px-Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-13-_-_Institution_of_the_Crib_at_Greccio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-13-_-_Institution_of_the_Crib_at_Greccio.jpg/330px-Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-13-_-_Institution_of_the_Crib_at_Greccio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-13-_-_Institution_of_the_Crib_at_Greccio.jpg/440px-Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-13-_-_Institution_of_the_Crib_at_Greccio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption><i>St. Francis at <a href="/wiki/Greccio" title="Greccio">Greccio</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, 1295</figcaption></figure> <p>The tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> comes from Italy. One of the earliest representation in art of the nativity was found in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">early Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_catacomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman catacomb">Roman catacomb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Valentino" title="Catacombs of San Valentino">Saint Valentine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Osborne2020_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborne2020-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It dates to about AD 380.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuleja1999_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuleja1999-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another, of similar date, is beneath the pulpit in <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">Sant'Ambrogio, Milan</a>. </p><p>For the Christian celebration of Christmas, the viewing of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity play</a> is one of the oldest Christmastime traditions, with the first reenactment of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> taking place in A.D. 1223 in the Italian town of <a href="/wiki/Greccio" title="Greccio">Greccio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins2010_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins2010-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year, <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> assembled a Nativity scene outside of his church in Italy and children sang Christmas carols celebrating the birth of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins2010_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins2010-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each year, this grew larger, and people travelled from afar to see Francis' depiction of the Nativity of Jesus that came to feature drama and music.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins2010_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins2010-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nativity plays eventually spread throughout all of Europe, where they remain popular. Christmas Eve and Christmas Day church services often came to feature Nativity plays, as did schools and theatres.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins2010_151-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins2010-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, Germany, Mexico, and Spain, Nativity plays are often reenacted outdoors in the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins2010_151-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins2010-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_carols">Music and carols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Christmas music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chant%27tie_d%27Cantiques_d%C3%A9_Nou%C3%A9_D%C3%A9zembre_2009_J%C3%A8rri_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chant%27tie_d%27Cantiques_d%C3%A9_Nou%C3%A9_D%C3%A9zembre_2009_J%C3%A8rri_a.jpg/220px-Chant%27tie_d%27Cantiques_d%C3%A9_Nou%C3%A9_D%C3%A9zembre_2009_J%C3%A8rri_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chant%27tie_d%27Cantiques_d%C3%A9_Nou%C3%A9_D%C3%A9zembre_2009_J%C3%A8rri_a.jpg/330px-Chant%27tie_d%27Cantiques_d%C3%A9_Nou%C3%A9_D%C3%A9zembre_2009_J%C3%A8rri_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chant%27tie_d%27Cantiques_d%C3%A9_Nou%C3%A9_D%C3%A9zembre_2009_J%C3%A8rri_a.jpg/440px-Chant%27tie_d%27Cantiques_d%C3%A9_Nou%C3%A9_D%C3%A9zembre_2009_J%C3%A8rri_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3804" data-file-height="2598" /></a><figcaption>Christmas carolers in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest extant specifically Christmas hymns appear in fourth-century <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Latin hymns such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"<a href="/wiki/Veni_redemptor_gentium" title="Veni redemptor gentium">Veni redemptor gentium</a>"</i></span>, written by <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, Archbishop of Milan, were austere statements of the theological doctrine of the Incarnation in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Corde_natus_ex_Parentis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corde natus ex Parentis (page does not exist)">Corde natus ex Parentis</a>"</i></span> ("Of the Father's love begotten") by the Spanish poet <a href="/wiki/Prudentius" title="Prudentius">Prudentius</a> (<abbr title="d.">died</abbr> 413) is still sung in some churches today.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Christmas "Sequence" or "Prose" was introduced in North European monasteries, developing under <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> into a sequence of rhymed <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanzas</a>. In the 12th century the Parisian monk <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_St._Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam of St. Victor">Adam of St. Victor</a> began to derive music from popular songs, introducing something closer to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a>. Christmas carols in English appear in a 1426 work of <a href="/wiki/John_Audelay" title="John Audelay">John Awdlay</a> who lists twenty five "caroles of Cristemas", probably sung by groups of '<a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">wassailers</a>', who went from house to house.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steaua,_Bucharest,_1842_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Steaua%2C_Bucharest%2C_1842_crop.jpg/220px-Steaua%2C_Bucharest%2C_1842_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Steaua%2C_Bucharest%2C_1842_crop.jpg/330px-Steaua%2C_Bucharest%2C_1842_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Steaua%2C_Bucharest%2C_1842_crop.jpg/440px-Steaua%2C_Bucharest%2C_1842_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Child singers in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, 1841</figcaption></figure> <p>The songs now known specifically as carols were originally communal folk songs sung during celebrations such as "harvest tide" as well as Christmas. It was only later that carols began to be sung in church. Traditionally, carols have often been based on <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> chord patterns, and it is this that gives them their uniquely characteristic musical sound. Some carols like "<a href="/wiki/Personent_hodie" title="Personent hodie">Personent hodie</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Good_King_Wenceslas" title="Good King Wenceslas">Good King Wenceslas</a>", and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"<a href="/wiki/In_dulci_jubilo" title="In dulci jubilo">In dulci jubilo</a>"</i></span> can be traced directly back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. They are among the oldest musical compositions still regularly sung. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"<a href="/wiki/Adeste_Fideles" class="mw-redirect" title="Adeste Fideles">Adeste Fideles</a>"</i></span> (O Come all ye faithful) appeared in its current form in the mid-18th century. </p><p>The singing of carols increased in popularity after the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> areas of Europe, as the Reformer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> wrote carols and encouraged their use in worship, in addition to spearheading the practice of caroling outside the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)#Lutheranism" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clancy2008_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clancy2008-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 18th-century English reformer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>, a founder of <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, understood the importance of music to Christian worship. In addition to setting many psalms to melodies, he wrote texts for at least three Christmas carols. The best known was originally entitled "Hark! How All the Welkin Rings", later renamed "<a href="/wiki/Hark!_The_Herald_Angels_Sing" title="Hark! The Herald Angels Sing">Hark! The Herald Angels Sing</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_Band_-_Hark!_The_Herald_Angels_Sing.ogg" title="File:U.S. Army Band - Hark! The Herald Angels Sing.ogg">Hark! The Herald Angels Sing</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="112" data-mwtitle="U.S._Army_Band_-_Hark!_The_Herald_Angels_Sing.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/U.S._Army_Band_-_Hark%21_The_Herald_Angels_Sing.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/U.S._Army_Band_-_Hark%21_The_Herald_Angels_Sing.ogg/U.S._Army_Band_-_Hark%21_The_Herald_Angels_Sing.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by the U.S. Army Band Chorus</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Christmas seasonal songs of a secular nature emerged in the late 18th century. The Welsh melody for "<a href="/wiki/Deck_the_Halls" title="Deck the Halls">Deck the Halls</a>" dates from 1794, with the lyrics added by Scottish musician <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Oliphant_(lyricist)" title="Thomas Oliphant (lyricist)">Thomas Oliphant</a> in 1862, and the American "<a href="/wiki/Jingle_Bells" title="Jingle Bells">Jingle Bells</a>" was copyrighted in 1857. Other popular carols include "<a href="/wiki/The_First_Noel" title="The First Noel">The First Noel</a>", "<a href="/wiki/God_Rest_You_Merry,_Gentlemen" title="God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen">God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Holly_and_the_Ivy" title="The Holly and the Ivy">The Holly and the Ivy</a>", "<a href="/wiki/I_Saw_Three_Ships" title="I Saw Three Ships">I Saw Three Ships</a>", "<a href="/wiki/In_the_Bleak_Midwinter" title="In the Bleak Midwinter">In the Bleak Midwinter</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Joy_to_the_World" title="Joy to the World">Joy to the World</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Once_in_Royal_David%27s_City" title="Once in Royal David's City">Once in Royal David's City</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/While_Shepherds_Watched_Their_Flocks" class="mw-redirect" title="While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks">While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th and 20th centuries, African American spirituals and songs about Christmas, based in their tradition of spirituals, became more widely known. An increasing number of seasonal holiday songs were commercially produced in the 20th century, including jazz and blues variations. In addition, there was a revival of interest in early music, from groups singing folk music, such as The Revels, to performers of early medieval and classical music. </p><p>One of the most ubiquitous festive songs is "<a href="/wiki/We_Wish_You_a_Merry_Christmas" title="We Wish You a Merry Christmas">We Wish You a Merry Christmas</a>", which originates from the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> of England in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio has covered Christmas music from variety shows from the 1940s and 1950s, as well as modern-day stations that exclusively play Christmas music from late November through December 25.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollywood movies have featured new Christmas music, such as "<a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(song)" title="White Christmas (song)">White Christmas</a>" in <i><a href="/wiki/Holiday_Inn_(film)" title="Holiday Inn (film)">Holiday Inn</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer_(TV_special)" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional carols have also been included in Hollywood films, such as "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" in <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Wonderful_Life" title="It's a Wonderful Life">It's a Wonderful Life</a></i> (1946), and "<a href="/wiki/Silent_Night" title="Silent Night">Silent Night</a>" in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Story" title="A Christmas Story">A Christmas Story</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_cuisine">Traditional cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas food">Christmas food</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_Dinner_Setting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Christmas_Dinner_Setting.jpg/220px-Christmas_Dinner_Setting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Christmas_Dinner_Setting.jpg/330px-Christmas_Dinner_Setting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Christmas_Dinner_Setting.jpg/440px-Christmas_Dinner_Setting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">Christmas dinner</a> setting</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panettone_-_Nicolettone_2017_-_IMG_7085_(31752542285).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Panettone_-_Nicolettone_2017_-_IMG_7085_%2831752542285%29.jpg/220px-Panettone_-_Nicolettone_2017_-_IMG_7085_%2831752542285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Panettone_-_Nicolettone_2017_-_IMG_7085_%2831752542285%29.jpg/330px-Panettone_-_Nicolettone_2017_-_IMG_7085_%2831752542285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Panettone_-_Nicolettone_2017_-_IMG_7085_%2831752542285%29.jpg/440px-Panettone_-_Nicolettone_2017_-_IMG_7085_%2831752542285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5164" data-file-height="3443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A special <a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">Christmas family meal</a> is traditionally an important part of the holiday's celebration, and the food served varies greatly from country to country. Some regions have special meals for Christmas Eve, such as <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, where 12 kinds of fish are served. In the United Kingdom and countries influenced by its traditions, a standard Christmas meal includes turkey, goose or other large bird, gravy, potatoes, vegetables, sometimes bread, and cider. Special desserts are also prepared, such as <a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Christmas pudding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">mince pies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit cake">fruit cake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log cake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Poland, other parts of Eastern Europe, and Scandinavia, fish is often used for the traditional main course, but richer meat such as lamb is increasingly served. In Sweden, it is common with a special variety of <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">smörgåsbord</a>, where ham, meatballs, and herring play a prominent role. In Germany, France, and Austria, goose and pork are favored. Beef, ham, and chicken in various recipes are popular worldwide. The <a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">Maltese</a> traditionally serve <i><a href="/wiki/Imbuljuta_tal-Qastan" title="Imbuljuta tal-Qastan">Imbuljuta tal-Qastan</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a chocolate and chestnuts beverage, after <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a> and throughout the Christmas season. Slovenes prepare the traditional Christmas bread <a href="/wiki/Potica" title="Potica">potica</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BBche_de_No%C3%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Bûche de Noël">bûche de Noël</a></i> in France, <i><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">panettone</a></i> in Italy, and elaborate tarts and cakes. <i>Panettone</i>, an <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> type of <a href="/wiki/List_of_sweet_breads" title="List of sweet breads">sweet bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">fruitcake</a>, originally from <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy, usually prepared and enjoyed for Christmas and <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eating of sweets and chocolates has become popular worldwide, and sweeter Christmas delicacies include the German <i><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">stollen</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">marzipan</a> cake or candy, and Jamaican rum fruit cake. As one of the few fruits traditionally available to northern countries in winter, oranges have been long associated with special Christmas foods. <a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">sweetened</a> <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Sweetened_beverage" title="Sweetened beverage">beverage</a> traditionally made with milk, cream, sugar, and whipped eggs (which gives it a frothy texture). <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">Spirits</a> such as brandy, rum, or bourbon are often added. The finished serving is often garnished with a sprinkling of ground cinnamon or nutmeg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cards">Cards</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Christmas card</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_postcard_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Christmas_postcard_1907.jpg/170px-Christmas_postcard_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Christmas_postcard_1907.jpg/255px-Christmas_postcard_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Christmas_postcard_1907.jpg/340px-Christmas_postcard_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption>A 1907 Christmas card with <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa</a> and some of his reindeer</figcaption></figure> <p>Christmas cards are illustrated messages of greeting exchanged between friends and family members during the weeks preceding Christmas Day. The traditional greeting reads "wishing you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year", much like that of the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Christmas_card#History" title="Christmas card">Christmas card</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cole_(inventor)" title="Henry Cole (inventor)">Sir Henry Cole</a> in London in 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The custom of sending them has become popular among a wide cross-section of people with the emergence of the modern trend towards exchanging <a href="/wiki/E-card" title="E-card">E-cards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christmas cards are purchased in considerable quantities and feature artwork, commercially designed and relevant to the season. The content of the design might relate directly to the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Christmas narrative</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">depictions of the Nativity of Jesus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian symbols">Christian symbols</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a>, or a white <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">dove</a>, which can represent both the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a> on Earth. Other Christmas cards are more secular and can depict <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas tradition">Christmas traditions</a>, figures such as Santa Claus, objects directly associated with Christmas such as candles, holly, and baubles, or a variety of images associated with the season, such as Christmastide activities, snow scenes, and the wildlife of the northern winter.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some prefer cards with a poem, prayer, or <a href="/wiki/Bible_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible verse">Biblical verse</a>; while others distance themselves from religion with an all-inclusive "Season's greetings".<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorative_stamps">Commemorative stamps</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Christmas stamp</a></div> <p>A number of nations have issued <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">commemorative stamps</a> at Christmastide.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postal customers will often use these stamps to mail <a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Christmas cards</a>, and they are popular with <a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">philatelists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stamps are regular postage stamps, unlike <a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a>, and are valid for postage year-round. They usually go on sale sometime between early October and early December and are printed in considerable quantities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christmas_seals">Christmas seals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></div> <p>Christmas seals were first issued to raise funding to fight and bring awareness to <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. The first Christmas seal was issued in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in 1904, and since then other countries have issued their own Christmas seals.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gift_giving">Gift giving</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Christmas gift</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gifts_xmas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gifts_xmas.jpg/220px-Gifts_xmas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gifts_xmas.jpg/330px-Gifts_xmas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gifts_xmas.jpg/440px-Gifts_xmas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Christmas gifts under a Christmas tree</figcaption></figure> <p>The exchanging of gifts is one of the core aspects of the modern Christmas celebration, making it the most profitable time of year for retailers and businesses throughout the world. On Christmas, people exchange gifts based on the Christian tradition associated with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh which were given to the baby Jesus by the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of gift giving in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> celebration of <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a> may have influenced Christian customs, but on the other hand the Christian "core dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a>, however, solidly established the giving and receiving of gifts as the structural principle of that recurrent yet unique event", because it was the Biblical Magi, "together with all their fellow men, who received the gift of God through man's renewed participation in the divine life."<sup id="cite_ref-Berking1999_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berking1999-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Thomas J. Talley holds that the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> placed the alternate festival on December 25 in order to compete with the growing rate of the Christian Church, which had already been celebrating Christmas on that date first.<sup id="cite_ref-Talley1991_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talley1991-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gift-bearing_figures">Gift-bearing figures</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers by country">List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers by country</a></div> <p>A number of figures are associated with Christmas and the seasonal giving of gifts. Among these are <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> (derived from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> for Saint Nicholas), Père Noël, and the <a href="/wiki/Weihnachtsmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihnachtsmann">Weihnachtsmann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a>; Kris Kringle; <a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">tomte/nisse</a>; Babbo Natale; <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Saint Basil</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a>. The Scandinavian tomte (also called nisse) is sometimes depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnome</a> instead of Santa Claus. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinterklaas_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Sinterklaas_2007.jpg/220px-Sinterklaas_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Sinterklaas_2007.jpg/330px-Sinterklaas_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Sinterklaas_2007.jpg/440px-Sinterklaas_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a> in the Netherlands, is considered by many to be the original <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a><sup id="cite_ref-SewardLal2006_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SewardLal2006-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The best known of these figures today is red-dressed Santa Claus, of diverse origins. The name 'Santa Claus' can be traced back to the Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Sinterklaas</i></span> ('Saint Nicholas'). Nicholas was a 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey#History" title="Greeks in Turkey">Greek</a> bishop of <a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a>, a city in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, whose ruins are 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from modern <a href="/wiki/Demre" title="Demre">Demre</a> in southwest Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins,_Ace_2009_121_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins,_Ace_2009_121-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other saintly attributes, he was noted for the care of children, generosity, and the giving of gifts. His feast day, December 6, came to be celebrated in many countries with the giving of gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saint Nicholas traditionally appeared in bishop's attire, accompanied by helpers, inquiring about the behaviour of children during the past year before deciding whether they deserved a gift or not. By the 13th century, Saint Nicholas was well known in the Netherlands, and the practice of gift-giving in his name spread to other parts of central and southern Europe. At the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> in 16th- and 17th-century Europe, many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Christkindl</i></span>, corrupted in English to 'Kris Kringle', and the date of giving gifts changed from December 6 to Christmas Eve.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern popular image of Santa Claus, however, was created in the United States, and in particular in New York. The transformation was accomplished with the aid of notable contributors including <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German-American</a> cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> (1840–1902). Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, some of the inhabitants of New York City sought out symbols of the city's non-English past. New York had originally been established as the Dutch colonial town of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> and the Dutch Sinterklaas tradition was reinvented as Saint Nicholas.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current tradition in several <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries (such as Venezuela and Colombia) holds that while Santa makes the toys, he then gives them to the Baby Jesus, who is the one who actually delivers them to the children's homes, a reconciliation between traditional <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious beliefs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of Santa Claus imported from the United States. </p><p>In Italy's <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, Austria, the Czech Republic, Southern Germany, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Slovakia, and Switzerland, the <a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a> (<a href="/wiki/Je%C5%BE%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ježíšek">Ježíšek</a> in Czech, Jézuska in Hungarian and Ježiško in Slovak) brings the presents. Greek children get their presents from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Basil">Saint Basil</a> on New Year's Eve, the eve of that saint's liturgical feast.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German St. Nikolaus is not identical with the Weihnachtsmann (who is the German version of Santa Claus / Father Christmas). St. Nikolaus wears a bishop's dress and still brings small gifts (usually candies, nuts, and fruits) on December 6 and is accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a>. Although many parents around the world routinely teach their children about Santa Claus and other gift bringers, some have come to reject this practice, considering it <a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_deception" title="Paternalistic deception">deceptive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple gift-giver figures exist in Poland, varying between regions and individual families. St Nicholas (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Święty Mikołaj</i></span>) dominates Central and North-East areas, the Starman (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Gwiazdor</i></span>) is most common in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>, Baby Jesus (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Dzieciątko</i></span>) is unique to <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, with the Little Star (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Gwiazdka</i></span>) and the Little Angel (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Aniołek</i></span>) being common in the South and the South-East. Grandfather Frost (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Dziadek Mróz</i></span>) is less commonly accepted in some areas of Eastern Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is worth noting that across all of Poland, St Nicholas is the gift giver on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day">Saint Nicholas Day</a> on December 6. