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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Rudy de Leon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_000323-A-3569D-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Defense.gov_News_Photo_000323-A-3569D-001.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_000323-A-3569D-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Defense.gov_News_Photo_000323-A-3569D-001.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_000323-A-3569D-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Defense.gov_News_Photo_000323-A-3569D-001.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_000323-A-3569D-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">27th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">United States Deputy Secretary of Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 31, 2000 – March 1, 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_W_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George W Bush">George W Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Hamre" title="John Hamre">John Hamre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Personnel_and_Readiness" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness">Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 5, 1997 – March 31, 2000</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Dorn" title="Edwin Dorn">Edwin Dorn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_D._Rostker" title="Bernard D. Rostker">Bernard D. Rostker</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Under Secretary of the Air Force">Under Secretary of the Air Force</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1994–1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anne_N._Foreman" title="Anne N. Foreman">Anne N. Foreman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F._Whitten_Peters" title="F. Whitten Peters">F. Whitten Peters</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1952-08-28</span>) </span>August 28, 1952<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 72)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena, California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Anne de Leon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University" title="Loyola Marymount University">Loyola Marymount University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rupert "Rudy" Frank de Leon Jr.</b> (born August 28, 1952)<sup id="cite_ref-Senate_bio_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senate_bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an American former senior <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> official, military adviser, <a href="/wiki/Lobbyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobbyist">lobbyist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-twsH16_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsH16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and foreign policy adviser.<sup id="cite_ref-twsH18_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsH18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a>, described as the "second-highest civilian defense position", from March 31, 2000 until March 16, 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and before appointed as Deputy Secretary he had served as <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Personnel_and_Readiness" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness">Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness</a> from 1997 until 2000 and as <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of the Air Force">Under Secretary of the Air Force</a> from 1994 to 1997 in the administration of <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-twsH15_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsH15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2007, he has served as Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudy_de_Leon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena, California</a>, De Leon studied at <a href="/wiki/El_Camino_College" title="El Camino College">El Camino College</a> for two years and then transferred to <a href="/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University" title="Loyola Marymount University">Loyola Marymount University</a>, earning a B.A. degree in history in 1974. He continued his education at the <a href="/wiki/University_System_of_Maryland" title="University System of Maryland">University of Maryland</a> in 1977. De Leon later completed the executive program in national and international security affairs at the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy School of Government">John F. Kennedy School of Government</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Senate_bio_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senate_bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_career">Government career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudy_de_Leon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Government career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Leon began his career in the federal government in 1975, and held various positions for 25 years until 2001. He had staff positions in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. From 1985 through 1993, he served on the Committee on Armed Services as a member of the professional staff and director. In 1987–1988, he attended <a href="/wiki/MIT_Seminar_XXI" title="MIT Seminar XXI">MIT Seminar XXI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, he participated in the debate and passage of the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Goldwater-Nichols_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldwater-Nichols Act">Goldwater-Nichols Act</a>, which made fundamental changes in military organization and operations. He was a top aide to <a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Les Aspin</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-twsH19_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsH19-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was nominated by then-president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>, for the positions of undersecretary of the Air Force from 1994 to 1997, and undersecretary of defense for personnel and readiness from 1997 to 2000. He worked with civilian Pentagon officials on matters such as ending discrimination within the military,<sup id="cite_ref-twsH21_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsH21-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decisions about awarding Medals of Honor to military service personnel,<sup id="cite_ref-twsH17_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsH17-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as preventing <a href="/wiki/Biological_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological terrorism">biological terrorism</a> by inoculations against anthrax.<sup id="cite_ref-twsH22_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsH22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Deputy Defense Secretary, he had authority over matters such as decisions by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> regarding military spy planes.<sup id="cite_ref-twsH23_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsH23-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a website from the Center for American Progress, he received the Defense Civilian Distinguished Service Award in 1994, 1995, and 2001, and received the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal">National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal</a> in 2001, and was recognized by the National League of POW-MIA Families in 1999 and by the National Military Families Association in 2000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lobbying">Lobbying</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudy_de_Leon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lobbying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Leon worked for the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Company">Boeing Company</a> as a senior vice president from 2001 to 2006, managing the Washington office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudy_de_Leon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Leon has served as a college lecturer as well as foreign policy expert for the Center for American Progress. He has written numerous articles on matters of foreign policy and military policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudy_de_Leon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Senate_bio-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Senate_bio_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senate_bio_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D70PAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA59">"Biographical and Financial Information Requested of Nominees"</a>. <i>Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate</i>. Vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2001. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160657146" title="Special:BookSources/9780160657146"><bdi>9780160657146</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biographical+and+Financial+Information+Requested+of+Nominees&rft.btitle=Hearings+before+the+Committee+on+Armed+Services%2C+United+States+Senate&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780160657146&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD70PAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudy+de+Leon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsH16-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsH16_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.washingtonpost.com/citizen-k-street/about/cast_of_characters/">"Citizen K Street: How Lobbying Became Washington's Biggest Business -- Cast of Characters: Here are some key figures in the 30-year story of Cassidy & Associates, one of the most powerful lobbying firms in Washington"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-08</span></span>. <q>Rudy De Leon, longtime aide to former Rep. Les Aspin (D-Wis.), deputy secretary of defense in the Clinton administration and head of the Washington office of the Boeing Corp., which employed Cassidy & Associates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Citizen+K+Street%3A+How+Lobbying+Became+Washington%27s+Biggest+Business+--+Cast+of+Characters%3A+Here+are+some+key+figures+in+the+30-year+story+of+Cassidy+%26+Associates%2C+one+of+the+most+powerful+lobbying+firms+in+Washington.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.washingtonpost.com%2Fcitizen-k-street%2Fabout%2Fcast_of_characters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudy+de+Leon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsH18-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsH18_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn_Kessler2007" class="citation news cs1">Glenn Kessler (2007-12-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918041836/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2007/12/obama_vs_clinton_on_foreign_po.html">"The Fact Checker: The Truth Behind the Rhetoric"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2007/12/obama_vs_clinton_on_foreign_po.html">the original</a> on September 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-08</span></span>. <q>Other foreign policy "advisers" -- Clinton Advisers -- Rudy De Leon, Deputy defense secretary</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Fact+Checker%3A+The+Truth+Behind+the+Rhetoric&rft.date=2007-12-27&rft.au=Glenn+Kessler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Ffact-checker%2F2007%2F12%2Fobama_vs_clinton_on_foreign_po.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudy+de+Leon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516011431/http://www.whs.mil/library/Key47-04/III.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whs.mil/library/Key47-04/III.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whs.mil%2Flibrary%2FKey47-04%2FIII.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudy+de+Leon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsH15-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsH15_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/11/us/deputy-at-defense-is-leaving-office.html?ref=johnjhamre">"Deputy at Defense Is Leaving Office"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 11, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-08</span></span>. <q>Pentagon officials said Mr. Clinton was expected to nominate Rudy De Leon, the under secretary of defense for personnel and readiness, to take over the second-highest civilian defense position for what remains of the president's term. Like Dr. Hamre, Mr. De Leon arrived at the Pentagon in 1993 in Mr. Aspin's short tenure and stayed on.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deputy+at+Defense+Is+Leaving+Office&rft.date=2000-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F01%2F11%2Fus%2Fdeputy-at-defense-is-leaving-office.html%3Fref%3Djohnjhamre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudy+de+Leon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanprogress.org/about/staff/deleon-rudy/bio/">Rudy de Leon-Center for American Progress</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArt2015" class="citation web cs1">Art, Robert (September 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://semxxi.mit.edu/about/messages/from-the-director">"From the Director: September, 2015"</a>. <i>MIT Seminar XXI</i>. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Seminar+XXI&rft.atitle=From+the+Director%3A+September%2C+2015&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.aulast=Art&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsemxxi.mit.edu%2Fabout%2Fmessages%2Ffrom-the-director&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudy+de+Leon" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" class="citation web cs1">Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semxxi.mit.edu/alumni">"Find Alumni"</a>. <i>MIT Seminar XXI</i>. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Seminar+XXI&rft.atitle=Find+Alumni&rft.au=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemxxi.mit.edu%2Falumni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudy+de+Leon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsH19-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsH19_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFERIC_SCHMITT1993" class="citation news cs1">ERIC SCHMITT (July 14, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/14/us/aspin-reported-to-have-settled-on-gay-policy.html?pagewanted=2">"Aspin Reported To Have Settled On Gay Policy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-08</span></span>. <q>Mr. Sheridan said he and Ms. Feld blum, the group's legal director, met with Rudy de Leon, a top aide to Mr. Aspin who has been brokering the delicate negotiations, and Jamie Gorelick, the Pentagon's general counsel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Aspin+Reported+To+Have+Settled+On+Gay+Policy&rft.date=1993-07-14&rft.au=ERIC+SCHMITT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F07%2F14%2Fus%2Faspin-reported-to-have-settled-on-gay-policy.html%3Fpagewanted%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudy+de+Leon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsH21-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsH21_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFERIC_SCHMITT1993" class="citation news cs1">ERIC SCHMITT (April 16, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/16/us/pentagon-speeds-plan-to-lift-gay-ban.html">"Pentagon Speeds Plan to Lift Gay Ban"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-08</span></span>. <q>Under the direction of a senior aide to Mr. Aspin, Rudy de Leon, top civilian Pentagon officials are seeking to write an executive order by July 15 that meets President Clinton's goal to end discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and that is acceptable to Congress and the armed forces. 'Practical Resolution'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pentagon+Speeds+Plan+to+Lift+Gay+Ban&rft.date=1993-04-16&rft.au=ERIC+SCHMITT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F04%2F16%2Fus%2Fpentagon-speeds-plan-to-lift-gay-ban.