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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about the title in general. For a list of pharaohs, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_pharaohs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a>. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Pharaoh (disambiguation)">Pharaoh (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <p><b>Pharaoh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>: <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pr_%25EA%259C%25A5%25EA%259C%25A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:pr ꜥꜣ">pr ꜥꜣ</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coptic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107333977">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"}</style><span class="script-coptic">ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Coptic-language romanization"><i lang="cop-Latn">Pǝrro</i></span>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פַּרְעֹה</span>‎ <i>Parʿō</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vernacular?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> term often used for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarchs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs">monarchs</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, who ruled from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3150 BCE</span>) until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Egypt">annexation of Egypt</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 30 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, regardless of gender, "king" was the term used most frequently by the ancient Egyptians for their monarchs through the middle of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth Dynasty">Eighteenth Dynasty</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>. The earliest confirmed instances of "pharaoh" used contemporaneously for a ruler were a letter to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akhenaten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1353</span>–1336 BCE) or an inscription possibly referring to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thutmose_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1479</span>–1425 BCE).</p> <table class="infobox vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">Pharaoh of <span class="country-name">Egypt</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/130px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/195px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/260px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500"></a></span> <div class="infobox-caption"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pschent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pschent">Pschent</a> combined the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deshret?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deshret">Red Crown</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lower_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hedjet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hedjet">White Crown</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Pharaoh.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pharaoh.svg/200px-Pharaoh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pharaoh.svg/300px-Pharaoh.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pharaoh.svg/400px-Pharaoh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="680"></a></span> <div class="infobox-caption"> A typical depiction of a pharaoh usually depicted the king wearing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nemes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nemes">nemes</a> headdress, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_false_beard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian false beard">false beard</a>, and an ornate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shendyt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shendyt">shendyt</a> (kilt)<br> (after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Djoser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Djoser">Djoser</a> of the Third Dynasty) </div></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <th colspan="2"></th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Style</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Five-name titulary</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First monarch</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narmer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Menes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Menes">Menes</a> (by tradition)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last monarch</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nectanebo_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a><br> (native; 343 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-Clayton_217_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clayton_217-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caesarion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a><br> (officeholder; 30 BCE)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maximinus_Daza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a><br> (to be called pharaoh; CE 314)</li> </ul> </div><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th> <td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3150 BCE</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_capitals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Egyptian capitals">Varies by era</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O1.png?39788" height="16" title="O1" alt="O1"><br><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O29.png?3e0b0" height="7" title="O29" alt="O29"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: navajowhite; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid peru; padding: 0.5em">pr-ˤ3<br> "Great house"<br> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="31" title="M23 [sw]" alt="sw"><br><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="8" title="X1 [t]" alt="t"></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L2.png?ff0ae" height="31" title="L2" alt="L2"><br><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="8" title="X1 [t]" alt="t"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table><br><br> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A43.png?17263" height="38" title="A43" alt="A43"></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A45.png?62cbc" height="37" title="A45" alt="A45"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table><br><br> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S1.png?2354b" height="30" title="S1" alt="S1"><br><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="9" title="X1 [t]" alt="t"></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S3.png?173f5" height="31" title="S3" alt="S3"><br><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="8" title="X1 [t]" alt="t"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table><br><br> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S2.png?bf7e3" height="38" title="S2" alt="S2"></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S4.png?0e820" height="38" title="S4" alt="S4"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table><br><br> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S5.png?d7532" height="38" title="S5" alt="S5"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: navajowhite; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid peru; padding: 0.5em">nswt-bjt<br> "King of Upper <br> and Lower Egypt"<br> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>In the early dynasties, ancient Egyptian kings had as many as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">three titles</a>: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horus_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horus name">Horus</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)">Sedge and Bee</a> (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nswt-bjtj" class="extiw" title="wikt:nswt-bjtj"><i>nswt-bjtj</i></a>), and the Two Ladies or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Two_Ladies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nebty_name" title="Two Ladies">Nebty</a> (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nbtj" class="extiw" title="wikt:nbtj"><i>nbtj</i></a>) name.