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <p>Christmas during the Middle Ages was a public festival with annual indulgences included the sporting.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Puritans outlawed Christmas in England in December 1647 the crowd brought out footballs as a symbol of festive misrule.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orkney <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Ba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day Ba'">Christmas Day Ba'</a> tradition continues.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">former top tier of English football</a>, home and away Christmas Day and Boxing Day double headers were often played guaranteeing football clubs large crowds by allowing many working people their only chance to watch a game.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcbs_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcbs-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Champions <a href="/wiki/Preston_North_End" class="mw-redirect" title="Preston North End">Preston North End</a> faced <a href="/wiki/Aston_Villa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aston Villa">Aston Villa</a> <a href="/wiki/1889-90_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="1889-90 Football League">on Christmas Day 1889</a><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the last December 25 fixture was in <a href="/wiki/1965-66_in_English_football" class="mw-redirect" title="1965-66 in English football">1965 in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/1965-66_Blackpool_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="1965-66 Blackpool F.C.">Blackpool</a> beating Blackburn Rovers 4–2.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcbs_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcbs-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most memorable images of the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a> during World War I was the games of football played between the opposing sides on Christmas Day 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, in the United States, both <a href="/wiki/NFL_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL American football">NFL</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBA_basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA basketball">NBA</a> have held fixtures on Christmas Day.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Choice_of_date">Choice of date</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth of Jesus">Date of birth of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristAsSol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ChristAsSol.jpg/220px-ChristAsSol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ChristAsSol.jpg/330px-ChristAsSol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ChristAsSol.jpg/440px-ChristAsSol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic in Mausoleum M in the pre-fourth-century necropolis under <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a> in Rome, interpreted by some as Jesus represented as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Christus Sol</i></span> ('Christ the Sun').<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are two main theories behind December 25 becoming the traditional date for Christmas, although Theology professor Susan Roll says that "No liturgical historian<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] goes so far as to deny that it has any sort of relation with the sun, the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> and the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Solar_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar worship">solar worship</a> in the later Roman Empire".<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> December 25 was the date of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> in the Roman calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsythe_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some early Christian writers noted the solar symbolism in placing Jesus's birthday at the winter solstice and <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">John's birthday</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradshaw_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hijmans_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hijmans-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 'history of religions' theory suggests the Church chose December 25 as Christ's birthday (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dies Natalis Christi</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to appropriate the Roman winter solstice festival <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dies Natalis Solis Invicti</i></span> (birthday of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a></i></span>, the 'Invincible Sun'), held on this date since 274 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsythe_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradshaw_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Church linked Jesus Christ to the Sun and referred to him as the 'Sun of Righteousness' (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sol Justitiae</i></span>) prophesied by <a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hijmans_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hijmans-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malachi_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malachi-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gary Forsythe, Professor of Ancient History, says that the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Natalis Solis Invicti</i></span> followed "the seven-day period of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a></i></span> (December 17–23), Rome's most joyous holiday season since <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican times</a>, characterized by parties, banquets, and exchanges of gifts".<sup id="cite_ref-Forsythe_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory, the 'computation hypothesis' or 'calculation theory',<sup id="cite_ref-Bradshaw_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that December 25 is nine months after March 25, a date chosen as Jesus's conception (the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>) and the date of the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">spring equinox</a> on the Roman calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradshaw_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melton2011_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton2011-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_according_to_Julian_calendar">Date according to Julian calendar</h3></div> <p>Some jurisdictions of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, including those of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Orthodox_Church" title="Montenegrin Orthodox Church">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, mark feasts using the older <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there is a difference of 13 days between the Julian calendar and the modern <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, which is used internationally for most secular purposes. As a result, December 25 on the Julian calendar currently corresponds to January 7 on the calendar used by most governments and people in everyday life. Therefore, the aforementioned Orthodox Christians mark December 25 (and thus Christmas) on the day that is internationally considered to be January 7.<sup id="cite_ref-Jan7_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan7-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, following the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(1923)" title="Council of Constantinople (1923)">Council of Constantinople in 1923</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeographic_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other Orthodox Christians, such as those belonging to the jurisdictions of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Autocephalous_Church_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Orthodox Church">Finland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a>, among others, began using the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian calendar</a>, which at present corresponds exactly to the Gregorian calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-4Dates_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4Dates-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, these Orthodox Christians mark December 25 (and thus Christmas) on the same day that is internationally considered to be December 25. </p><p>A further complication is added by the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> continues the original ancient <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian</a> practice of celebrating the birth of Christ not as a separate holiday, but on the same day as the celebration of his baptism (<a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)#Oriental_Orthodox" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Theophany</a>), which is on January 6. This is a public holiday in Armenia, and it is held on the same day that is internationally considered to be January 6, because since 1923 the Armenian Church in Armenia has used the Gregorian calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there is also a small <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a>, which maintains the traditional Armenian custom of celebrating the birth of Christ on the same day as Theophany (January 6), but uses the Julian calendar for the determination of that date. As a result, this church celebrates "Christmas" (more properly called Theophany) on the day that is considered January 19 on the Gregorian calendar in use by the majority of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion of its territory by Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> officially moved its Christmas date from January 7 to December 25, to distance itself from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> that had supported Russia's invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-ukraine-date_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukraine-date-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a> formally adopting the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian calendar</a> for fixed feasts and solemnities.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_dates">Table of dates</h3></div> <p>There are four different dates used by different Christian groups to mark the birth of Christ, given in the table below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Church or section </th> <th>Calendar </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Gregorian date </th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a> </td> <td>Julian calendar </td> <td>January 6 </td> <td>January 19 </td> <td>Correspondence between Julian January 6 and Gregorian January 19 holds until 2100; in the following century the difference will be one day more. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a> </td> <td>Gregorian calendar </td> <td>January 6 </td> <td>January 6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> jurisdictions, including those of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-ukr-dec-25_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-ukr-dec-25-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (state holiday, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Autocephalous_Church_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Orthodox Church">Finland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a>. <p>Also, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Indian Orthodox Church</a>. </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian calendar</a> </td> <td>December 25 </td> <td>December 25 </td> <td>Revised Julian calendar was agreed at the 1923 Council of Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeographic_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Although it follows the Julian calendar, the Ancient Church of the East decided on 2010 to celebrate Christmas according to the Gregorian calendar date. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Eastern Orthodox: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Belarus</a>, Moldova, Montenegro, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. <p>Also, some <a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Byzantine Rite Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Rite Lutheranism">Byzantine Rite Lutherans</a>. </p> </td> <td>Julian calendar </td> <td>December 25 </td> <td>January 7 </td> <td>Correspondence between Julian December 25 and Gregorian January 7 of the following year holds until 2100; from 2101 to 2199 the difference will be one day more.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koiak" title="Koiak">Koiak</a> 29 or 28 (December 25) </td> <td>January 7 </td> <td>After the Coptic insertion of a leap day in what for the Julian calendar is August (September in Gregorian), Christmas is celebrated on Koiak 28 in order to maintain the exact interval of nine 30-day months and 5 days of the child's gestation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr id="Genna"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> (sole date), <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> (sole date), and <a href="/wiki/P%27ent%27ay" title="P'ent'ay">P'ent'ay (Ethiopian-Eritrean Evangelical) Churches</a> (primary date) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Calendar">Tahsas</a> 29 or 28 (December 25) </td> <td>January 7 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopian Christmas</a></div>After the Ethiopian and Eritrean insertion of a leap day in what for the Julian calendar is August (September in Gregorian), Christmas (also called Liddet or Gena, also Ledet or Genna)<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is celebrated on Tahsas 28 in order to maintain the exact interval of nine 30-day months and 5 days of the child's gestation.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Most Protestants (<a href="/wiki/P%27ent%27ay" title="P'ent'ay">P'ent'ay</a>/Evangelicals) in the diaspora have the option of choosing the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Calendar">Tahsas</a> 29/January 7) or the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> (December 25) for religious holidays, with this option being used when the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">eastern celebration</a> is not a public holiday in the western world (with most diaspora Protestants celebrating both days).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Most <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christian churches</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic churches">Eastern Catholic churches</a> and civil calendars; also the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>. </td> <td>Gregorian calendar </td> <td>December 25 </td> <td>December 25 </td> <td>The Assyrian Church of the East adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1964. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3></div> <p>In September 2024, Venezuelan president <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> declared Christmas to be brought forward from December 25 to October 1.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics of Christmas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg/220px-Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg/330px-Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg/440px-Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5678" data-file-height="7044" /></a><figcaption>Christmas decorations at the <a href="/wiki/Galeries_Lafayette" title="Galeries Lafayette">Galeries Lafayette</a> department store in Paris, France. The Christmas season is the busiest trading period for retailers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristmasMarketJena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ChristmasMarketJena.jpg/220px-ChristmasMarketJena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ChristmasMarketJena.jpg/330px-ChristmasMarketJena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ChristmasMarketJena.jpg/440px-ChristmasMarketJena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="2582" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Christmas market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Christmas is typically a peak selling season for retailers in many nations around the world since sales increase dramatically during this time as people purchase gifts, decorations, and supplies to celebrate. In the United States, the "Christmas shopping season" starts as early as October.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, merchants begin advertising campaigns just before <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> (October 31), and step up their marketing following Remembrance Day on November 11. In the UK and Ireland, the Christmas shopping season starts from mid-November, around the time when high street <a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a> are turned on.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gar_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gar-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A concept devised by retail entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(English_merchant)" title="David Lewis (English merchant)">David Lewis</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Christmas grotto</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/Lewis%27s" title="Lewis's">Lewis's</a> department store in Liverpool, England in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, it has been calculated that a quarter of all personal spending takes place during the Christmas/holiday shopping season.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figures from the <a href="/wiki/US_Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="US Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a> reveal that expenditure in department stores nationwide rose from $20.8<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion in November 2004 to $31.9<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion in December 2004, an increase of 54 percent. In other sectors, the pre-Christmas increase in spending was even greater, there being a November–December buying surge of 100 percent in bookstores and 170 percent in jewelry stores. In the same year employment in American retail stores rose from 1.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>million to 1.8<span class="nowrap"> </span>million in the two months leading up to Christmas.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industries completely dependent on Christmas include <a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Christmas cards</a>, of which 1.9<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion are sent in the United States each year, and live Christmas trees, of which 20.8<span class="nowrap"> </span>million were cut in the US in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For 2019, the average US adult was projected to spend $920 on gifts alone.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK in 2010, up to £8<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion was expected to be spent online at Christmas, approximately a quarter of total retail festive sales.<sup id="cite_ref-gar_212-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gar-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monthly_Changes_in_Currency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Monthly_Changes_in_Currency.jpg/220px-Monthly_Changes_in_Currency.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Monthly_Changes_in_Currency.jpg/330px-Monthly_Changes_in_Currency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Monthly_Changes_in_Currency.jpg/440px-Monthly_Changes_in_Currency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>Each year (most notably 2000) <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">money supply in US banks</a> is increased for Christmas shopping</figcaption></figure> <p>In most Western nations, Christmas Day is the least active day of the year for business and commerce; almost all retail, commercial and institutional businesses are closed, and almost all industries cease activity (more than any other day of the year), whether laws require such or not. In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a> prevents all large shops from trading on Christmas Day. Similar legislation was approved in Scotland in 2007. <a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">Film studios</a> release many high-budget movies during the holiday season, including Christmas films, fantasy movies or high-tone dramas with high production values to hopes of maximizing the chance of nominations for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One economist's analysis calculates that, despite increased overall spending, Christmas is a <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_loss" title="Deadweight loss">deadweight loss</a> under orthodox <a href="/wiki/Microeconomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Microeconomic theory">microeconomic theory</a>, because of the effect of gift-giving. This loss is calculated as the difference between what the gift giver spent on the item and what the gift receiver would have paid for the item. It is estimated that in 2001, Christmas resulted in a $4<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion deadweight loss in the US alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Deadweight_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deadweight-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-econ_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of complicating factors, this analysis is sometimes used to discuss possible flaws in current microeconomic theory. Other deadweight losses include the effects of Christmas on the environment and the fact that material gifts are often perceived as <a href="/wiki/White_elephant" title="White elephant">white elephants</a>, imposing cost for upkeep and storage and contributing to clutter.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Christmas controversies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezbozhnik_u_stanka_-_Run_along,_Lord,_1931,_n._22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bezbozhnik_u_stanka_-_Run_along%2C_Lord%2C_1931%2C_n._22.jpg/170px-Bezbozhnik_u_stanka_-_Run_along%2C_Lord%2C_1931%2C_n._22.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bezbozhnik_u_stanka_-_Run_along%2C_Lord%2C_1931%2C_n._22.jpg/255px-Bezbozhnik_u_stanka_-_Run_along%2C_Lord%2C_1931%2C_n._22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bezbozhnik_u_stanka_-_Run_along%2C_Lord%2C_1931%2C_n._22.jpg/340px-Bezbozhnik_u_stanka_-_Run_along%2C_Lord%2C_1931%2C_n._22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4310" data-file-height="5970" /></a><figcaption>A 1931 edition of the Soviet magazine <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bezbozhnik_(magazine)" title="Bezbozhnik (magazine)">Bezbozhnik</a></i></span>, published by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Militant_Atheists" title="League of Militant Atheists">League of Militant Atheists</a>, depicting an Orthodox Christian priest being forbidden to take home a tree for the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a>, which was banned under the Marxist–Leninist doctrine of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper1999_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper1999-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Christmas has at times been the subject of controversy and attacks from various sources, both Christian and non-Christian. Historically, it was prohibited by <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> during their ascendency in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> (1647–1660), and in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial New England">Colonial New England</a> where the Puritans outlawed the celebration of Christmas in 1659 on the grounds that Christmas was not mentioned in Scripture and therefore violated the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed theology">Reformed</a> <a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship" title="Regulative principle of worship">regulative principle of worship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-puritans-uk_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puritans-uk-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-puritans-usa_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puritans-usa-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>, which was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a>, passed a series of acts outlawing the observance of Christmas between 1637 and 1690; Christmas Day did not become <a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">a public holiday in Scotland</a> until 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-scotland-1871_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotland-1871-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daniels89_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels89-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, some conservative Reformed denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_North_America" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America">Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America</a> likewise reject the celebration of Christmas based on the regulative principle and what they see as its non-Scriptural origin.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celebrating Christmas is banned in the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, as the Governing Body believes that Christmas is originally pagan and again that it is without basis in Scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christmas celebrations have also been prohibited by <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">atheist states</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recently majority Muslim states such as <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-christmas2015bans_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christmas2015bans-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Christians and organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">American Center for Law and Justice</a> cite alleged attacks on Christmas (dubbing them a "war on Christmas").<sup id="cite_ref-ACLJ_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACLJ-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such groups claim that any specific mention of the term "Christmas" or its religious aspects is being increasingly <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censored</a>, avoided, or discouraged by a number of advertisers, retailers, government (prominently schools), and other public and private organizations. One controversy is the occurrence of Christmas trees being renamed Holiday trees.<sup id="cite_ref-MCC_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCC-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S. there has been a tendency to replace the greeting <i>Merry Christmas</i> with <i>Happy Holidays</i>, which is considered inclusive at the time of the Jewish celebration of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S. and Canada, where the use of the term "Holidays" is most prevalent, opponents have denounced its usage and avoidance of using the term "Christmas" as being <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">politically correct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Lynch_v._Donnelly" title="Lynch v. Donnelly">Lynch v. Donnelly</a></i> that a Christmas display (which included a Nativity scene) owned and displayed by the city of <a href="/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island" title="Pawtucket, Rhode Island">Pawtucket, Rhode Island</a>, did not violate the First Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American Muslim scholar <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Malik_Mujahid" title="Abdul Malik Mujahid">Abdul Malik Mujahid</a> has said that Muslims must treat Christmas with respect, even if they disagree with it.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of the People's Republic of China officially espouses state atheism,<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has conducted <a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">antireligious campaigns</a> to this end.<sup id="cite_ref-BuangChew2014_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuangChew2014-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2018, officials raided Christian churches prior to Christmastide and coerced them to close; Christmas trees and Santa Clauses were also forcibly removed.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2018_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2018-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/22px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/33px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/44px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a> from lunar orbit, December 24, 1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">Christmas in July</a> – Second Christmas celebration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a> – Finnish tradition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Sunday" title="Christmas Sunday">Christmas Sunday</a> – Sunday after Christmas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">List of Christmas films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas novels">List of Christmas novels</a> – Christmas as depicted in literature<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Christmas" title="Little Christmas">Little Christmas</a> – Alternative title for 6 January</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nochebuena" class="mw-redirect" title="Nochebuena">Nochebuena</a> – Evening or entire day before Christmas Day<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism_in_comparison_with_other_belief_systems#25th_of_December" title="Mithraism in comparison with other belief systems">Mithraism in comparison with other belief systems#25th of December</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium">Christmas by medium</a> – Christmas represented in different media</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several branches of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> that use the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> also celebrate on December 25 according to that calendar, which is now January 7 on the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. Armenian Churches observed the nativity on January 6 even before the Gregorian calendar originated. Most Armenian Christians use the Gregorian calendar, still celebrating Christmas Day on January 6. Some Armenian churches use the Julian calendar, thus celebrating Christmas Day on January 19 on the Gregorian calendar, with January 18 being Christmas Eve. Some regions also celebrate primarily on December 24, rather than December 25.