CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <script src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" data-document-language="true" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="3d8066e6-8b9d-44df-bdfe-fa197dd1cf73" tb-donotmove></script> <script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://static.techbriefs.com/templates/tb_cmo_2017/icons/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/templates/tb_cmo_2017/icons/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://static.techbriefs.com/templates/tb_cmo_2017/icons/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://static.techbriefs.com/templates/tb_cmo_2017/icons/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/templates/tb_cmo_2017/icons/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/templates/tb_cmo_2017/icons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#324a98"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/templates/tb_cmo_2017/icons/browserconfig.xml" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://kit.fontawesome.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://kit-pro.fontawesome.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagservices.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.shareaholic.net"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://olytics.omeda.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://px.ads.linkedin.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://snap.licdn.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="/templates/tb_cmo_2017/css/template.min.css?t=1737007454" integrity="sha512-MtelhZl3ds+D4WC7oH/N12ZfJh4fOpvw+RRsYdjP6Vd3cidPuaoAhGEU3a9bPfFphggBk5YJl7ORBNTOrPloew==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cloudinary-core/2.13.1/cloudinary-core-shrinkwrap.min.js" integrity="sha512-stp48jOOmT4TXnB4bMJ0rlcR7XagE92cqr7pEb+oFQox6qNSyKiN31GajDsg5VVn+HgM5mhOZinSRXowsRmgPg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://kit.fontawesome.com/e04325f501.js" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/masonry/4.2.2/masonry.pkgd.min.js" integrity="sha512-JRlcvSZAXT8+5SQQAvklXGJuxXTouyq8oIMaYERZQasB8SBDHZaUbeASsJWpk0UUrf89DP3/aefPPrlMR1h1yQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/lazysizes.min.js" integrity="sha512-q583ppKrCRc7N5O0n2nzUiJ+suUv7Et1JGels4bXOaMFQcamPk9HjdUknZuuFjBNs7tsMuadge5k9RzdmO+1GQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/plugins/print/ls.print.min.js" integrity="sha512-tY3D/iSWSdQE2NSLW/mRWQd/bvHAGjyCLRwSd23sqNbbgVnUaah2t+ZpX7hdBOskZ7PqYvwe4E+qxNARGojJGQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-v2CJ7UaYy4JwqLDIrZUI/4hqeoQieOmAZNXBeQyjo21dadnwR+8ZaIJVT8EE2iyI61OV8e6M8PP2/4hpQINQ/g==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap/5.2.3/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js" integrity="sha512-i9cEfJwUwViEPFKdC1enz4ZRGBj8YQo6QByFTF92YXHi7waCqyexvRD75S5NVTsSiTv7rKWqG9Y5eFxmRsOn0A==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/limonte-sweetalert2/11.15.10/sweetalert2.all.min.js" integrity="sha512-KWZQo2EiUMmEMrjJUUZoWP8k/mL57L5PPjQF23Vv77jGidQK8WPsX/RoQ7uI0cnjDDCU8ZXa1NG24HkLOqI9sg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/css/bootstrap-select.min.css" integrity="sha512-g2SduJKxa4Lbn3GW+Q7rNz+pKP9AWMR++Ta8fgwsZRCUsawjPvF/BxSMkGS61VsR9yinGoEgrHPGPn2mrj8+4w==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/js/bootstrap-select.min.js" integrity="sha512-yrOmjPdp8qH8hgLfWpSFhC/+R9Cj9USL8uJxYIveJZGAiedxyIxwNw4RsLDlcjNlIRR4kkHaDHSmNHAkxFTmgg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow"> <meta name="keywords" content="Electronics & Computers,Briefs"> <meta name="author" content="SAE Media Group"> <meta value="twitter:site" content="@TechBriefsMag"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta name="description" content="Tech Briefs features cutting-edge technologies developed by innovators within NASA, the military, federal laboratories, universities, and commercial companies. These technologies can be applied to develop new or improved products, and solve engineering or manufacturing problems. These tech briefs span a wide array of fields including electronics, materials, software, mechanical systems, robotics and automation, test and measurement, sensors, and more."> <title>Electrical/Electronics - Tech Briefs</title> <link href="https://www.techbriefs.com/tb/techbriefs/electronics-software/electrical-electronics" rel="canonical"> <style>/** * Critical CSS created by criticalcss.com * file: /css/critical/tags-index.css' * createdAt : 2025-01-16T06:08:58.000Z * resultStatus : GOOD * originalSize : 287135 * size : 0 * validationStatus : GOOD */ @charset "UTF-8";@font-face{font-family:Lato;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lato/v24/S6uyw4BMUTPHjx4wWw.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:Lato;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lato/v24/S6u9w4BMUTPHh6UVSwiPHA.ttf) format('truetype')}:root{--bs-blue:#0d6efd;--bs-indigo:#6610f2;--bs-purple:#6f42c1;--bs-pink:#d63384;--bs-red:#dc3545;--bs-orange:#fd7e14;--bs-yellow:#ffc107;--bs-green:#198754;--bs-teal:#20c997;--bs-cyan:#0dcaf0;--bs-black:#000;--bs-white:#fff;--bs-gray:#6c757d;--bs-gray-dark:#343a40;--bs-gray-100:#f8f9fa;--bs-gray-200:#e9ecef;--bs-gray-300:#dee2e6;--bs-gray-400:#ced4da;--bs-gray-500:#adb5bd;--bs-gray-600:#6c757d;--bs-gray-700:#495057;--bs-gray-800:#343a40;--bs-gray-900:#212529;--bs-primary:#324a98;--bs-secondary:#6c757d;--bs-success:#198754;--bs-info:#0dcaf0;--bs-warning:#ffc107;--bs-danger:#e60000;--bs-light:#f8f9fa;--bs-dark:#212529;--bs-inverse:#000;--bs-navbar:#324a98;--bs-navitem:#fff;--bs-lightgray:#e9ecef;--bs-color-indigo:#6610f2;--bs-color-cyan:#0dcaf0;--bs-color-blue:#0d6efd;--bs-color-orange:#fd7e14;--bs-color-red:#dc3545;--bs-color-yellow:#ffc107;--bs-color-teal:#20c997;--bs-color-green:#198754;--bs-color-pink:#d63384;--bs-color-black:#000;--bs-color-white:#fff;--bs-color-gray:#6c757d;--bs-color-gray-dark:#343a40;--bs-primary-rgb:50,74,152;--bs-secondary-rgb:108,117,125;--bs-success-rgb:25,135,84;--bs-info-rgb:13,202,240;--bs-warning-rgb:255,193,7;--bs-danger-rgb:230,0,0;--bs-light-rgb:248,249,250;--bs-dark-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-inverse-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-navbar-rgb:50,74,152;--bs-navitem-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-lightgray-rgb:233,236,239;--bs-color-indigo-rgb:102,16,242;--bs-color-cyan-rgb:13,202,240;--bs-color-blue-rgb:13,110,253;--bs-color-orange-rgb:253,126,20;--bs-color-red-rgb:220,53,69;--bs-color-yellow-rgb:255,193,7;--bs-color-teal-rgb:32,201,151;--bs-color-green-rgb:25,135,84;--bs-color-pink-rgb:214,51,132;--bs-color-black-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-color-white-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-color-gray-rgb:108,117,125;--bs-color-gray-dark-rgb:52,58,64;--bs-white-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-black-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-body-color-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-body-bg-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-font-sans-serif:"Lato",sans-serif;--bs-font-monospace:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,"Liberation Mono","Courier New",monospace;--bs-gradient:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0));--bs-body-font-family:Lucida Bright,Lucidabright,Lucida Serif,Lucida,Palatino,Times New Roman,Times,serif;--bs-body-font-size:1rem;--bs-body-font-weight:400;--bs-body-line-height:1.5;--bs-body-color:#212529;--bs-body-bg:#ffffff;--bs-border-width:1px;--bs-border-style:solid;--bs-border-color:#ced4da;--bs-border-color-translucent:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-border-radius-sm:0.25rem;--bs-border-radius-lg:0.5rem;--bs-border-radius-xl:1rem;--bs-border-radius-2xl:2rem;--bs-border-radius-pill:50rem;--bs-link-color:#324a98;--bs-link-hover-color:rgb(40, 59.2, 121.6);--bs-code-color:#d63384;--bs-highlight-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4)}*,::after,::before{box-sizing:border-box}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){:root{scroll-behavior:smooth}}body{margin:0;font-family:var(--bs-body-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-body-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-body-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-body-line-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);text-align:var(--bs-body-text-align);background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;padding-top:150px}hr{margin:1rem 0;color:inherit;border:0;border-top:1px solid #6c757d;opacity:.25}h1,h4,h5,h6{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}h1{font-size:calc(1.325rem + .9vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h1{font-size:2rem}}h4{font-size:calc(1.275rem + .3vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h4{font-size:1.5rem}}h5{font-size:1.25rem}h6{font-size:1rem}p{margin-top:0}ul{padding-left:2rem;margin-top:0}p,ul{margin-bottom:1rem}a{color:var(--bs-link-color);text-decoration:none}img{vertical-align:middle;max-width:100%;height:auto}label{display:inline-block}button{border-radius:0;text-transform:none;margin:0;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}input{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border-style:none}::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field{padding:0}::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper{padding:0}::file-selector-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}iframe{border:0}.container,.container-fluid{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media (min-width:576px){.container{max-width:540px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{max-width:720px}}@media (min-width:992px){.container{max-width:960px}}@media (min-width:1200px){.container{max-width:1140px}}@media (min-width:1400px){.container{max-width:1320px}}.row{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:calc(-1*var(--bs-gutter-y));margin-right:calc(-.5*var(--bs-gutter-x));margin-left:calc(-.5*var(--bs-gutter-x))}.row>*{flex-shrink:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-top:var(--bs-gutter-y)}.col{flex:1 0 0%}.col-2,.col-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-3{width:25%}.col-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.g-0{--bs-gutter-x:0;--bs-gutter-y:0}@media (min-width:576px){.col-sm-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}}@media (min-width:768px){.col-md-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-md-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}}@media (min-width:992px){.col-lg-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-lg-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}}.form-control{display:block;width:100%;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;background-color:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #ced4da;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border-radius:.375rem;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.075)}.form-control::-webkit-date-and-time-value{height:1.5em}.form-control::-moz-placeholder{color:#6c757d;opacity:1}.form-floating{position:relative}.form-floating>.form-control{height:calc(3.5rem + 2px);line-height:1.25;padding:1rem .75rem}.form-floating>label{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;padding:1rem .75rem;overflow:hidden;text-align:start;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid transparent;transform-origin:0 0}.form-floating>.form-control::-moz-placeholder{color:transparent}.form-floating>.form-control:-webkit-autofill{padding-top:1.625rem;padding-bottom:.625rem}.form-floating>.form-control:-webkit-autofill~label{opacity:.65;transform:scale(.85) translateY(-.5rem) translateX(.15rem)}.input-group{position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:stretch;width:100%}.input-group>.form-floating{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;width:1%;min-width:0}.input-group .btn{position:relative;z-index:2}.input-group:not(.has-validation)>.form-floating:not(:last-child)>.form-control{border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}.input-group>:not(:first-child):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.valid-tooltip):not(.valid-feedback):not(.invalid-tooltip):not(.invalid-feedback){margin-left:-1px;border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.btn{color:var(--bs-btn-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-bg);--bs-btn-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-btn-padding-y:0.375rem;--bs-btn-font-size:1rem;--bs-btn-font-weight:400;--bs-btn-line-height:1.5;--bs-btn-color:#212529;--bs-btn-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-border-width:1px;--bs-btn-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15),0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-btn-disabled-opacity:0.65;--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(var(--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb), .5);display:inline-block;padding:var(--bs-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-btn-padding-x);font-family:var(--bs-btn-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-btn-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-btn-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-btn-line-height);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:var(--bs-btn-border-width) solid var(--bs-btn-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-btn-border-radius);background-image:var(--bs-gradient);box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-box-shadow)}.btn-primary{--bs-btn-bg:#324a98;--bs-btn-border-color:#324a98;--bs-btn-hover-bg:rgb(42.5, 62.9, 129.2);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:rgb(40, 59.2, 121.6);--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:81,101,167;--bs-btn-active-bg:rgb(40, 59.2, 121.6);--bs-btn-active-border-color:rgb(37.5, 55.5, 114);--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#324a98;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#324a98}.btn-primary,.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-color:#fff;--bs-btn-hover-color:#fff;--bs-btn-active-color:#fff;--bs-btn-active-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#fff}.