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Golden Horus and the nomen and prenomen titles were added later.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In Egyptian society, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">religion</a> was central to everyday life. One of the roles of the king was as an intermediary between the deities and the people. The king thus was deputised for the deities in a role that was both as civil and religious administrator. The king owned all of the land in Egypt, enacted laws, collected taxes, and served as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commander-in-chief?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military of ancient Egypt">military</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religiously, the king officiated over religious ceremonies and chose the sites of new temples. The king was responsible for maintaining <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maat">Maat</a> (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%25EA%259C%25A3%25EA%259C%25A5t%23Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wikt:mꜣꜥt">mꜣꜥt</a>), or cosmic order, balance, and justice, and part of this included going to war when necessary to defend the country or attacking others when it was believed that this would contribute to Maat, such as to obtain resources.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>During the early days prior to the unification of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Upper and Lower Egypt</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deshret?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deshret">Deshret</a> or the "Red Crown", was a representation of the kingdom of Lower Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hedjet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a>, the "White Crown", was worn by the kings of Upper Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the unification of both kingdoms, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pschent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pschent">Pschent</a>, the combination of both the red and white crowns became the official crown of the pharaoh.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With time new headdresses were introduced during different dynasties such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khat_(apparel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khat (apparel)">Khat</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nemes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nemes">Nemes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atef?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atef">Atef</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hemhem_crown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khepresh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a>. At times, a combination of these headdresses or crowns worn together was depicted.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Functions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Functions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Regalia"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Regalia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Scepters_and_staves"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Scepters and staves</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_Uraeus"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Uraeus</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Crowns_and_headdresses"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Crowns and headdresses</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Deshret"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Deshret</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hedjet"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hedjet</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pschent"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pschent</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Khat"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Khat</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nemes"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Nemes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Atef"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Atef</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hemhem"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Hemhem</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Khepresh"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Khepresh</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Physical_evidence"><span class="tocnumber">4.9</span> <span class="toctext">Physical evidence</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Titles"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Titles</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Horus_name"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Horus name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nesu_Bity_name"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nesu Bity name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nebty_name"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Nebty name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Golden_Horus"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Golden Horus</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nomen_and_prenomen"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Nomen and prenomen</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Divinity"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Divinity</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ancient_Egypt"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Egypt</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Classical_Greece"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Classical Greece</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rabbinic_literature"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Rabbinic literature</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The word <i>pharaoh</i> ultimately derives from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> compound <i><span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy-Latn"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pr_%25EA%259C%25A5%25EA%259C%25A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:pr ꜥꜣ">pr ꜥꜣ</a></i></span></i>, *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˌpaɾuwˈʕaʀ/</span> "great house", written with the two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_biliteral_signs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian biliteral signs">biliteral hieroglyphs</a> <i><span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy-Latn"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr_(hieroglyph)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pr (hieroglyph)">pr</a></i></span></i> "house" and <i><span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy-Latn">ꜥꜣ</i></span></i> "column", here meaning "great" or "high". It was the title of the royal palace and was used only in larger phrases such as <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/smr%23Etymology_1" class="extiw" title="wikt:smr">smr</a> pr-ꜥꜣ</i> "Courtier of the High House", with specific reference to the buildings of the court or palace.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a> onward, the word appears in a wish formula "Great House, May it <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ankh_wedja_seneb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ankh wedja seneb">Live, Prosper, and be in Health</a>", but again only with reference to the royal palace and not a person.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/220px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/220px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/330px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/440px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mask_of_Tutankhamun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mask of Tutankhamun">Mask of Tutankhamun</a> from tomb <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KV62?