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nonXians-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nonXians_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/entertainment/scripts/multifaith_christmas.pdf">"Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>BBC Learning English</i>. December 29, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001161153/http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/entertainment/scripts/multifaith_christmas.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Learning+English&rft.atitle=Christmas+as+a+Multi-Faith+Festival&rft.date=2005-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownloads.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Flearningenglish%2Fentertainment%2Fscripts%2Fmultifaith_christmas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NonXiansUSA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NonXiansUSA_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116192524/http://www.gallup.com/poll/113566/US-Christmas-Not-Just-Christians.aspx">"In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians"</a>. Gallup, Inc. December 24, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/113566/us-christmas-not-just-christians.aspx">the original</a> on November 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+U.S.%2C+Christmas+Not+Just+for+Christians&rft.pub=Gallup%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F113566%2Fus-christmas-not-just-christians.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/Christmas">"Christmas"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. December 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.date=2020-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2FChristmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathChrit-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CathChrit_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CathChrit_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindale1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). "Christmas". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christmas&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=Cyril+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenborn1994" class="citation book cs1">Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). <i>God's human face: the Christ-icon</i>. Ignatius Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-514-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-514-0"><bdi>978-0-89870-514-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+human+face%3A+the+Christ-icon&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-514-0&rft.aulast=Schoenborn&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaley1986" class="citation book cs1">Galey, John (1986). <i>Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine</i>. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-118-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-424-118-5"><bdi>978-977-424-118-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinai+and+the+Monastery+of+St.+Catherine&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-977-424-118-5&rft.aulast=Galey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christmas">"Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Christmas+%7C+Origin%2C+Definition%2C+Traditions%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChristmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christenmas, n.</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. Retrieved December 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XMED-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-XMED_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-XMED_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Christmas" in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED10371">Middle English Dictionary.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105230344/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED10371">Archived</a> January 5, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2004" class="citation news cs1">Griffiths, Emma (December 22, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4097755.stm">"Why get cross about Xmas?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111050419/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4097755.stm">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+get+cross+about+Xmas%3F&rft.date=2004-12-22&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F4097755.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutton-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3PvQ5bqoBkC&pg=PT21"><i>The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285448-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285448-3"><bdi>978-0-19-285448-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stations+of+the+Sun%3A+A+History+of+the+Ritual+Year+in+Britain&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285448-3&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3PvQ5bqoBkC%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Midwinter" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/022849">Bosworth & Toller.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113145029/http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/022849">Archived</a> January 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerjeantson1968" class="citation book cs1">Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZaxAAAAIAAJ&q=%22natiuited%22"><i>A History of Foreign Words in English</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Foreign+Words+in+English&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Serjeantson&rft.aufirst=Mary+Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZaxAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522natiuited%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=nativity&searchmode=none">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113103140/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=nativity&searchmode=none">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fallowed_in_frame%3D0%26search%3Dnativity%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=yule&searchmode=none"><i>Yule</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113091314/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=yule&searchmode=none">Archived</a> January 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Online Etymology Dictionary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=noel&searchmode=none"><i>Noel</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113100315/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=noel&searchmode=none">Archived</a> January 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed January 3, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slovardalja.net/word.php?wordid=13520">"Толковый словарь Даля онлайн"</a>. <i>slovardalja.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=slovardalja.net&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslovardalja.net%2Fword.php%3Fwordid%3D13520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rees-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rees_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2023" class="citation web cs1">Rees, Neil (December 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiantoday.com/article/christmas.the.original.story/141137.htm">"Christmas – the original story"</a>. <i>Christian Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Today&rft.atitle=Christmas+%E2%80%93+the+original+story&rft.date=2023-12-10&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiantoday.com%2Farticle%2Fchristmas.the.original.story%2F141137.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ng-biblical-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ng-biblical_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiñero2021" class="citation web cs1">Piñero, Antonio (December 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2021/12/biblical-stories-of-jesus-birth-reveal-intriguing-clues-about-his-times">"Biblical stories of Jesus' birth reveal intriguing clues about his times"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Biblical+stories+of+Jesus%27+birth+reveal+intriguing+clues+about+his+times&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft.aulast=Pi%C3%B1ero&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fhistory-and-civilisation%2F2021%2F12%2Fbiblical-stories-of-jesus-birth-reveal-intriguing-clues-about-his-times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-English-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-English_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-English_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2016" class="citation book cs1">English, Adam C. (October 14, 2016). <i>Christmas: Theological Anticipations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf and Stock Publishers">Wipf and Stock Publishers</a>. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3933-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3933-2"><bdi>978-1-4982-3933-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas%3A+Theological+Anticipations&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-3933-2&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Adam+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The manuscript reads, <i>VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae.</i> ("<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chronography_of_354_12_depositions_martyrs.htm">The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111122221633/http://tertullian.org/fathers/chronography_of_354_12_depositions_martyrs.htm">Archived</a> November 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>The Tertullian Project</i>. 2006.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradshaw_7-10-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradshaw_7-10_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradshaw_7-10_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw2020" class="citation book cs1">Bradshaw, Paul (2020). "The Dating of Christmas". In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Christmas</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dating+of+Christmas&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Christmas&rft.pages=7-10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewCath-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewCath_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Christmas and its cycle". <i>New Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Catholic University of America Press. 2002. pp. 550–557.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christmas+and+its+cycle&rft.btitle=New+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=550-557&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsythe-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2012" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Gary (2012). <i>Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History</i>. Routledge. pp. 113, 123, 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+in+Roman+Religion%3A+One+Thousand+Years+of+Religious+History&rft.pages=113%2C+123%2C+141&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradshaw-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradshaw_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradshaw_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradshaw_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradshaw_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradshaw_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw2020" class="citation book cs1">Bradshaw, Paul (2020). "The Dating of Christmas". In Larsen, Timothy (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Christmas</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dating+of+Christmas&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Christmas&rft.pages=4-10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2005" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Maxwell E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5VQUdZhx1gC&pg=PA65">"The Apostolic Tradition"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wainwright" title="Geoffrey Wainwright">Wainwright, Geoffrey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karen_B._Westerfield_Tucker" title="Karen B. Westerfield Tucker">Westerfield Tucker, Karen Beth</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_History_of_Christian_Worship" title="The Oxford History of Christian Worship">The Oxford History of Christian Worship</a></i>. Oxford University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513886-3"><bdi>978-0-19-513886-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Apostolic+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Christian+Worship&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513886-3&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Maxwell+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5VQUdZhx1gC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2005" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Christian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANxZYgEACAAJ"><i>Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-089-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-089-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-089-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111115502/http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Traditional_Festivals_An_Multicultur.html?id=ANxZYgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Festivals%3A+A+Multicultural+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-089-5&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANxZYgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPokhilko" class="citation web cs1">Pokhilko, Hieromonk Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/historyofepiphany">"History of Epiphany"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923004605/https://sites.google.com/site/historyofepiphany/">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Epiphany&rft.aulast=Pokhilko&rft.aufirst=Hieromonk+Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fhistoryofepiphany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastingsSelbie2003" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, James; Selbie, John A., eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INJI4FGeLpYC&q=Encyclopaedia+of+religion+and+ethics+6"><i>Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics</i></a>. Vol. 6. Kessinger Publishing Company. pp. 603–604. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3676-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3676-2"><bdi>978-0-7661-3676-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005448/https://books.google.de/books?id=INJI4FGeLpYC&dq=Encyclopaedia+of+religion+and+ethics+6">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.pages=603-604&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-3676-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINJI4FGeLpYC%26q%3DEncyclopaedia%2Bof%2Breligion%2Band%2Bethics%2B6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrøyshov" class="citation journal cs1">Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4874556">"[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canterbury+Dictionary+of+Hymnology&rft.atitle=%5BHymnography+of+the%5D+Rite+of+Jerusalem&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%B8yshov&rft.aufirst=Stig+Simeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4874556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Alexander, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/alexander-murray/medieval-christmas">"Medieval Christmas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213224341/http://www.historytoday.com/alexander-murray/medieval-christmas">Archived</a> December 13, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>History Today</i>, December 1986, <b>36</b> (12), pp. 31–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2008" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). <i>Christmas: A Candid History</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25802-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25802-0"><bdi>978-0-520-25802-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas%3A+A+Candid+History&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25802-0&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Bruce+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill2003-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill2003_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2003" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Christopher (2003). <i>Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year</i>. Quest Books. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780835608107" title="Special:BookSources/9780835608107"><bdi>9780835608107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holidays+and+Holy+Nights%3A+Celebrating+Twelve+Seasonal+Festivals+of+the+Christian+Year&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Quest+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780835608107&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/holy-roman-empire-king-charlemagne">"Who was Charlemagne? The unlikely king who became an emperor"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Who+was+Charlemagne%3F+The+unlikely+king+who+became+an+emperor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fpremium%2Farticle%2Fholy-roman-empire-king-charlemagne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/articles/william-the-conqueror-crowned-at-christmas/">"William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+Press&rft.atitle=William+the+Conqueror%3A+Crowned+at+Christmas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorypress.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fwilliam-the-conqueror-crowned-at-christmas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcgreevy-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcgreevy_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcgreevy_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McGreevy, Patrick. "Place in the American Christmas", (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/215896">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/215896">Archived</a> December 15, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), <i>Geographical Review</i>, Vol. 80, No. 1. January 1990, pp. 32–42. Retrieved September 10, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BTR-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BTR_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTR_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTR_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestad,_Penne_L.1995" class="citation book cs1">Restad, Penne L. (1995). <i>Christmas in America: a History</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510980-1"><bdi>978-0-19-510980-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+in+America%3A+a+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510980-1&rft.au=Restad%2C+Penne+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADS-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, Bruce David, <i>Christmas: a candid history</i>, University of California Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-25104-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-25104-0">0-520-25104-0</a>, pp. 68–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowe2011-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lowe2011_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2011" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Scott C. (January 11, 2011). <i>Christmas</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-4145-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-4145-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-4145-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-4145-4&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Scott+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shawcross1993-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shawcross1993_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawcross1993" class="citation book cs1">Shawcross, John T. (January 1, 1993). <i>John Milton</i>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-7014-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-7014-5"><bdi>978-0-8131-7014-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Milton&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-7014-5&rft.aulast=Shawcross&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heinz-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heinz_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinz2010" class="citation book cs1">Heinz, Donald (2010). <i>Christmas: Festival of Incarnation</i>. Fortress Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0695-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0695-5"><bdi>978-1-4514-0695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas%3A+Festival+of+Incarnation&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0695-5&rft.aulast=Heinz&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Old2002-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Old2002_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOld2002" class="citation book cs1">Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). <i>Worship: Reformed According to Scripture</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22579-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22579-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22579-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worship%3A+Reformed+According+to+Scripture&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22579-7&rft.aulast=Old&rft.aufirst=Hughes+Oliphant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durston-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Durston_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durston_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durston_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durston_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurston1985" class="citation magazine cs1">Durston, Chris (December 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310013925/http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=12890&aid=&tgid=&amid=12890&g12890=x&g9130=x&g30026=x&g20991=x&g21010=x&g19965=x&g19963=x">"Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. Vol. 35, no. 12. pp. 7–14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=12890&aid=&tgid=&amid=12890&g12890=x&g9130=x&g30026=x&g20991=x&g21010=x&g19965=x&g19963=x">the original</a> on March 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Lords+of+Misrule%3A+The+Puritan+War+on+Christmas+1642%E2%80%9360&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=7-14&rft.date=1985-12&rft.aulast=Durston&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fdt_main_allatonce.asp%3Fgid%3D12890%26aid%3D%26tgid%3D%26amid%3D12890%26g12890%3Dx%26g9130%3Dx%26g30026%3Dx%26g20991%3Dx%26g21010%3Dx%26g19965%3Dx%26g19963%3Dx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Old-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Old_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOld2002" class="citation book cs1">Old, Hughes Oliphant (2002). <i>Worship: Reformed According to Scripture</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22579-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22579-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22579-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worship%3A+Reformed+According+to+Scripture&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22579-7&rft.aulast=Old&rft.aufirst=Hughes+Oliphant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Philipp_Emanuel_Nothaft2011" class="citation journal cs1">Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft (October 2011). "From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>72</b> (4): 504–505. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41337151">41337151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=From+Sukkot+to+Saturnalia%3A+The+Attack+on+Christmas+in+Sixteenth-Century+Chronological+Scholarship&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=504-505&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41337151%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Carl+Philipp+Emanuel+Nothaft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/ne1000000086166/">"Historian Reveals that Cromwellian Christmas Football Rebels Ran Riot"</a> (Press release). University of Warwick. December 17, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928090437/https://warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/ne1000000086166/">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119–120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmastide%3A+its+history%2C+festivities+and+carols&rft.place=London&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=John+Russell+Smith&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Sandys&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Outlawed-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Outlawed_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outlawed_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141219-when-christmas-carols-were-banned">"When Christmas carols were banned"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a>). St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=fc&fn=charlesi_ms&id=id8564&query=&type=ms&variants=&google=">the original</a> on May 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Records+of+the+Parliaments+of+Scotland+to+1707&rft.atitle=Act+dischairging+the+Yule+vacance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rps.ac.uk%2Fsearch.php%3Faction%3Dfc%26fn%3Dcharlesi_ms%26id%3Did8564%26query%3D%26type%3Dms%26variants%3D%26google%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotland-1871-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scotland-1871_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scotland-1871_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2007" class="citation web cs1">Anon (May 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603185926/http://www.tuc.org.uk/extras/bankholidays.pdf">"Bank Holiday Fact File"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>TUC press release</i>. TUC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuc.org.uk/extras/bankholidays.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TUC+press+release&rft.atitle=Bank+Holiday+Fact+File&rft.date=2007-05-22&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuc.org.uk%2Fextras%2Fbankholidays.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiall1978" class="citation book cs1">Miall, Anthony & Peter (1978). <i>The Victorian Christmas Book</i>. Dent. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-460-12039-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-460-12039-5"><bdi>978-0-460-12039-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+Christmas+Book&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-460-12039-5&rft.aulast=Miall&rft.aufirst=Anthony+%26+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodforde1978" class="citation book cs1">Woodforde, James (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diaryofcountrypa00wood"><i>The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-281241-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-281241-4"><bdi>978-0-19-281241-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+a+Country+Parson+1758%E2%80%931802&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-281241-4&rft.aulast=Woodforde&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiaryofcountrypa00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1984" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, James Harwood (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sRH9skUh6oC&pg=PA2"><i>The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture</i></a>. Ayer Publishing. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-07671-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-07671-8"><bdi>978-0-405-07671-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Christmas%3A+A+Study+in+National+Culture&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-405-07671-8&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=James+Harwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-sRH9skUh6oC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMather1712" class="citation speech cs1">Mather, Cotton (December 25, 1712). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N01303.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext"><i>Grace defended. A censure on the ungodliness, by which the glorious grace of God, is too commonly abused. A sermon preached on the twenty fifth day of December, 1712. Containing some seasonable admonitions of piety. And concluded, with a brief dissertation on that case, whether the penitent thief on the cross, be an example of one repenting at the last hour, and on such a repentance received unto mercy?</i></a> (Speech). Boston, Massachusetts: B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grace+defended.+A+censure+on+the+ungodliness%2C+by+which+the+glorious+grace+of+God%2C+is+too+commonly+abused.+A+sermon+preached+on+the+twenty+fifth+day+of+December%2C+1712.+Containing+some+seasonable+admonitions+of+piety.+And+concluded%2C+with+a+brief+dissertation+on+that+case%2C+whether+the+penitent+thief+on+the+cross%2C+be+an+example+of+one+repenting+at+the+last+hour%2C+and+on+such+a+repentance+received+unto+mercy%3F&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=B.