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class=""><span>Аннотация</span></span></span><a href="/c/kristallicheskaia-struktura-06c56b/annotation" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18.2363 4.12686C18.2363 3.43651 18.796 2.87686 19.4863 2.87686C20.1767 2.87686 20.7363 3.43651 20.7363 4.12686C20.7363 4.81722 20.1767 5.37686 19.4863 5.37686C18.796 5.37686 18.2363 4.81722 18.2363 4.12686ZM19.4863 1.37686C17.9675 1.37686 16.7363 2.60808 16.7363 4.12686C16.7363 4.43206 16.786 4.72564 16.8778 4.99996H7C4.79086 4.99996 3 6.79082 3 8.99996V19C3 21.2091 4.79086 23 7 23H17C19.2091 23 21 21.2091 21 19V8.99996C21 8.16642 20.745 7.39244 20.3089 6.75173C21.4258 6.40207 22.2363 5.35911 22.2363 4.12686C22.2363 2.60808 21.0051 1.37686 19.4863 1.37686ZM7 6.49996H16.6319L14.6964 8.43547C14.4035 8.72837 14.4035 9.20324 14.6964 9.49613C14.9893 9.78903 15.4641 9.78903 15.757 9.49613L18.3547 6.89846C19.0438 7.34362 19.5 8.11852 19.5 8.99996V19C19.5 20.3807 18.3807 21.5 17 21.5H7C5.61929 21.5 4.5 20.3807 4.5 19V8.99996C4.5 7.61924 5.61929 6.49996 7 6.49996ZM9.25 12C9.25 11.5857 9.58579 11.25 10 11.25H12H14C14.4142 11.25 14.75 11.5857 14.75 12C14.75 12.4142 14.4142 12.75 14 12.75H12H10C9.58579 12.75 9.25 12.4142 9.25 12ZM9.25 17C9.25 16.5857 9.58579 16.25 10 16.25H12H14C14.4142 16.25 14.75 16.5857 14.75 17C14.75 17.4142 14.4142 17.75 14 17.75H12H10C9.58579 17.75 9.25 17.4142 9.25 17Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Аннотация</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><a href="/c/kristallicheskaia-struktura-06c56b/media" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 4H7C5.61929 4 4.5 5.11929 4.5 6.5V17.5C4.5 18.1033 4.71367 18.6566 5.06946 19.0885L15.6829 8.95748C15.8374 8.81003 16.0474 8.73542 16.2603 8.75237C16.4732 8.76931 16.6687 8.87621 16.7979 9.04625L19.5 12.6023V6.5C19.5 5.11929 18.3807 4 17 4ZM19.5 15.0592C19.465 15.0278 19.4324 14.9926 19.4028 14.9538L16.1114 10.6221L6.37067 19.9201C6.57173 19.9723 6.78263 20 7 20H17C18.3807 20 19.5 18.8807 19.5 17.5V15.0592ZM7 2.5C4.79086 2.5 3 4.29086 3 6.5V17.5C3 19.7091 4.79086 21.5 7 21.5H17C19.2091 21.5 21 19.7091 21 17.5V6.5C21 4.29086 19.2091 2.5 17 2.5H7ZM9.20078 7.25C8.51042 7.25 7.95078 7.80964 7.95078 8.5C7.95078 9.19036 8.51042 9.75 9.20078 9.75C9.89113 9.75 10.4508 9.19036 10.4508 8.5C10.4508 7.80964 9.89113 7.25 9.20078 7.25ZM6.45078 8.5C6.45078 6.98122 7.68199 5.75 9.20078 5.75C10.7196 5.75 11.9508 6.98122 11.9508 8.5C11.9508 10.0188 10.7196 11.25 9.20078 11.25C7.68199 11.25 6.45078 10.0188 6.45078 8.5Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Медиа</span></a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Медиа</span></span></span><a href="/c/kristallicheskaia-struktura-06c56b/media" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 4H7C5.61929 4 4.5 5.11929 4.5 6.5V17.5C4.5 18.1033 4.71367 18.6566 5.06946 19.0885L15.6829 8.95748C15.8374 8.81003 16.0474 8.73542 16.2603 8.75237C16.4732 8.76931 16.6687 8.87621 16.7979 9.04625L19.5 12.6023V6.5C19.5 5.11929 18.3807 4 17 4ZM19.5 15.0592C19.465 15.0278 19.4324 14.9926 19.4028 14.9538L16.1114 10.6221L6.37067 19.9201C6.57173 19.9723 6.78263 20 7 20H17C18.3807 20 19.5 18.8807 19.5 17.5V15.0592ZM7 2.5C4.79086 2.5 3 4.29086 3 6.5V17.5C3 19.7091 4.79086 21.5 7 21.5H17C19.2091 21.5 21 19.7091 21 17.5V6.5C21 4.29086 19.2091 2.5 17 2.5H7ZM9.20078 7.25C8.51042 7.25 7.95078 7.80964 7.95078 8.5C7.95078 9.19036 8.51042 9.75 9.20078 9.75C9.89113 9.75 10.4508 9.19036 10.4508 8.5C10.4508 7.80964 9.89113 7.25 9.20078 7.25ZM6.45078 8.5C6.45078 6.98122 7.68199 5.75 9.20078 5.75C10.7196 5.75 11.9508 6.98122 11.9508 8.5C11.9508 10.0188 10.7196 11.25 9.20078 11.25C7.68199 11.25 6.45078 10.0188 6.45078 8.5Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Медиа</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><a href="/c/kristallicheskaia-struktura-06c56b/references" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 3.25C3.48122 3.25 2.25 4.48122 2.25 6V16.1667C2.25 17.6854 3.48122 18.9167 5 18.9167H9.3C9.80519 18.9167 10.2974 19.1269 10.6662 19.5139C11.0362 19.9022 11.25 20.4361 11.25 21C11.25 21.4142 11.5858 21.75 12 21.75C12.4142 21.75 12.75 21.4142 12.75 21C12.75 20.4227 12.9564 19.8833 13.3026 19.4973C13.6464 19.114 14.0941 18.9167 14.5412 18.9167H19C20.5188 18.9167 21.75 17.6855 21.75 16.1667V6C21.75 4.48122 20.5188 3.25 19 3.25H15.3882C14.2627 3.25 13.2022 3.74922 12.4341 4.60572C12.266 4.79308 12.1147 4.99431 11.9809 5.20674C11.8358 4.98777 11.6713 4.78092 11.4885 4.58908C10.6758 3.73626 9.56568 3.25 8.4 3.25H5ZM12.75 17.993C13.2735 17.6237 13.8929 17.4167 14.5412 17.4167H19C19.6904 17.4167 20.25 16.857 20.25 16.1667V6C20.25 5.30964 19.6904 4.75 19 