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-bg:#6c757d;--bs-btn-border-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-hover-bg:rgb(91.8, 99.45, 106.25);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:rgb(86.4, 93.6, 100);--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:130,138,145;--bs-btn-active-bg:rgb(86.4, 93.6, 100);--bs-btn-active-border-color:rgb(81, 87.75, 93.75);--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#6c757d;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#6c757d}.btn-link{--bs-btn-font-weight:400;--bs-btn-color:var(--bs-link-color);--bs-btn-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-hover-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-active-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-active-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow:none;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:81,101,167;text-decoration:none;background-image:none}.btn-sm{--bs-btn-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-btn-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-btn-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-btn-border-radius:0.25rem}.fade:not(.show){opacity:0}.collapse:not(.show){display:none}.nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-link-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:#6c757d;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.nav-link{display:block;padding:var(--bs-nav-link-padding-y) var(--bs-nav-link-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-nav-link-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-nav-link-font-weight);color:var(--bs-nav-link-color)}.nav-fill .nav-item{flex:1 1 auto;text-align:center}.nav-fill .nav-item .nav-link{width:100%}.navbar{--bs-navbar-padding-x:0;--bs-navbar-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);--bs-navbar-active-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end:1rem;--bs-navbar-brand-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%280, 0, 0, 0.55%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-focus-width:0.25rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-navbar-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-padding-x);background-image:var(--bs-gradient);font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-weight:700}.navbar>.container,.navbar>.container-fluid{display:flex;flex-wrap:inherit;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.navbar-brand{padding-top:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);padding-bottom:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);margin-right:var(--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-brand-font-size);color:var(--bs-navbar-brand-color);white-space:nowrap}.navbar-nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-navbar-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-navbar-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-navbar-disabled-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.navbar-collapse{flex-basis:100%;flex-grow:1;align-items:center}.navbar-toggler{padding:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size);line-height:1;color:var(--bs-navbar-color);background-color:transparent;border:var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius)}@media (min-width:576px){.navbar-expand-sm{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-collapse{display:flex!important;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-toggler{display:none}}body:before{display:none}.navbar-dark{--bs-navbar-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);--bs-navbar-active-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-brand-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:transparent;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:none}.alert{--bs-alert-bg:transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x:1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y:1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom:1rem;--bs-alert-color:inherit;--bs-alert-border-color:transparent;--bs-alert-border:1px solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius:0.375rem;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border);border-radius:var(--bs-alert-border-radius)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary,.alert-secondary{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(30, 44.4, 91.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214, 218.8, 234.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(193.5, 200.7, 224.1)}.alert-primary .alert-link{color:#182449}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216)}.alert-secondary .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-native,.alert-success,.alert-validation{--bs-alert-color:rgb(15, 81, 50.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(209, 231, 220.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(186, 219, 203.7);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-native .alert-link,.alert-success .alert-link,.alert-validation .alert-link{color:#0c4128}.alert-info,.alert-warning{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color:rgb(5.2, 80.8, 96);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(206.6, 244.4, 252);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(182.4, 239.1, 250.5)}.alert-info .alert-link{color:#04414d}.alert-warning{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 180.6)}.alert-warning .alert-link{color:#523e02}.alert-danger,.alert-error{--bs-alert-color:#8a0000;--bs-alert-bg:#facccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(247.5, 178.5, 178.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-danger .alert-link,.alert-error .alert-link{color:#6e0000}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color:rgb(99.2, 99.6, 100);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(253.6, 253.8, 254);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(252.9, 253.2, 253.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-light .alert-link{color:#4f5050}.alert-cleanup,.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color:rgb(19.8, 22.2, 24.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(210.6, 211.4, 212.2);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(188.4, 189.6, 190.8);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cleanup .alert-link,.alert-dark .alert-link{color:#101214}.alert-inverse{--bs-alert-color:black;--bs-alert-bg:#cccccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 178.5, 178.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-inverse .alert-link{color:#000}.alert-navbar{--bs-alert-color:rgb(30, 44.4, 91.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214, 218.8, 234.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(193.5, 200.7, 224.1)}.alert-navbar .alert-link{color:#182449}.alert-lightgray,.alert-navbar,.alert-navitem{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-navitem{--bs-alert-color:#666666;--bs-alert-bg:white;--bs-alert-border-color:white}.alert-navitem .alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-lightgray{--bs-alert-color:rgb(93.2, 94.4, 95.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(250.6, 251.2, 251.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(248.4, 249.3, 250.2)}.alert-lightgray .alert-link{color:#4b4c4c}.alert-advertising,.alert-color-indigo{--bs-alert-color:rgb(61.2, 9.6, 145.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(224.4, 207.2, 252.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(209.1, 183.3, 251.1);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-advertising .alert-link,.alert-color-indigo .alert-link{color:#310874}.alert-color-cyan,.alert-notice{--bs-alert-color:rgb(5.2, 80.8, 96);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(206.6, 244.4, 252);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(182.4, 239.1, 250.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-cyan .alert-link,.alert-notice .alert-link{color:#04414d}.alert-color-blue,.alert-criticalcss{--bs-alert-color:rgb(7.8, 66, 151.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(206.6, 226, 254.6);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(182.4, 211.5, 254.4);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-blue .alert-link,.alert-criticalcss .alert-link{color:#063579}.alert-cache,.alert-color-orange{--bs-alert-color:rgb(151.8, 75.6, 12);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(254.6, 229.2, 208);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(254.4, 216.3, 184.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cache .alert-link,.alert-color-orange .alert-link{color:#793c0a}.alert-color-red{--bs-alert-color:rgb(132, 31.8, 41.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(248, 214.6, 217.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(244.5, 194.4, 199.2);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-red .alert-link{color:#6a1921}.alert-cdnjs,.alert-color-yellow{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 180.6);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cdnjs .alert-link,.alert-color-yellow .alert-link{color:#523e02}.alert-color-teal,.alert-topic{--bs-alert-color:rgb(19.2, 120.6, 90.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(210.4, 244.2, 234.2);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(188.1, 238.8, 223.8);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-teal .alert-link,.alert-topic .alert-link{color:#0f6048}.alert-color-green{--bs-alert-color:rgb(15, 81, 50.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(209, 231, 220.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(186, 219, 203.7);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-green .alert-link{color:#0c4128}.alert-cloudinary,.alert-color-pink{--bs-alert-color:rgb(128.4, 30.6, 79.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(246.8, 214.2, 230.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(242.7, 193.8, 218.1);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cloudinary .alert-link,.alert-color-pink .alert-link{color:#67183f}.alert-color-black{--bs-alert-color:black;--bs-alert-bg:#cccccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 178.5, 178.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-black .alert-link{color:#000}.alert-color-white{--bs-alert-color:#666666;--bs-alert-bg:white;--bs-alert-border-color:white;background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-white .alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-color-gray{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-gray .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-color-gray-dark{--bs-alert-color:rgb(31.2, 34.8, 38.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214.4, 215.6, 216.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(194.1, 195.9, 197.7);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-gray-dark .alert-link{color:#191c1f}.btn-close{box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em;color:#000;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;border-radius:.375rem;opacity:.5}.modal{--bs-modal-zindex:1055;--bs-modal-width:500px;--bs-modal-padding:1rem;--bs-modal-margin:0.5rem;--bs-modal-bg:#ffffff;--bs-modal-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-modal-border-width:1px;--bs-modal-border-radius:0.5rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius:calc(0.5rem - 1px);--bs-modal-header-padding-x:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding:1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-header-border-width:1px;--bs-modal-title-line-height:1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap:0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-footer-border-width:1px;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex);display:none;width:100%;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;outline:0}.modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:var(--bs-modal-margin)}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transform:translate(0,-50px)}.modal-content{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;color:var(--bs-modal-color);background-color:var(--bs-modal-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-modal-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-modal-border-radius);box-shadow:var(--bs-modal-box-shadow);outline:0}.modal-header{display:flex;flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-modal-header-padding);border-bottom:var(--bs-modal-header-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-header-border-color);border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius)}.modal-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-modal-title-line-height)}.modal-body{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-modal-padding)}@media (min-width:576px){.modal{--bs-modal-margin:1.75rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width:300px}}.offcanvas{--bs-offcanvas-zindex:1045;--bs-offcanvas-width:400px;--bs-offcanvas-height:30vh;--bs-offcanvas-padding-x:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-padding-y:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-bg:#ffffff;--bs-offcanvas-border-width:1px;--bs-offcanvas-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow)}.offcanvas.offcanvas-start{top:0;left:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-right:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(-100%)}.offcanvas-header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)}.offcanvas-header .btn-close{padding:calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)*.5) calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)*.5);margin-top:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y));margin-right:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x));margin-bottom:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y))}.offcanvas-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:1.5}.offcanvas-body{flex-grow:1;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x);overflow-y:auto}.fixed-top{position:fixed;right:0;left:0;z-index:1030;top:0}.float-end{float:right!important}.d-inline-block{display:inline-block!important}.d-block{display:block!important}.d-none{display:none!important}.position-relative{position:relative!important}.w-50{width:50%!important}.w-75{width:75%!important}.w-100{width:100%!important}.flex-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}.align-content-center{align-content:center!important}.mx-auto{margin-right:auto!important;margin-left:auto!important}.my-0{margin-top:0!important;margin-bottom:0!important}.my-1,.navbar-side-item p{margin-top:.25rem!important;margin-bottom:.25rem!important}.my-2{margin-top:.5rem!important;margin-bottom:.5rem!important}.my-3{margin-top:1rem!important;margin-bottom:1rem!important}.mt-0{margin-top:0!important}.mt-1{margin-top:.25rem!important}.mt-2{margin-top:.5rem!important}.mt-5{margin-top:3rem!important}.me-1{margin-right:.25rem!important}.me-2{margin-right:.5rem!important}.me-3{margin-right:1rem!important}.me-4{margin-right:1.5rem!important}.me-auto{margin-right:auto!important}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0!important}.mb-3{margin-bottom:1rem!important}.mb-5{margin-bottom:3rem!important}.ms-0{margin-left:0!important}.ms-1{margin-left:.25rem!important}.ms-2{margin-left:.5rem!important}.ms-3{margin-left:1rem!important}.ms-auto{margin-left:auto!important}.p-0{padding:0!important}.px-0{padding-right:0!important;padding-left:0!important}.px-4{padding-right:1.5rem!important;padding-left:1.5rem!important}.py-0{padding-top:0!important;padding-bottom:0!important}.pt-0{padding-top:0!important}.pt-1{padding-top:.25rem!important}.pe-5{padding-right:3rem!important}.pb-1{padding-bottom:.25rem!important}.navbar-side-item p{padding-left:0!important}.ps-3{padding-left:1rem!important}.ps-5{padding-left:3rem!important}.text-uppercase{text-transform:uppercase!important}.text-primary{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-reset{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:inherit!important}.bg-inverse,.bg-navbar{--bs-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-inverse-rgb),var(--bs-bg-opacity))!important}.bg-navbar{background-color:rgba(var(--bs-navbar-rgb),var(--bs-bg-opacity))!important}@media (min-width:576px){.d-sm-none{display:none!important}.px-sm-0{padding-right:0!important;padding-left:0!important}.ps-sm-0{padding-left:0!important}.form-inline .form-control{max-width:100%}}@media (min-width:768px){.d-md-block{display:block!important}.d-md-flex{display:flex!important}.d-md-none{display:none!important}}@media (min-width:992px){.d-lg-block{display:block!important}}@media (min-width:1200px){.d-xl-block{display:block!important}}form{font-family:Lato,sans-serif}[role=button]{font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button{font-family:Lato,sans-serif!important}.nav-link{font-size:16px;text-transform:uppercase}.nav-bottom .nav-link{font-size:11px;height:100%;letter-spacing:.1em}.nav-bottom li{border-left:1px solid #fff}.nav-bottom li:last-child{border-right:1px