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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Missouri French</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Paw Paw French</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr-US">français du Missouri</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_de_la_Louisiane_septentrionale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Drapeau_de_la_Louisiane_septentrionale.svg/200px-Drapeau_de_la_Louisiane_septentrionale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Drapeau_de_la_Louisiane_septentrionale.svg/300px-Drapeau_de_la_Louisiane_septentrionale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Drapeau_de_la_Louisiane_septentrionale.svg/400px-Drapeau_de_la_Louisiane_septentrionale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The flag of the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Louisiana">Upper Louisiana</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">French settlements along <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Louisiana">Upper Louisiana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Unknown; fewer than a dozen (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-Lecci_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lecci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian</a><sup id="cite_ref-glottoGI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoGI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gallo-Rhaetian?<sup id="cite_ref-glottoGI_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoGI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Arpitan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl#Francien_zone_(zone_francienne)" title="Langues d'oïl">Francien zone</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Missouri French</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>fr-u-sd-usmo</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Missouri_French_Distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Missouri_French_Distribution.svg/320px-Missouri_French_Distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Missouri_French_Distribution.svg/480px-Missouri_French_Distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Missouri_French_Distribution.svg/640px-Missouri_French_Distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="149" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Counties where Missouri French is or was formerly spoken.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Missouri French</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">français du Missouri</i>) or <b>Illinois Country French</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">français du Pays des Illinois</i>) also known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr-US">français vincennois, français Cahok</i></span>, and nicknamed "<b><a href="/wiki/Asimina" title="Asimina">Paw-Paw</a> French</b>" often by individuals outside the community but not exclusively,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_French" title="Varieties of French">variety of the French language</a> spoken in the upper <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> Valley in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>, particularly in eastern <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. </p><p>The language is one of the major varieties of <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French that developed in the United States</a>. At one point it was widely spoken in areas of <a href="/wiki/Bonne_Terre,_Missouri" title="Bonne Terre, Missouri">Bonne Terre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valles_Mines,_Missouri" title="Valles Mines, Missouri">Valles Mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desloge,_Missouri" title="Desloge, Missouri">Desloge</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Soto,_Missouri" title="De Soto, Missouri">De Soto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Mines,_Missouri" title="Old Mines, Missouri">Old Mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadet,_Missouri" title="Cadet, Missouri">Cadet</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richwoods,_Missouri" title="Richwoods, Missouri">Richwoods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairie_du_Rocher,_Illinois" title="Prairie du Rocher, Illinois">Prairie du Rocher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cahokia,_Illinois" title="Cahokia, Illinois">Cahokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes</a> as well as several other locations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers of Missouri French may call themselves "<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana French people">créoles</a>", as they are descendants of colonial <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana French people">Louisiana French people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Upper Louisiana</a>) and their native-born descendants. </p><p>Today the dialect is highly <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a>, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining. It is thought that remaining speakers live in or around <a href="/wiki/Old_Mines,_Missouri" title="Old Mines, Missouri">Old Mines, Missouri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_French&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French colonization of the region began in earnest during the late 17th century by <i><a href="/wiki/Coureurs_des_bois" class="mw-redirect" title="Coureurs des bois">coureurs des bois</a></i> from what is now modern-day <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. With French colonial expansion into the North American interior, various missions, forts and trading posts were established under the administration