4.75H15.3882C14.7165 4.75 14.0534 5.04681 13.5507 5.60725C13.0457 6.17037 12.75 6.95001 12.75 7.77778V17.993ZM11.25 18.0438V7.77778C11.25 6.96341 10.9414 6.18924 10.4026 5.62389C9.86506 5.05976 9.14388 4.75 8.4 4.75H5C4.30964 4.75 3.75 5.30964 3.75 6V16.1667C3.75 16.857 4.30964 17.4167 5 17.4167H9.3C10.0044 17.4167 10.6825 17.64 11.25 18.0438Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Библиография</span></a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Библиография</span></span></span><a href="/c/kristallicheskaia-struktura-06c56b/references" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 3.25C3.48122 3.25 2.25 4.48122 2.25 6V16.1667C2.25 17.6854 3.48122 18.9167 5 18.9167H9.3C9.80519 18.9167 10.2974 19.1269 10.6662 19.5139C11.0362 19.9022 11.25 20.4361 11.25 21C11.25 21.4142 11.5858 21.75 12 21.75C12.4142 21.75 12.75 21.4142 12.75 21C12.75 20.4227 12.9564 19.8833 13.3026 19.4973C13.6464 19.114 14.0941 18.9167 14.5412 18.9167H19C20.5188 18.9167 21.75 17.6855 21.75 16.1667V6C21.75 4.48122 20.5188 3.25 19 3.25H15.3882C14.2627 3.25 13.2022 3.74922 12.4341 4.60572C12.266 4.79308 12.1147 4.99431 11.9809 5.20674C11.8358 4.98777 11.6713 4.78092 11.4885 4.58908C10.6758 3.73626 9.56568 3.25 8.4 3.25H5ZM12.75 17.993C13.2735 17.6237 13.8929 17.4167 14.5412 17.4167H19C19.6904 17.4167 20.25 16.857 20.25 16.1667V6C20.25 5.30964 19.6904 4.75 19 4.75H15.3882C14.7165 4.75 14.0534 5.04681 13.5507 5.60725C13.0457 6.17037 12.75 6.95001 12.75 7.77778V17.993ZM11.25 18.0438V7.77778C11.25 6.96341 10.9414 6.18924 10.4026 5.62389C9.86506 5.05976 9.14388 4.75 8.4 4.75H5C4.30964 4.75 3.75 5.30964 3.75 6V16.1667C3.75 16.857 4.30964 17.4167 5 17.4167H9.3C10.0044 17.4167 10.6825 17.64 11.25 18.0438Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Библиография</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><a href="/c/kristallicheskaia-struktura-06c56b/versions" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10.9565 3.85864H7.51619C7.8045 3.2057 8.4577 2.75 9.21734 2.75H13.5652H14.7687C15.4365 2.75 16.0697 3.0466 16.4972 3.55959L19.2502 6.86313C19.5871 7.26748 19.7717 7.77718 19.7717 8.30354V10.6957V16.7826C19.7717 17.5422 19.316 18.1954 18.663 18.4838V13.3043V10.9122C18.663 10.0349 18.3555 9.18542 17.7939 8.51149L15.0409 5.20795C14.3284 4.35298 13.273 3.85864 12.1601 3.85864H10.9565ZM14.913 22.7499C16.6051 22.7499 18.0354 21.6293 18.5022 20.0898C20.0762 19.8113 21.2717 18.4365 21.2717 16.7826V10.6957V8.30354C21.2717 7.42628 20.9641 6.57678 20.4025 5.90285L17.6496 2.59931C16.9371 1.74434 15.8817 1.25 14.7687 1.25H13.5652H9.21734C7.56341 1.25 6.18869 2.44548 5.91016 4.01947C4.37062 4.48633 3.25 5.91662 3.25 7.60864V18.9999C3.25 21.071 4.92893 22.7499 7 22.7499H14.913ZM7 5.35864C5.75736 5.35864 4.75 6.366 4.75 7.60864V18.9999C4.75 20.2426 5.75736 21.2499 7 21.2499H14.913C16.1557 21.2499 17.163 20.2426 17.163 18.9999V13.3043V10.9122C17.163 10.7991 17.1545 10.6867 17.1378 10.5761H15.3043C13.9296 10.5761 12.8152 9.46164 12.8152 8.08694V5.45611C12.6051 5.39215 12.3845 5.35864 12.1601 5.35864H10.9565H7ZM14.3152 6.68014V8.08694C14.3152 8.63322 14.758 9.07607 15.3043 9.07607H16.3118L14.3152 6.68014ZM6.72827 13.3043C6.72827 12.8901 7.06406 12.5543 7.47827 12.5543H14.4348C14.849 12.5543 15.1848 12.8901 15.1848 13.3043C15.1848 13.7185 14.849 14.0543 14.4348 14.0543H7.47827C7.06406 14.0543 6.72827 13.7185 6.72827 13.3043ZM7.47827 16.9022C7.06406 16.9022 6.72827 17.238 6.72827 17.6522C6.72827 18.0664 7.06406 18.4022 7.47827 18.4022H10.9565C11.3707 18.4022 11.7065 18.0664 11.7065 17.6522C11.7065 17.238 11.3707 16.9022 10.9565 16.9022H7.47827Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Версии</span></a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Версии</span></span></span><a href="/c/kristallicheskaia-struktura-06c56b/versions" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10.9565 3.85864H7.51619C7.8045 3.2057 8.4577 2.75 9.21734 2.75H13.5652H14.7687C15.4365 2.75 16.0697 3.0466 16.4972 3.55959L19.2502 6.86313C19.5871 7.26748 19.7717 7.77718 19.7717 8.30354V10.6957V16.7826C19.7717 17.5422 19.316 18.1954 18.663 18.4838V13.3043V10.9122C18.663 10.0349 18.3555 9.18542 17.7939 8.51149L15.0409 5.20795C14.3284 4.35298 13.273 3.85864 12.1601 3.85864H10.9565ZM14.913 22.7499C16.6051 22.7499 18.0354 21.6293 18.5022 20.0898C20.0762 19.8113 21.2717 18.4365 21.2717 16.7826V10.6957V8.30354C21.2717 7.42628 20.9641 6.57678 20.4025 5.90285L17.6496 2.59931C16.9371 1.74434 15.8817 1.25 14.7687 1.25H13.5652H9.21734C7.56341 1.25 6.18869 2.44548 5.91016 4.01947C4.37062 4.48633 3.25 5.91662 3.25 7.60864V18.9999C3.25 21.071 4.92893 22.7499 7 22.7499H14.913ZM7 5.35864C5.75736 5.35864 4.75 6.366 4.75 7.60864V18.9999C4.75 