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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B6%D8%A9" title="تضمين مطال النبضة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تضمين مطال النبضة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3_d%27amplitud_de_pols" title="Modulació d'amplitud de pols – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Modulació d'amplitud de pols" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulzn%C4%9B_amplitudov%C3%A1_modulace" title="Pulzně amplitudová modulace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pulzně amplitudová modulace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsamplitudenmodulation" title="Pulsamplitudenmodulation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pulsamplitudenmodulation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsi-amplituudmodulatsioon" title="Pulsi-amplituudmodulatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pulsi-amplituudmodulatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3n_por_amplitud_de_pulsos" title="Modulación por amplitud de pulsos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modulación por amplitud de pulsos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_d%27impulsions_en_amplitude" title="Modulation d'impulsions en amplitude – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modulation d'impulsions en amplitude" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="पल्स आयाम अधिमिश्रण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पल्स आयाम अधिमिश्रण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulazione_a_impulsi_di_ampiezza" title="Modulazione a impulsi di ampiezza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modulazione a impulsi di ampiezza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B-%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Амплитудалық-импульсті модуляция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Амплитудалық-импульсті модуляция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulsu_amplit%C5%ABdas_modul%C4%81cija" title="Impulsu amplitūdas modulācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Impulsu amplitūdas modulācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Импулсно-замавна модулација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Импулсно-замавна модулација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E6%8C%AF%E5%B9%85%E5%A4%89%E8%AA%BF" title="パルス振幅変調 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パルス振幅変調" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacja_amplitudy_impuls%C3%B3w" title="Modulacja amplitudy impulsów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Modulacja amplitudy impulsów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula%C3%A7%C3%A3o_por_amplitude_de_pulso" title="Modulação por amplitude de pulso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modulação por amplitude de pulso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Амплитудно-импульсная модуляция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амплитудно-импульсная модуляция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsamplitudmodulering" title="Pulsamplitudmodulering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pulsamplitudmodulering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbe_genlik_mod%C3%BClasyonu" title="Darbe genlik modülasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Darbe genlik modülasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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searchaux" style="display:none">Form of signal modulation where information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of pulses</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAM_neutral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PAM_neutral.svg/220px-PAM_neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PAM_neutral.svg/330px-PAM_neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PAM_neutral.svg/440px-PAM_neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Principle of PAM: (1) original signal, (2) PAM signal, (a) amplitude of signal, (b) time</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color: #bdb"><a href="/wiki/Passband" title="Passband">Passband</a> <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modulation_categorization.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Modulation_categorization.svg/300px-Modulation_categorization.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Modulation_categorization.svg/450px-Modulation_categorization.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Modulation_categorization.svg/600px-Modulation_categorization.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc"> <a href="/wiki/Modulation#Analog_modulation_methods" title="Modulation">Analog modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_modulation" title="Phase modulation">PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_modulation" title="Space modulation">SM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">SSB</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc"> <a href="/wiki/Modulation#Digital_modulation_methods" title="Modulation">Digital modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying" title="Amplitude-shift keying">ASK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_and_phase-shift_keying" title="Amplitude and phase-shift keying">APSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_phase_modulation" title="Continuous phase modulation">CPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying" title="Frequency-shift keying">FSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_frequency-shift_keying" title="Multiple frequency-shift keying">MFSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum-shift_keying" title="Minimum-shift keying">MSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On%E2%80%93off_keying" title="On–off keying">OOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-position_modulation" title="Pulse-position modulation">PPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">PSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMA" title="Single-carrier FDMA">SC-FDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_coded_modulation" title="Trellis coded modulation">TCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-PAM" title="TC-PAM">TC-PAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_modulation" title="Wavelet modulation">WDM</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc"> <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_modulation" title="Hierarchical modulation">Hierarchical modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_modulation" title="Wavelet