of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. </p><p>One of the first settlements to be established in the region was that of Cahokia in 1696, with the foundation of a French mission. The town quickly became one of the largest in the region with booming commerce and trade to assist its growth. <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionaries also established a mission to the south along the <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia_River" title="Kaskaskia River">Kaskaskia River</a> in 1703, followed by a stone church built in 1714. During that time, <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadien</a> settlers had moved in and begun to farm. Some also mined for lead west of the Mississippi River. The fertile land of the <a href="/wiki/American_Bottom" title="American Bottom">American Bottom</a> was tended to by <i><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">habitants</a></i> who moved from <a href="/wiki/Prairie_du_Rocher,_Illinois" title="Prairie du Rocher, Illinois">Prairie du Rocher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon the meager French post of <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia</a> became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Louisiana">Upper Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres" title="Fort de Chartres">Fort de Chartres</a> was constructed nearby. </p><p>Since its inception, Kaskaskia possessed a diverse population, a majority of whom were <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederation" title="Illinois Confederation">Illinois</a> or other Native American groups, with a minority of French <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a>. Many of the Canadiens and their descendants would eventually become voyageurs and <a href="/wiki/Coureurs_des_bois" class="mw-redirect" title="Coureurs des bois">coureurs des bois</a>. Continued immigration of Canadien settlers and natives of Illinois Country, as well as a need for other resources resulted in some founders establishing <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte-Geneviève, Missouri">Sainte-Geneviève</a> in 1735 on the west side of the Mississippi in what is now Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1732, following a short-lived French trading post for buffalo hides, <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes</a> was established as a French fur trading post for the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Compagnie des Indes</a> (Company of the Indies) under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Bissot,_Sieur_de_Vincennes" title="François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes">François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes</a>. The trade was primarily with the <a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a>, and was so lucrative that more <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadiens</a> were attracted to the post. In addition, marriages took place between French settlers (usually men) and women from the local Native American tribes. Both sides considered such unions to be to their advantage for long-term alliances and trading relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally granted as a French trading post in 1763, St. Louis quickly developed into a settlement under <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lacl%C3%A8de" title="Pierre Laclède">Pierre Laclède</a>. By this time, the French had established several footholds along the upper Mississippi River such as <a href="/wiki/Cahokia,_Illinois" title="Cahokia, Illinois">Cahokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Philippe,_Illinois" title="St. Philippe, Illinois">St. Philippe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres" title="Fort de Chartres">Nouvelle Chartres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairie_du_Rocher,_Illinois" title="Prairie du Rocher, Illinois">Prairie du Rocher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, after the British victory in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> in 1763, many <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">francophone</a> residents of Illinois Country moved west of the Mississippi River to <a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, and elsewhere. Additionally, following France's loss in the War, Louisiana was ceded to Spain in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a>. Several hundred French refugees from the Midwest were resettled at Ste. Genevieve by the Spanish in 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the end of the French and Indian War through the early 19th century, francophones began settling in the <a href="/wiki/Ozark" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozark">Ozark</a> highlands further inland, particularly after French Louisiana was <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">sold to the United States</a> in 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_French&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is speculated that Native Americans may have already begun to process lead in the Upper Louisiana Valley by the 18th century, in part due to interaction with <i><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">coureurs des bois</a></i> and European expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French demand for lead quickly outstripped available labor despite French colonial reliance on Native Americans, freelancer miners, and 500 African slaves shipped from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> in 1723 to work in the area of <a href="/wiki/Potosi,_Missouri" title="Potosi, Missouri">Mine à Breton</a>, under control of Philippe François de Renault .