+Green%2C+for+Samuel+Gerrish&rft.date=1712-12-25&rft.aulast=Mather&rft.aufirst=Cotton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Fevans%2FN01303.0001.001%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nissenbaum-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nissenbaum_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen W. Nissenbaum, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44539478.pdf">Christmas in Early New England, 1620–1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word</a>", <i>Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society</i> <b>106</b>:1: p79-164 (January 1, 1996). Retrieved December 25, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes1995" class="citation book cs1">Innes, Stephen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XUKUkulSkIC&pg=PA145"><i>Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton & Company">W.W. Norton & Company</a>. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03584-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03584-1"><bdi>978-0-393-03584-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+the+Commonwealth%3A+The+Economic+Culture+of+Puritan+New+England&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03584-1&rft.aulast=Innes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XUKUkulSkIC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarling2000" class="citation book cs1">Marling, Karal Ann (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUc13_ourtYC&pg=PA44"><i>Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America's Greatest Holiday</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00318-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00318-7"><bdi>978-0-674-00318-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merry+Christmas%21%3A+Celebrating+America%27s+Greatest+Holiday&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00318-7&rft.aulast=Marling&rft.aufirst=Karal+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUc13_ourtYC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith_Thomas2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith Thomas, Nancy (2007). <i>Moravian Christmas in the South</i>. Old Salem Museums & Gardens. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3181-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-3181-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moravian+Christmas+in+the+South&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Old+Salem+Museums+%26+Gardens&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3181-6&rft.aulast=Smith+Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cinne-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cinne_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1975" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Peter (1975). <i>Christmas in Colonial and Early America</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513886-3"><bdi>978-0-19-513886-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Dickens+in+Context&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513886-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj5c9GqZ_7BMC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-standiford-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-standiford_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-standiford_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandiford2008" class="citation book cs1">Standiford, Les (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manwhoinventedch0000stan"><i>The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits</i></a>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-40578-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-40578-4"><bdi>978-0-307-40578-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Invented+Christmas%3A+How+Charles+Dickens%27s+A+Christmas+Carol+Rescued+His+Career+and+Revived+Our+Holiday+Spirits&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-307-40578-4&rft.aulast=Standiford&rft.aufirst=Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanwhoinventedch0000stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinzesheimer2008" class="citation news cs1">Minzesheimer, Bob (December 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2008-12-17-dickens-main_N.htm">"Dickens' classic 'Christmas Carol' still sings to us"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091106135858/http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2008-12-17-dickens-main_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Dickens%27+classic+%27Christmas+Carol%27+still+sings+to+us&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft.aulast=Minzesheimer&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Fbooks%2Fnews%2F2008-12-17-dickens-main_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutton2001-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hutton2001_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2001" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (February 15, 2001). <i>The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157842-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157842-7"><bdi>978-0-19-157842-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stations+of+the+Sun%3A+A+History+of+the+Ritual+Year+in+Britain&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-02-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157842-7&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes2008-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes2008_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2008" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Bruce David (October 1, 2008). <i>Christmas: A Candid History</i>. --University of California Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25802-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25802-0"><bdi>978-0-520-25802-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas%3A+A+Candid+History&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=--University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25802-0&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Bruce+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2003" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Richard Michael, ed. (2003). <i>A Christmas Carol</i>. Broadview Press. pp. 9, 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-476-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-476-7"><bdi>978-1-55111-476-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Carol&rft.pages=9%2C+12&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-476-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cochrane, Robertson. <i>Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language</i>. University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 126, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7752-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7752-8">0-8020-7752-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutton, Ronald, <i>The Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England</i>. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285448-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285448-8">0-19-285448-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe L. Wheeler. <i>Christmas in My Heart</i>, Volume 10, p. 97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8280-1622-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8280-1622-4">0-8280-1622-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarnshaw2003" class="citation web cs1">Earnshaw, Iris (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.vicnet.net.au/~invhs/2004.htm">"The History of Christmas Cards"</a>. Inverloch Historical Society Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526174327/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~invhs/2004.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Christmas+Cards&rft.pub=Inverloch+Historical+Society+Inc.&rft.date=2003-11&rft.aulast=Earnshaw&rft.aufirst=Iris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.vicnet.net.au%2F~invhs%2F2004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/girlhoodofqueenv01vict/page/60/mode/2up">The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty's diaries</a></i>, p. 61. Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved December 25, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lejeune,_Marie_Claire_p.550-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lejeune,_Marie_Claire_p.550_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lejeune, <i>Marie Claire</i>. <i>Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe</i>, p.550. University of Michigan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-77135-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-77135-04-9">90-77135-04-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoemaker-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoemaker_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoemaker_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959) <i>Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study.</i> Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-0328-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-0328-2">0-8117-0328-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Godey%27s_Lady%27s_Book" title="Godey's Lady's Book">Godey's Lady's Book</a></i>, 1850. <i>Godey's</i> copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen's tiara, and Prince Albert's moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, p. 20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55111-476-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55111-476-3">1-55111-476-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore's poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York, including the exchange of gifts, family feasting, and tales of "sinterklass" (a derivation in Dutch from "Saint Nicholas", from whence comes the modern "Santa Claus") to Christmas.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/ch/in_america.htm"><i>The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419103042/http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/ch/in_america.htm">Archived</a> April 19, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usinfo.state.gov/scv/Archive/2005/Dec/19-344398.html">"Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061210120636/https://usinfo.state.gov/scv/Archive/2005/Dec/19-344398.html">Archived</a> December 10, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Usinfo.state.gov, November 26, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian Church</a> of Watertown <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watertownfirstpres.org/sermons/12-11-05.html">"Oh ... and one more thing"</a> December 11, 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070225081456/http://www.watertownfirstpres.org/sermons/12-11-05.html">Archived</a> February 25, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APH-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APH_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APH_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APH_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Restad, Penne L. (1995), <i>Christmas in America: a History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 96. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510980-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510980-5">0-19-510980-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABD-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABD_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219215754/http://www.christianchurchofgod.com/httpwww.christianchurchofgod.comhistofchristmas.htm">"Christian church of God – history of Christmas"</a>. Christianchurchofgod.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianchurchofgod.com/httpwww.christianchurchofgod.comhistofchristmas.htm">the original</a> on December 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+church+of+God+%E2%80%93+history+of+Christmas&rft.pub=Christianchurchofgod.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianchurchofgod.com%2Fhttpwww.christianchurchofgod.comhistofchristmas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meggspage148-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meggspage148_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-29198-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-29198-6">0-471-29198-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-federalholidays-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-federalholidays_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_R._Straus2012" class="citation web cs1">Jacob R. Straus (November 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41990.pdf">"Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Congressional Research Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103115217/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41990.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Holidays%3A+Evolution+and+Current+Practices&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft.au=Jacob+R.+Straus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR41990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossland2021" class="citation news cs1">Crossland, David (December 22, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/wartime-football-truces-3-historical-prejudice-0-wclv9hs3f">"Truces weren't just for 1914 Christmas"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Truces+weren%27t+just+for+1914+Christmas&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Crossland&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fwartime-football-truces-3-historical-prejudice-0-wclv9hs3f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter2021" class="citation web cs1">Baxter, Keven (December 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/story/2021-12-24/christmas-truce-soccer-world-war-germany-britain-adolf-hitler">"Peace for a day: How soccer brought a brief truce to World War I on Christmas Day 1914"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224122434/https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/story/2021-12-24/christmas-truce-soccer-world-war-germany-britain-adolf-hitler">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Peace+for+a+day%3A+How+soccer+brought+a+brief+truce+to+World+War+I+on+Christmas+Day+1914&rft.date=2021-12-24&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Keven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fsports%2Fsoccer%2Fstory%2F2021-12-24%2Fchristmas-truce-soccer-world-war-germany-britain-adolf-hitler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-real-story-of-the-christmas-truce">"The Real Story of the Christmas Truce"</a>. <i>Imperial War Museums</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+War+Museums&rft.atitle=The+Real+Story+of+the+Christmas+Truce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fthe-real-story-of-the-christmas-truce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/school-radio/assemblies-ks1-ks2-christmas-truce-1914/zhjpm39">"Christmas Truce 1914"</a>. <i>BBC School Radio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+School+Radio&rft.atitle=Christmas+Truce+1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fteach%2Fschool-radio%2Fassemblies-ks1-ks2-christmas-truce-1914%2Fzhjpm39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connelly2000-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Connelly2000_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2000" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Mark (2000). <i>Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-397-2"><bdi>978-1-86064-397-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+at+the+Movies%3A+Images+of+Christmas+in+American%2C+British+and+European+Cinema&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-397-2&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet2005-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet2005_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2005" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina Petra (November 10, 2005). <i>Religious Policy in the Soviet Union</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02230-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02230-9"><bdi>978-0-521-02230-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Policy+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-10&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02230-9&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+Petra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zugger2001-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zugger2001_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZugger2001" class="citation book cs1">Zugger, Christopher Lawrence (2001). <i>Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0679-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0679-6"><bdi>978-0-8156-0679-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholics+of+the+Soviet+Empire+from+Lenin+Through+Stalin&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0679-6&rft.aulast=Zugger&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamkin2016" class="citation web cs1">Tamkin, Emily (December 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/12/30/how-soviets-came-to-celebrate-new-years-like-christmas-and-why-russians-still-do/">"How Soviets Came to Celebrate New Year's Like Christmas (and Why Russians Still Do)"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=How+Soviets+Came+to+Celebrate+New+Year%27s+Like+Christmas+%28and+Why+Russians+Still+Do%29&rft.date=2016-12-30&rft.aulast=Tamkin&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2016%2F12%2F30%2Fhow-soviets-came-to-celebrate-new-years-like-christmas-and-why-russians-still-do%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1991" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-07-mn-5892-story.html">"A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists. But, as with most of Yeltsin's pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093318/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-01-07/news/mn-5892_1_russian-christmas-traditions">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+Russian+Christmas%E2%80%94Better+Late+Than+Never%3A+Soviet+Union%3A+Orthodox+Church+celebration+is+the+first+under+Communists.+But%2C+as+with+most+of+Yeltsin%27s+pronouncements%2C+the+holiday+stirs+a+controversy.&rft.date=1991-01-07&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Carey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-01-07-mn-5892-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2015" class="citation news cs1">Perry, Joseph (December 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/12/24/how-the-nazis-co-opted-christmas/">"How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106211548/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/12/24/how-the-nazis-co-opted-christmas/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+the+Nazis+co-opted+Christmas%3A+A+history+of+propaganda&rft.date=2015-12-24&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2015%2F12%2F24%2Fhow-the-nazis-co-opted-christmas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/christmas/12067683/Somalia-joins-Brunei-by-banning-Christmas-celebrations-to-protect-Islam.html">"Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations 'to protect Islam'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. December 24, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529064440/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/christmas/12067683/Somalia-joins-Brunei-by-banning-Christmas-celebrations-to-protect-Islam.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Somalia+joins+Brunei+by+banning+Christmas+celebrations+%27to+protect+Islam%27&rft.date=2015-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftopics%2Fchristmas%2F12067683%2FSomalia-joins-Brunei-by-banning-Christmas-celebrations-to-protect-Islam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuman2023" class="citation web cs1">Neuman, Scott (December 16, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/12/16/1219245873/bethlehem-christmas-gaza-israel">"There's no Christmas in Bethlehem this year. With war in Gaza, festivities are off"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=There%27s+no+Christmas+in+Bethlehem+this+year.+With+war+in+Gaza%2C+festivities+are+off&rft.date=2023-12-16&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F16%2F1219245873%2Fbethlehem-christmas-gaza-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jespersen2011-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jespersen2011_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJespersen2011" class="citation book cs1">Jespersen, Knud J. V. (June 21, 2011). <i>A History of Denmark</i>. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34417-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34417-4"><bdi>978-0-230-34417-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Denmark&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2011-06-21&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34417-4&rft.aulast=Jespersen&rft.aufirst=Knud+J.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlkan2015" class="citation web cs1">Alkan, Sena (December 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/life/2015/12/19/the-history-behind-christmas-and-turkey">"The history behind Christmas and Turkey"</a>. <i>Daily Sabah</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=The+history+behind+Christmas+and+Turkey&rft.date=2015-12-19&rft.aulast=Alkan&rft.aufirst=Sena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Flife%2F2015%2F12%2F19%2Fthe-history-behind-christmas-and-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath2015-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath2015_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2015" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister E. (January 27, 2015). <i>Christianity: An Introduction</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-46565-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-46565-3"><bdi>978-1-118-46565-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-118-46565-3&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huckabee2021-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huckabee2021_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuckabee2021" class="citation web cs1">Huckabee, Tyler (December 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://relevantmagazine.com/current/nation/no-christmas-trees-dont-have-pagan-roots/">"No, Christmas Trees Don't Have 'Pagan' Roots"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No%2C+Christmas+Trees+Don%27t+Have+%27Pagan%27+Roots&rft.pub=Relevant+Magazine&rft.date=2021-12-09&rft.aulast=Huckabee&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frelevantmagazine.com%2Fcurrent%2Fnation%2Fno-christmas-trees-dont-have-pagan-roots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal1822" class="citation book cs1">Neal, Daniel (1822). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nealshistorypur00toulgoog/page/132/mode/2up"><i>The History of the Puritans</i></a>. 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New Data From LifeWay Research"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129024022/http://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2015/december/what-is-church-attendance-like-during-christmastime-new-dat.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=British+families+only+attend+church+at+Christmas%2C+new+figures+suggest&rft.date=2016-10-27&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F10%2F27%2Fbritish-families-only-attend-church-at-christmas-new-figures-sug%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins47-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins47_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, Ace, <i>Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas</i>, Zondervan, (2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-24880-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-24880-9">0-310-24880-9</a> p.47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativitiesofworl0000webe/page/159">Internet Archive</a> Susan Topp Weber, <i>Nativities of the World</i>, Gibbs Smith, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227041612/http://www.nuok.it/bulagna/alla-scoperta-dei-cinque-presepi-piu-belli-di-bologna/">"Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna | Nuok"</a>. Nuok.it. January 24, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuok.it/bulagna/alla-scoperta-dei-cinque-presepi-piu-belli-di-bologna/">the original</a> on December 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alla+scoperta+dei+cinque+presepi+pi%C3%B9+belli+di+Bologna+%26%23124%3B+Nuok&rft.pub=Nuok.it&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuok.it%2Fbulagna%2Falla-scoperta-dei-cinque-presepi-piu-belli-di-bologna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digilander.libero.it/paolore2/liguria/presepi.html">"Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presepi+in+Liguria%3A+provincia+di+Genova%2C+Tigullio+-sito+di+Paolino&rft.pub=Digilander.libero.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigilander.libero.it%2Fpaolore2%2Fliguria%2Fpresepi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227022432/http://www.carnegiemnh.org/visit/default.aspx?id=21487">"Holidays at the Museums: Carnegie Museum of Natural History"</a>. Carnegiemnh.org. November 26, 2013. 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Simplytreasures.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simplytreasures.com/t-about-nativity.aspx">the original</a> on September 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Proven%C3%A7al+Nativity+Scene&rft.pub=Simplytreasures.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simplytreasures.com%2Ft-about-nativity.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seaburg, Carl, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLB-UkN5UHYC&dq=living+nativity+scenes+sicily&pg=PT30"><i>Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225144711/https://books.google.com/books?id=dLB-UkN5UHYC&pg=PT30&dq=living+nativity+scenes+sicily">Archived</a> December 25, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, iUniverse, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowler, Gerry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGaVZ6fEjjsC&dq=living+nativity+scenes+sicily&pg=PT478"><i>The World Encyclopedia of Christmas</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225144711/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGaVZ6fEjjsC&pg=PT478&dq=living+nativity+scenes+sicily">Archived</a> December 25, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Random House LLC, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_King2012" class="citation web cs1">Carol King (December 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226023729/http://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/christmas-living-nativity-scene-sicily">"A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily"</a>. <i>Italy Magazine</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Italy+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Christmas+Living+Nativity+Scene+in+Sicily&rft.date=2012-12-24&rft.au=Carol+King&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italymagazine.com%2Ffeatured-story%2Fchristmas-living-nativity-scene-sicily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins83-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins83_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>These Strange German Ways</i>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135057060" title="Special:BookSources/9781135057060"><bdi>9781135057060</bdi></a>. <q>It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festivals&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135057060&rft.aulast=Hewitson&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1995/12-8-1995/trad.html">"The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants"</a>. <i>www.ipm.iastate.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122071614/http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1995/12-8-1995/trad.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ipm.iastate.edu&rft.atitle=The+Legends+and+Traditions+of+Holiday+Plants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipm.iastate.edu%2Fipm%2Fhortnews%2F1995%2F12-8-1995%2Ftrad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mistletoe.org.uk/homewp/index.php/traditions/">"Mistletoe Traditions"</a>. The Mistletoe Pages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225041045/http://mistletoe.org.uk/homewp/index.php/traditions/">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mistletoe+Traditions&rft.pub=The+Mistletoe+Pages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmistletoe.org.uk%2Fhomewp%2Findex.php%2Ftraditions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=1173">"Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)"</a>. Catholic Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113131615/http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=1173">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liturgical+Year+%3A+Symbolic+Lights+and+Fires+of+Christmas+%28Activity%29&rft.pub=Catholic+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Fliturgicalyear%2Factivities%2Fview.cfm%3Fid%3D1173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historymatters.appstate.edu/documents/christmaslights.pdf">"Christmas lights and community building in America,"</a> <i>History Matters</i>, Spring 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629182754/http://www.historymatters.appstate.edu/documents/christmaslights.pdf">Archived</a> June 29, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osborne2020-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osborne2020_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2020" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, John (May 31, 2020). <i>Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-87372-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-87372-7"><bdi>978-1-108-87372-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+Eighth+Century%3A+A+History+in+Art&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-05-31&rft.isbn=978-1-108-87372-7&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuleja1999-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuleja1999_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuleja1999" class="citation book cs1">Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999). <i>Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals</i>. BBS Publishing Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57866-070-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57866-070-4"><bdi>978-1-57866-070-4</bdi></a>. <q>Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curious+Customs%3A+The+Stories+Behind+More+Than+300+Popular+American+Rituals&rft.pub=BBS+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57866-070-4&rft.aulast=Tuleja&rft.aufirst=Thaddeus+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins2010-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2010_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2010_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2010_151-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2010_151-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2010_151-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2010" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Ace (2010). <i>Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas</i>. Zondervan. pp. 139–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310873884" title="Special:BookSources/9780310873884"><bdi>9780310873884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+Behind+the+Great+Traditions+of+Christmas&rft.pages=139-141&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780310873884&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Ace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, Clement, <i>Christmas customs and traditions</i>, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23354-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23354-5">0-486-23354-5</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, Clement, <i>Christmas customs and traditions</i>, Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clancy2008-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clancy2008_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy2008" class="citation book cs1">Clancy, Ronald M. (2008). <i>Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion</i>. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5811-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5811-9"><bdi>978-1-4027-5811-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Christmas+Music%3A+The+Stories+Behind+the+Most+Beloved+Songs+of+Devotion&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-5811-9&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudley-Smith1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dudley-Smith" title="Timothy Dudley-Smith">Dudley-Smith, Timothy</a> (1987). <i>A Flame of Love</i>. London: Triangle/SPCK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-281-04300-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-281-04300-2"><bdi>978-0-281-04300-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Flame+of+Love&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Triangle%2FSPCK&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-281-04300-2&rft.aulast=Dudley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasTalhaiarnThomas_Oliphant1862" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, John; Talhaiarn; Thomas Oliphant (1862). <i>Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry</i>. London: Addison, Hollier and Lucas. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63015609">63015609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welsh+melodies%3A+with+Welsh+and+English+poetry&rft.place=London&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Addison%2C+Hollier+and+Lucas&rft.date=1862&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63015609&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Talhaiarn&rft.au=Thomas+Oliphant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2019" class="citation web cs1">Byrne, Eugene (December 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/wish-you-merry-christmas-written-3678149">"Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian"</a>. <i>BristolLive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BristolLive&rft.atitle=Arguably+most+famous+Christmas+song+was+written+by+a+Bristolian&rft.date=2019-12-24&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbristol-news%2Fwish-you-merry-christmas-written-3678149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_158-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmolko2012" class="citation journal cs1">Smolko, Joanna (February 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic">"Christmas music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.A2227990">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Christmas+music&rft.date=2012-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.A2227990&rft.aulast=Smolko&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broomfield, Andrea (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ_JDp9OgJEC&pg=PA149&dq=christmas+pudding+england"><i>Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History</i></a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muir, Frank (1977), <i>Christmas customs & traditions</i>, Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122070634/http://schoolnet.gov.mt/HelloEurope/activities/recepies/imbuljuta.html">"Imbuljuta"</a>. Schoolnet.gov.mt. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schoolnet.gov.mt/HelloEurope/activities/recepies/imbuljuta.html">the original</a> on January 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imbuljuta&rft.pub=Schoolnet.gov.mt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschoolnet.gov.mt%2FHelloEurope%2Factivities%2Frecepies%2Fimbuljuta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madote.com/2016/01/christmas-in-eritrea.html">"Christmas in Eritrea"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas+in+Eritrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madote.com%2F2016%2F01%2Fchristmas-in-eritrea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/canale_terraegusto/notizie/prodotti_tipici/2017/12/04/negli-usa-tutti-pazzi-per-il-panettone-e-boom-vendite_b653dfb9-ec37-43c9-99bd-345a4abf1af0.html">"Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite"</a>. <i>Ansa</i> (in Italian). December 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ansa&rft.atitle=Negli+Usa+tutti+pazzi+per+il+panettone%2C+%C3%A8+boom+vendite&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fcanale_terraegusto%2Fnotizie%2Fprodotti_tipici%2F2017%2F12%2F04%2Fnegli-usa-tutti-pazzi-per-il-panettone-e-boom-vendite_b653dfb9-ec37-43c9-99bd-345a4abf1af0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1679110.stm">"Christmas card sold for record price"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060205200933/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1679110.stm">Archived</a> February 5, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaverien2021" class="citation news cs1">Schaverien, Anna (June 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/19/business/e-cards-pandemic.html">"E-Cards Are Back, Thanks to the Pandemic"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 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Zondervan. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-87388-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-87388-4"><bdi>978-0-310-87388-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+the+Magi%3A+Meanings+in+History+of+a+Christian+Story&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997-05-23&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01126-4&rft.aulast=Trexler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYLmhCHtydKMC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins,_Ace2010" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mo8vgZoROl8C&q=giving+gifts+wise+men&pg=PT88"><i>Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas</i></a>. Zondervan. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-87388-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-87388-4"><bdi>978-0-310-87388-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+Behind+the+Great+Traditions+of+Christmas&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft.isbn=978-0-310-87388-4&rft.au=Collins%2C+Ace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmo8vgZoROl8C%26q%3Dgiving%2Bgifts%2Bwise%2Bmen%26pg%3DPT88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berking1999-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berking1999_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerking1999" class="citation book cs1">Berking, Helmuth (March 30, 1999). <i>Sociology of Giving</i>. SAGE Publications. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85702-613-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85702-613-2"><bdi>978-0-85702-613-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+of+Giving&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1999-03-30&rft.isbn=978-0-85702-613-2&rft.aulast=Berking&rft.aufirst=Helmuth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talley1991-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Talley1991_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalley1991" class="citation book cs1">Talley, Thomas J. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T_O8F_iGcqkC"><i>The Origins of the Liturgical Year</i></a>. Liturgical Press. pp. 88–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6075-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6075-1"><bdi>978-0-8146-6075-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Marshall Cavendish. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/netherlands0000sewa/page/116">116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2052-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2052-1"><bdi>978-0-7614-2052-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Netherlands&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2052-1&rft.aulast=Seward&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft.au=Lal%2C+Sunandini+Arora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnetherlands0000sewa%2Fpage%2F116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomenico,_Roy_Palmer2002" class="citation book cs1">Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). <i>The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture</i>. 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Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindmen0000coll/page/121">121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-56456-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-56456-0"><bdi>978-0-310-56456-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?"</a>. <i>Bezprawnik</i> (in Polish). December 22, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bezprawnik.pl/kto-przynosi-prezenty-mikolaj-gwiazdor/">the original</a> on December 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bezprawnik&rft.atitle=Kto+przynosi+Wam+prezenty%3F+%C5%9Aw.+Miko%C5%82aj%2C+Gwiazdor%2C+Anio%C5%82ek%2C+Dzieci%C4%85tko+czy+mo%C5%BCe+Dziadek+Mr%C3%B3z%3F&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbezprawnik.pl%2Fkto-przynosi-prezenty-mikolaj-gwiazdor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,19380983,nie-tylko-mikolaj-czyli-kto-wedlug-tradycji-rozdaje-prezenty.html">"Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?"</a>. <i>gazeta.pl</i> (in Polish). December 21, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224213619/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,19380983,nie-tylko-mikolaj-czyli-kto-wedlug-tradycji-rozdaje-prezenty.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gazeta.pl&rft.atitle=Nie+tylko+Miko%C5%82aj%2C+czyli+kto+wed%C5%82ug+tradycji+rozdaje+prezenty+w+r%C3%B3%C5%BCnych+regionach+Polski%3F&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.gazeta.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2F1%2C114871%2C19380983%2Cnie-tylko-mikolaj-czyli-kto-wedlug-tradycji-rozdaje-prezenty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orkney.com/events/christmas-day-ba">"Christmas Day Ba' 2023"</a>. <i>Orkney.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orkney.com&rft.atitle=Christmas+Day+Ba%27+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orkney.com%2Fevents%2Fchristmas-day-ba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcbs-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbs_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbs_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z4y847h">"Why football at Christmas is a very British tradition"</a>. <i>BBC Bitesize</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize&rft.atitle=Why+football+at+Christmas+is+a+very+British+tradition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Farticles%2Fz4y847h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.90min.com/posts/the-last-time-football-was-played-christmas-day-england">"The Last Time Football Was Played on Christmas Day in England"</a>. <i>90min.com</i>. December 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=90min.com&rft.atitle=The+Last+Time+Football+Was+Played+on+Christmas+Day+in+England&rft.date=2020-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.90min.com%2Fposts%2Fthe-last-time-football-was-played-christmas-day-england&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Woodcock (November 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/10455611/England-v-Germany-when-rivals-staged-beautiful-game-on-the-Somme.html">"England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612113529/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/10455611/England-v-Germany-when-rivals-staged-beautiful-game-on-the-Somme.html">Archived</a> June 12, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42239033">"The sports games that don't stop for Christmas Day"</a>. December 22, 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+sports+games+that+don%27t+stop+for+Christmas+Day&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-42239033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, Joseph F., <i>The Origins of Christmas</i>, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 67–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roll, p.107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hijmans-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hijmans_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hijmans, S.E., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/33490806/Hijmans-Sol-The-Sun-in-the-Art-and-Religions-of-Rome">Sol, the sun in the art and religions of Rome</a>,</i> 2009, p. 595. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-367-3931-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-367-3931-3">978-90-367-3931-3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510231050/http://www.scribd.com/doc/33490806/Hijmans-Sol-The-Sun-in-the-Art-and-Religions-of-Rome">Archived</a> May 10, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, Joseph F., <i>The Origins of Christmas</i>, Liturgical Press, p.80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hijmans-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hijmans_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hijmans, S.E., <i>Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome,</i> 2009, p. 584.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malachi-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malachi_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Malachi+4:2">Malachi 4:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton2011-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melton2011_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2011" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2011). <i>Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-206-7&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jan7-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jan7_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamzy" class="citation web cs1">Ramzy, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/coptic_calendar/nativitydate.html">"The Glorious Feast of Nativity: 7 January? 29 Kiahk? 25 December?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Feast+of+Nativity%3A+7+January%3F+29+Kiahk%3F+25+December%3F&rft.pub=Coptic+Orthodox+Church+Network&rft.aulast=Ramzy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copticchurch.net%2Ftopics%2Fcoptic_calendar%2Fnativitydate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalgeographic-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeographic_198-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeographic_198-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakemore2019" class="citation web cs1">Blakemore, Erin (December 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416232858/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/why-celebrate-christmas-january">"Why some people celebrate Christmas in January"</a>. <i>www.nationalgeographic.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalgeographic.com&rft.atitle=Why+some+people+celebrate+Christmas+in+January&rft.date=2019-12-26&rft.aulast=Blakemore&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Fwhy-celebrate-christmas-january&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4Dates-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4Dates_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/bethlehem-christmas">"Christmas in Bethlehem"</a>. <i>www.sacred-destinations.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616161715/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/bethlehem-christmas">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-destinations.com&rft.atitle=Christmas+in+Bethlehem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-destinations.com%2Fisrael%2Fbethlehem-christmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenianchurch.org.uk/why-do-armenians-celebrate-christmas-on-january-6th/">"Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th?"</a>. <i>armenianchurch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+moves+Christmas+Day+in+snub+to+Russia&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft.aulast=Lukiv&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-66341617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-christmas-orthodox-church-calendar-b658c9ebecc91a470866c34b1c1847eb">"Ukraine moves official Christmas Day holiday to Dec. 25, denouncing Russian-imposed traditions"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. July 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+moves+official+Christmas+Day+holiday+to+Dec.+25%2C+denouncing+Russian-imposed+traditions&rft.date=2023-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-ukraine-war-christmas-orthodox-church-calendar-b658c9ebecc91a470866c34b1c1847eb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRFE/RL" class="citation news cs1">RFE/RL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/orthodox-church-ukraine-approves-calendar-switch-russia/32426292.html">"Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia"</a>. <i>RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope%2FRadioLiberty&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Church+Of+Ukraine+Approves+Calendar+Switch+In+Widening+Diversion+From+Russia&rft.au=RFE%2FRL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Forthodox-church-ukraine-approves-calendar-switch-russia%2F32426292.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-ukr-dec-25-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-ukr-dec-25_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukiv2023" class="citation web cs1">Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-66341617">"Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+moves+Christmas+Day+in+snub+to+Russia&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft.aulast=Lukiv&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-66341617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethiopianorthodox.org/english/calendar.html">The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith and Order - Religious Holidays and Calendar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029183552/http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/english/calendar.html">Archived</a> October 29, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegbert Uhlig, <i>Encyclopaedia Aethiopica</i> He-N, p. 538</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2024" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tom (September 3, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/sep/03/venezuela-nicolas-maduro-christmas">"Maduro declares Christmas in October amid Venezuela's post-election strife"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Maduro+declares+Christmas+in+October+amid+Venezuela%E2%80%99s+post-election+strife&rft.date=2024-09-03&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fsep%2F03%2Fvenezuela-nicolas-maduro-christmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varga, Melody. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://retailindustry.about.com/od/abouttheretailindustry/g/black_friday.htm">"Black Friday</a>, <i>About:Retail Industry</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517171329/http://retailindustry.about.com/od/abouttheretailindustry/g/black_friday.htm">Archived</a> May 17, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227091731/http://womeninbusiness.about.com/od/womeninbusinessanswers/a/Wib-Answers-What-Is-The-Definition-Of-Christmas-Creep.htm">"Definition Christmas Creep – What is Christmas Creep"</a>. Womeninbusiness.about.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://womeninbusiness.about.com/od/womeninbusinessanswers/a/Wib-Answers-What-Is-The-Definition-Of-Christmas-Creep.htm">the original</a> on December 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+Christmas+Creep+%E2%80%93+What+is+Christmas+Creep&rft.pub=Womeninbusiness.about.com&rft.date=2010-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwomeninbusiness.about.com%2Fod%2Fwomeninbusinessanswers%2Fa%2FWib-Answers-What-Is-The-Definition-Of-Christmas-Creep.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viewlondon.co.uk/whatson/south-molton-street-christmas-lights-feature-3530.html">"South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119043958/http://www.viewlondon.co.uk/whatson/south-molton-street-christmas-lights-feature-3530.html">Archived</a> November 19, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (November 16, 2010), <i>View London.co.uk</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gar-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gar_212-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gar_212-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kollewe, Julia, (November 29, 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/nov/29/christmas-shopping-spree-starts">"West End spree worth £250m marks start of Christmas shopping season"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221072147/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/nov/29/christmas-shopping-spree-starts">Archived</a> December 21, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/nostalgia/liverpools-record-breaking-christmas-grotto-25517874">"Liverpool's record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations"</a>. <i>Liverpool Echo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liverpool+Echo&rft.atitle=Liverpool%27s+record+breaking+Christmas+grotto+beloved+by+generations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnostalgia%2Fliverpools-record-breaking-christmas-grotto-25517874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwen_Outen2004" class="citation news cs1">Gwen Outen (December 3, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303072926/http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2004-12/a-2004-12-03-2-1.cfm">"Economics Report – Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S."</a> Voice of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2004-12/a-2004-12-03-2-1.cfm">the original</a> on March 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Economics+Report+%E2%80%93+Holiday+Shopping+Season+in+the+U.S.&rft.date=2004-12-03&rft.au=Gwen+Outen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoanews.com%2Fspecialenglish%2Farchive%2F2004-12%2Fa-2004-12-03-2-1.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/005870.html">"Facts. The Holiday Season"</a> December 19, 2005. (accessed November 30, 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100507013857/http%3A//www%2Ecensus%2Egov/Press%2DRelease/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/005870%2Ehtml">Archived copy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> (May 7, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Census 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaury2019" class="citation web cs1">Haury, Amanda C. (November 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/1112/average-cost-of-an-american-christmas.aspx">"Average Cost of an American Christmas"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i>. Dotdash<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=Average+Cost+of+an+American+Christmas&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft.aulast=Haury&rft.aufirst=Amanda+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Ffinancial-edge%2F1112%2Faverage-cost-of-an-american-christmas.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZauzmer2020" class="citation journal cs1">Zauzmer, Ben (January 31, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/6lpet0sx">"Oscar Seasons: The Intersection of Data and the Academy Awards"</a>. <i>Harvard Data Science Review</i>. <b>2</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F99608f92.6230ce9f">10.1162/99608f92.6230ce9f</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213681214">213681214</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Data+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Oscar+Seasons%3A+The+Intersection+of+Data+and+the+Academy+Awards&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F99608f92.6230ce9f&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213681214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zauzmer&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdsr.mitpress.mit.edu%2Fpub%2F6lpet0sx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deadweight-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deadweight_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joel Waldfogel "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/blogs/freakonomics/pdf/WaldfogelDeadweightLossXmas.pdf">The Deadweight Loss of Christmas</a>" (PDF), <i>American Economic Review</i>, December 1993, <b>83</b> (5). Retrieved December 25, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-econ-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-econ_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=885748">"Is Santa a deadweight loss?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051221102605/http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=885748">Archived</a> December 21, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Economist</i> December 20, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=9475">"Christmas is Damaging the Environment, Report Says"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312225752/http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=9475">Archived</a> March 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, December 16, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper1999-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harper1999_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper1999" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Timothy (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moscowmadness00timo"><i>Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man's Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia</i></a></span>. McGraw-Hill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moscowmadness00timo/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-026700-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-026700-8"><bdi>978-0-07-026700-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moscow+Madness%3A+Crime%2C+Corruption%2C+and+One+Man%27s+Pursuit+of+Profit+in+the+New+Russia&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-07-026700-8&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoscowmadness00timo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-puritans-uk-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-puritans-uk_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110301212323/http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/christmas/ban.shtml">"Marta Patiño, The Puritan Ban on Christmas"</a>. Timetravel-britain.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/christmas/ban.shtml">the original</a> on March 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marta+Pati%C3%B1o%2C+The+Puritan+Ban+on+Christmas&rft.pub=Timetravel-britain.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timetravel-britain.com%2Farticles%2Fchristmas%2Fban.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-puritans-usa-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-puritans-usa_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1868506_1868508_1868518,00.html">Christmas in the Colonies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225064533/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1868506_1868508_1868518,00.html">Archived</a> December 25, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Time</i>. Retrieved December 25, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniels89-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daniels89_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniels, Bruce Colin (1995). Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16124-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16124-8">978-0-312-16124-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoarkJohnsonCohenStage2011" class="citation book cs1">Roark, James; Johnson, Michael; Cohen, Patricia; Stage, Sarah; Lawson, Alan; Hartmann, Susan (2011). <i>Understanding the American Promise: A History, Volume I: To 1877</i>. 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Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Regulative+Principle+of+Worship&rft.pub=Free+Presbyterian+Church+of+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpchurch.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fhow-we-worship%2Fthe-regulative-principle-of-worship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minutesofreforme1905refo/page/130/mode/2up"><i>Minutes of Session of 1905</i></a>. Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. 