modulation">WDM</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc"> <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread spectrum</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirp_spread_spectrum" title="Chirp spread spectrum">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">FHSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-hopping" title="Time-hopping">THSS</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capacity-approaching_codes" title="Category:Capacity-approaching codes">Capacity-approaching codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demodulation" title="Demodulation">Demodulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_code" title="Line code">Line coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">Modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_modulation" title="Angle modulation">AnM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_modulation" title="Polar modulation">PoM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-density_modulation" title="Pulse-density modulation">PDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">PWM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation" title="Delta-sigma modulation">ΔΣM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">FDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modulation_techniques" title="Template:Modulation techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modulation_techniques" title="Template talk:Modulation techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modulation_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modulation techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pulse-amplitude modulation</b> (<b>PAM</b>) is a form of signal <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> where the message information is encoded in the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> of a series of signal pulses. It is an analog pulse modulation scheme in which the amplitudes of a <a href="/wiki/Pulse_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse train">train</a> of carrier pulses are varied according to the sample value of the message signal. Demodulation is performed by detecting the amplitude level of the carrier at every single period. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-amplitude_modulation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two types of pulse amplitude modulation: </p> <ul><li>In <i>single polarity PAM</i>, a suitable fixed <a href="/wiki/DC_bias" title="DC bias">DC bias</a> is added to the signal to ensure that all the pulses are positive.</li> <li>In <i>double polarity PAM</i>, the pulses are both positive and negative.</li></ul> <p>Pulse-amplitude modulation is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Modulating_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulating signal">modulating signal</a> transmission of digital data, with non-<a href="/wiki/Baseband" title="Baseband">baseband</a> applications having been largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">pulse-code modulation</a>, and, more recently, by <a href="/wiki/Pulse-position_modulation" title="Pulse-position modulation">pulse-position modulation</a>. </p><p>The number of possible pulse amplitudes in analog PAM is theoretically infinite. Digital PAM reduces the number of pulse amplitudes to some power of two. For example, in 4-level PAM there are <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/efd7711cd907a2d46557a410fb67fc0d84c52ba3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.217ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{2}}"></span> possible discrete pulse amplitudes; in 8-level PAM there are <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/52e9f8299773e9205d2055998f3c8eb9441877fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.217ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{3}}"></span> possible discrete pulse amplitudes; and in 16-level PAM there are <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8071cc0bacaea4d94c5938e5b77147ed3855d059" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.217ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{4}}"></span> possible discrete pulse amplitudes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-amplitude_modulation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethernet">Ethernet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-amplitude_modulation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethernet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some versions of the <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> communication standard are an example of PAM usage. In particular, <a href="/wiki/100BASE-T4" class="mw-redirect" title="100BASE-T4">100BASE-T4</a> and <a href="/wiki/BroadR-Reach_Ethernet_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="BroadR-Reach Ethernet standard">BroadR-Reach Ethernet standard</a> use three-level PAM modulation (PAM-3), while <a href="/wiki/1000BASE-T" class="mw-redirect" title="1000BASE-T">1000BASE-T</a> Gigabit Ethernet uses five-level PAM-5 modulation<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/10GBASE-T" class="mw-redirect" title="10GBASE-T">10GBASE-T</a> 10 Gigabit Ethernet uses a <a href="/wiki/Tomlinson-Harashima_precoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomlinson-Harashima precoding">Tomlinson-Harashima precoded</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="The material near this tag may be using jargon that limits the article's accessibility. (October 2022)">jargon</span></a></i>]</sup> (THP) version of pulse-amplitude modulation with 16 discrete levels (PAM-16), encoded in a two-dimensional checkerboard pattern<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="The material near this tag may be using jargon that limits the article's accessibility. (October 2022)">jargon</span></a></i>]</sup> known as DSQ128. <a href="/wiki/25_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="25 Gigabit Ethernet">25 Gigabit Ethernet</a> and some copper variants of <a href="/wiki/100_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="100 Gigabit Ethernet">100 Gigabit Ethernet</a> and <a href="/wiki/200_Gigabit_Ethernet" class="mw-redirect" title="200 Gigabit Ethernet">200 Gigabit Ethernet</a> use PAM-4 modulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USB">USB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-amplitude_modulation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: USB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/USB4" title="USB4">USB4</a> Version 2.0 uses PAM-3 signaling for USB4 80 Gbps (USB4 Gen 4×2) and USB4 120 Gbps (USB4 Gen 4 Asymmetric) transmitting 3 bits per 2 clock cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderbolt 5">Thunderbolt 5</a> uses the same PHY.