solid #fff}@media (max-width:767.98px){.navbar{border-bottom:10px solid #324a98}body{padding-top:85px}}.navbar-brand img{max-width:none;max-height:65px}.navbar-side{padding:0;list-style:none}.navbar-side a{color:#212529}.navbar-side h6{color:#324a98;text-transform:uppercase}.navbar-side h6 a{color:#324a98}.navbar-side hr{border-color:#495057;margin-left:1rem}.navbar-side-item{padding-left:1rem}.menu-side-sections>div li:first-of-type,.navbar-side-item p:first-of-type{margin-top:1.25rem}.navbar-side-item a{font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-weight:700}.navbar-toggler{padding:.75rem!important}.navbar-toggler-left{position:absolute}.alert{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:smaller}.alert-heading{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:1rem;font-weight:lighter}@media (min-width:576px){.container{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}.blur-up{filter:blur(3px)}.min-h-2{min-height:2rem}.min-h-3{min-height:3rem}html{scroll-padding-top:100px}.panel-heading h6:after{font-family:"Arial Black",Arial,sans-serif;content:"–";float:right;color:#343a40;padding:0 5px;font-size:1.2rem}.panel-heading .collapsed h6:after{content:"+"}.tb-mediagroup{background-color:#fff;padding:5px 0;color:#000}.tb-mediagroup a{color:#000}.tb-mediagroup .panel-heading h6:after,footer nav a{color:#212529}@media (max-width:575.98px){.navbar-brand img{max-width:90%}body:before{content:"xs"}}@media (min-width:576px) and (max-width:767.98px){body:before{content:"sm"}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991.98px){body:before{content:"md"}}@media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1199.98px){body:before{content:"lg"}}@media (min-width:1200px) and (max-width:1399.98px){#menu-top-hubs ul{width:1140px}body:before{content:"xl"}}[class^=ad-position]{max-width:1200px}@media (min-width:1400px){#menu-top-hubs ul{width:1320px}body:before{content:"xxl"}[class^=ad-position]{max-width:1400px;margin-right:auto!important;margin-left:auto!important}}.hidden,.printmessage{display:none}.hub-overline,.section-overline{color:#324a98}.hub-overline,.overline,.section-overline{text-transform:uppercase;width:100%}.overline{color:#6c757d;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-size:.75rem}.section-overline{border-top:4px solid #324a98;padding-top:.5rem;margin-bottom:1rem;text-align:left}@media (max-width:575.98px){.hub-overline{font-size:1.75rem}}#ntb-tags-level-subtopic .marquee>div:first-child{margin-bottom:.25rem}.story-list h4{border-top:4px solid #324a98;padding-top:.5rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem;color:#324a98}.story-list h6{font-size:.75rem;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:0}.story-list p{font-size:.875rem;border-bottom:1px solid #495057;padding-bottom:.5rem;line-height:1.2}.story-list p:last-of-type{border:0}.story-list a{color:#324a98;font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-weight:bolder}.story-list img{width:80px;height:45px}.story-min-height{min-height:2.6rem}@media (max-width:991.98px){.story-min-height{min-height:1px}}.bxslider{margin:0;padding:0;min-height:250px}ul.bxslider{list-style:none}ul.bxslider li{width:175px}.followus-link{color:#495057;text-decoration:none;font-size:1.5rem}.followus-link:after{display:inline-block;padding-right:.5rem;padding-left:.5rem;content:"|"}.followus-link:last-child:after{content:""}</style> <script type="application/json" class="joomla-script-options new">{"system.paths":{"root":"","rootFull":"https:\/\/www.techbriefs.com\/","base":"","baseFull":"https:\/\/www.techbriefs.com\/"},"csrf.token":"29e52279d99b1e479032e7d0f7384d6e","system.keepalive":{"interval":3600000,"uri":"\/component\/ajax\/?format=json"}}</script> <script type="module"> /*! inlined from /media/system/js/keepalive.min.js by ntb_minifier */ /** * @copyright (C) 2018 Open Source Matters, Inc. <https://www.joomla.org> * @license GNU General Public License version 2 or later; see LICENSE.txt */ /** * Keepalive javascript behavior * * Used for keeping the session alive * * @package Joomla.JavaScript * @since 3.7.0 */ if (!window.Joomla) { throw new Error('Joomla API was not properly initialised'); } const keepAliveOptions = Joomla.getOptions('system.keepalive'); const keepAliveInterval = keepAliveOptions && keepAliveOptions.interval ? parseInt(keepAliveOptions.interval, 10) : 45 * 1000; let keepAliveUri = keepAliveOptions && keepAliveOptions.uri ? keepAliveOptions.uri.replace(/&/g, '&') : ''; // Fallback in case no keepalive uri was found. if (keepAliveUri === '') { const systemPaths = Joomla.getOptions('system.paths'); keepAliveUri = `${systemPaths ? `${systemPaths.root}/index.php` : window.location.pathname}?option=com_ajax&format=json`; } setInterval(() => fetch(keepAliveUri, { method: 'POST' }), keepAliveInterval); /* end /media/system/js/keepalive.min.js */ </script> <script src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" async tb-donotmove></script> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="TB :: All Articles [RSS]" href="/index.php?component=com_ntb_tags&view=topic&topic_cluster=0&topic_tag=0&nav_cluster=61&nav_tag=0&format=feed&type=rss&limit=20"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="TB [RSS]" href="/index.php?component=com_ntb_tags&view=topic&topic_cluster=33&topic_tag=&nav_cluster=61&nav_tag=169&format=feed&type=rss&limit=20"> <link rel="next" href="/tb/techbriefs/electronics-software/electrical-electronics?start=30"> <noscript tb-donotmove> <img class="nolazyload" height="1" width="1" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=240802493731265&ev=PageView&noscript=1"/> </noscript>  <script tb-donotmove>(function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MSN5FV9'); </script>  </head> <body>  <noscript tb-donotmove > <iframe src = "https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MSN5FV9" height = "0" width = "0" style = "display:none;visibility:hidden" ></iframe > </noscript >  <header class="header"> <div class="header-container container-fluid fixed-top p-0"> <nav class="header-nav navbar navbar-expand-sm navbar-dark bg-inverse"> <div class="container-fluid"> <button class="hamburger navbar-toggler navbar-toggler-left d-sm-none d-block" type="button" data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" data-bs-target="#HamburgerSidebar" aria-controls="HamburgerSidebar"> <i class="fas fa-bars"></i> </button> <div id="hamburger-menu" class="navbar-collapse collapse d-md-block d-none"> <ul class="navbar-nav me-auto"> <li class="nav-item active"> <a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" href="#HamburgerSidebar" role="button" aria-controls="HamburgerSidebar"> <i class="fas fa-bars me-2"></i>Menu </a></li></ul></div> <a href="/" class="navbar-brand ps-sm-0 ps-5 mx-auto"> <img class="logolarge d-none d-md-block nolazyload" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/q_auto,f_auto/sites/tb/template/site-logo_tag.png" alt="Tech Briefs" height="65"/> <img class="logosmall d-md-none nolazyload" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/q_auto,f_auto/sites/tb/template/site-logo.png" alt="Tech Briefs"/> </a> <div id="newsmag-menu" class="navbar-collapse collapse"><ul class="navbar-nav ms-auto"> <li class="nav-item d-lg-block d-none"> <a class="nav-link" href="#" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#cb-form">LOGIN</a></li> <li class="nav-item d-lg-block d-none"> <a class="nav-link" href="/account/registration">SIGN UP</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" id="search-side-button" data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" href="#HamburgerSidebar" role="button" aria-controls="HamburgerSidebar"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> </a></li></ul></div></div> </nav> <nav class="main-nav bg-navbar navbar navbar-expand-sm navbar-dark main-nav nav-fill py-0"> <div class="main-nav-container container mx-auto px-0"><div id="menu-top-hubs"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-bottom flex-nowrap d-md-flex d-none mx-auto"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/tb/topic/electronics-software">Electronics & Software</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/tb/topic/photonics-imaging">Photonics & Imaging</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/tb/topic/motion-control-automation">Motion Control/Automation</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/tb/topic/sensors-test">Sensors & Test</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/tb/topic/materials-manufacturing">Materials & Manufacturing</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics">Mechanical/Mechatronics</a></li></ul></div></div> <div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" style="position: relative"> <div id="toast_container" style="position: absolute; top: 40px; right: 5px; z-index: 10"></div></div> </nav></div><div class="offcanvas offcanvas-start" tabindex="-1" id="HamburgerSidebar" aria-labelledby="HamburgerSidebarLabel"> <div class="offcanvas-header"> <h5 class="offcanvas-title" id="HamburgerSidebarLabel"></h5> <button type="button" class="btn-close text-reset" data-bs-dismiss="offcanvas" aria-label="Close"></button></div> <div class="offcanvas-body px-0 pt-0"> <div class="search-container w-100 ps-3"><form id="searchform" action="/tb/search" method="get"> <div class="input-group pe-5"> <div class="form-floating"> <input type="text" name="query" placeholder="Search" id="searchbox" class="form-control" value=""> <label for="searchbox">Search</label></div> <button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" onclick="$('#searchform').submit()"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> </button></div></form></div> <ul class="navbar-side nav-bar"><div class="menu-side-sections row me-1"> <div class="navbar-side-item col-12"> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/">Home</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/techbriefs">Tech Briefs</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tv">Tech Briefs TV</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/webcasts">Webinars</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/webcasts/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/whitepapers">White Papers</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/stories/blog">Blog</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/features/products">Products</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/features">Features</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/resources/special-reports">Special Reports</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/events">Events</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/stories/quiz">Quizzes</a></li></div></div><div id="sidebar-accordion" class="navbar-side-item" role="tablist" aria-multiselectable="true"><div id="menu-side-hubs"> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software">Electronics & Software</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-874" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-874" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-874"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-874" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-874"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/software">Software</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/communications">Communications</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/lighting">Lighting</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/electrical-electronics">Electrical/Electronics</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/rf-microwave-electronics">RF & Microwave Electronics</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/semiconductors-ics">Semiconductors & ICs</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/energy">Energy</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/tb/topic/photonics-imaging">Photonics & Imaging</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-876" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-876" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-876"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-876" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-876"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/photonics-imaging/photonics-optics">Photonics/Optics</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/photonics-imaging/imaging">Imaging</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/tb/topic/motion-control-automation">Motion Control/Automation</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-877" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-877" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-877"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-877" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-877"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/motion-control-automation/motion-control">Motion Control</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/motion-control-automation/robotics-automation-control">Robotics, Automation & Control</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/tb/topic/sensors-test">Sensors & Test</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-878" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-878" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-878"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-878" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-878"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/sensors-test/test-measurement">Test & Measurement</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/sensors-test/sensors-data-acquisition">Sensors/Data Acquisition</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/tb/topic/materials-manufacturing">Materials & Manufacturing</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-879" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-879" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-879"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-879" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-879"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/materials-manufacturing/manufacturing-prototyping">Manufacturing & Prototyping</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/materials-manufacturing/materials-coatings">Materials & Coatings</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics">Mechanical/Mechatronics</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-880" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-880" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-880"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-880" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-880"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics/mechanical-fluid-systems">Mechanical & Fluid Systems</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics/propulsion">Propulsion</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics/transportation">Transportation</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics/automotive">Automotive</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="menu-side-explore row mt-2 me-1 tb-mediagroup"> <div class="explore-title col-10 navbar-side-item"> <h6 class="my-2">Explore SAE Media Group</h6></div> <div id="explore-heading" class="col-2 navbar-side-item panel-heading" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed mt-1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#explore-collapse" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="explore-collapse"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="explore-collapse" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="explore-heading"> <div class="explore-wrapper col-12"> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="https://www.medicaldesignbriefs.com/">Medical Design Briefs</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/">Mobility Engineering Technology</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="https://createthefuturecontest.com">Create the Future Design Contest</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="/tb/spinoff">NASA Spinoffs</a></li></div></div></div><div class="col-12 px-0"> <li class="me-3"> <p><a href="/component/content/article/52568-doc-9567" class="side-link w-75"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1738128110/sites/tb/covers/TB-2025-02.jpg' class='w-50 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Magazine cover' /></a></p> <p><a href="/component/content/article/52568-doc-9567" class="side-link text-uppercase">Current Issue</a></p></li> <li> <p><a href="/tb/magazine/archives" class="side-link text-uppercase">Magazine Archives</a></p></li> <li> <p> <a href="https://tbm.