20.2426 5.75736 21.2499 7 21.2499H14.913C16.1557 21.2499 17.163 20.2426 17.163 18.9999V13.3043V10.9122C17.163 10.7991 17.1545 10.6867 17.1378 10.5761H15.3043C13.9296 10.5761 12.8152 9.46164 12.8152 8.08694V5.45611C12.6051 5.39215 12.3845 5.35864 12.1601 5.35864H10.9565H7ZM14.3152 6.68014V8.08694C14.3152 8.63322 14.758 9.07607 15.3043 9.07607H16.3118L14.3152 6.68014ZM6.72827 13.3043C6.72827 12.8901 7.06406 12.5543 7.47827 12.5543H14.4348C14.849 12.5543 15.1848 12.8901 15.1848 13.3043C15.1848 13.7185 14.849 14.0543 14.4348 14.0543H7.47827C7.06406 14.0543 6.72827 13.7185 6.72827 13.3043ZM7.47827 16.9022C7.06406 16.9022 6.72827 17.238 6.72827 17.6522C6.72827 18.0664 7.06406 18.4022 7.47827 18.4022H10.9565C11.3707 18.4022 11.7065 18.0664 11.7065 17.6522C11.7065 17.238 11.3707 16.9022 10.9565 16.9022H7.47827Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Версии</span></a></div></div></div></nav><div><meta itemprop="image primaryImageOfPage" content="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=T3Sp9dVAviF8IhKqnwYBng&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=120"><article itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"><div itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Автономная некоммерческая организация «Национальный научно-образовательный центр «Большая российская энциклопедия»"><meta itemprop="address" content="Покровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 1А, Москва, 109028"><meta itemprop="telephone" content="+7 (495) 781-15-95"><meta itemprop="logo" content="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/logo.98u7ubS9.svg"></div><div 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Кристаллофизика"><div class="bre-article-page max-md:tw-mt-10 md:max-lg:tw-mt-[81px] max-md:tw-mt-10"><div class="article-sidebar -hide-on-desktop-s"><div class="article-sidebar-button -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"><span class="article-sidebar-title">Информация</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="article-sidebar-text -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s">Кристаллическая структура</div></div><div class="article-sidebar-wrapper -hide-on-tablet"><header class="bre-article-header -hide-on-tablet"><div class="bre-label__wrap"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-leading-[0px]"><span class="bre-label">Модельные объекты</span><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Модельные объекты</span></span></span></div><h1 class="bre-article-header-title">Кристаллическая структура</h1></header><section class="-hide-on-tablet tw-h-14 md:tw-h-20"></section><span class="bre-media-image article-sidebar-image _note-exclude _clean" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude _clean" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Кристаллическая структура кокимбита"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Кристаллическая структура кокимбита."><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=T3Sp9dVAviF8IhKqnwYBng&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Кристаллическая структура кокимбита" data-nuxt-img sizes="320px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=T3Sp9dVAviF8IhKqnwYBng&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=YKmjb919f3YT5jbeolYD5w&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=a64zxuHQmu-UaysNp5GMvA&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4L8eAUFAKbs4SyMEVBqwhg&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Hyl1rOJvllvw6HCjZbYN9A&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QtYDjv8E8oKVUatbKjlXsQ&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=M8Onmn4TN_0W_0AnZx4EIg&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=k59IoGZ2FsVA58NQdnmPzw&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=dhDKNgMsB0AILIdLE53SPA&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Кристаллическая структура кокимбита" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span></span></span></span><div class="article-sidebar-meta"><dl class="tw-mt-0"><dt>Области знаний:</dt><dd>Кристаллографическая симметрия</dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="bre-article-page__container"><div class="bre-article-page__content bre-article-content"><header class="bre-article-header -show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-label__wrap"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-leading-[0px]"><span class="bre-label">Модельные объекты</span><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Модельные объекты</span></span></span></div><h1 class="bre-article-header-title">Кристаллическая структура</h1></header><section class="tw-flex"><div class="-show-on-tablet