<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With large quantities of ore visible from the surface, entire Creole families moved inland to exploit such plentiful resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Moses_Austin" title="Moses Austin">Moses Austin</a> settled in <a href="/wiki/Potosi,_Missouri" title="Potosi, Missouri">Potosi</a>, formally Mine à Breton, he introduced serious mining operations into Missouri in 1797 and stimulated growth of the francophone community in the area. Mining communities such as <a href="/wiki/Old_Mines,_Missouri" title="Old Mines, Missouri">Old Mines</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">La Vieille Mine</i>), <a href="/wiki/Mine_La_Motte,_Missouri" title="Mine La Motte, Missouri">Mine La Motte</a>, and St. Michel (St. Michaels), which were established further inland, remained well-connected to Ste. Genevieve through trade, familial ties, and a formed common identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_French&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> brought about a marked change: francophones of <a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> assimilated more rapidly into English-speaking American society because of interaction with new settlers, while the inland mining communities remained isolated and maintained their French heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Mining#Americas" title="Mining">Piocheurs</a></i> held fast to primitive techniques, using hand tools and simple pit mining. They performed smelting over crude, chopped-wood fires. Soon, ethnic French families in St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve, as well as American companies, purchased the land occupied by the Creoles. They created a division between an increasingly <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">anglophone</a> authority and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">francophone</a> labor.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1820s production of lead had declined in the area of Old Mines. Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, new mining technologies left the community impoverished. </p><p>The eventual decline of Illinois Country French did not occur at the same rates as it inevitably did in other areas. Most attribute the survival of the language in <a href="/wiki/Old_Mines,_Missouri" title="Old Mines, Missouri">Old Mines</a> primarily due to its relative isolation, as compared to other communities such as <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1809, the French street signs of St. Louis were replaced, but the population remained largely ethnic French through the 19th century. Migration of francophones from <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> bolstered the French-speaking population.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two French-language newspapers, <i>Le Patriote</i> (English: <span lang="en">The Patriot</span>) and <i>La Revue de l'Ouest</i> (English: <span lang="en">The Review of the West</span>) were published during the second half of the 19th century, with an intended audience of the "French-language population of 'The West'", but the papers fell out of print before the turn of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of St. Louis, French survived into the 20th century but the francophone population of settlements near the Mississippi River had dropped dramatically: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... few Créoles to be found today in the towns along the river, with the exception of Festus and Crystal City, where many of them are employed in the factories. Sainte-Geneviève has no more than a score of families which have remained definitely French.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ward Allison Dorrance, The Survival of French in the Old District of Sainte-Geneviève, 1935</cite></div></blockquote> <p>French did not fare far better in distant Vincennes where German immigration in the 1860s had severely weakened the French community and by 1930 there were only a small population of elderly francophones left.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s and 1940s, use of new <a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">excavation equipment</a> by mineral companies almost entirely pushed French-speaking Creoles from mining, leaving them without income. French became associated with poverty, lack of education, and backwardness.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harassment and intolerance from English speakers left many Missouri French speakers ashamed of their language and hesitant to speak.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of French on school property was prohibited and it was not uncommon for students to face <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> by <a href="/wiki/Monolingualism" title="Monolingualism">monolingual</a>, English-speaking teachers for using the language.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, French professor W. M. Miller visited this area of rural Missouri, finding the largest remaining concentration of Missouri French speakers in a small pocket south of <a href="/wiki/De_Soto,_Missouri" title="De Soto, Missouri">De Soto</a> and north of <a href="/wiki/Potosi,_Missouri" title="Potosi, Missouri">Potosi</a>. He estimated their population to be about 2,000, all <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">bilingual</a>. There were rumors that at least a few elderly, French monolingual speakers remained, but few young people spoke the language and their children were all monolingual English speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1934 to 1936, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M%C3%A9dard_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Joseph Médard Carrière">Joseph Médard Carrière</a> made several trips to the Old Mines area to study the Missouri French dialect and to collect folktales from local <i><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">conteurs</a></i>. Carrière estimated a total of 600 families still used the dialect. He noted the increased influence of English, particularly among younger speakers, and felt this was a sign of eventual <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">displacement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, Gerald L. Gold visited the community to document how movement away from family and child labor in lead and <a href="/wiki/Baryte" title="Baryte">baryte</a> mining coincided with the loss of Missouri French as a maternal language.