1905. p. 130<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minutes+of+Session+of+1905&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Reformed+Presbyterian+Church+of+North+America&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminutesofreforme1905refo%2Fpage%2F130%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/witnesses/ataglance/glance.shtml">https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/witnesses/ataglance/glance.shtml</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1991" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Carey (January 7, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-07-mn-5892-story.html">"A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin's Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093318/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-01-07/news/mn-5892_1_russian-christmas-traditions">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+Russian+Christmas%E2%80%94Better+Late+Than+Never%3A+Soviet+Union%3A+Orthodox+Church+Celebration+Is+the+First+Under+Communists.+But%2C+as+with+Most+of+Yeltsin%27s+Pronouncements%2C+the+Holiday+Stirs+a+Controversy&rft.date=1991-01-07&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Carey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-01-07-mn-5892-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christmas2015bans-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-christmas2015bans_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2015" class="citation news cs1">Woolf, Nicky (December 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/23/christmas-banned-somalia-tajikistan-brunei">"Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia, Tajikistan and Brunei"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826052214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/23/christmas-banned-somalia-tajikistan-brunei">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Christmas+celebrations+banned+in+Somalia%2C+Tajikistan+and+Brunei&rft.date=2015-12-24&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Nicky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fdec%2F23%2Fchristmas-banned-somalia-tajikistan-brunei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACLJ-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACLJ_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225163554/http://aclj.org/christmas-laws">"ACLJ, Christmas laws"</a>. Aclj.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aclj.org/christmas-laws">the original</a> on December 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACLJ%2C+Christmas+laws&rft.pub=Aclj.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faclj.org%2Fchristmas-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCC-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCC_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliweiwi2005" class="citation web cs1">Aliweiwi, Jehad (November 28, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231172900/http://www.muslimcanadiancongress.org/20051128.html">"A Christmas Tree or a Holiday Tree?"</a>. <i>Muslim Canadian Congress</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimcanadiancongress.org/20051128.html">the original</a> on December 31, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muslim+Canadian+Congress&rft.atitle=A+Christmas+Tree+or+a+Holiday+Tree%3F&rft.date=2005-11-28&rft.aulast=Aliweiwi&rft.aufirst=Jehad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimcanadiancongress.org%2F20051128.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span> (previous title: "Christmas controversy article")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feder, Don, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/feder121300.asp">"In the culture, Christmas morphs into holiday"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412151751/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/feder121300.asp">Archived</a> April 12, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Jewish World Review</i>, December 13, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/22/better-to-say-merry-christmas-or-happy-holidays">"The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. August 11, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221105842/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/22/better-to-say-merry-christmas-or-happy-holidays">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Brits+Have+It+Right%3A+Forget+Happy+Holidays%2C+Just+Wish+People+Merry+Christmas&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Fdec%2F22%2Fbetter-to-say-merry-christmas-or-happy-holidays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJankowski2016" class="citation news cs1">Jankowski, Paul (August 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauljankowski/2014/12/19/is-saying-merry-christmas-politically-correct-who-cares/">"Is Saying 'Merry Christmas' Politically Correct? Who Cares?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807030050/https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauljankowski/2014/12/19/is-saying-merry-christmas-politically-correct-who-cares/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Is+Saying+%27Merry+Christmas%27+Politically+Correct%3F+Who+Cares%3F&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft.aulast=Jankowski&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fpauljankowski%2F2014%2F12%2F19%2Fis-saying-merry-christmas-politically-correct-who-cares%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2016" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Christopher Stuart (August 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160929182951/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/christopher-stuart-taylor/saying-merry-christmas_b_4490555.html">"If We Can't Say 'Merry Christmas' in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/christopher-stuart-taylor/saying-merry-christmas_b_4490555.html">the original</a> on September 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=If+We+Can%27t+Say+%27Merry+Christmas%27+in+Canada%2C+Multiculturalism+Failed&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.ca%2Fchristopher-stuart-taylor%2Fsaying-merry-christmas_b_4490555.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynch-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lynch_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belcherfoundation.org/lynch_v_donnelly.htm">"Lynch vs. Donnelly"</a>. <i>Belcher Foundation</i>. 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216143728/http://www.belcherfoundation.org/lynch_v_donnelly.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belcher+Foundation&rft.atitle=Lynch+vs.+Donnelly&rft.date=1984&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belcherfoundation.org%2Flynch_v_donnelly.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mujahid, Abdul Malik. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundvision.com/article/treating-christmas-with-respect">Treating Christmas with respect</a>", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_Vision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sound Vision (page does not exist)">Sound Vision</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405171239/https://www.soundvision.com/article/treating-christmas-with-respect">Archived</a> April 5, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2001" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-140-Religious-Minorities-and-China.pdf"><i>Religious Minorities and China</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Minority Rights Group International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Minorities+and+China&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fold-site-downloads%2Fdownload-140-Religious-Minorities-and-China.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuangChew2014-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BuangChew2014_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuangChew2014" class="citation book cs1">Buang, Sa'eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (May 9, 2014). <i>Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives</i>. Routledge. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81500-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81500-6"><bdi>978-1-317-81500-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Education+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Asian+Perspectives&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81500-6&rft.aulast=Buang&rft.aufirst=Sa%27eda&rft.au=Chew%2C+Phyllis+Ghim-Lian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2018-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2018_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-46588650">"Alarm over China's Church crackdown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. December 18, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105171647/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-46588650">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alarm+over+China%27s+Church+crackdown&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-46588650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2178532/santa-claus-wont-be-coming-town-chinese-officials-ban-christmas">"Santa Claus won't be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. December 18, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112085857/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2178532/santa-claus-wont-be-coming-town-chinese-officials-ban-christmas">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Santa+Claus+won%27t+be+coming+to+this+town%2C+as+Chinese+officials+ban+Christmas&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fsociety%2Farticle%2F2178532%2Fsanta-claus-wont-be-coming-town-chinese-officials-ban-christmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bowler, Gerry, <i>The World Encyclopedia of Christmas</i> (October 2004: McClelland & Stewart). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1535-9">978-0-7710-1535-9</a></li> <li>Bowler, Gerry, <i>Santa Claus: A Biography</i> (November 2007: McClelland & Stewart). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1668-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1668-4">978-0-7710-1668-4</a></li> <li>Comfort, David, <i>Just Say Noel: A History of Christmas from the Nativity to the Nineties</i> (November 1995: Fireside). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80057-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80057-8">978-0-684-80057-8</a></li> <li>Count, Earl W., <i>4000 Years of Christmas: A Gift from the Ages</i> (November 1997: Ulysses Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56975-087-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56975-087-2">978-1-56975-087-2</a></li> <li>Federer, William J., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NngtujclaxoC&dq=There%20Really%20Is%20a%20Santa%20Claus%3A%20The%20History%20of%20St.%20Nicholas%20%26%20Christmas%20Holiday%20Traditions&pg=PP1">There Really Is a Santa Claus: The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225144712/https://books.google.com/books?id=NngtujclaxoC&pg=PP1&dq=There%20Really%20Is%20a%20Santa%20Claus%3A%20The%20History%20of%20St.%20Nicholas%20%26%20Christmas%20Holiday%20Traditions">Archived</a> December 25, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (December 2002: Amerisearch). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9653557-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9653557-4-2">978-0-9653557-4-2</a></li> <li>Kelly, Joseph F., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERahko4FXJgC&dq=The%20Origins%20of%20Christmas&pg=PP1">The Origins of Christmas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225144712/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERahko4FXJgC&pg=PP1&dq=The%20Origins%20of%20Christmas">Archived</a> December 25, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (August 2004: Liturgical Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2984-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2984-0">978-0-8146-2984-0</a></li> <li>Miles, Clement A., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1XRjAyL8LogC&dq=Christmas%20Customs%20and%20Traditions&pg=PP1">Christmas Customs and Traditions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225144713/https://books.google.com/books?id=1XRjAyL8LogC&pg=PP1&dq=Christmas%20Customs%20and%20Traditions">Archived</a> December 25, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (1976: Dover Publications). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23354-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23354-3">978-0-486-23354-3</a></li> <li>Nissenbaum, Stephen, <i>The Battle for Christmas</i> (1996; New York: Vintage Books, 1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-74038-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-74038-4">0-679-74038-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestad1995" class="citation book cs1">Restad, Penne L. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christmasinameri0000rest"><i>Christmas in America: A History</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509300-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509300-1"><bdi>978-0-19-509300-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+in+America%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509300-1&rft.aulast=Restad&rft.aufirst=Penne+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristmasinameri0000rest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rosenthal, Jim, <i>St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas</i> (July 2006: Nelson Reference). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4185-0407-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4185-0407-6">1-4185-0407-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammons2006" class="citation book cs1">Sammons, Peter (May 2006). <i>The Birth of Christ</i>. Glory to Glory Publications (UK). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9551790-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9551790-1-3"><bdi>978-0-9551790-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Christ&rft.pub=Glory+to+Glory+Publications+%28UK%29&rft.date=2006-05&rft.isbn=978-0-9551790-1-3&rft.aulast=Sammons&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Christmas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Christmas">"Christmas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 293–294.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christmas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=293-294&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindale1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Martindale, Cyril (1908). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Christmas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Christmas">"Christmas" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christmas&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Christmas</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Christmas" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Christmas">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Christmas" class="extiw" title="c:Christmas">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Christmas" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Christmas">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Christmas" class="extiw" title="q:Christmas">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Christmas" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Christmas">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Christmas_recipes" class="extiw" title="b:Category:Christmas recipes">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19809" class="extiw" title="d:Q19809">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learninglab.si.edu/collections/subject-christmas-nmahphc/Yd8jtKDBHytbjg0B">Christmas collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">Smithsonian National Museum of American History</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22042" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:22042">Christmas: Its Origin and Associations</a></i>, by William Francis Dawson, 1902, from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18908" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:18908">Christmas: its origin, celebration and significance as related in prose and verse</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Haven_Schauffler" title="Robert Haven Schauffler">Robert Haven Schauffler</a>, 1907</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white">Christmas</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)"><span style="color:white">Blue Christmas</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day"><span style="color:white">Boxing Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day"><span style="color:white">Children's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve"><span style="color:white">Christmas Eve</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day"><span style="color:white">Saint Nicholas Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day"><span style="color:white">St. Stephen's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus"><span style="color:white">Sol Invictus</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule"><span style="color:white">Yule</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore"><span style="color:white">folklore</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer"><span style="color:white">Gift-bringers</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas"><span style="color:white">Companions of<br />Saint Nicholas</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions"><span style="color:white">Traditions</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_events_and_celebrations" title="Category:Christmas events and celebrations">Events and celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_meals_and_feasts" title="Category:Christmas meals and feasts">Meals and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seal">Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country"><span style="color:white">By country</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_England" title="Category:Christmas in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Christmas in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christmas_in_the_United_States_(1946%E2%80%931964)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christmas in the United States (1946–1964) (page does not exist)">Post-War United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music"><span style="color:white">Music</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music#Popular_Christmas_songs" title="Christmas music">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (<i>Billboard</i>)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium"><span style="color:white">Other media</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas novels">novels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films (Christmas,</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa,</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a>)</li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomten">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />modern<br />society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Conspiracy" title="Advent Conspiracy">Advent Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Ugly sweaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_festivals_and_holidays" title="List of multinational festivals and holidays">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WWE_Tribute_to_the_Troops" title="WWE Tribute to the Troops">WWE Tribute to the Troops</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes"><span style="color:white">Food and<br />drink</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner"><span style="color:white">Dinner</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking Bishop">Smoking Bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">Varenyky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas"><span style="color:white">Category</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nativity_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template talk:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nativity_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_(magus)" title="Melchior (magus)">Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_(magus)" title="Caspar (magus)">Caspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)" title="Balthazar (magus)">Balthazar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/220px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/330px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/440px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi#Gifts" title="Biblical Magi">Gifts of the Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:18" title="Matthew 1:18">Matthew 1:18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:19" title="Matthew 1:19">Matthew 1:19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:20" title="Matthew 1:20">Matthew 1:20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:21" title="Matthew 1:21">Matthew 1:21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:22" title="Matthew 1:22">Matthew 1:22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:23" title="Matthew 1:23">Matthew 1:23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:24" title="Matthew 1:24">Matthew 1:24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:25" title="Matthew 1:25">Matthew 1:25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:11" title="Matthew 2:11">Matthew 2:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_art" title="Category:Adoration of the Magi in art">In art</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">Luke 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">Manger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Saint Joseph's dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">In art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_the_Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Category:Films about the Nativity of Jesus">In film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batlejka" title="Batlejka">Batlejka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_village" title="Christmas village">Christmas village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Jesus_theft" title="Baby Jesus theft">theft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertep_(Serbian)" title="Vertep (Serbian)">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Category:Nativity of Jesus in art">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus_footer" title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a><br />of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virgin_Mary" title="Template talk:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vierge_en_oraison_(Il_Sassoferrato).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/125px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/188px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/250px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: early life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_the_Virgin" title="Marriage of the Virgin">Marriage to Joseph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virginal motherhood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding of Jesus in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Miracle at the Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: later life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Bilocation to Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Tomb of the Virgin Mary">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">Apocryphal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_meetings_and_documents_on_Mary" title="Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Marian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther's Marian theology">Lutheran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Veneration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Apparitions_**_list_*_Catholic_churches_*_Christmas_*_Devotions_**_month_of_May_*_Feast_days_*_Patronage_*_Shrines_*_Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">Catholic churches</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_devotions_to_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary">month of May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christotokos" title="Christotokos">Christotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Redemptrix" title="Co-Redemptrix">Coredemptrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Help_of_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Help of Christians">Help of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-giving_Spring" title="Life-giving Spring">Life-giving Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediatrix_of_all_graces" title="Mediatrix of all graces">of all graces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Eve" title="New Eve">New Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagia" title="Panagia">Panagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" title="Our Lady of the Rosary">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Wisdom" title="Seat of Wisdom">Seat of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater" title="Alma Redemptoris Mater">Alma Redemptoris Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Ave Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist_to_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Akathist to the Theotokos">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_maris_stella" title="Ave maris stella">Ave maris stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_litany" title="Marian litany">Litany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Loreto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Maria mater gratiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Madonna_of_Essen" title="Golden Madonna of Essen">Golden Madonna of Essen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_in_Catholic_art" title="Queen of Heaven in Catholic art">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agiosoritissa" title="Agiosoritissa">Agiosoritissa</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_Advocata_(Madonna_del_Rosario)" title="Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)">Madonna del Rosario</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Derzhavnaya" title="Our Lady Derzhavnaya">Derzhavnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusa_icon" title="Eleusa icon">Eleusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Vladimir" title="Virgin of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke_painting_the_Virgin" title="Saint Luke painting the Virgin">Saint Luke painting the Virgin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Category:Mary, mother of Jesus">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints Portal</a></b></li></ul> 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aria-labelledby="Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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Form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">1969 Calendar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">December 17 to 23</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/250px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/375px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/500px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Mary, Mother of God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Baptism_of_the_Lord" title="Feast of the Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Presentation of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">5th</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sunday" title="Divine Mercy Sunday">Divine Mercy Sunday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">7th</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Feast of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Nativity of John the Baptist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: #ffea7d; font-weight: normal;"><div id="Tridentine_Mass_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Latin_Church_(1960_Calendar)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">1960 Calendar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sunday of Advent">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorate_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rorate Mass">Rorate Mass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">Greater Ferias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Winter Ember Days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Circumcision_of_Christ" title="Feast of the Circumcision of Christ">Octave Day of Christmas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_season" title="Epiphany season">Epiphany Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Purification of Mary</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Lent" title="Pre-Lent">Pre-Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septuagesima" title="Septuagesima">Septuagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesima" title="Sexagesima">Sexagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquagesima" title="Quinquagesima">Quinquagesima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Spring Ember Days</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passiontide" title="Passiontide">Passiontide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">Passion Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_procession" title="Holy Week procession">P</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrae" title="Tenebrae">Tenebrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Easter_parade" title="Easter parade">P</a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays after Easter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogation_days" title="Rogation days">Rogation Days</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a></i><sup><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood" title="Procession of the Holy Blood">P</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Pentecost_season" title="Pentecost season">Pentecost Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Summer Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a></i><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Saint John the Baptist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Most_Precious_Blood" title="Feast of the Most Precious Blood">Precious Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Autumn Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Maternity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffea7d"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>P = <a href="/wiki/Procession#Roman_Catholics" title="Procession">Ordinary Procession</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: gold;"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd><i>Italic font</i> marks the 10 <a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">holy days of obligation</a> in the universal calendar which do not normally fall on a Sunday.