tw-h-14 md:tw-h-20"><div><div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/ViewAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/ShareAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div></div><span></span></div></div><span></span></section><div class="js-preview-link-root"><div itemprop="articleBody" class="bre-article-body"><section><section><p><b>Кристалли́ческая структу́ра,</b> расположение <a href="/c/atom-8fe711" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">атомов</a>, <a href="/c/iony-63f2be" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">ионов</a> или <a href="/c/molekula-de7079" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">молекул</a> в <a href="/c/kristally-7029a6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кристалле</a>. Кристаллическая структура определяется <a href="/c/kristallicheskaia-reshiotka-b57947" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кристаллической решёткой</a>, <a href="/c/simmetriia-kristallov-a007ea" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">симметрией кристалла</a>, формой и размерами его <a href="/c/elementarnaia-iacheika-kristalla-2b8754" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">элементарной ячейки</a>, типом и координатами атомов в ячейке. В идеальном кристалле содержание и положения атомов во всех ячейках одинаковые. За исключением химического состава, все остальные характеристики кристаллической структуры определяются <a href="/c/difraktsiia-voln-8b43fb" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">дифракционными</a> методами – <a href="/c/rentgenovskii-strukturnyi-analiz-3de63c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">рентгеновского структурного анализа</a>, <a href="/c/elektronografiia-3a51b4" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">электронографии</a>, <a href="/c/strukturnaia-neitronografiia-4f1e10" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">структурной нейтронографии</a>. В кристаллах <a href="/c/tviordye-rastvory-26ea0e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">твёрдых растворов</a> и при других отклонениях химического состава от <a href="/c/stekhiometriia-ea6a8a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">стехиометрии</a> <a href="/c/strukturnyi-analiz-49076c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">структурный анализ</a> высокой точности позволяет определить и уточнить соответствующие параметры.</p><p>При падении на <a href="/c/monokristall-0a7f5e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">монокристалл</a> излучения с <a href="/c/dlina-volny-df44c2" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">длиной волны</a> порядка межатомных расстояний возникает дифракционная картина, которая состоит из <a href="/c/diskretnost-8496c5" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">дискретного</a> набора пиков. Положения пиков определяются кристаллической решёткой, а их интенсивности зависят от типа атомов и их расположения в элементарной ячейке кристалла. Наличие в кристалле <a href="/c/element-simmetrii-38763b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">элементов симметрии</a> проявляется в равенстве интенсивностей соответствующих пиков. Исключение составляет то, что дифракционная картина всегда центросимметрична (независимо от наличия или отсутствия <a href="/c/tsentr-simmetrii-08405d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">центра симметрии</a> в кристалле). Вследствие этого с помощью рентгеноструктурного анализа можно различить только 122 группы из 230 <a href="/c/prostranstvennye-gruppy-simmetrii-2204d0" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">пространственных (фёдоровских) групп симметрии</a> кристаллов. Наличие (или отсутствие) центра симметрии в кристалле можно установить по статистике распределения интенсивностей дифракционных пиков. Экспериментальное определение отсутствия центра симметрии возможно, если в кристалле есть атомы с аномальным <a href="/c/rasseianie-voln-efb6eb" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">рассеянием</a> используемого излучения. Наиболее сложной является методика определения координат атомов в элементарной ячейке кристалла.