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggests that the 1970 census statistic of 196 native French speakers in <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Missouri" title="Washington County, Missouri">Washington County</a> underrepresented the true number of speakers. In 1989, Ulrich Ammon estimated that only a handful of elderly speakers remained in isolated pockets.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014 news media reported that fewer than 30 Missouri French speakers remained in Old Mines, with others being able to remember a few phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival">Revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_French&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Periodic attempts have been made to preserve the dialect, for the most part with minor results. At the turn of the 20th century, Belgian Creole Père Tourenhaut attempted to preserve French at the Ste. Genevieve Church but to no avail. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M%C3%A9dard_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Joseph Médard Carrière">Joseph Médard Carrière</a> published <i>Tales from the French Folk-lore of Missouri</i> (1937), a collection of 73 stories he had collected from the Old Mines area. The works of Miller and Carrière on the dialect helped to preserve some of Missouri French's lexical intricacies as well as document the influences of English as it was absorbed into the language. In 1941, Carrière published a study on the phonology of Missouri French and some of the archaic pronunciations it had preserved in its isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work <i>Folk Songs of Old Vincennes</i> was published in 1946, helping to preserve some of the culture and language that had linked francophones across Illinois Country. </p><p>Starting in 1977, serious efforts began to revive the language; classes were offered in Old Mines assisted by eight native Missouri French speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1979, classes were held weekly with professional instruction and specific focus on Missouri French with eight core lessons; the course was regularly attended by 20 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, the book <i>It's Good to Tell You: French Folktales from Missouri</i> (1982) was published, highlighting some of the best stories from the community and providing English translations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century_revivals">21st century revivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_French&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century revivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2013, Illinois Country French and culture classes have been offered by French Creole musician Dennis Stroughmatt at <a href="/wiki/Wabash_Valley_College" title="Wabash Valley College">Wabash Valley College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mt._Carmel,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Carmel, Illinois">Mt. Carmel, Illinois</a>. He has also taught periodic workshops for the Old Mines Area Historical Society. Growing up near Vincennes, Indiana, in the 1990s Stroughmatt learned to play fiddle and speak the regional dialect in Old Mines and Festus, Missouri and Cahokia, Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 a handful of small classes were held in Ste. Genevieve. Soon after, Illinois Country French Preservation Inc. was formed; it offered a five-week course in Missouri French.<sup id="cite_ref-Lecci_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lecci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_French&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carrière described Missouri French as generally phonetically similar to other North American varieties, though with a number of distinguishing features. Other phonological elements are unique in North American French, sometimes retaining archaic elements:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Varying on examples, the following pronunciations are present but not widespread: <ul><li>Use of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ:]</span> can be found in words such as <i>cage</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɑːʒ]</span> and <i>vache</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vɑːʃ]</span></li> <li><i>In</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ̃]</span> in place of <i>un</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[œ̃]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> like in <i>bonzour/bonjour</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɔ̃zuːr]</span></li></ul></li> <li>As with 16th century pronunciation: <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> did not raise to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> in <i>gordon</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡordɔ̃]</span> and <i>pomon</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pomɔ̃]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> did not shift to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wa]</span> in <i>pogner</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɔɲ]</span></li> <li>Incomplete denasalization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̃]</span> in <i>bonne</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bon]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɔ̃n]</span> and <i>pomme</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pom]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɔ̃m]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> remains, like in other North American dialects, in <i>haut</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ho]</span> or <i>haine</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hɛn]</span> but is also added to <i>elle</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hɛl]</span> and <i>ensemble</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hɑ̃sɑ̃ːb]</span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_French&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As compared to other dialects of French in North America, Missouri French shares many lexical similarities. The language has influence mainly from English but also Spanish, Native American languages: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Missouri French </th> <th scope="col">Canadian French </th> <th scope="col">Louisiana French </th> <th scope="col">Standard French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr-US">beaujour</i></span></td> <td><span title="Quebec French-language text"><i lang="fr-CA">bonjour</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cajun French-language text"><i lang="frc">bonjour</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bonjour</i></span></td> <td>hello, hi, good morning </td></tr> <tr> <td>brindgème (f.)</td> <td>aubergine (f.)</td> <td>brème (f.)</td> <td>aubergine (f.)</td> <td>eggplant/aubergine </td></tr> <tr> <td>bétail (m.)</td> <td>bibite/bébite (f.)</td> <td>bétaille (f.)</td> <td>insecte (m.)</td> <td>insect/bug </td></tr> <tr> <td>boule (f.)</td> <td>balle (f.)</td> <td>pelote (f.)</td> <td>balle (f.)</td> <td>ball (small) </td></tr> <tr> <td>candi (m.)</td> <td>bonbon (m.)</td> <td>candi (m.)</td> <td>bonbon (m.)</td> <td>candy/sweet </td></tr> <tr> <td>char (m.)</td> <td>auto (f.) <p>voiture (f.) </p><p>char (m.) </p> </td> <td>char (m.)</td> <td>voiture (f.)</td> <td>automobile/car </td></tr> <tr> <td>chat-chouage (m.)</td> <td>raton laveur (m.)</td> <td>chaoui/chat-oui (m.)</td> <td>raton laveur (m.)</td> <td>raccoon </td></tr> <tr> <td>estourneau (m.)</td> <td>merle (m.)</td> <td>tchac/tchoc/choque (m.)</td> <td>merle (m.)</td> <td>blackbird </td></tr> <tr> <td>esquilette (f.)</td> <td>poêlon (m.)</td> <td>poêlon (m.)</td> <td>poêle (f.)</td> <td>skillet </td></tr> <tr> <td>fève (f.)</td> <td>bine (m.)<br />fève (f.)</td> <td>bine (m.)<br />fève (f.)</td> <td>haricot (m.)</td> <td>bean </td></tr> <tr> <td>guime (f.)</td> <td>jeu (f.) <p>partie (f.) </p><p>game (f.) </p> </td> <td>jeu (m.)<br />partie (f.)<br />guème (m.)</td> <td>jeu (m.) <p>partie (f.) </p> </td> <td>game </td></tr> <tr> <td>maringouin (m.)<br />moustique (m.)</td> <td>maringouin (m.)<br />picaouin (m.)<br />moustique (m.)</td> <td>moustique (m.)<br />maringouin (m.)<br />cousin (m.)</td> <td>moustique (m.)</td> <td>mosquito </td></tr> <tr> <td>metche (f.)</td> <td>allumette (f.)</td> <td>allumette (f.)</td> <td>allumette (f.)</td> <td>match </td></tr> <tr> <td>patate (m.)</td> <td>patate (f.)</td> <td>patate (f.)</td> <td>pomme de terre (m.)</td> <td>potato </td></tr> <tr> <td>piastre (m.)</td> <td>dollar (m.)<br />piasse (f.)</td> <td>piastre (f.)</td> <td>dollar (m.)</td> <td>dollar </td></tr> <tr> <td>pistache (f.)</td> <td>peanut (f.)<br />arachide (f.)</td> <td>pistache (m.)</td> <td>cacahuète (f.)</td> <td>peanut </td></tr> <tr> <td>quisine (f.)</td> <td>cuisine (f.)</td> <td>cuisine/cuisine (f.)</td> <td>cuisine (f.)</td> <td>kitchen </td></tr> <tr> <td>rabiole (m.)</td> <td>navet (m.)</td> <td>navet (m.)</td> <td>navet (m.)</td> <td>turnip </td></tr> <tr> <td>zouéseau à mouches (m.)</td> <td>colibri (m.)<br />oiseau-mouche (m.)</td> <td>suce-fleur (m.)<br />colibri (m.)<br />oiseau-mouche (m.)</td> <td>colibri (m.)</td> <td>hummingbird </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>During his trips to Old Mines, Carrière found that Missouri French had been heavily influenced by English, with many English words and even entire idiomatic phrases borrowed or translated into the dialect due in large part to <a href="/wiki/Language_attrition" title="Language attrition">language attrition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_French&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>"C'est bon d'vous dzire eune fouès c'étaient ein vieux rouè pis eune vieille reine. 'L ontvaient eune fille qu'était mariée et qui I'avait ein mouèyen p'tsit garçon. Pis dans c'te ville-là, 'I avait ein homme qui s'app'lait Som'pson. l' restait dans I'bois, lui. I'avait pas d'dzifférence quoi 'rouè faisait, i' l'détruisait, lui, i' l'démanchait. L'rouè avait fait perdre ein tas des hommes pour essayer d'faire détruire Sam'son. II a offert eune bonne somme d'argent pour n'importe qui y'aurait donné ein avis pour attraper Sam'son."</i> <br /><br />"It's good to tell you that once upon a time there were an old king and an old queen. They had a daughter who was married, and she had a little boy. In that town, there was also a man named Samson, who lived in the woods. No matter what the king did, Samson destroyed it. The king had lost many men trying to get rid of Samson. He offered a good sum of money to anyone who could give him an idea that would work to catch Samson."