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Older calendars <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954" title="General Roman Calendar of 1954">pre-1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_colours" title="Liturgical colours">Liturgical colours</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Ranking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">Computus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_cycle" title="Easter cycle">Easter cycle</a></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Algeria&#124;link=Algeria_Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_Algeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holidays_in_Algeria" title="Template:Holidays in Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holidays_in_Algeria" title="Template talk:Holidays in Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holidays_in_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holidays in Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Algeria&#124;link=Algeria_Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_Algeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Algeria" title="Public holidays in Algeria">Holidays, observances, and celebrations in Algeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></b> (1)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yennayer" title="Yennayer">Yennayer</a></b> (12)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Day">Tafsut</a> (28)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></b> (8)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Victory Day</a></b> (19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Water_Day" title="World Water Day">World Water Day</a> (22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blood_Donor_Day" title="World Blood Donor Day">Maghrebi Blood Donation Day</a> (30)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spring_break" title="Spring break">Spring vacation</a></b> (2 last weeks)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a> (1)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelhamid Ben Badis">Knowledge Day</a></b> (16)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berber_Spring" title="Berber Spring">Berber Spring</a></b> (20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a> (22)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Election_day" title="Election day">Election Day</a></b> (Thursday)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a></b> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Day" title="World Press Freedom Day">World Press Freedom Day</a> (3)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a></b> (last Sunday)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June–July–August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Summer_vacation" title="Summer vacation">Summer vacation</a></b> (varies)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a></b> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a> (21)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Algeria)" title="Independence Day (Algeria)">Independence Day</a></b> (5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a> (21)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> (31)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Revolution Day</a></b> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> (24)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas</a> (25)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a></b> (31)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Winter vacation</a></b> (2 last weeks)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varies (year round)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Hijri New Year's Day</a></b> (Muharram 1)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></b> (Muharram 10) <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ashura_in_Algeria" title="Ashura in Algeria">Ashura in Algeria</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></b> (Rabi' al-Awwal 12) <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mawlid_in_Algeria" title="Mawlid in Algeria">Mawlid in Algeria</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a></b> (Ramadan 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a> (Ramadan 27)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></b> (Shawwal 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah">Day of Arafah</a> (Dhu al-Hijjah 9)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></b> (Dhu al-Hijjah 10)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Bold</b> indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.<br /> See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_holidays" title="Lists of holidays">Lists of holidays</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ddf;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Template:Public holidays in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Public holidays in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day">Australia Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Easter Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday" title="King's Official Birthday">King's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holidays_in_Canada" title="Template:Holidays in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holidays_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Holidays in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holidays_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holidays in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Public holidays in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide statutory holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Day" title="Canada Day">Canada Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day_(Canada)" title="Labour Day (Canada)">Labour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in Canada">Christmas Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory holidays for<br />federal employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Day" title="Victoria Day">Victoria Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_for_Truth_and_Reconciliation" title="National Day for Truth and Reconciliation">National Day for Truth and Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(Canada)" title="Thanksgiving (Canada)">Thanksgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day#Canada" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Peoples_Day" title="National Indigenous Peoples Day">National Indigenous Peoples Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_for_Truth_and_Reconciliation" title="National Day for Truth and Reconciliation">National Day for Truth and Reconciliation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_Giizhigad" title="Anishinaabe Giizhigad">Anishinaabe Giizhigad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_Break&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goose Break (page does not exist)">Goose Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobiyee" title="Hobiyee">Hobiyee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pestie%27wa%27taqetimk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pestie'wa'taqetimk (page does not exist)">Pestie'wa'taqetimk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quviasukvik" title="Quviasukvik">Quviasukvik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other common holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Holiday" title="Civic Holiday">August Civic Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#Canada" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Flag_of_Canada_Day" title="National Flag of Canada Day">Flag Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">Grandparents' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day/Daks Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week" title="National Family Week">National Family Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Peacekeepers%27_Day" title="National Peacekeepers' Day">National Peacekeepers' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan_Day" title="Tartan Day">Tartan Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Remembrance_and_Action_on_Violence_Against_Women" title="National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women">White Ribbon Day</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Alberta</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Family Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>British Columbia</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Family Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Manitoba</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Louis Riel Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>New Brunswick</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Family Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalist_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loyalist Day (page does not exist)">Loyalist Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Newfoundland & Labrador</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Day" title="Discovery Day">Discovery Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_walk" title="Orange walk">Orangemen's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Nova Scotia</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Davis_Miners%27_Memorial_Day" title="William Davis Miners' Memorial Day">Davis Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Heritage Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Nunavut</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut_Day" title="Nunavut Day">Nunavut Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Ontario</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Family Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalist_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loyalist Day (page does not exist)">Loyalist Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Prince Edward Island</b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_Cup_Parade_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold Cup Parade Day (page does not exist)">Gold Cup Parade Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Islander Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Québec</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Holiday_(Quebec)" title="Construction Holiday (Quebec)">Construction Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_Break&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goose Break (page does not exist)">Goose Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Patriots_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Patriots Day">National Patriots Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-Baptiste_Day" title="Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day">Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Saskatchewan</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Family Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Yukon</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Day" title="Discovery Day">Discovery Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Hong_Kong&#124;link=Hong_Kong_Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" title="Template:Public holidays in Hong Kong"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" title="Template talk:Public holidays in Hong Kong"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in Hong Kong"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Hong_Kong&#124;link=Hong_Kong_Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public holidays in Hong Kong">Public holidays in Hong Kong</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Lunar New Year</a> (first 3 days of the period)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingming_Festival" title="Qingming Festival">Ching Ming Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanwu_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Duanwu Festival">Tuen Ng Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_Establishment_Day" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day">Hong Kong SAR Establishment Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">Mid-Autumn Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Day of the People's Republic of China">PRC National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Day of the Republic of China">Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Ninth_Festival" title="Double Ninth Festival">Chung Yeung Festival</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag-map_of_Hong_Kong.svg/125px-Flag-map_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag-map_of_Hong_Kong.svg/188px-Flag-map_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag-map_of_Hong_Kong.svg/250px-Flag-map_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday" title="King's Official Birthday">Queen's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Hong_Kong)" title="Liberation Day (Hong Kong)">Liberation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Day of the Republic of China">Double Ten Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Indonesia&#124;link=Indonesia_Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Public holidays in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Public holidays in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Indonesia&#124;link=Indonesia_Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Public holidays in Indonesia">Public holidays in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuti_bersama" title="Cuti bersama">Joint holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Day of Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Kemerdekaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari Kemerdekaan">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">The Prophet's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra%27_and_Mi%27raj" title="Isra' and Mi'raj">Isra' and Mi'raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_map_of_Indonesia.svg/150px-Flag_map_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_map_of_Indonesia.svg/225px-Flag_map_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_map_of_Indonesia.svg/300px-Flag_map_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ddf;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Saint Brigid's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Holiday" title="June Holiday">June Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Holiday" title="August Holiday">August Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Holiday" title="October Holiday">October Holiday</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day">Saint Stephen's Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Malaysia&#124;link=Malaysia_Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Public holidays in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Public holidays in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Malaysia&#124;link=Malaysia_Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Public holidays in Malaysia">Public holidays in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Wesak Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Malaysia)" title="Independence Day (Malaysia)">Merdeka Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Agong's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Malaysia Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad's Birthday</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_map_of_Malaysia.svg/125px-Flag_map_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_map_of_Malaysia.svg/188px-Flag_map_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_map_of_Malaysia.svg/250px-Flag_map_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="946" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State holidays<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(differ by states)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Besar_of_Negeri_Sembilan" title="Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan">Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sembilan's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Kedah">Sultan of Kedah's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territory_Day" title="Federal Territory Day">Federal Territory Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Terengganu" title="Sultan of Terengganu">Anniversary of Installation of the Sultan of Terengganu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Sultan of Johor's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Declaration of Malacca City as Historical City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Terengganu" title="Sultan of Terengganu">Sultan of Terengganu's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">First Day of Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran" title="History of the Quran">Day of Nuzul Al-Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaamatan" title="Kaamatan">Tadau Kaamatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawai_Dayak" title="Gawai Dayak">Gawai Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang#History" title="George Town, Penang">Declaration of George Town as World Heritage Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Penang">Penang State Governor's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_of_Perlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja of Perlis">Raja of Perlis's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Day" title="Sarawak Day">Sarawak Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_of_Johor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Iskandar of Johor">Hol Day of Sultan Iskandar of Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Sabah">Sabah State Governor's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Malacca">Malacca State Governor's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak">Sarawak State Governor's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Pahang" title="Sultan of Pahang">Sultan of Pahang's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Deepavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Sultan of Perak's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Kelantan" title="Sultan of Kelantan">Sultan of Kelantan's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Sultan of Selangor's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Template:Public holidays in Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Template talk:Public holidays in Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Public holidays in Mexico">Public holidays in Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">Año Nuevo</a></li> <li>Día de la Constitución</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Natalicio de Benito Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Día del Trabajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Dolores" title="Cry of Dolores">Día de Independencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Day_(Mexico)" title="Revolution Day (Mexico)">Día de la Revolución</a></li> <li>Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Navidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Army" title="Mexican Army">Día del Ejército</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_in_Mexico" title="Flag Day in Mexico">Día de la Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_oil_expropriation" title="Mexican oil expropriation">Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">Heroica Defensa de Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Navy" title="Mexican Navy">Día de la Marina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Dolores" title="Cry of Dolores">Grito de Dolores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Niños Héroes">Día de los Niños Héroes</a></li> <li>Consumación de la Independencia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos" title="José María Morelos">Natalicio de José Ma. Morelos y Pavón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">Descubrimiento de América</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Día de los Santos Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Día de San Valentín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Día del Niño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Día de las Madres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Teachers%27_Days" title="List of Teachers' Days">Día del Maestro</a></li> <li>Día del estudiante</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Día del Padre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Día de Todos los Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Día de los Fieles Difuntos</a></li> <li>Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nochebuena" class="mw-redirect" title="Nochebuena">Nochebuena</a></li> <li>Dia de los Santos Inocentes</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Myanmar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Myanmar" title="Public holidays in Myanmar">Public holidays in Myanmar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Myanmar)" title="Independence Day (Myanmar)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Day_(Myanmar)" title="Union Day (Myanmar)">Union Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Day" title="Peasants' Day">Peasants' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Full Moon Day of Tabaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Day_(Myanmar)" title="Armed Forces Day (Myanmar)">Armed Forces Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingyan" title="Thingyan">Thingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Full Moon Day of Kason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(Myanmar)" title="Martyrs' Day (Myanmar)">Martyrs' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Full Moon Day of Kason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadingyut" title="Thadingyut">Full Moon Day of Thadingyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazaungmon" title="Tazaungmon">Full Moon Day of Tazaungmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_(Myanmar)" title="National Day (Myanmar)">National Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/16px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/24px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myanmar" title="Portal:Myanmar">Myanmar portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Template talk:Public holidays in New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20x20px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/20px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" title="Public holidays in New Zealand">Public holidays in New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Day" title="Waitangi Day">Waitangi Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday" title="King's Official Birthday">King's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matariki" title="Matariki">Matariki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">Christmas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:Public holidays in the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Public holidays in the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays in the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regular holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Valor" title="Day of Valor">Day of Valor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day#Philippines" title="International Workers' Day">Labor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Philippines)" title="Independence Day (Philippines)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr#Philippines" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid'l Fitr</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Heroes_Day_(Philippines)" title="National Heroes Day (Philippines)">National Heroes Day</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid'l Adha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Day" title="Bonifacio Day">Bonifacio Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Day" title="Rizal Day">Rizal Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special non-working days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year#Philippines" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">EDSA Revolution Anniversary</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Black Saturday</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_Day" title="Ninoy Aquino Day">Ninoy Aquino Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Feast of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">Last day of the year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i>Italicized</i>: Movable holiday</li><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Holiday_economics" title="Holiday economics">Holiday economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Africa&#124;link=South_Africa_Public_holidays_in_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_South_Africa" title="Template:Public holidays in South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Public holidays in South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Africa&#124;link=South_Africa_Public_holidays_in_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Africa" title="Public holidays in South Africa">Public holidays in South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Day_(South_Africa)" title="Freedom Day (South Africa)">Freedom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day#South_Africa" title="International Workers' Day">Workers' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Day#South_Africa" title="Youth Day">Youth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Day_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Women's Day (South Africa)">National Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Day_(South_Africa)" title="Heritage Day (South Africa)">Heritage Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Reconciliation" title="Day of Reconciliation">Day of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Day of Goodwill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ddf;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Public holidays in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:Public holidays in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in Sri Lanka">Public holidays in Sri Lanka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: lavender;">Jan–Mar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Pongal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Pongal">Thai Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duruthu_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duruthu Poya Day (page does not exist)">Duruthu Poya Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Independence Day (Sri Lanka)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navam_Poya_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Navam Poya Day">Navam Poya Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Shivratri">Maha Shivratri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madin_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madin Poya Day (page does not exist)">Madin Poya Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: lavender;">Apr–Jun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sinhala and Tamil New Year Day eve</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_New_Year" title="Sinhalese New Year">Sinhalese New Year</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil New Year">Tamil New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bak_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bak Poya Day (page does not exist)">Bak Poya Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak Poya Day</a></li> <li>Day following Vesak Poya Day</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Id-Ul-Fitr (Ramazan Festival Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poson" title="Poson">Poson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: lavender;">Jul–Sep</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esala_Poya_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Esala Poya Day">Esala Poya Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Id-Ul-Alha (Hadji Festival Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikini_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikini Poya Day (page does not exist)">Nikini Poya Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binara_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binara Poya Day (page does not exist)">Binara Poya Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: lavender;">Oct–Dec</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vap_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vap Poya Day (page does not exist)">Vap Poya Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Deepavali Festival Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Milad-Un-Nabi (Holy Prophet’s Birthday)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ill_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ill Poya Day (page does not exist)">Ill Poya Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unduvap_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unduvap Poya Day (page does not exist)">Unduvap Poya Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Thailand&#124;link=Thailand_Public_holidays_in_Thailand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Template:Public holidays in Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Template talk:Public holidays in Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Thailand&#124;link=Thailand_Public_holidays_in_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Public holidays in Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magha_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Magha Puja">Magha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ploughing_Ceremony" title="Royal Ploughing Ceremony">Royal Ploughing Ceremony and Farmer's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">King Vajiralongkorn's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirikit" title="Sirikit">Queen Sirikit's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">King Bhumibol Adulyadej's Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">King