</p><p>Рассмотрим кристаллическую структуру некоторых элементов <a href="/c/periodicheskaia-sistema-khimicheskikh-elementov-a46bea" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">периодической системы</a>. Так, в двух модификациях <a href="/c/polonii-618e91" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">полония</a> различной симметрии содержится по 1 атому в элементарной ячейке. В элементарных ячейках кристаллов <a href="/c/kalii-5415ce" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">калия</a>, <a href="/c/tsink-6c4bab" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">цинка</a>, <a href="/c/molibden-da4351" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">молибдена</a> и ряда других элементов содержится по 2 атома, в ячейке <a href="/c/tellur-38ce1f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">теллура</a> – 3, а в двух модификациях <a href="/c/marganets-07d48e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">марганца</a> по 20 и 58 атомов в ячейке соответственно. В кристаллах неорганических и органических <a href="/c/khimicheskie-soedineniia-601cba" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">соединений</a> могут находиться от единиц до сотен атомов в ячейке. В кристаллах <a href="/c/belki-v-biologii-fb0bdd" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">белков</a> – от тысяч до сотни тысяч атомов, а в закристаллизованных <a href="/c/virusy-040030" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">вирусах</a> ещё на 2–3 порядка больше.</p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="33%" data-display="left"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Два изображения кристаллической структуры ниобата лития"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Рис. 1. Два изображения кристаллической структуры ниобата лития LiNbO₃."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Архив БРЭ"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3CzHQvWZjckXjmImvJrv7w&filename=vault/95b65755ef50ac9cd1f924bab766f30d.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Два изображения кристаллической структуры ниобата лития" data-nuxt-img srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3CzHQvWZjckXjmImvJrv7w&filename=vault/95b65755ef50ac9cd1f924bab766f30d.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1ShrZ8dhWwpPgkMVCSEZdg&filename=vault/95b65755ef50ac9cd1f924bab766f30d.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=6rCLhAkxlJScgMVf5ESuqw&filename=vault/95b65755ef50ac9cd1f924bab766f30d.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3E1JIVx2qMwid3aJjPO1Sg&filename=vault/95b65755ef50ac9cd1f924bab766f30d.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tUs0oyiYT0Qsgmesfo5sAA&filename=vault/95b65755ef50ac9cd1f924bab766f30d.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=58xqzxHNkeo4mv--uIwtmg&filename=vault/95b65755ef50ac9cd1f924bab766f30d.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PRizqbvDDb1UFDpr_gMiAQ&filename=vault/95b65755ef50ac9cd1f924bab766f30d.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=_wuub2wjYyCiZHMztB4YNg&filename=vault/95b65755ef50ac9cd1f924bab766f30d.webp&width=1920 1920w" title="Два изображения кристаллической структуры ниобата лития" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span></span><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Рис. 1. Два изображения кристаллической структуры ниобата лития LiNbO₃.</span><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Рис. 1. Два изображения кристаллической структуры ниобата лития LiNbO₃.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Рассмотрим кристаллическую структуру кристаллов различной природы. Кристаллы <a href="/c/niobaty-9ea24c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">ниобата</a> <a href="/c/litii-07d0ed" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">лития</a> <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mtext>LiNbO</mtext><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{LiNbO}_3</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8444em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">LiNbO</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">3</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> широко применяются в <a href="/c/lazer-430c3c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">лазерной</a> технике и <a href="/c/optika-3d0631" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">оптике</a>. На рис. 1 представлены два изображения его кристаллической структуры. В первом случае атомы – шарики. Крупные <a href="/c/aniony-bb086e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">анионы</a> <a href="/c/kislorod-a7f0c3" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кислорода</a> не позволяют увидеть общую организацию строения кристалла. <a href="/c/poling-lainus-71f2c3" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">Л. Полинг</a> предложил изображать неорганические структуры в форме <a href="/c/poliedr-3ada16" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">полиэдров</a>, вершины которых являются центрами анионов, а внутри полиэдров находится соответствующий <a