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GDDR6X">GDDR6X</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-amplitude_modulation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: GDDR6X"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/GDDR6_SDRAM" title="GDDR6 SDRAM">GDDR6X</a>, developed by Micron<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Nvidia and first used in the <a href="/wiki/GeForce_30_series" title="GeForce 30 series">Nvidia RTX 3080 and 3090</a> graphics cards, uses PAM-4 signaling to transmit 2 bits per clock cycle without having to resort to higher frequencies or two channels or lanes with associated transmitters and receivers, which may increase power or space consumption and cost. Higher frequencies require higher bandwidth, which is a significant problem beyond 28 GHz when trying to transmit through copper. PAM-4 costs more to implement than earlier NRZ (non return to zero, PAM-2) coding partly because it requires more space in integrated circuits, and is more susceptible to SNR (signal to noise ratio) problems.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GDDR7">GDDR7</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-amplitude_modulation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: GDDR7"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/GDDR7_SDRAM" title="GDDR7 SDRAM">GDDR7</a> will utilize PAM-3 signaling to achieve speeds of 36 Gbps/pin. The higher data transmission rate per cycle compared to <a href="/wiki/Non-return-to-zero" title="Non-return-to-zero">NRZ/PAM-2</a>-signaling used by <a href="/wiki/GDDR6" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR6">GDDR6</a> and prior generations improves power efficiency and signal integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PCI_Express">PCI Express</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-amplitude_modulation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: PCI Express"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express_6.0" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI Express 6.0">PCI Express 6.0</a> has introduced PAM-4 usage.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photo_biology">Photo biology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-amplitude_modulation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Photo biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept is also used for the study of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> using a specialized instrument that involves a <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_spectroscopy" title="Fluorescence spectroscopy">spectrofluorometric</a> measurement of the kinetics of fluorescence rise and decay in the light-harvesting antenna of <a href="/wiki/Thylakoid" title="Thylakoid">thylakoid</a> membranes, thus querying various aspects of the state of the photosystems under different environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the traditional dark-adapted <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_fluorescence" title="Chlorophyll fluorescence">chlorophyll fluorescence</a> measurements, pulse amplitude fluorescence devices allow measuring under ambient light conditions, which made measurements significantly more versatile.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_drivers_for_LED_lighting">Electronic drivers for LED lighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-amplitude_modulation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electronic drivers for LED lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pulse-amplitude modulation has also been developed for the control of <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs), especially for lighting applications.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LED drivers based on the PAM technique offer improved <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> over systems based upon other common driver modulation techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">pulse-width modulation</a> (PWM) as the forward current passing through an LED is relative to the intensity of the light output and the LED efficiency increases as the forward current is reduced. </p><p>Pulse-amplitude modulation LED drivers are able to synchronize pulses across multiple LED channels to enable perfect color matching. Due to the inherent nature of PAM in conjunction with the rapid switching speed of LEDs, it is possible to use LED lighting as a means of wireless data transmission at high speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_television">Digital television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-amplitude_modulation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Digital television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The North American <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Television_Systems_Committee_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Television Systems Committee standards">Advanced Television Systems Committee standards</a> for <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> uses a form of PAM to broadcast the data that makes up the television signal. This system, known as <a href="/wiki/8VSB" title="8VSB">8VSB</a>, is based on an eight-level PAM.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses additional processing to suppress one <a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">sideband</a> and thus make more efficient use of limited <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>. Using a single 6 MHz channel allocation, as defined in the previous <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> analog standard, 8VSB is capable of transmitting 32 Mbit/s. After accounting for error-correcting codes and other overhead, the data rate in the signal is 19.39 Mbit/s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-amplitude_modulation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pulse_amplitude_modulation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pulse amplitude modulation">Pulse amplitude modulation</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8VSB" title="8VSB">8VSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying" title="Amplitude-shift keying">Amplitude-shift keying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Sense_Multiple_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier Sense Multiple Access">Carrier Sense Multiple Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-density_modulation" title="Pulse-density modulation">Pulse-density modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_forming_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse forming network">Pulse forming network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">Quadrature amplitude modulation</a> (QAM)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-amplitude_modulation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first use of PAM-5 in Ethernet was in <a href="/wiki/100BASE-T2" class="mw-redirect" title="100BASE-T2">100BASE-T2</a>. Although not widely adopted, the technology developed for 100BASE-T2 was subsequently used in the popular 1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet standard.