Chulalongkorn Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">King Bhumibol Adulyadej's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day" title="Constitution Day">Constitution Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_map_of_Thailand.svg/40px-Flag_map_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_map_of_Thailand.svg/60px-Flag_map_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_map_of_Thailand.svg/80px-Flag_map_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region-based holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ukraine&#124;link=Ukraine_Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Template:Public holidays in Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Public holidays in Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ukraine&#124;link=Ukraine_Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Public holidays in Ukraine">Public holidays in Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> (1 January)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resistance_to_Occupation_of_Crimea_and_Sevastopol" title="Day of Resistance to Occupation of Crimea and Sevastopol">Day of Resistance to Occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol</a> (2 February)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> (8 March)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Orthodox Easter</a> (moveable)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Orthodox Pentecost</a> (moveable)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">Labour Day</a> (1 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_and_Victory_over_Nazism_in_World_War_II_1939_%E2%80%93_1945" title="Day of Remembrance and Victory over Nazism in World War II 1939 – 1945">Day of Remembrance and Victory over Nazism in World War II</a> (8 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(Ukraine)" title="Constitution Day (Ukraine)">Constitution Day</a> (28 June)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statehood_Day_(Ukraine)" title="Statehood Day (Ukraine)">Statehood Day</a> (15 July)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_of_Ukraine" title="Independence Day of Ukraine">Independence Day</a> (24 August)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_Day_(Ukraine)" title="Defenders Day (Ukraine)">Defenders of Ukraine Day</a> (1 October)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Christmas</a> (25 December)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">All regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Bank Holiday</a></li> <li>Summer Bank Holiday</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li> <li>Spring Bank Holiday</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Tuesday" title="Easter Tuesday">Easter Tuesday</a></li> <li>Spring Bank Holiday</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">Battle of the Boyne (Orangemen's Day)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2nd January</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew's Day">St Andrew's Day</a> (optional)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Federal holidays in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Federal holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federal holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day" title="Veterans Day">Veterans Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">VE Day</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(United_States)" title="Victory Day (United States)">Victory Day</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day/Democracy Day</a> (1993, 2005, 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day" title="Malcolm X Day">Malcolm X Day</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez_Day" title="Cesar Chavez Day">Cesar Chavez Day</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day">Patriot Day</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Monday_Holiday_Act" title="Uniform Monday Holiday Act">Uniform Monday Holiday Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Heroes Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Eve of Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Feast of Epiphany / Feast of Theophany</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Korematsu_Day" title="Fred Korematsu Day">Fred Korematsu Day</a> (AZ, CA, FL, HI, VA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Human_Rights_Day" title="Idaho Human Rights Day">Idaho Human Rights Day</a> (ID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a> (federal quadrennial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Day" title="Kansas Day">Kansas Day</a> (KS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti / Pongal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Memorial_Day" title="Stephen Foster Memorial Day">Stephen Foster Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_(United_States)" title="The Eighth (United States)">The Eighth</a> (LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religion_Day" title="World Religion Day">World Religion Day</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January–February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday" title="Super Bowl Sunday">Super Bowl Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February<br /><a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Month" title="American Heart Month">American Heart Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Luis Muñoz Marín">Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marín</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Day" title="Darwin Day">Charles Darwin Day / Darwin Day</a> (CA, DE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_(Japanese_Americans)" title="Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans)">Day of Remembrance</a> (CA, OR, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Day" title="Georgia Day">Georgia Day</a> (GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday" title="Lincoln's Birthday">Lincoln's Birthday</a> (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NY, WV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Girls_and_Women_in_Sports_Day" title="National Girls and Women in Sports Day">National Girls and Women in Sports Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Freedom_Day" title="National Freedom Day">National Freedom Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana_Day" title="Parinirvana Day">Nirvana Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Our Lord to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day">Promised Reformer Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Day" title="Ronald Reagan Day">Ronald Reagan Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (CA, MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day">Saviours' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a> (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu B’shvat</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February–March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras">Courir de Mardi Gras</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayy%C3%A1m-i-H%C3%A1" title="Ayyám-i-Há">Intercalary Days</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Mahashivaratri</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March<br /><a href="/wiki/Irish-American_Heritage_Month" title="Irish-American Heritage Month">Irish-American Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Colon_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Colon Cancer Awareness Month">Colon Cancer Awareness Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Month" title="Women's History Month">Women's History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_break" title="Spring break">Spring break</a> (week)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_Day" title="Casimir Pulaski Day">Casimir Pulaski Day</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez_Day" title="Cesar Chavez Day">Cesar Chavez Day</a> (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#Puerto_Rico" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico</a> (PR, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">Evacuation Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Day" title="Harriet Tubman Day">Harriet Tubman Day</a> (NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj#Modern_Muslim_observance" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Lailat al-Mi'raj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day">Liberation and Freedom Day</a> (Charlottesville, VA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States" title="Mardi Gras in the United States">Mardi Gras</a> (AL (in two counties), LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Day" title="Maryland Day">Maryland Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_Day" title="Medal of Honor Day">Medal of Honor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Poison_Prevention_Week" title="National Poison Prevention Week">National Poison Prevention Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> (cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Day" title="Pi Day">Pi Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Day" title="Prince Kūhiō Day">Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day">Promised Messiah Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward%27s_Day" title="Seward's Day">Seward's Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Independence_Day" title="Texas Independence Day">Texas Independence Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting#Vermont" title="Town meeting">Town Meeting Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Day" title="Transfer Day">Transfer Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Trans Day of Visibility</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March–April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (religious)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> (PR, religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Saturday" title="Lazarus Saturday">Lazarus Saturday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday / Bright Monday</a> (VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Ramnavami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Chandramana Uugadi / Souramana Uugadi</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_American_Heritage_Month" title="National Arab American Heritage Month">Arab American Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Diego" title="José de Diego">Birthday of José de Diego</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a> (AL, MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust" title="Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust">Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Thomas Jefferson's Birthday</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag B’Omer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Last Friday of Great Lent</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascua_Florida" title="Pascua Florida">Pascua Florida</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a> (MA, ME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridv%C3%A1n" title="Ridván">Ridván</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Day" title="San Jacinto Day">San Jacinto Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom Ha'atzmaut</a> (cultural, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May<br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Heritage_Month" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month">Asian American and<br />Pacific Islander Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_Heritage_Month" title="Jewish American Heritage Month">Jewish American Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Military_Appreciation_Month" title="National Military Appreciation Month">Military Appreciation Month</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Day">Ascension of Our Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day">Caliphate Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Declaration of the Bab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk_Day" title="Harvey Milk Day">Harvey Milk Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> / <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> (CA, unofficial, proposed state)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_(United_States)" title="Law Day (United States)">Law Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day" title="Loyalty Day">Loyalty Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day" title="Malcolm X Day">Malcolm X Day</a> (CA, IL, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Spouse_Day" title="Military Spouse Day">Military Spouse Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Prayer" title="National Day of Prayer">National Day of Prayer</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Reason" title="National Day of Reason">National Day of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Transportation_Day" title="National Defense Transportation Day">National Defense Transportation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Maritime_Day" title="United States National Maritime Day">National Maritime Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Officers_Memorial_Day" title="Peace Officers Memorial Day">Peace Officers Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Day" title="Truman Day">Truman Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June<br /><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> (federal, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Father's Day (United States)">Father's Day</a> (36)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker Hill Day">Bunker Hill Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Day">Carolina Day</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young_Day" title="Don Young Day">Don Young Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Fast of the Holy Apostles</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a> (36, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller_Day" title="Helen Keller Day">Helen Keller Day</a> (PA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_America_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor America Days">Honor America Days</a> (3 weeks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Davis Day">Jefferson Davis Day</a> (AL, FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamehameha Day">Kamehameha Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Litha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odunde_Festival" title="Odunde Festival">Odunde Festival</a> (Philadelphia, PA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Week" title="Senior Week">Senior Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist#Celebration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">Saint John's Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Day" title="West Virginia Day">West Virginia Day</a> (WV)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a> (federal)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Rivera" title="Luis Muñoz Rivera">Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celso_Barbosa" title="José Celso Barbosa">Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands</a> (VI, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad_Sal" title="Khordad Sal">Khordad Sal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Restoration_Day" title="Sovereignty Restoration Day">Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_B%C3%A1b" title="Execution of the Báb">Martyrdom of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a> (UT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Constitution_Day" title="Puerto Rico Constitution Day">Puerto Rico Constitution Day</a> (PR)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July–August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_vacation" title="Summer vacation">Summer vacation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Illinois</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennington_Battle_Day" title="Bennington Battle Day">Bennington Battle Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_versus_Assumption" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">Eid-e-Ghadeer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_fast" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary#Feasts" title="Assumption of Mary">Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statehood_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Statehood Day (Hawaii)">Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Lammas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Naga Panchami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Day" title="National Aviation Day">National Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration of the Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(United_States)" title="Victory Day (United States)">Victory Day</a> (RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a> (36)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Prostate_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month">Prostate Cancer Awareness Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month">Childhood Cancer Awareness Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Day" title="Brazilian Day">Brazilian Day</a> (NY, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Admission_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="California Admission Day">California Admission Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Garner_Federal_Lands_Cleanup_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day">Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_Day_(Maryland)" title="Defenders Day (Maryland)">Defenders Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Elevation of the Holy Cross">Elevation of the Holy Cross</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_San_Gennaro" title="Feast of San Gennaro">Feast of San Gennaro</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Mother%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Star Mother's Day">Gold Star Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin_Ngawang_Kunga" title="Sakya Trizin Ngawang Kunga">His Holiness Sakya Trizin's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">Mabon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Payroll_Week" title="National Payroll Week">National Payroll Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day</a> (proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day">Patriot Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September–October<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month" title="National Hispanic Heritage Month">Hispanic Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Chehlum Imam Hussain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations" title="Oktoberfest celebrations">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitri_Paksha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitri Paksha">Pitri Paksha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijaya Dashami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Breast_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Breast Cancer Awareness Month">Breast Cancer Awareness Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Disability_Employment_Awareness_Month" title="National Disability Employment Awareness Month">Disability Employment Awareness Month</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Heritage_and_Culture_Month" title="Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month">Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American_History_Month" title="Filipino American History Month">Filipino American History Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Day" title="Alaska Day">Alaska Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Health_Day" title="Child Health Day">Child Health Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">General Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-American_Day" title="German-American Day">German-American Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_(United_States)" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson_Day" title="Leif Erikson Day">Leif Erikson Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Day" title="Missouri Day">Missouri Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomonestotse" title="Nanomonestotse">Nanomonestotse</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="National School Lunch Week">National School Lunch Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day in South Dakota</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Day" title="Nevada Day">Nevada Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Day" title="Spirit Day">Spirit Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetest_Day" title="Sweetest Day">Sweetest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot / Feast of Tabernacles</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands%E2%80%93Puerto_Rico_Friendship_Day" title="Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day">Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day</a> (PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Cane_Safety_Day" title="White Cane Safety Day">White Cane Safety Day</a> (36)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October–November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Holy_Birthdays" title="Twin Holy Birthdays">Birth of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Birth of Baháʼu'lláh">Birth of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid al-Nabi</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November<br /> <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Indian_Heritage_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Indian Heritage Month">Native American Indian Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day" title="Veterans Day">Veterans Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">Ascension of ‘Abdu’l Baha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Beginning of the Nativity Fast</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Alabama</a> (Perry County, AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Hamilton_Jackson" title="D. Hamilton Jackson">D. Hamilton Jackson Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Day after Thanksgiving</a> (24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Covenant_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="Day of the Covenant (Baháʼí)">Day of the Covenant</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of Puerto Rico">Discovery of Puerto Rico Day</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a> (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendsgiving" title="Friendsgiving">Friendsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab" title="Guru Nanak Gurpurab">Guru Nanak Gurpurab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Independence Day (Hawaii)">Lā Kūʻokoʻa</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day" title="Native American Heritage Day">Native American Heritage Day</a> (MD, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Trans Day of Remembrance</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day" title="Unthanksgiving Day">Unthanksgiving Day</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas</a> (religious, federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">Advent Sunday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Day" title="Alabama Day">Alabama Day</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Day" title="Bodhi Day">Bodhi Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalica" title="Chalica">Chalica</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Day after Christmas</a> (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivus" title="Festivus">Festivus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HumanLight" title="HumanLight">HumanLight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Day" title="Indiana Day">Indiana Day</a> (IN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a> (cultural, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Burhanuddin" title="Mohammed Burhanuddin">Milad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">Old Year's Night</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Aviation_Day" title="Pan American Aviation Day">Pan American Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaya_Subramuniyaswami" title="Sivaya Subramuniyaswami">Pancha Ganapati</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (OH, OR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers_Day" title="Wright Brothers Day">Wright Brothers Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_No-Diso" title="Zartosht No-Diso">Zartosht No-Diso</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varies (year round)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah">Yawm al-Arafa</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> (religious, four times a year)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> (religious, month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Yawm Aashura</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div>Legend: <p>(federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">racial/ethnic group</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">sexual minority</a>, (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = <a href="/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 36 of the United States Code">Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies</a><br /> </p> See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_holidays" title="Lists of holidays">Lists of holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_holiday" title="Hallmark holiday">Hallmark holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Public holidays in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Public holidays in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winter_solstice_and_midwinter_festivals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winter_solstice" title="Template:Winter solstice"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winter_solstice" title="Template talk:Winter solstice"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winter_solstice" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winter solstice"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winter_solstice_and_midwinter_festivals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwinter" title="Midwinter">midwinter</a> festivals</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goru" class="mw-redirect" title="Goru">Goru</a>: Mali (<a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonkonnu_parades" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonkonnu parades">Dzon'ku Nu</a><sup>†</sup>: West Africa (<a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Papaws</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a>°: Peru (<a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a><sup>†</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonkonnu_parades" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonkonnu parades">Jonkonnu</a>°: <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Carnival">Caribbean</a>° (African American)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyal" title="Soyal">Soyal</a>: US (<a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">We Tripantu</a>: Chile (<a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a><sup>†</sup>: Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Choimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Deygān, Maidyarem</a>°: (<a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_Festival" title="Dongzhi Festival">Dōngzhì, Tōji</a>: (<a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Cultural Sphere">East Asian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>°: <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta Day</a>: Sri Lanka (<a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eeva_Zistan%C3%AA" title="Şeva Zistanê">Şeva Zistanê</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yald%C4%81_Night" title="Yaldā Night">Yalda</a>: Iran (<a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Beiwe">Beiwe</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Saami</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumalia" title="Brumalia">Brumalia</a><sup>†</sup>: Ancient Greece</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas</a>: Roman Empire° (<a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Dies Natalis Solis Invicti</a><sup>†</sup>: Roman Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a>°: Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korochun" title="Korochun">Korochun</a>°: (<a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Ddraniht" title="Mōdraniht">Mōdraniht</a><sup>†</sup>: England (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_heathenry" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon heathenry">Anglo-Saxon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montol_Festival" title="Montol Festival">Montol Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mummer%27s_Day" title="Mummer's Day">Mummer's Day</a>°: Cornwall (<a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a><sup>†</sup>: Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren's Day</a>°: Ireland, Isle of Man, Wales (<a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a>°: (<a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tki" title="Ziemassvētki">Ziemassvētki</a>: Baltic (<a href="/wiki/Romuva_(temple)" title="Romuva (temple)">Romuva</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matariki" title="Matariki">Matariki</a>°: New Zealand (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>† dagger indicates extinction. ° degree symbol indicates changes in date, name or location. ( ) indicate demographic</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19809#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567029">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vánoce"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117162&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000050238&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007286329105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027319466">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027289">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640215">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/noel">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\C\H\Christmas">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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