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas1982" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Rosemary Hyde (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/itsgoodtotellyou00unse/page/6"><i>It's Good to Tell You: French Folktales from Missouri</i></a>. Thomas, Ronald W. (Illustrator). University of Missouri Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/itsgoodtotellyou00unse/page/6">6, 18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826203274" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826203274"><bdi>978-0826203274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It%27s+Good+to+Tell+You%3A+French+Folktales+from+Missouri&rft.pages=6%2C+18&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0826203274&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+Hyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitsgoodtotellyou00unse%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span>, Paragraph 1 of La Bête à Sept Têtes/The Seven-Headed Beast</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_French&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Minnesota" title="French language in Minnesota">French language in Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_French" title="American French">American French</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_French&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lecci-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lecci_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lecci_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecci2015" class="citation news cs1">Lecci, Stephanie (13 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/paw-paw-french-two-20-somethings-bet-st-louis-can-save-vanishing-dialect">"Paw Paw French: Two 20-somethings bet St. Louis can save a vanishing dialect"</a>. St. Louis Public Radio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paw+Paw+French%3A+Two+20-somethings+bet+St.+Louis+can+save+a+vanishing+dialect&rft.date=2015-07-13&rft.aulast=Lecci&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stlpublicradio.org%2Fpost%2Fpaw-paw-french-two-20-somethings-bet-st-louis-can-save-vanishing-dialect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottoGI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glottoGI_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glottoGI_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shif1234">"Glottolog 4.8 - Shifted Western Romance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127113834/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shif1234">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Shifted+Western+Romance&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fshif1234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivrett1983" class="citation web cs1">Vivrett, Elmer Joseph (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/tx3/viverette/missouri/tributeelmer.html">"Will the Circle be Unbroken?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100814101854/http://www.angelfire.com/tx3/viverette/missouri/tributeelmer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+the+Circle+be+Unbroken%3F&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Vivrett&rft.aufirst=Elmer+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Ftx3%2Fviverette%2Fmissouri%2Ftributeelmer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagier2014" class="citation news cs1">Zagier, Alan Scher (24 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=58108219&itype=CMSID">"History buffs race to preserve dialect in Missouri"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=History+buffs+race+to+preserve+dialect+in+Missouri&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft.aulast=Zagier&rft.aufirst=Alan+Scher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.sltrib.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D58108219%26itype%3DCMSID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oy9WZNShBU&list=PL6m5I_hyKgoHHjyWUgmmOd1tblfSnjNOo">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oy9WZNShBU&list=PL6m5I_hyKgoHHjyWUgmmOd1tblfSnjNOo</a> Local news report from 2013-2014 documenting the near extinction of Paw Paw French</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Ekberg1985" class="citation book cs1">J. Ekberg, Carl (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialstegenev00ekbe"><i>Colonial Ste. Genevieve: An Adventure on the Mississippi Frontier</i></a></span>. Gerald, MO: The Patrice Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780935284416" title="Special:BookSources/9780935284416"><bdi>9780935284416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Ste.+Genevieve%3A+An+Adventure+on+the+Mississippi+Frontier&rft.place=Gerald%2C+MO&rft.pub=The+Patrice+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780935284416&rft.aulast=J.+Ekberg&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialstegenev00ekbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerleth1968" class="citation book cs1">Derleth, August (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vincennesportalt00derl"><i>Vincennes: Portal to the West. Englewood Cliffs</i></a></span>. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68020537">68020537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vincennes%3A+Portal+to+the+West.+Englewood+Cliffs&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68020537&rft.aulast=Derleth&rft.aufirst=August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvincennesportalt00derl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrière1939" class="citation journal cs1">Carrière, Joseph Médard (April 1939). "Creole Dialect of Missouri". <i>American Speech</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F451217">10.2307/451217</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/451217">451217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=Creole+Dialect+of+Missouri&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=1939-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F451217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F451217%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M%C3%A9dard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold1979" class="citation journal cs1">Gold, Gerald L. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F021441ar">"Lead Mining and the Survival and Demise of French in Rural Missouri"</a>. <i>Cahiers de géographie du Québec</i>. <b>23</b> (59): <span class="nowrap">331–</span>342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F021441ar">10.7202/021441ar</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+g%C3%A9ographie+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=Lead+Mining+and+the+Survival+and+Demise+of+French+in+Rural+Missouri&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=59&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F021441ar&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Gerald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F021441ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrière1941" class="citation journal cs1">Carrière, Joseph Médard (May 1941). "The Phonology of Missouri French: A Historical Study". <i>The French Review</i>. <b>14</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">410–</span>415. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/380369">380369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+French+Review&rft.atitle=The+Phonology+of+Missouri+French%3A+A+Historical+Study&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E410-%3C%2Fspan%3E415&rft.date=1941-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F380369%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M%C3%A9dard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThwaites1903" class="citation book cs1">Thwaites, Reuben Gold (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howgeorgerogersc01thwa"><i>How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest And Other Essays in Western History</i></a>. Chicago, IL: A.C. McClurg & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howgeorgerogersc01thwa/page/229">229</a>–331.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+George+Rogers+Clark+Won+the+Northwest+And+Other+Essays+in+Western+History&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=229-331&rft.pub=A.C.+McClurg+%26+Co.&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Thwaites&rft.aufirst=Reuben+Gold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowgeorgerogersc01thwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schroeder, Walter A (2003). "The Enduring French Creole Community of Old Mines, Missouri". <i>Historical Geography</i>. <b>31</b>. Geoscience Publications: <span class="nowrap">43–</span>54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Geography&rft.atitle=The+Enduring+French+Creole+Community+of+Old+Mines%2C+Missouri&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Walter+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stlgs.org/research-2/community/ethnic/french">"French in St. Louis"</a>. <i>St. Louis Genealogical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Genealogical+Society&rft.atitle=French+in+St.+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstlgs.org%2Fresearch-2%2Fcommunity%2Fethnic%2Ffrench&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slcl.org/content/name-index-st-louis-french-newspapers">"Name index to St. Louis French newspapers"</a>. <i>St. Louis County Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+County+Library&rft.atitle=Name+index+to+St.+Louis+French+newspapers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slcl.org%2Fcontent%2Fname-index-st-louis-french-newspapers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Flynn,_Anna_C.Carrière,_J._M.Burget,_Frederic1946" class="citation book cs1">O'Flynn, Anna C.; Carrière, J. M.; Burget, Frederic; et al. (1946). <i>Folk Songs of Old Vincennes</i>. Chicago: H. T. Fitzsimons Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+Songs+of+Old+Vincennes&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=H.+T.+Fitzsimons+Company&rft.date=1946&rft.au=O%27Flynn%2C+Anna+C.&rft.au=Carri%C3%A8re%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Burget%2C+Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taussig, Mary Bolland. "School Attendance in Washington County, Missouri: A Study of Certain Social and Economic Factors in the Lives of Children in the Tiff Area of Washington County, Missouri, in Relation to the School Attendance." M.A. thesis, <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>, 1938.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1930" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, W. M. (January 1930). "Missouri's "Paw-Paw" French". <i>The French Review</i>. <b>3</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">174–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/380091">380091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+French+Review&rft.atitle=Missouri%27s+%22Paw-Paw%22+French&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=1930-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F380091%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Dennis Stroughmatt (23 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=_iS1mhjsUsY#"><i>French Dialect of Colonial Illinois and Missouri</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span> (YouTube). (in English, Missouri French). St. Genevieve, MO: St. Genevieve TV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/_iS1mhjsUsY">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Dialect+of+Colonial+Illinois+and+Missouri&rft.place=St.+Genevieve%2C+MO&rft.series=%28in+English%2C+Missouri+French%29&rft.pub=St.