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=TEBland" target="_km"> <button class="btn btn-primary btn-sm"> SUBSCRIBE <i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i> </button> </a></p></li></div><div class="menu-side-followus mb-5"> <hr class="ms-0 me-4 my-1"> <div class="followus-wrapper my-3"> <div class="title-wrapper"> <h6 class="mb-0">FOLLOW US</h6></div> <div class="menu-wrapper"> <p class="text-primary"> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=facebook&username=TechBriefsMagazine" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook"></i></a> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=twitter&username=TechBriefsMag" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter"></i></a> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=linkedin_company&username=sae-media-group" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin"></i></a> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=instagram&username=techbriefs" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-instagram"></i></a></p></div></div></div></div></ul></div></div></header> <section id="print-only-message" class="printmessage"> <h6><img data-src="https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/q_auto,f_auto/sites/tb/template/print-logo_tag.png" class="printlogo lazyload"/></h6> </section> <span itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <meta itemprop="name" content="SAE Media Group"/> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com"/> <span itemprop="logo" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com/templates/tbmg/images/tbmg_logo.png"/> <meta itemprop="width" content="210"/> <meta itemprop="height" content="50"/> </span> </span><div class="container"><nav aria-label="breadcrumb"> <ol itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a itemprop="item" href="/"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a> <meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a itemprop="item" href="/tb/techbriefs"><span itemprop="name">Tech Briefs</span></a> <meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a itemprop="item" href="/tb/techbriefs/electronics-software"><span itemprop="name">Electronics & Software</span></a> <meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page"> <span> Electrical/Electronics</span></li></ol> </nav><div id="system-message-container"></div><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm','md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_1800x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_1800x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_11_modid_337',target_pos:'11',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_11_modid_337' class=""></div></div></div><div id="ntb-tags-level-index"><div class="marquee row px-0"> <div class="col"> <h1 class="hub-overline d-inline-block mb-0"> Electrical/Electronics</h1></div> <div class="w-100 mt-2"></div> <div class="w-100"></div> <div class="col"> <p class="sans-serif mt-0 mb-3"> Access our comprehensive library of electrical and electronics technical briefs from engineering experts at NASA and major government, university, and commercial laboratories.</p></div></div><section id="primary-stories"> <div class="primary-stories row my-3"> <div class="left-column col-lg-8 col-md-7 col-12"><div id="ntb-tags-index"> <div id="topic-cluster-id" class="d-none">33</div> <div id="topic-tag-id" class="d-none"></div> <div id="nav-cluster-id" class="d-none">61</div> <div id="nav-tag-id" class="d-none">169</div> <div id="show-future" class="d-none">-1</div> <div id="page-start" class="d-none">0</div> <div id="page-limit" class="d-none">30</div> <div ><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Sensors/Data Acquisition</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52470-providing-robots-a-soft-touch-using-3d-printing">Providing Robots a Soft Touch Using 3D Printing</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_52470" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> A recent study demonstrates that soft skin pads doubling as sensors made from thermoplastic urethane can be efficiently manufactured using 3D printers. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_52470" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52470-providing-robots-a-soft-touch-using-3d-printing"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1738256076/sites/tb/features-16x9/52470/tb-0225-p28_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Data Acquisition</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52471-say-goodbye-to-the-dots-and-dashes-to-enhance-optical-storage-media">Say Goodbye to the Dots and Dashes to Enhance Optical Storage Media</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_52471" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Purdue researchers have created technology aimed at replacing Morse code with colored “digital characters” to modernize optical storage. They are confident the advancement will help with the explosion of remote data storage during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_52471" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52471-say-goodbye-to-the-dots-and-dashes-to-enhance-optical-storage-media"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1738222061/sites/tb/features-16x9/52471/tb-0225-p29_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Physical Sciences</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52472-levitating-objects-with-light">Levitating Objects with Light</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_52472" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Researchers have designed a way to levitate and propel objects using only light by creating specific nanoscale patterning on the objects' surfaces. The work could be a step toward developing a spacecraft that could reach the nearest planet outside of our solar system in 20 years, powered and accelerated only by light. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_52472" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52472-levitating-objects-with-light"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1738221123/sites/tb/features-16x9/52472/tb-0225-p30_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Electronics & Computers</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52321-integrating-fragile-2d-materials-into-devices">Integrating Fragile 2D Materials into Devices</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_52321" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Researchers from MIT and elsewhere have developed a new technique to integrate 2D materials into devices in a single step while keeping the surfaces of the materials and the resulting interfaces pristine and free from defects. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_52321" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52321-integrating-fragile-2d-materials-into-devices"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1735652206/sites/tb/features-16x9/52321/tb-0125-p20_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Physical Sciences</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52322-fabricating-high-temperature-superconducting-wires-for-future-energy-generation">Fabricating High-Temperature Superconducting Wires for Future Energy Generation </a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_52322" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Researchers have fabricated the world’s highest-performing HTS wire segment while making the price-performance metric significantly more favorable. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_52322" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52322-fabricating-high-temperature-superconducting-wires-for-future-energy-generation"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1735650894/sites/tb/features-16x9/52322/tb-0125-p21_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Design</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52323-living-bioelectronics-that-can-sense-and-heal-skin">“Living Bioelectronics” That Can Sense and Heal Skin</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_52323" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> A team has created a prototype for what it calls “living bioelectronics” — a combination of living cells, gel, and electronics that can integrate with living tissue. The patches are made of sensors, bacterial cells, and a gel made from starch and gelatin. Tests in mice found that the devices could continuously monitor and improve psoriasis-like symptoms, without irritating skin. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_52323" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52323-living-bioelectronics-that-can-sense-and-heal-skin"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1735620544/sites/tb/features-16x9/52323/tb-0125-p22_fig2_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Electronics & Computers</h6></div> <div class="item-wo-image ps-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52324-growing-bio-inspired-polymer-brains-for-artificial-neural-networks">Growing Bio-Inspired Polymer Brains for Artificial Neural Networks</a></h5> <div> <div class="item-introtext"> Read on to learn about a technique for growing conductive polymer wire connections between electrodes to realize artificial neural networks that overcome the limits of traditional computer hardware.</div></div></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Robotics, Automation & Control</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52333-new-soft-robot-rolls-like-tires-spins-like-tops-orbits-like-moons">New Soft Robot Rolls Like Tires, Spins Like Tops, Orbits Like Moons</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_52333" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Researchers have developed a new soft robot design that engages in three simultaneous behaviors: rolling forward, spinning like a record, and following a path that orbits around a central point. The device, which operates without human or computer control, holds promise for developing soft robotic technologies that can be used to navigate and map unknown environments. The new soft robots are called twisted ringbots. Read on to learn more about them.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_52333" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52333-new-soft-robot-rolls-like-tires-spins-like-tops-orbits-like-moons"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1735703026/sites/tb/features-16x9/52333/tb-0125-p31_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Materials</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52335-critical-minerals-recovery-from-electronic-waste">Critical Minerals Recovery from Electronic Waste</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_52335" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> A PNNL research team used a simple mixed-salt water-based solution and their knowledge of metal properties to separate valuable minerals in continuously flowing reaction chambers. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_52335" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52335-critical-minerals-recovery-from-electronic-waste"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1735701275/sites/tb/features-16x9/52335/tb-0125-p33_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Robotics, Automation & Control</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52182-enabling-robots-to-interpret-surroundings-quickly-and-accurately">Enabling Robots to Interpret Surroundings Quickly and Accurately</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_52182" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> MIT engineers have developed a method that enables robots to make similarly intuitive, task-relevant decisions. The team’s new approach, named Clio, enables a robot to identify the parts of a scene that matter, given the tasks at hand. Read on to learn more about Clio.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_52182" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52182-enabling-robots-to-interpret-surroundings-quickly-and-accurately"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1733581685/sites/tb/features-16x9/52182/md-1224-p17_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Energy</h6></div> <div class="item-wo-image ps-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51937-all-in-one-high-power-microwave-system">All-in-One, High-Power Microwave System</a></h5> <div> <div class="item-introtext"> A device was developed that uses composite-based nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) for a complete high-power microwave system, eliminating the need for multiple auxiliary systems. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Information Technology</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51939-open-software-options-for-automation">Open Software Options for Automation</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51939" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> As industrial automation technologies continue to advance, the balance between traditional and open solutions will likely evolve. The emphasis will be on providing versatile platforms that meet varied user needs. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51939" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51939-open-software-options-for-automation"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1730421352/sites/tb/features-16x9/51939/tb-1124-p35_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Unmanned Systems</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51941-giving-autonomous-vehicles-the-ability-to-reason">Giving Autonomous Vehicles the Ability to Reason</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51941" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Yen-Ling Kuo at the University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science is collaborating with a team at the Toyota Research Institute to build language representations of driving behavior that enable a robot to associate the meaning of words with what it sees by watching how humans interact with the environment or by its own interactions with the environment. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51941" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51941-giving-autonomous-vehicles-the-ability-to-reason"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1730421186/sites/tb/features-16x9/51941/tb-1124-p36_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Software</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51742-simplified-motion-control">Simplified Motion Control</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51742" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> High-performance servo motion is now more affordable and accessible than ever due to integrated controllers, making the technology viable even for applications, which could not formerly support the cost or complexity of traditional implementations. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51742" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51742-simplified-motion-control"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1727947116/sites/tb/features-16x9/51742/tb-1024-p34_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Sensors/Data Acquisition</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51743-smaller-skin-like-stretchable-electronics-for-wearables">Smaller Skin-Like Stretchable Electronics for Wearables</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51743" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Researchers at Stanford have been working on skin-like, stretchable electronic devices for over a decade. Recently, they presented a new design and fabrication process for skin-like integrated circuits that are five times smaller and operate at one thousand times higher speeds than earlier versions. Read on to learn more about it.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51743" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51743-smaller-skin-like-stretchable-electronics-for-wearables"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1727946759/sites/tb/features-16x9/51743/tb-1024-p36_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: AR/AI</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51744-a-new-microelectronic-device-uses-less-power-than-current-memory-technologies">A New Microelectronic Device Uses Less Power than Current Memory Technologies </a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51744" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> A research team has created an innovative microelectronic device that can potentially function as a sustainable, high-performance “bit-switch.” This paves the way for future computing technologies to process data much faster while using significantly less energy. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51744" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51744-a-new-microelectronic-device-uses-less-power-than-current-memory-technologies"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1727946520/sites/tb/features-16x9/51744/tb-1024-p37_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Electronics & Computers</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51745-molecular-highway-for-electrons-in-oleds">Molecular Highway for Electrons in OLEDs</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51745" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Now, a team from the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research has developed a new material concept that could allow efficient blue OLEDs with a strongly simplified structure. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51745" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51745-molecular-highway-for-electrons-in-oleds"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1727914482/sites/tb/features-16x9/51745/tb-1024-p38_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: AR/AI</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51397-closing-the-design-to-manufacturing-gap-for-optical-devices">Closing the Design-to-Manufacturing Gap for Optical Devices</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51397" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> A new method enables optical devices that more closely match their design specifications, boosting accuracy and efficiency. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51397" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51397-closing-the-design-to-manufacturing-gap-for-optical-devices"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1726436194/sites/tb/features-16x9/51397/pit-0924-p16_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Robotics, Automation & Control</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51413-smart-glove-can-boost-hand-mobility-of-stroke-patients">Smart Glove Can Boost Hand Mobility of Stroke Patients</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51413" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> A new groundbreaking “smart glove” is capable of tracking the hand and finger movements of stroke victims during rehabilitation exercises. The glove incorporates a sophisticated network of highly sensitive sensor yarns and pressure sensors that are woven into a comfortable stretchy fabric. Read on to learn more about the smart glove.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51413" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51413-smart-glove-can-boost-hand-mobility-of-stroke-patients"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1724979055/sites/tb/features-16x9/51413/tb-0924-p27_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[450,450],[300,300]],div_id:'GAM_pos_22_modid_365',target_pos:'22',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_22_modid_365' class=""></div></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Electronics & Computers</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51416-new-transistor-could-shrink-communications-devices-on-smartphones">New Transistor Could Shrink Communications Devices on Smartphones</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51416" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> After announcing a ferroelectric semiconductor at the nanoscale thinness required for modern computing components, a University of Michigan team has demonstrated a reconfigurable transistor using that material. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51416" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51416-new-transistor-could-shrink-communications-devices-on-smartphones"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1724976360/sites/tb/features-16x9/51416/tb-0924-p30_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Semiconductors & ICs</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51420-new-chip-may-lead-to-ai-computing-at-light-speed">New Chip May Lead to AI Computing at Light Speed</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51420" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Penn Engineers have developed a new chip that uses light waves, rather than electricity, to perform the complex math essential to training AI. The chip has the potential to radically accelerate the processing speed of computers while also reducing their energy consumption. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51420" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51420-new-chip-may-lead-to-ai-computing-at-light-speed"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1724939752/sites/tb/features-16x9/51420/tb-0924-p34_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Electronics & Computers</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51426-an-autonomous-drone-based-on-animal-brains">An Autonomous Drone Based on Animal Brains</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51426" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> A team of researchers at Delft University of Technology has developed a drone that flies autonomously using neuromorphic image processing and control based on the workings of animal brains.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51426" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51426-an-autonomous-drone-based-on-animal-brains"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1724935189/sites/tb/features-16x9/51426/tb-0924-p39_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Electronics & Computers</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51202-portable-knee-dynamometer">Portable Knee Dynamometer</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51202" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Researchers at NASA Johnson Space Center have developed the Portable Knee Dynamometer, a device that enables quadricep and hamstring strength assessment, rehabilitation, and exercise capabilities for a user outside of a traditional clinical setting.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51202" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51202-portable-knee-dynamometer"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1722702332/sites/tb/features-16x9/51202/tb-0824-p21_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Robotics, Automation & Control</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51208-msc-tops-114">Computer Vision Lends Precision to Robotic Grappling</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51208" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Innovators at NASA’s Johnson Space Center (JSC) have developed computer vision software that derives target posture determinations quickly and then instructs an operator how to properly align a robotic end-effector with a target that they are trying to grapple.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51208" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51208-msc-tops-114"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1722687088/sites/tb/features-16x9/51208/tb-0824-p26_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Sensors/Data Acquisition</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51189-tactile-sensing-strategy-enables-accurate-object-detection">Tactile Sensing Strategy Enables Accurate Object Detection</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_51189" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Researchers from Tsinghua University worked to break through the difficulties of robotic recognition of various common, yet complex, items. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_51189" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51189-tactile-sensing-strategy-enables-accurate-object-detection"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1722780394/sites/tb/features-16x9/51189/md-0824-p19_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Robotics, Automation & Control</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/50834-manufacturing-materials-to-bring-bio-inspired-robots-to-life">Manufacturing Materials to Bring Bio-Inspired Robots to Life</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_50834" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> In bringing bio-inspired robots to life, scientists must first create soft matter counterparts that match the softness and functionality of biological tissue. University of Nebraska–Lincoln engineer Eric Markvicka is at the forefront of these efforts. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_50834" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/50834-manufacturing-materials-to-bring-bio-inspired-robots-to-life"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1717468500/sites/tb/features-16x9/50834/md-0624-p20_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Electronics & Computers</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/50835-deep-learning-models-enable-robotic-motion">Deep Learning Models Enable Robotic Motion</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_50835" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> MIT engineers are aiming to give robots a bit of common sense when faced with situations that push them off their trained path. They’ve developed a method that connects robot motion data with the “common sense knowledge” of large language models, or LLMs.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_50835" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/50835-deep-learning-models-enable-robotic-motion"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1722712628/sites/tb/features-16x9/50835/md-0624-p21_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Electronics & Computers</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/50843-msc-tops-111">Hyper-Distributed RFID Antenna (HYDRA) System</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_50843" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Innovators have developed a method and apparatus to multiplex Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) signals efficiently. The resulting Hyper-Distributed RFID Antenna (HYDRA) system enhances distribution of the RFID reader signal, providing improved coverage for large areas as well as for small, fixed regions requiring a high density of reader antennas.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_50843" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/50843-msc-tops-111"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1722582677/sites/tb/features-16x9/50843/tb-0624-p26_fig1r_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-12 px-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Energy</h6></div> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h5><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/50845-low-voltage-low-power-pressure-sensors-for-monitoring-health">Low-Voltage, Low-Power Pressure Sensors for Monitoring Health</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="f1_50845" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> Researchers have found ways to develop soft OECTs for wearable pressure sensors. They first experimented with a solid type of gating substance: a charged, gelatinous substance called an ionic hydrogel. Read on to learn more.