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-amplitude_modulation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Schroeder2003" class="citation magazine cs1">George Schroeder (2003-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edn.com/what-pam5-means-to-you/">"What PAM5 means to you"</a>. <i>EDN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EDN&rft.atitle=What+PAM5+means+to+you&rft.date=2003-04-01&rft.au=George+Schroeder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edn.com%2Fwhat-pam5-means-to-you%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulse-amplitude+modulation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraniteRiverLabs2023" class="citation web cs1">GraniteRiverLabs, Team (2023-01-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.graniteriverlabs.com/en-us/technical-blog/usb4-80-cio80">"Welcome to the 80Gpbs Ultra-High Speed Era of USB4 | GraniteRiverLabs Taiwan"</a>. <i>www.graniteriverlabs.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221162539/https://www.graniteriverlabs.com/en-us/technical-blog/usb4-80-cio80">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unipolar_encoding" title="Unipolar encoding">Unipolar encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_encoding" title="Bipolar encoding">Bipolar encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On%E2%80%93off_keying" title="On–off keying">On–off keying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_and_space" title="Mark and space">Mark and space</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_signal_encoding_formats-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Digital_signal_encoding_formats-en.svg/240px-Digital_signal_encoding_formats-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Digital_signal_encoding_formats-en.svg/360px-Digital_signal_encoding_formats-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Digital_signal_encoding_formats-en.svg/480px-Digital_signal_encoding_formats-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic <a href="/wiki/Line_code" title="Line code">line codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Return-to-zero" title="Return-to-zero">Return to zero (RZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-return-to-zero#Non-return-to-zero_level" title="Non-return-to-zero">Non-return-to-zero, level (NRZ/NRZ-L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-return-to-zero#Non-return-to-zero_inverted" title="Non-return-to-zero">Non-return-to-zero, inverted (NRZ-I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-return-to-zero#Non-return-to-zero_space" title="Non-return-to-zero">Non-return-to-zero, space (NRZ-S)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_code" title="Manchester code">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_Manchester_encoding" title="Differential Manchester encoding">Differential Manchester/biphase (Bi-φ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extended line codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditioned_diphase" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditioned diphase">Conditioned diphase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4B3T" title="4B3T">4B3T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4B5B" title="4B5B">4B5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2B1Q" title="2B1Q">2B1Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_encoding#Alternate_mark_inversion" title="Bipolar encoding">Alternate mark inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_AMI_code" title="Modified AMI code">Modified AMI code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coded_mark_inversion" title="Coded mark inversion">Coded mark inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLT-3_encoding" title="MLT-3 encoding">MLT-3 encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_ternary_code" title="Hybrid ternary code">Hybrid ternary code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6b/8b_encoding" title="6b/8b encoding">6b/8b encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8b/10b_encoding" title="8b/10b encoding">8b/10b encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64b/66b_encoding" title="64b/66b encoding">64b/66b encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-to-fourteen_modulation" title="Eight-to-fourteen modulation">Eight-to-fourteen modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delay_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Delay encoding">Delay/Miller encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-PAM" title="TC-PAM">TC-PAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Optical line codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-suppressed_return-to-zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier-suppressed return-to-zero">Carrier-suppressed return-to-zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate-phase_return-to-zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate-phase return-to-zero">Alternate-phase return-to-zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Baseband" title="Baseband">Baseband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">Baud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">Digital signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital transmission">Digital transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_physical_layer" title="Ethernet physical layer">Ethernet physical layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulation#Pulse_modulation_methods" title="Modulation">Pulse modulation methods</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulse-amplitude modulation</a> (PAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">Pulse-code modulation</a> (PCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">Serial communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Line_codes" title="Category:Line codes">Category:Line codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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