href="/c/kationy-485473" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">катион</a>. В представленном на рис. 1, <i>б</i> ниобате лития это октаэдры <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mtext>[LiO</mtext><mn>6</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{[LiO}_6]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0497em;vertical-align:-0.2997em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">[LiO</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.4003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">6</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2997em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span></span></span> и <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mtext>[NbO</mtext><mn>6</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{[NbO}_6].</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0497em;vertical-align:-0.2997em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">[NbO</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.4003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">6</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2997em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="33%" data-display="right"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Кристаллическая структура ниобата стронция-бария"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Рис. 2. Кристаллическая структура ниобата стронция-бария."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Архив БРЭ"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Tds_DaCvS1OwSmNq7b5r1Q&filename=vault/2d8ed65aadf1f9a215ea931804e64253.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Кристаллическая структура ниобата стронция-бария" data-nuxt-img srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Tds_DaCvS1OwSmNq7b5r1Q&filename=vault/2d8ed65aadf1f9a215ea931804e64253.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=AJGgKaqUzj4wSEAxgT5-ZQ&filename=vault/2d8ed65aadf1f9a215ea931804e64253.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Yc1ZLx8EU6HIw1HOFf-cvw&filename=vault/2d8ed65aadf1f9a215ea931804e64253.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=uS3W6JzpSr21NX-F5jQyvg&filename=vault/2d8ed65aadf1f9a215ea931804e64253.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=WLun1fJTnYYstjlUG2DdLg&filename=vault/2d8ed65aadf1f9a215ea931804e64253.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=adwhJPed0TsGsxULn7lw3w&filename=vault/2d8ed65aadf1f9a215ea931804e64253.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2EsoJBgLjOBjssrgiECa3w&filename=vault/2d8ed65aadf1f9a215ea931804e64253.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SSetFjoe48ZXDDUUxxpRIg&filename=vault/2d8ed65aadf1f9a215ea931804e64253.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=FSzO3YTLPxXSxN6jdEjxmg&filename=vault/2d8ed65aadf1f9a215ea931804e64253.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Кристаллическая структура ниобата стронция-бария" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span></span><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Рис. 2. Кристаллическая структура ниобата стронция-бария.</span><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Рис. 2. Кристаллическая структура ниобата стронция-бария.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Кристаллы семейства ниобата <a href="/c/strontsii-4cfda5" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">стронция</a>-<a href="/c/barii-03fa72" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">бария</a> <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mtext>Sr</mtext><mrow><mn>1</mn><mtext>–х</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mtext>Ba</mtext><mtext>х</mtext></msub><msub><mtext>Nb</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mtext>O</mtext><mn>6</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{Sr}_{1–х}\text{Ba}_х\text{Nb}_2\text{O}_6</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8444em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">Sr</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1–</span><span class="mord cyrillic_fallback mtight">х</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">Ba</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord cyrillic_fallback mtight">х</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">Nb</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">O</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">6</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> характеризуются <a href="/c/nelineinaia-optika-8987ad" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">нелинейными оптическими</a>, <a href="/c/piroelektriki-15fe2b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">пиро-</a> и <a href="/c/p-ezoelektriki-5a5199" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">пьезоэлектрическими</a> свойствами, которыми можно целенаправленно управлять, меняя соотношение стронция и бария. На рис. 2 представлена кристаллическая структура этих кристаллов, из которой видно, что часть атомов стронция занимает собственную позицию, а в других позициях статистически расположены атомы бария и стронция, координаты которых несколько различаются.