</div></div></div> <div id="f2_50845" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100 feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/50845-low-voltage-low-power-pressure-sensors-for-monitoring-health"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1717183063/sites/tb/features-16x9/50845/tb-0624-p27_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div><nav role="navigation" aria-label="New Pagination"> <ul class="pagination pagination-sm justify-content-center sans-serif"><li class="disabled page-item"> <span class="page-link" aria-hidden="true"><span class="fas fa-angle-double-left" aria-hidden="true"></span></span></li><li class="disabled page-item"> <span class="page-link" aria-hidden="true"><span class="fas fa-angle-left" aria-hidden="true"></span></span></li><li class="active page-item"> <span class="page-link" aria-hidden="true">1</span></li><li class="page-item"> <a aria-label="Go to page 2" href="/tb/techbriefs/electronics-software/electrical-electronics?start=30" class="page-link"> 2</a></li><li class="page-item"> <a aria-label="Go to page 3" href="/tb/techbriefs/electronics-software/electrical-electronics?start=60" class="page-link"> 3</a></li><li class="page-item"> <a aria-label="Go to page 4" href="/tb/techbriefs/electronics-software/electrical-electronics?start=90" class="page-link"> 4</a></li><li class="page-item"> <a aria-label="Go to page 5" href="/tb/techbriefs/electronics-software/electrical-electronics?start=120" class="page-link"> 5</a></li><li class="page-item"> <a aria-label="Go to page 23" href="/tb/techbriefs/electronics-software/electrical-electronics?start=660" class="page-link"> 23</a></li><li class="page-item"> <a aria-label="Go to page 36" href="/tb/techbriefs/electronics-software/electrical-electronics?start=1050" class="page-link"> 36</a></li><li class="page-item"> <a aria-label="Go to page 53" href="/tb/techbriefs/electronics-software/electrical-electronics?start=1560" class="page-link"> 53</a></li><li class="page-item"> <a aria-label="Go to next page" href="/tb/techbriefs/electronics-software/electrical-electronics?start=30" class="page-link"> <span class="fas fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="page-item"> <a aria-label="Go to end page" href="/tb/techbriefs/electronics-software/electrical-electronics?start=2190" class="page-link"> <span class="fas fa-angle-double-right" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li></ul> </nav></div></div><div class="right-column col-lg-4 col-md-5 d-md-block d-none"> <div class="col-12"><div class="story-list row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12"> <h4 class="section-overline">Top Stories</h4><div class="top-stories-box story-list"> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none position-relative" style="width:80px"> <a href="/component/content/article/52417-smallest-walking-robot-makes-microscale-measurements"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1737492055/sites/tb/features-16x9/52417/20250122_robotics_automation_story2_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-eye me-1"></i> INSIDER: Medical</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52417-smallest-walking-robot-makes-microscale-measurements" alt="Smallest Walking Robot Makes Microscale Measurements"> Smallest Walking Robot Makes Microscale Measurements</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none position-relative" style="width:80px"> <a href="/component/content/article/52416-a-new-home-for-sustainability-robotics"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1737491842/sites/tb/features-16x9/52416/20250122_robotics_automation_story1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-eye me-1"></i> INSIDER: Sensors/Data Acquisition</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52416-a-new-home-for-sustainability-robotics" alt="A New Home for Sustainability Robotics"> A New Home for Sustainability Robotics</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none position-relative" style="width:80px"> <a href="/component/content/article/52321-integrating-fragile-2d-materials-into-devices"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1735652206/sites/tb/features-16x9/52321/tb-0125-p20_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-balance-scale me-1"></i> Briefs: Semiconductors & ICs</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52321-integrating-fragile-2d-materials-into-devices" alt="Integrating Fragile 2D Materials into Devices"> Integrating Fragile 2D Materials into Devices</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none position-relative" style="width:80px"> <a href="/component/content/article/52313-new-products-pit-0125"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1736014908/sites/tb/features-16x9/52313/pit-0125-p22_fig3r_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-hockey-puck me-1"></i> Products: Design</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52313-new-products-pit-0125" alt="New Products"> New Products</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none position-relative" style="width:80px"> <a href="/component/content/article/52502-mit-engineers-grow-high-rise-3d-chips"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1738353007/sites/tb/features-16x9/52502/20250203_electronics_sensors_story1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-eye me-1"></i> INSIDER: Design</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52502-mit-engineers-grow-high-rise-3d-chips" alt="MIT Engineers Grow “High-Rise” 3D Chips"> MIT Engineers Grow “High-Rise” 3D Chips</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none position-relative" style="width:80px"> <a href="/component/content/article/52406-my-opinion-theres-a-practical-way-to-fix-the-electric-grid-bottleneck"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1737304572/sites/tb/features-16x9/52406/012125-tb-blog_grid_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-pen-fancy me-1"></i> Blog: Energy</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52406-my-opinion-theres-a-practical-way-to-fix-the-electric-grid-bottleneck" alt="My Opinion: There’s a Practical Way to Fix the Electric Grid Bottleneck"> My Opinion: There’s a Practical Way to Fix the Electric Grid Bottleneck</a></p></div></div></div><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[450,450],[300,300]],div_id:'GAM_pos_21_modid_345',target_pos:'21',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_21_modid_345' class=""></div></div></div> <div class="story-list row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12"> <h4 class="section-overline">Webcasts</h4><div class="webinars-box story-list"> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none" style="width:80px"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1737103886/sites/ae/features-16x9/52405/shutterstock_751715872_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Tech Talks: Automotive</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52405-ai-powered-quality-control-for-sustainable-automotive-production"> AI-Powered Quality Control for Sustainable Automotive Production</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none" style="width:80px"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1738017128/sites/tb/features-16x9/52382/shutterstock_112454201_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-bullhorn me-1"></i> Upcoming Webinars: Manufacturing & Prototyping</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52382-custom-designs-and-perfect-moldings-with-3d-printing-and-scanning"> Custom Designs and Perfect Moldings with 3D Printing and Scanning</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none" style="width:80px"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1738661154/sites/adt/features-16x9/52437/shutterstock_363217187_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-bullhorn me-1"></i> Upcoming Webinars: Defense</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52437-improving-thermal-management-for-aerospace-and-defense-electronics"> Improving Thermal Management for Aerospace and Defense Electronics</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none" style="width:80px"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1738489920/sites/ae/features-16x9/52491/sae-next-gen-ee-webinar_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-bullhorn me-1"></i> Upcoming Webinars: Automotive</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52491-the-road-ahead-for-next-gen-e-e-architectures-trends-and-connectivity-innovations"> The Road Ahead for Next-Gen E/E Architectures: Trends and...</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none" style="width:80px"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1738661449/sites/adt/features-16x9/52438/shutterstock_1193397784_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-bullhorn me-1"></i> Upcoming Webinars: Electronics & Computers</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52438-department-of-defense-contracts-denied-new-cybersecurity-rules-in-2025"> Department of Defense Contracts Denied: New Cybersecurity Rules...</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none" style="width:80px"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1739485055/sites/ae/features-16x9/52558/adobestock_905059039_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-bullhorn me-1"></i> Upcoming Webinars: Automotive</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52558-leveraging-simulation-for-net-zero-emissions-in-conventional-and-e-fueled-combustion-systems"> Leveraging Simulation for Net Zero Emissions in Conventional and...</a></p></div></div></div><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[450,450],[300,300]],div_id:'GAM_pos_22_modid_347',target_pos:'22',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_22_modid_347' class=""></div></div></div> <div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm','md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_300x150_125x125_234x60',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_300x150_125x125_234x60',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[300,150],[125,125],[234,60]],div_id:'GAM_pos_31_modid_348',target_pos:'31',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_31_modid_348' class=""></div></div></div> <div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[450,450],[300,300]],div_id:'GAM_pos_23_modid_353',target_pos:'23',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_23_modid_353' class=""></div></div></div></div></div></div> </section></div> <div class="row mt-5"></div><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm','md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_1200x150',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_1200x150',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[1200,150]],div_id:'GAM_pos_13_modid_356',target_pos:'13',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_13_modid_356' class=""></div></div></div><div class="ntb-bxslider row mb-0"> <div class="col-12"> <h4 class="section-overline">Videos</h4></div> <div class="bxs-tbtvrelated hidden text-center d-sm-block col-1 pt-5 d-none"> <h3><span id="bxs-tbtvrelated-prev"></span></h3></div> <div id="bxs-tbtvrelated" class="bxs-tbtvrelated hidden align-content-center col-sm-10 px-sm-0 col-12 px-4 my-0"> <ul class="bxslider"> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51152-fiber-powered-wearables"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1721837511/sites/tb/features-16x9/51152/fiber-power_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51152-fiber-powered-wearables">Fiber-Powered Wearables</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/52019-stretchy-wearable-operates-on-just-body-heat"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1730919404/sites/tb/features-16x9/52019/stretchy-wearable-lights-led_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/52019-stretchy-wearable-operates-on-just-body-heat">Stretchy Wearable Operates on Just Body Heat</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49544-weidmuller-klippon-connect-terminal-blocks-with-snap-in-technology"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1700248689/sites/tb/features-16x9/49544/weidmuller-klippon_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49544-weidmuller-klippon-connect-terminal-blocks-with-snap-in-technology">Weidmuller Klippon Connect Terminal Blocks with...</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49248-gamma-technologies-leverages-simulation-to-improve-the-ev-user-experience"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1696011750/sites/tb/features-16x9/49248/gamma-tech-leverages-simulation_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Energy</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49248-gamma-technologies-leverages-simulation-to-improve-the-ev-user-experience">Gamma Technologies Leverages Simulation to...</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49545-te-connectivity-performance-heat-shrink-tubing"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1700248923/sites/tb/features-16x9/49545/te-connectivity-performance-heat-shrink_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49545-te-connectivity-performance-heat-shrink-tubing">TE Connectivity Performance Heat Shrink Tubing</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51513-terminals-and-test-point-products"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1725551133/sites/tb/features-16x9/51513/keysight-test-points_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51513-terminals-and-test-point-products">Terminals and Test Point Products</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51512-inside-look-at-keystone-electronics"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1726461395/sites/tb/features-16x9/51512/keystone-corporate-video_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51512-inside-look-at-keystone-electronics">Inside Look at Keystone Electronics</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/50571-best-practices-for-testing-and-validating-electronic-systems"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1713891528/sites/tb/features-16x9/50571/pico-best-practices_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Test & Measurement</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/50571-best-practices-for-testing-and-validating-electronic-systems">Best Practices for Testing and Validating...</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51518-spacer-and-standoff-products"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1725552823/sites/tb/features-16x9/51518/keystone-spacer_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51518-spacer-and-standoff-products">Spacer and Standoff Products</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51517-pins-plugs-jacks-sockets-products"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1725552733/sites/tb/features-16x9/51517/keystone-pins_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51517-pins-plugs-jacks-sockets-products">Pins, Plugs, Jacks & Sockets Products</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51519-fuse-clips-and-holders"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1725552977/sites/tb/features-16x9/51519/keystone-electronics-fuse_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51519-fuse-clips-and-holders">Fuse Clips and Holders</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49703-meet-el-capitan-the-most-powerful-computing-machine-in-the-world"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1701988585/sites/tb/features-16x9/49703/el-capitan_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49703-meet-el-capitan-the-most-powerful-computing-machine-in-the-world">Meet El Capitan, “The Most Powerful Computing...</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51659-interactout-an-app-to-limit-your-app-time"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1727389093/sites/tb/features-16x9/51659/limit-screen-time_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51659-interactout-an-app-to-limit-your-app-time">InteractOut: An App to Limit Your App Time</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49323-new-research-identifies-major-tte-network-vulnerability"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1697479259/sites/tb/features-16x9/49323/tte-network-vulnerability-for-space_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49323-new-research-identifies-major-tte-network-vulnerability">New Research Identifies Major TTE Network...</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/52234-when-every-second-counts-choose-com-hpc-r-mini"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1733524070/sites/tb/features-16x9/52234/when-every-second-counts_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/52234-when-every-second-counts-choose-com-hpc-r-mini">When Every Second Counts, Choose COM-HPC® Mini</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51791-te-connectivitys-justin-weigold"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1728583785/sites/tb/features-16x9/51791/te-connectivity-justin-weigold_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Software</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51791-te-connectivitys-justin-weigold">TE Connectivity's Justin Weigold</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49526-ni-sharpens-its-hil-expertise-with-support-of-autonomous-racing"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1700036276/sites/tb/features-16x9/49526/ni-sharpens_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Automotive</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49526-ni-sharpens-its-hil-expertise-with-support-of-autonomous-racing">NI Sharpens Its HIL Expertise With Support of...