+Genevieve+TV&rft.date=2017-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyoutube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_iS1mhjsUsY%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich1989" class="citation book cs1">Ulrich, Ammon (1989). <i>Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties</i>. Grundlagen Der Kommunikation Und Kognition. Walter de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">306–</span>038. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0899253563" title="Special:BookSources/0899253563"><bdi>0899253563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Status+and+Function+of+Languages+and+Language+Varieties&rft.series=Grundlagen+Der+Kommunikation+Und+Kognition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E038&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0899253563&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Ammon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrière1941" class="citation journal cs1">Carrière, Joseph Médard (May 1941). "The Phonology of Missouri French: A Historical Study (Continued)". <i>The French Review</i>. <b>14</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">510–</span>515. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/381703">381703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+French+Review&rft.atitle=The+Phonology+of+Missouri+French%3A+A+Historical+Study+%28Continued%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E510-%3C%2Fspan%3E515&rft.date=1941-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F381703%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M%C3%A9dard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1982" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Rosemary Hyde (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/itsgoodtotellyou00unse"><i>It's Good to Tell You: French Folktales from Missouri</i></a></span>. Thomas, Ronald W. (Illustrator). University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826203274" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826203274"><bdi>978-0826203274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It%27s+Good+to+Tell+You%3A+French+Folktales+from+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0826203274&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+Hyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitsgoodtotellyou00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navigatorjournal.com/news/article_62081ba8-bce9-11e8-9658-238ef822fe06.html">"WVC offers class on Illinois French Creole Corridor, Language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WVC+offers+class+on+Illinois+French+Creole+Corridor%2C+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navigatorjournal.com%2Fnews%2Farticle_62081ba8-bce9-11e8-9658-238ef822fe06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_French&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oy9WZNShBU">"Disappearing Dialect Calls Small Missouri Town Home"</a>, KOLR10 News 2014 interview with speaker</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afpaysdesillinois.square.site/">Illinois Country French Preservation Inc.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creolefiddle.com/">L'Esprit Creole</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://missourifolkloresociety.truman.edu/">Missouri Folklore Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQqWt4Sxcg0C&dq=bourgeois+skunk+voyageur&pg=PA73">A Glossary of Mississippi Valley French</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="French language in Maghreb">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian French">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Lebanon" title="French language in Lebanon">Lebanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_French" title="European French">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law <small>(England, Wales and Ireland)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_French" title="American French">North American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario French">Ontario</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signed_French" title="Signed French">Français signé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects379" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects379" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> and dialects</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areal groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Abidjan_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Abidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Kinshasa_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Kinshasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">Indian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontarian French">Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolze" title="Bolze">Bolze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Pidgin_French" title="Burundi Pidgin French">Burundi Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Karipúna Creole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais_dialect" title="Orléanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Tirailleur" title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francoprovencalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>/Faetar-Cigliàje</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> or dialects</li> <li>A star (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">varieties with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missouri_French&oldid=1270728391">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missouri_French&oldid=1270728391</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_dialects" title="Category:French dialects">French dialects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French-American_culture_in_Missouri" title="Category:French-American culture in 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