</p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="33%" data-display="left"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Атомная структура молекул аналога энниатина B и аналога споридесмолида"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Рис. 3. Атомная структура молекул аналога энниатина B и аналога споридесмолида. Иллюстрации: Национальный центр биотехнологической информации, Бетесда (штат Мэриленд, США)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=DpDXt7-bw07WUy29g-i5hQ&filename=vault/6752c03ecb2ad248f89584d1fb28a092.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Атомная структура молекул аналога энниатина B и аналога споридесмолида" data-nuxt-img srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=DpDXt7-bw07WUy29g-i5hQ&filename=vault/6752c03ecb2ad248f89584d1fb28a092.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2_k0eVvmqMMlpZdD9B_p8A&filename=vault/6752c03ecb2ad248f89584d1fb28a092.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=RESxhi7ddtACC4LuNhrysg&filename=vault/6752c03ecb2ad248f89584d1fb28a092.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kAzDtMg1xxwaJc7CrQO1fg&filename=vault/6752c03ecb2ad248f89584d1fb28a092.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=GFl-WebV-V6LNWpQ_Zyt8w&filename=vault/6752c03ecb2ad248f89584d1fb28a092.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qKYkPusxGyhyXF4gIXY-Yg&filename=vault/6752c03ecb2ad248f89584d1fb28a092.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=b96zI6yQSGF6PCgUDj6yNQ&filename=vault/6752c03ecb2ad248f89584d1fb28a092.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=sIAWkTgEZ63MOU5ft2FPuA&filename=vault/6752c03ecb2ad248f89584d1fb28a092.webp&width=1920 1920w" title="Атомная структура молекул аналога энниатина B и аналога споридесмолида" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span></span><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Рис. 3. Атомная структура молекул аналога энниатина B и аналога споридесмолида. Иллюстрации: Национальный центр биотехнологической информации, Бетесда (штат Мэриленд, США).</span><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Рис. 3. Атомная структура молекул аналога энниатина B и аналога споридесмолида. Иллюстрации: Национальный центр биотехнологической информации, Бетесда (штат Мэриленд, США).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Кристаллическая структура органических соединений обычно представляет собой плотную упаковку молекул, связанных слабыми ван-дер-ваальсовыми и, возможно, водородными <a href="/c/khimicheskaia-sviaz-df39ab" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">связями</a>. Кристаллы органических соединений находят применение в технике, однако часто их получают только для того, чтобы рентгеновскими методами установить атомное строение молекул, так как органические соединения в <a href="/c/rastvory-c27f05" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">растворах</a> (а биологически активные соединения – в организме) действуют в качестве отдельных молекул. Структуры молекул <a href="/c/antibiotiki-619e1a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">антибиотиков</a> – аналогов энниатина <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>B</mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text B</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">B</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> и споридесмолида представлены на рис. 3. Первое соединение является препаратом для избирательного транспорта катионов через <a href="/c/biologicheskie-membrany-22525e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">биологические мембраны</a>, а второе – лишено этого свойства из-за внутримолекулярных водородных связей, хотя обе молекулы циклические и состоят из 6 <a href="/c/aminokisloty-acfecb" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">аминокислотных</a> остатков. Различие в строении молекул установлено по кристаллическим структурам соответствующих кристаллов.