</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49322-transforming-the-future-while-spanning-the-full-semiconductor-ecosystem"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1698243328/sites/tb/features-16x9/49322/spanning-the-full-semiconductor-ecosystem_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49322-transforming-the-future-while-spanning-the-full-semiconductor-ecosystem">Transforming the Future While Spanning the Full...</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/50498-sensors-10-year-testing-improve-flo-chargers"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1713719565/sites/tb/features-16x9/50498/keysight-sensors-10-year-testing_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Power</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/50498-sensors-10-year-testing-improve-flo-chargers">Sensors, 10-Year Testing Improve FLO Chargers</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49359-ausa-2023-the-next-generation-of-army-ground-vehicles"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1698082649/sites/tb/features-16x9/49359/screenshot-2023-10-23-at-11-27-25 am_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Defense</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49359-ausa-2023-the-next-generation-of-army-ground-vehicles">AUSA 2023: The Next Generation of Army Ground...</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49625-opcondys-next-generation-power-electronics"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1701373571/sites/tb/features-16x9/49625/next-gen-power-electronics_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49625-opcondys-next-generation-power-electronics">Opcondys’ Next-Generation Power Electronics</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/52424-jouleseye-a-thermal-imaging-based-measuring-approach-for-respiration-and-caloric-expenditure"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1737569122/sites/tb/features-16x9/52424/jouleseye_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Sensors/Data Acquisition</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/52424-jouleseye-a-thermal-imaging-based-measuring-approach-for-respiration-and-caloric-expenditure">JoulesEye: A Thermal Imaging-Based Measuring...</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49702-envisioning-the-next-generation-of-semiconducting-materials"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1701984712/sites/tb/features-16x9/49702/future-of-semiconductors_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49702-envisioning-the-next-generation-of-semiconducting-materials">Envisioning the Next Generation of Semiconducting...</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51587-ev-accelerator-interview-with-willa-frej-of-terawatt"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1726170880/sites/tb/features-16x9/51587/keysight-ev-accelerators_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/51587-ev-accelerator-interview-with-willa-frej-of-terawatt">EV Accelerator interview with Willa Frej of...</a></h6></div></li> <li style="width:175px"> <a class="w-100" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/50998-spirols-machined-threaded-inserts-compression-limiters-for-plastics"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1718815322/sites/tb/features-16x9/50998/spirol-machined-threaded-inserts_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <div class="topic-title"> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/50998-spirols-machined-threaded-inserts-compression-limiters-for-plastics">SPIROL's Machined Threaded Inserts & Compression...</a></h6></div></li></ul></div> <div class="bxs-tbtvrelated hidden text-center d-sm-block col-1 pt-5 d-none"> <h3><span id="bxs-tbtvrelated-next"></span></h3></div></div><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm','md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_1200x150',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_1200x150',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_14_modid_344',target_pos:'14',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_14_modid_344' class=""></div></div></div><footer><div class="newsmatrix-hubheadlines mt-5 sans-serif row"> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-1 col-lg-3 col-6 order-lg-5"> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/stories/blog" rel="nofollow">Blog</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52550-using-embodied-energy-to-power-modular-worms-and-jellyfish"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1739117988/sites/tb/features-16x9/52550/021125-tb-blog-jelly_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52550-using-embodied-energy-to-power-modular-worms-and-jellyfish">Using Embodied Energy to Power Modular Worms and Jellyfish</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52532-a-yarn-like-seawater-battery">A Yarn-Like Seawater Battery</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/28772-answering-your-questions-lithium-air-vs-lithium-ion-batteries">Answering Your Questions: Lithium-Air Battery vs. Lithium-Ion</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-2 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software" rel="nofollow">Electronics & Software</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52569-test-your-knowledge-about-oscilloscopes"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1739469588/sites/tb/features-16x9/52569/021425-tb-quiz_osci_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52569-test-your-knowledge-about-oscilloscopes">Test Your Knowledge About Oscilloscopes</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/28337-comparison-between-wave-soldering-and-reflow-soldering">Comparison Between Wave Soldering and Reflow Soldering</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/26379-printed-electronics-the-future-is-flexible">Printed Electronics: The Future Is Flexible</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-3 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/topic/photonics-imaging" rel="nofollow">Photonics & Imaging</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52482-new-on-the-market-tb-0225"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1738253145/sites/tb/features-16x9/52482/tb-0225-p39_fig2r_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52482-new-on-the-market-tb-0225">New on the Market</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/20063-ccd-and-cmos-sensors">CCD and CMOS Sensors</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/14324-0511ltp6">Polycarbonate Seen As Top Choice for LED Lighting</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-4 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/topic/motion-control-automation" rel="nofollow">Motion Control/Automation</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52563-ai-driven-manufacturing-efficiency-tool"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1739338567/sites/tb/features-16x9/52563/tb-0325-qa-fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52563-ai-driven-manufacturing-efficiency-tool">AI-Driven Manufacturing Efficiency Tool</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/20013-the-modern-industrial-workhorse-pid-controllers">The Modern Industrial Workhorse: PID Controllers</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/26431-the-basics-of-encoder-selection-2">The Basics of Encoder Selection</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-5 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/topic/sensors-test" rel="nofollow">Sensors & Test</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52504-soft-bioelectronic-sensor-implant"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1738353412/sites/tb/features-16x9/52504/20250203_electronics_sensors_story3_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52504-soft-bioelectronic-sensor-implant">Soft, Bioelectronic Sensor Implant</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/33212-smart-sensor-technology-for-the-iot">Smart Sensor Technology for the IoT</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/27510-networking-the-iot-with-ieee-802-15-4-6lowpan">Networking the IoT with IEEE 802.15.4/6LoWPAN</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-6 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/topic/materials-manufacturing" rel="nofollow">Materials & Manufacturing</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52545-how-much-do-you-know-about-microwave-heating"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1738865718/sites/tb/features-16x9/52545/020725-tb-quiz-microwave_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52545-how-much-do-you-know-about-microwave-heating">How Much Do You Know About Microwave Heating?</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/14234-msc-24389-1">High-Thermal-Conductivity Fabrics</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/9998-34454-200">Laser Beam vs. Electron Beam Welding Which process works best for what?</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-7 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics" rel="nofollow">Mechanical/Mechatronics</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52352-is-hydrogen-propulsion-production-ready"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1737635783/sites/tohe/features-16x9/52352/shutterstock_1929891203_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52352-is-hydrogen-propulsion-production-ready">Is Hydrogen Propulsion Production-Ready?</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/22850-mechanical-carbon-materials-for-aircraft-seal-applications">Mechanical Carbon Materials for Aircraft Seal Applications</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/18889-sae-2012-01-0426">Brushless Motors for In-Tank Fuel Pumps</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-8 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/webcasts/podcasts" rel="nofollow">Podcasts</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52551-dronetags-new-pocket-sized-drone-detection-system"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1738963523/sites/tb/features-16x9/52551/021025-tb-podcast_ride_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52551-dronetags-new-pocket-sized-drone-detection-system">Dronetag's New Pocket-Sized Drone Detection System</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52508-uxv-35-a-new-approach-to-lowering-the-cost-of-designing-drones">UxV/35: A New Approach to Lowering the Cost of Designing Drones</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52395-the-integration-of-sensors-into-next-generation-health-devices">The Integration of Sensors into Next-Generation Health Devices</a></p></div></div><hr class="border-top border-primary"> <nav id="footernav" class="sans-serif"> <div class="footer-bottom row"> <div class="left-column col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-12"><div class="menu-footer-bottom"> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/about">About</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.medicaldesignbriefs.com/">Medical Design Briefs</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/">Mobility Engineering Technology</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://status.saemediagroup.com/">Service Status</a></p></div><div id="cb-form" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="exampleModalLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-sm mt-5" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title" id="exampleModalLabel">Sign In</h5> <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button></div> <div class="modal-body"> <form action="https://www.techbriefs.com/account/login" method="post" id="login-form" class="form-inline cbLoginForm" data-bs-target="#cb-form"> <input type="hidden" name="option" value="com_comprofiler"/> <input type="hidden" name="view" value="login"/> <input type="hidden" name="op2" value="login"/> <input type="hidden" name="return" value="B:aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGVjaGJyaWVmcy5jb20vdGIvdGVjaGJyaWVmcy9lbGVjdHJvbmljcy1zb2Z0d2FyZS9lbGVjdHJpY2FsLWVsZWN0cm9uaWNz"/> <input type="hidden" name="message" value="0"/> <input type="hidden" name="loginfrom" value="loginmodule"/> <input type="hidden" name="29e52279d99b1e479032e7d0f7384d6e" value="1" /> <div class="form-floating mb-3 w-100"> <input name="username" type="text" class="form-control col-8" id="inputUserName" placeholder="Username"> <label for="inputUserName">Username or Email</label></div> <div class="form-floating mb-3 w-100"> <input name="passwd" type="password" class="form-control col-8" id="inputPassword" placeholder="Password"> <label for="inputPassword">Password</label></div> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary col-12 mb-3">Submit <i class="fas fa-sign-in ms-2"></i></button> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/account/forgot-login" class="col-12"> <i class="fas fa-unlock-alt me-2"></i> Forgot Login? </a> <div class="posttext cb_template cb_template_default"> <p><i>By submitting your personal information, you agree that SAE Media Group and carefully selected industry sponsors of this content may contact you and that you have read and agree to the <a href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a>. </i></p> <p><i>You may reach us at <a href="mailto:privacy@saemediagroup.com">privacy@saemediagroup.com</a>. </i></p> <p><i>You may unsubscribe at any time.</i></p></div></form></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mid-column col-sm-3 col-12"><div class="menu-footer-bottom"> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/tb/subscription-services">Subscriber Services</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/tb/feedback">Feedback</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com/company-directory">Contact Us</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/tb/sitemap">Site Map</a></p></div></div> <div class="right-column col-sm-3 col-12"><div class="menu-footer-bottom"> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com">Advertise</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/cookie-usage-statement">Cookie Usage</a></p></div><p class="menu-footer-followus my-2"> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=facebook&username=TechBriefsMagazine" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook"></i></a> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=twitter&username=TechBriefsMag" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter"></i></a> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=linkedin_company&username=sae-media-group" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin"></i></a> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=instagram&username=techbriefs" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-instagram"></i></a></p></div></div> </nav> <div class="row mb-5"> <div class="copyright col-12"> <p class="font-italic small">© 2009-2025 SAE Media Group</p></div></div> </footer></div><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cloudinary-core/2.13.1/cloudinary-core-shrinkwrap.