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudy+de+Leon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsH17-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsH17_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-aug-23-mn-15927-story.html">"Vietnam Unknown's Medal to Stay With Tomb"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Associated Press. August 23, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-08</span></span>. <q>ST. LOUIS — The Medal of Honor that hung on the Tomb of the Unknowns for 14 years while Air Force Lt. Michael J. Blassie was buried there will not join him at his new burial place. Relatives of the Vietnam War casualty, whose remains were identified and moved this summer to a national cemetery near his home, were told by Undersecretary of Defense Rudy de Leon that their request for the medal had been denied.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Vietnam+Unknown%27s+Medal+to+Stay+With+Tomb&rft.date=1998-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1998-aug-23-mn-15927-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudy+de+Leon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsH22-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsH22_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFELAINE_SCIOLINO2000" class="citation news cs1">ELAINE SCIOLINO (July 13, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E5DF1F38F930A25754C0A9669C8B63">"Anthrax Vaccination Program Is Failing, Pentagon Admits"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-08</span></span>. <q>Deputy Secretary of Defense Rudy de Leon called the anthrax threat <i>immediate, real and constant.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Anthrax+Vaccination+Program+Is+Failing%2C+Pentagon+Admits&rft.date=2000-07-13&rft.au=ELAINE+SCIOLINO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C00E5DF1F38F930A25754C0A9669C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudy+de+Leon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsH23-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsH23_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPETER_PAE2001" class="citation news cs1">PETER PAE (January 7, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105102132/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jan/07/business/fi-9361/2">"Military Is Sold on Unmanned Spy Plane"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jan/07/business/fi-9361/2">the original</a> on November 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-08</span></span>. <q>Last week, the argument appears to have in part swayed Deputy Defense Secretary Rudy de Leon to scuttle Air Force's request to add $1 billion over the next five years to speed up production of the aircraft. De Leon cited budget constraints but he was also troubled by lack of consensus among some commanders who advocated a cautious approach to the plane's development.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Military+Is+Sold+on+Unmanned+Spy+Plane&rft.date=2001-01-07&rft.au=PETER+PAE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2001%2Fjan%2F07%2Fbusiness%2Ffi-9361%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudy+de+Leon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudy_de_Leon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?42903">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anne_N._Foreman" title="Anne N. Foreman">Anne N. Foreman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Under Secretary of the Air Force">Under Secretary of the Air Force</a> </b><br />1994–1997 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/F._Whitten_Peters" title="F. Whitten Peters">F. Whitten Peters</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Dornv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Dornv (page does not exist)">Edwin Dornv</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Personnel_and_Readiness" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness">Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness</a> </b><br />1997–2000 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_D._Rostker" title="Bernard D. Rostker">Bernard D. Rostker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Hamre" title="John Hamre">John Hamre</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">United States Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> </b><br />2000–2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chapman_Foster" title="William Chapman Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_M._Kyes" title="Roger M. Kyes">Kyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_B._Robertson_Jr." title="Reuben B. Robertson Jr.">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Quarles" title="Donald A. Quarles">Quarles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Douglas_Jr." title="James H. Douglas Jr.">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_Gilpatric" title="Roswell Gilpatric">Gilpatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nitze" title="Paul Nitze">Nitze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clements" title="Bill Clements">Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ellsworth" title="Robert Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Graham_Claytor_Jr." title="W. Graham Claytor Jr.">Claytor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Paul_Thayer" title="W. Paul Thayer">Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_IV" title="William Howard Taft IV">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Atwood_Jr." title="Donald J. Atwood Jr.">Atwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">Deutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._White" title="John P. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamre" title="John Hamre">Hamre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">de Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._England" title="Gordon R. England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Lynn_III" title="William J. Lynn III">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Work" title="Robert O. Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_M._Shanahan" title="Patrick M. Shanahan">Shanahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Norquist" title="David Norquist">Norquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hicks" title="Kathleen Hicks">Hicks</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="312" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudy_de_Leon&oldid=1251705583">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudy_de_Leon&oldid=1251705583</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1952_births" title="Category:1952 births">1952 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Pasadena,_California" title="Category:People from Pasadena, California">People from Pasadena, California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Loyola_Marymount_University_alumni" title="Category:Loyola Marymount University alumni">Loyola Marymount University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_congressional_aides" title="Category:United States congressional aides">United States congressional aides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_Kennedy_School_alumni" title="Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni">Harvard Kennedy School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Clinton_administration_personnel" title="Category:Clinton administration personnel">Clinton administration personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_deputy_secretaries_of_defense" title="Category:United States deputy secretaries of defense">United States deputy secretaries of defense</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boeing_people" title="Category:Boeing people">Boeing people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Center_for_American_Progress_people" title="Category:Center for American Progress people">Center for American Progress people</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 October 2024, at 16:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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