</p><p>Современный структурный анализ высокой точности позволяет определять не только координаты атомов, но и параметры тепловых <a href="/c/kolebaniia-kristallicheskoi-reshiotki-d430c1" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">колебаний</a> атомов с учётом <a href="/c/anizotropiia-2719b3" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">анизотропии</a> и ангармонизма этих колебаний. Для не очень сложных соединений рентгеноструктурным анализом можно установить распределение <a href="/c/elektronnaia-plotnost-a94534" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">электронной плотности</a> в их кристаллах. Структурные методы чувствительны к нарушению стехиометрии химического состава кристалла и к его всевозможным дефектам. Обширный <a href="/c/kristallokhimiia-7d7996" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">материал о структурах кристаллического вещества</a> представлен в электронных базах данных.</p><span itemscope itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" class="-text-caption-2-italic tw-justify-end tw-mt-4 tw-mb-10 author _note-exclude"><a href="/a/vi-simonov-48593d" class=""><span itemprop="name">Симонов Валентин Иванович</span></a></span></section></section></div><span class="bre-inline-menu _article-meta" style=""><meta itemprop="description" content="Кристалли́ческая структу́ра, расположение атомов, ионов или молекул в кристалле. Кристаллическая структура определяется кристаллической решёткой,..."><span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item _article-meta max-md:tw-block">Опубликовано <span itemprop="datePublished">3 апреля 2023 г. в 17:35 (GMT+3). </span></span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item _article-meta max-md:tw-block"> Последнее обновление <span itemprop="dateModified">3 апреля 2023 г. в 17:35 (GMT+3).</span></span></span><span class="-flex-divider"></span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item tw-items-start"><button type="button" class="b-button tw-gap-2 b-button--link -text-button-text tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer" data-v-cfbedafc><span class="c-button__content" data-v-cfbedafc>Связаться с редакцией</span></button></span></span></div></div><div class="bre-tags-wrap"><span data-v-063d9480><a href="/l/kristallografiia-kristallofizika-7202e8" class="bre-article-tag bre-article-tag__link _default _no-border" data-v-063d9480>#Кристаллография. Кристаллофизика</a></span></div></div><aside class="bre-article-page__sidebar -show-on-desktop-s" style=""><div class="bre-article-page__sidebar-wrapper _loc"><div class="article-sidebar"><div class="article-sidebar-button -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"><span class="article-sidebar-title">Информация</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="article-sidebar-text -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"></div></div><div class="article-sidebar-wrapper -hide-on-tablet"><span class="bre-media-image article-sidebar-image _note-exclude _clean" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude _clean" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Кристаллическая структура кокимбита"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Кристаллическая структура кокимбита."><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=T3Sp9dVAviF8IhKqnwYBng&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Кристаллическая структура кокимбита" data-nuxt-img sizes="320px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=T3Sp9dVAviF8IhKqnwYBng&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=YKmjb919f3YT5jbeolYD5w&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=a64zxuHQmu-UaysNp5GMvA&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4L8eAUFAKbs4SyMEVBqwhg&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Hyl1rOJvllvw6HCjZbYN9A&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QtYDjv8E8oKVUatbKjlXsQ&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=M8Onmn4TN_0W_0AnZx4EIg&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=k59IoGZ2FsVA58NQdnmPzw&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=dhDKNgMsB0AILIdLE53SPA&filename=vault/b954feeaf8f12aaff55f2591244067c4.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Кристаллическая структура кокимбита" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span></span></span></span><div class="article-sidebar-meta"><dl class="tw-mt-0"><dt>Области знаний:</dt><dd>Кристаллографическая симметрия</dd></dl></div></div></div></div></aside></div></article></div></div><div></div></main><footer class="bre-footer" itemscope itemprop="hasPart" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter"><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="&copy;&nbsp;АНО БРЭ, 2022&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;2024. 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