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-stp48jOOmT4TXnB4bMJ0rlcR7XagE92cqr7pEb+oFQox6qNSyKiN31GajDsg5VVn+HgM5mhOZinSRXowsRmgPg=="></script><script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/e04325f501.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/masonry/4.2.2/masonry.pkgd.min.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-JRlcvSZAXT8+5SQQAvklXGJuxXTouyq8oIMaYERZQasB8SBDHZaUbeASsJWpk0UUrf89DP3/aefPPrlMR1h1yQ=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/lazysizes.min.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-q583ppKrCRc7N5O0n2nzUiJ+suUv7Et1JGels4bXOaMFQcamPk9HjdUknZuuFjBNs7tsMuadge5k9RzdmO+1GQ=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-v2CJ7UaYy4JwqLDIrZUI/4hqeoQieOmAZNXBeQyjo21dadnwR+8ZaIJVT8EE2iyI61OV8e6M8PP2/4hpQINQ/g=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap/5.2.3/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-i9cEfJwUwViEPFKdC1enz4ZRGBj8YQo6QByFTF92YXHi7waCqyexvRD75S5NVTsSiTv7rKWqG9Y5eFxmRsOn0A=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/js/bootstrap-select.min.js" defer tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-yrOmjPdp8qH8hgLfWpSFhC/+R9Cj9USL8uJxYIveJZGAiedxyIxwNw4RsLDlcjNlIRR4kkHaDHSmNHAkxFTmgg=="></script><script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> $(function () { var cl = cloudinary.Cloudinary.new({ cloud_name: "tbmg" }); cl.config({ defaultBreakpoints: [100,200,400,500,800,1000,1200], responsive_use_breakpoints: true, }); cl.responsive(); }); var match_md_max = window.matchMedia("(max-width: 991px)"); $(function () { var tooltipTriggerList = [].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('[data-bs-toggle="tooltip"]')) var tooltipList = tooltipTriggerList.map(function (tooltipTriggerEl) { return new bootstrap.Tooltip(tooltipTriggerEl) }) }); </script> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js" as="script"/> <meta name="shareaholic:site_id" content="65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582"/> <script data-cfasync="false" async src="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> $(function () { // olytics 3.0 window.olytics || (window.olytics = []), window.olytics.methods = ["fire", "confirm"], window.olytics.factory = function (i) { return function () { var t = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); return t.unshift(i), window.olytics.push(t), window.olytics } }; for (var i = 0; i < window.olytics.methods.length; i++) { var method = window.olytics.methods[i]; window.olytics[method] = window.olytics.factory(method) } olytics.load = function (i) { if (!document.getElementById("olyticsImport")) { window.a = window.olytics; var t = document.createElement("script"); t.async = !0, t.id = "olyticsImport", t.type = "text/javascript"; var o = ""; void 0 !== i && void 0 !== i.oid && (o = i.oid), t.setAttribute("data-oid", o), t.src = "https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/js/v3/p/olytics.min.js", t.addEventListener("load", function (t) { for (olytics.initialize({Olytics: i}); window.a.length > 0;) { var o = window.a.shift(), s = o.shift(); olytics[s] && olytics[s].apply(olytics, o) } }, !1); var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t, s) } }, olytics.load({oid: "c1d61b8c10b7440fb3c59fe5b6424a6b"}); }); </script><noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=3077140&fmt=gif" class="nolazyload"/> </noscript>  <script src="https://static.techbriefs.com/media/system/js/core.min.js?37ffe4186289eba9c5df81bea44080aff77b9684"></script> <script src="https://static.techbriefs.com/media/vendor/bootstrap/js/bootstrap-es5.min.js?5.3.2" nomodule defer></script> <script src="https://static.techbriefs.com/media/vendor/bootstrap/js/popover.min.js?5.3.2" type="module"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bxslider/4.2.17/jquery.bxslider.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-LaBO0tZh1+6Ebk+EnHt/WsGM0UnmkCXfQ1rfhGmpa5MXUdslNuSSELBRcteHKz4k4ny+Op10Ax2fPoTNq+VcUg=="></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/templates/tb_cmo_2017/css/template.min.css?t=1737007454" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-MtelhZl3ds+D4WC7oH/N12ZfJh4fOpvw+RRsYdjP6Vd3cidPuaoAhGEU3a9bPfFphggBk5YJl7ORBNTOrPloew=="/> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/plugins/print/ls.print.min.js" defer crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-tY3D/iSWSdQE2NSLW/mRWQd/bvHAGjyCLRwSd23sqNbbgVnUaah2t+ZpX7hdBOskZ7PqYvwe4E+qxNARGojJGQ=="></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/limonte-sweetalert2/11.15.10/sweetalert2.all.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-KWZQo2EiUMmEMrjJUUZoWP8k/mL57L5PPjQF23Vv77jGidQK8WPsX/RoQ7uI0cnjDDCU8ZXa1NG24HkLOqI9sg=="></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/css/bootstrap-select.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-g2SduJKxa4Lbn3GW+Q7rNz+pKP9AWMR++Ta8fgwsZRCUsawjPvF/BxSMkGS61VsR9yinGoEgrHPGPn2mrj8+4w=="/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/css/v3/p/olytics.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"/>  <script> var GAM_breakpoint=window.getComputedStyle(document.querySelector('body'),':before').getPropertyValue('content').replace(/"/g,'');window.googletag=window.googletag||{cmd:[]};googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().setTargeting('sitepage',['NTB/ElectricalElectronics']).setTargeting('site',["NTB"]).setTargeting('menu_route',["tb\/techbriefs\/electronics-software\/electrical-electronics"]).setTargeting('menu_topics',["Electronics & Computers"]).setTargeting('menu_tags',[""]).setTargeting('subtopic',["Electrical\/Electronics"]).setTargeting('topic',["Electronics & Software"]);googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest();googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs();googletag.pubads().setCentering(true);googletag.pubads().setForceSafeFrame(false);googletag.enableServices();});$(function(){function ntb_google_ad_manager_build(item){item_div=$('#'+item.div_id);if(item.display_sizes.includes(GAM_breakpoint)){googletag.cmd.push(function(){var item=this;var item_div=$('#'+item.div_id);size_mapping=[];if(item.size_mapping.length){size_mapping=googletag.sizeMapping();item.size_mapping.forEach(function(size_map){size_mapping.addSize(size_map.view,size_map.map);});size_mapping.build();} var targetSlot=googletag.defineSlot(item.slot,item.slot_ad_sizes,item.div_id).setTargeting('pos',[item.target_pos]).defineSizeMapping(size_mapping);if(item.slot_ad_empty==='default'){targetSlot=targetSlot.setCollapseEmptyDiv(true);} if(item.slot_ad_empty==='collapse'){targetSlot=targetSlot.setCollapseEmptyDiv(true,true);} if(item.slot_ad_empty==='expand'){targetSlot=targetSlot.setCollapseEmptyDiv(false);} targetSlot.addService(googletag.pubads());googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded',function(event){if(event.slot===targetSlot&&event.isEmpty){item_div.parents('.ad-position').addClass('d-none');googletag.destroySlots(event.slot);}});googletag.enableServices();}.bind(item));} else{item_div.parents('.ad-position').addClass('d-none');}} function ntb_google_ad_manager_display(item){if(item.display_all||item.display_sizes.includes(GAM_breakpoint)){googletag.cmd.push(function(){item=this;googletag.display(item.div_id);}.bind(item));}} for(let i=0;i<ntb_google_ad_manager_items.length;i++){ntb_google_ad_manager_build(ntb_google_ad_manager_items[i]);} for(let i=0;i<ntb_google_ad_manager_items.length;i++){ntb_google_ad_manager_display(ntb_google_ad_manager_items[i]);}}); /*! inlined from /media/system/js/keepalive-es5.min.js by ntb_minifier */ (function(){'use strict';if(!window.Joomla){throw new Error('Joomla API was not properly initialised');} var keepAliveOptions=Joomla.getOptions('system.keepalive');var keepAliveInterval=keepAliveOptions&&keepAliveOptions.interval?parseInt(keepAliveOptions.interval,10):45*1000;var keepAliveUri=keepAliveOptions&&keepAliveOptions.uri?keepAliveOptions.uri.replace(/&/g,'&'):'';if(keepAliveUri===''){var systemPaths=Joomla.getOptions('system.paths');keepAliveUri=(systemPaths?systemPaths.root+"/index.php":window.location.pathname)+"?option=com_ajax&format=json";} setInterval(function(){return fetch(keepAliveUri,{method:'POST'});},keepAliveInterval);})(); /*! inlined from /media/mod_ntb_bxslider/js/global.min.js by ntb_minifier */ var bxs_update;var bxs_config=[];bxs_breakpoint=function(){breakpoint=window.getComputedStyle(document.querySelector('body'),':before').getPropertyValue('content').replace(/"/g,'')||'lg';if(breakpoint==='none'){breakpoint='lg';} return breakpoint;};bxs_create=function(name,swaps){var id='bxs-'+name;var bp=bxs_breakpoint();bxs_config[name]={id:id,bp:bp,swaps:swaps,settings:{auto:true,stopAutoOnClick:true,pause:5000,pager:false,minSlides:swaps[bp].slides,maxSlides:swaps[bp].slides,moveSlides:swaps[bp].slides,slideMargin:swaps[bp].margin,slideWidth:swaps[bp].width,nextSelector:'#'+id+'-next',prevSelector:'#'+id+'-prev',nextText:'<i class="fas fa-2x fa-angle-right"></i>',prevText:'<i class="fas fa-2x fa-angle-left"></i>',randomStart:true,adaptiveHeight:true,shrinkItems:true,touchEnabled:false,}};};$(function(){bxs_activate=function(name){bxs_config[name].bxslider=$('#'+bxs_config[name].id+' .bxslider').bxSlider(bxs_config[name].settings);bxs_update(name);$(window).resize(function(){bxs_update(name);});} bxs_update=function(name){var current_bp=bxs_breakpoint();if(current_bp!==bxs_config[name].bp){bxs_config[name].bp=current_bp;var swaps=bxs_config[name].swaps;bxs_config[name].settings.minSlides=swaps[current_bp].slides;bxs_config[name].settings.maxSlides=swaps[current_bp].slides;bxs_config[name].settings.moveSlides=swaps[current_bp].slides;bxs_config[name].settings.slideMargin=swaps[current_bp].margin;bxs_config[name].settings.slideWidth=swaps[current_bp].width;bxs_config[name].bxslider.reloadSlider(bxs_config[name].settings);} $('.'+bxs_config[name].id).removeClass('hidden');bxs_config[name].bxslider.redrawSlider();};});$(function(){olytics.fire({behaviorId:'5013J3562790A3O',category:"Electrical\/Electronics",tag:"Electronics & Computers,Briefs",pageType:"index",contentType:"topic"})});!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');fbq('init','240802493731265');fbq('track','PageView');!function(s,a,e,v,n,t,z){if(s.saq)return;n=s.saq=function(){n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!s._saq)s._saq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='1.0';n.queue=[];t=a.createElement(e);t.async=!0;t.src=v;z=a.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];z.parentNode.insertBefore(t,z)}(window,document,'script','https://tags.srv.stackadapt.com/events.js');saq('ts','3GYZ_Va41jnx_uqfPcLCuQ');var match_md_max=window.matchMedia("(max-width: 991px)");$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_52470>a').appendTo('#f1_52470');}else{$('#f1_52470>a').appendTo('#f2_52470');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_52471>a').appendTo('#f1_52471');}else{$('#f1_52471>a').appendTo('#f2_52471');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_52472>a').appendTo('#f1_52472');}else{$('#f1_52472>a').appendTo('#f2_52472');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_52321>a').appendTo('#f1_52321');}else{$('#f1_52321>a').appendTo('#f2_52321');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_52322>a').appendTo('#f1_52322');}else{$('#f1_52322>a').appendTo('#f2_52322');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_52323>a').appendTo('#f1_52323');}else{$('#f1_52323>a').appendTo('#f2_52323');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_52333>a').appendTo('#f1_52333');}else{$('#f1_52333>a').appendTo('#f2_52333');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_52335>a').appendTo('#f1_52335');}else{$('#f1_52335>a').appendTo('#f2_52335');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_52182>a').appendTo('#f1_52182');}else{$('#f1_52182>a').appendTo('#f2_52182');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51939>a').appendTo('#f1_51939');}else{$('#f1_51939>a').appendTo('#f2_51939');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51941>a').appendTo('#f1_51941');}else{$('#f1_51941>a').appendTo('#f2_51941');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51742>a').appendTo('#f1_51742');}else{$('#f1_51742>a').appendTo('#f2_51742');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51743>a').appendTo('#f1_51743');}else{$('#f1_51743>a').appendTo('#f2_51743');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51744>a').appendTo('#f1_51744');}else{$('#f1_51744>a').appendTo('#f2_51744');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51745>a').appendTo('#f1_51745');}else{$('#f1_51745>a').appendTo('#f2_51745');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51397>a').appendTo('#f1_51397');}else{$('#f1_51397>a').appendTo('#f2_51397');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51413>a').appendTo('#f1_51413');}else{$('#f1_51413>a').appendTo('#f2_51413');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51416>a').appendTo('#f1_51416');}else{$('#f1_51416>a').appendTo('#f2_51416');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51420>a').appendTo('#f1_51420');}else{$('#f1_51420>a').appendTo('#f2_51420');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51426>a').appendTo('#f1_51426');}else{$('#f1_51426>a').appendTo('#f2_51426');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51202>a').appendTo('#f1_51202');}else{$('#f1_51202>a').appendTo('#f2_51202');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51208>a').appendTo('#f1_51208');}else{$('#f1_51208>a').appendTo('#f2_51208');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_51189>a').appendTo('#f1_51189');}else{$('#f1_51189>a').appendTo('#f2_51189');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_50834>a').appendTo('#f1_50834');}else{$('#f1_50834>a').appendTo('#f2_50834');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_50835>a').appendTo('#f1_50835');}else{$('#f1_50835>a').appendTo('#f2_50835');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_50843>a').appendTo('#f1_50843');}else{$('#f1_50843>a').appendTo('#f2_50843');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});$(document).ready(function(){mh=function(mq){if(mq.matches){$('#f2_50845>a').appendTo('#f1_50845');}else{$('#f1_50845>a').appendTo('#f2_50845');}};match_md_max.addListener(mh);mh(match_md_max);});bxs_create('tbtvrelated',{xxl:{slides:5,margin:20,width:256},xl:{slides:4,margin:20,width:224},lg:{slides:3,margin:10,width:260},md:{slides:3,margin:5,width:200},sm:{slides:2,margin:30,width:215},xs:{slides:2,margin:10,width:275}});$(function(){bxs_activate('tbtvrelated');});$(function(){$('#cb-form').on('shown.bs.modal',function(){$('#inputUserName').focus();})}); /*! inlined from /templates/tb_cmo_2017/js/custom.min.js by ntb_minifier */ $(window).scroll(function(){if($(document).scrollTop()>50){$("nav").addClass("shrink");$(".logolarge").addClass("tb-logo-closed");$(".logosmall").removeClass("d-md-none");$(".add").hide()}else{$("nav").removeClass("shrink");$(".logosmall").addClass("d-md-none");$(".logolarge").removeClass("tb-logo-closed");$(".add").show()}});_linkedin_partner_id="3077140";window._linkedin_data_partner_ids=window._linkedin_data_partner_ids||[];window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id);(function(l){if(!l){window.lintrk=function(a,b){window.lintrk.q.push([a,b])};window.lintrk.q=[]} var s=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];var b=document.createElement("script");b.type="text/javascript";b.async=true;b.src="https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js";s.parentNode.insertBefore(b,s);})(window.lintrk); </script> </body> </html>