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="KV62">KV62</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a>. Pharaohs' tombs were provided with vast quantities of wealth </figcaption> </figure> <p>Sometime during the era of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>, <i>pharaoh</i> became the form of address for a person who was king. The earliest confirmed instance where <i>pr ꜥꜣ</i> is used specifically to address the ruler is in a letter to the eighteenth dynasty king, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akhenaten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1353</span>–1336 BCE), that is addressed to "Great House, L, W, H, the Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is a possibility that the title <i>pr ꜥꜣ</i> first might have been applied personally to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thutmose_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1479</span>–1425 BCE), depending on whether an inscription on the Temple of Armant may be confirmed to refer to that king.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth dynasty</a> (sixteenth to fourteenth centuries BCE) the title pharaoh was employed as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deference?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deference">reverential designation</a> of the ruler. About the late <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty</a> (tenth century BCE), however, instead of being used alone and originally just for the palace, it began to be added to the other titles before the name of the king, and from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-Fifth Dynasty</a> (eighth to seventh centuries BCE, during the declining <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a>) it was, at least in ordinary use, the only <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epithet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epithet">epithet</a> prefixed to the royal appellative.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>From the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth dynasty</a> onward <i>pr-ꜥꜣ</i> on its own, was used as regularly as <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E1%25B8%25A5m%23Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ḥm">ḥm</a></b></i>, "Majesty".<sup id="cite_ref-Denise_M._Doxey_19-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Denise_M._Doxey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term, therefore, evolved from a word specifically referring to a building to a respectful designation for the ruler presiding in that building, particularly by the time of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-Second Dynasty</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>The first dated appearance of the title "pharaoh" being attached to a ruler's name occurs in Year 17 of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siamun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> (tenth century BCE) on a fragment from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karnak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> Priestly Annals, a religious document. Here, an induction of an individual to the Amun priesthood is dated specifically to the reign of "Pharaoh <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siamun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siamun">Siamun</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new practice was continued under his successor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psusennes_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a>, and the subsequent kings of the twenty-second dynasty. For instance, the Large Dakhla stela is specifically dated to Year 5 of king "Pharaoh Shoshenq, beloved of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amun">Amun</a>", whom all Egyptologists concur was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shoshenq_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a>—the founder of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty</a>—including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alan_Gardiner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alan Gardiner">Alan Gardiner</a> in his original 1933 publication of this stela.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shoshenq I was the second successor of Siamun. Meanwhile, the traditional custom of referring to the sovereign as, <i>pr-ˤ3</i>, continued in official Egyptian narratives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>The title is reconstructed to have been pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*[parʕoʔ]</span> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Late_Egyptian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Egyptian language">Late Egyptian language</a>, from which the Greek historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herodotus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> derived the name of one of the Egyptian kings, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Φερων</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebrew_Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the title also occurs as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebrew_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">פרעה</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[parʕoːh]</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Pharaoh_פרעה_23-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pharaoh_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%94-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from that, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septuagint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">φαραώ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pharaō</i></span>, and then in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Late_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <i>pharaō</i>, both <i>-n</i> stem nouns. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qur%27an?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> likewise spells it <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فرعون</span> <i>firʿawn</i> with <i>n</i> (here, always referring to the one evil king in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Exodus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> story, by contrast to the good king in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yusuf_(surah)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yusuf (surah)">surah Yusuf</a>'s story). The Arabic combines the original <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ayin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ayin">ayin</a> from Egyptian along with the <i>-n</i> ending from Greek.</p> <p>In English, the term was at first spelled "Pharao", but the translators for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_James_Version?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King James Version">King James Bible</a> revived "Pharaoh" with "h" from the Hebrew. Meanwhile, in Egypt, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*[par-ʕoʔ]</span> evolved into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coptic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coptic language">Sahidic Coptic</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲡⲣ̅ⲣⲟ</span> <i>pərro</i> and then <i>ərro</i> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rebracketing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rebracketing">rebracketing</a> <i>p-</i> as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Definite_article?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> "the" (from ancient Egyptian <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%25EA%259C%25A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:pꜣ">pꜣ</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Other notable epithets are <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nswt" class="extiw" title="wikt:nswt">nswt</a></i>, translated to "king"; <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E1%25B8%25A5m%23Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ḥm">ḥm</a></b></i>, "Majesty"; <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jty" class="extiw" title="wikt:jty">jty</a></i> for "monarch or sovereign"; <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nb" class="extiw" title="wikt:nb">nb</a></i> for "lord";<sup id="cite_ref-Denise_M._Doxey_19-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Denise_M._Doxey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E1%25B8%25A5q%25EA%259C%25A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:ḥqꜣ">ḥqꜣ</a></i> for "ruler".</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Functions_of_the_Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Functions of the Pharaoh">Functions of the Pharaoh</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section <b>does not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Pharaoh">improve this section</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>As a central figure of the state, the pharaoh was the obligatory intermediary between the gods and humans. To the former, he ensured the proper performance of rituals in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian temple">temples</a>; to the latter, he guaranteed agricultural prosperity, the defense of the territory and impartial justice.</p> <p>In the sanctuaries, the image of the sovereign is omnipresent through parietal scenes and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statue">statues</a>. In this <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iconography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, the pharaoh is invariably represented as the equal of the gods. In the religious speech, he is however only their humble servant, a zealous servant who makes multiple offerings. This piety expresses the hope of a just return of service. Filled with goods, the gods must favorably activate the forces of nature for a common benefit to all Egyptians. The only human being admitted to dialogue with the gods on an equal level, the Pharaoh was the supreme officiant; the first of the priests of the country. More widely, the pharaonic gesture covered all the fields of activity of the collective and ignored the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Separation_of_powers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. Also, every member of the administration acts only in the name of the royal person, by delegation of power.</p> <p>From the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyramid_Texts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a></i>, the political actions of the sovereign were framed by a single maxim: "Bring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maat">Maat</a> and repel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a>", that is to say, promote harmony and repel chaos. As the nurturing father of the people, the Pharaoh ensured prosperity by calling upon the gods to regulate the waters of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nile">Nile</a>, by opening the granaries in case of famine and by guaranteeing a good distribution of arable land. Chief of the armies, the pharaoh was the brave protector of the borders. Like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ra">Ra</a> who fights the serpent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apep?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apep">Apophis</a>, the king of Egypt repels the plunderers of the desert, fights the invading armies and defeats the internal rebels. The Pharaoh was always the sole victor; standing up and knocking out a bunch of prisoners or shooting arrows from his battle <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chariot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chariot">chariot</a>. As the only legislator, the laws and decrees he promulgated were seen as inspired by divine wisdom. This legislation, kept in the archives and placed under the responsibility of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vizier (Ancient Egypt)">vizier</a>, applied to all, for the common good and social agreement.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Regalia">Regalia</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regalia of the Pharaoh">Regalia of the Pharaoh</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Scepters_and_staves">Scepters and staves</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy-BeadedScepter_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Khasekhemwy-BeadedScepter_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/220px-Khasekhemwy-BeadedScepter_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="183"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Khasekhemwy-BeadedScepter_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/220px-Khasekhemwy-BeadedScepter_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png" data-width="220" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Khasekhemwy-BeadedScepter_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/330px-Khasekhemwy-BeadedScepter_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Khasekhemwy-BeadedScepter_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/440px-Khasekhemwy-BeadedScepter_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Beaded scepter of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khasekhemwy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2890</span>–2680 BCE, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boston">Boston</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sceptre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sceptre">Sceptres</a> and staves were a general symbol of authority in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TW158_26-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW158-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest royal scepters was discovered in the tomb of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khasekhemwy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TW158_26-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW158-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kings were also known to carry a staff, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anedjib?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> is shown on stone vessels carrying a so-called <i>mks</i>-staff.<sup id="cite_ref-TW159_27-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW159-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scepter with the longest history seems to be the <i>heqa</i>-sceptre, sometimes described as the shepherd's crook.<sup id="cite_ref-TW160_28-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW160-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest examples of this piece of regalia dates to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prehistoric Egypt">prehistoric Egypt</a>. A scepter was found in a tomb at Abydos that dates to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naqada_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>.</p> <p>Another scepter associated with the king is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Was-sceptre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Was-sceptre"><i>was</i>-sceptre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TW160_28-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW160-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a long staff mounted with an animal head. The earliest known depictions of the <i>was</i>-scepter date to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a>. The <i>was</i>-scepter is shown in the hands of both kings and deities.</p> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flail">flail</a> later was closely related to the <i>heqa</i>-scepter (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crook_and_flail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crook and flail">crook and flail</a>), but in early representations the king was also depicted solely with the flail, as shown in a late pre-dynastic knife handle that is now in the Metropolitan museum, and on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narmer_Macehead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narmer Macehead">Narmer Macehead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TW161_29-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW161-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="The_Uraeus">The Uraeus</h3> </div> <p>The earliest evidence known of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uraeus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a>—a rearing cobra—is from the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> from the first dynasty. The cobra supposedly protected the king by spitting fire at its enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-TW162_30-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW162-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Crowns_and_headdresses">Crowns and headdresses</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crowns_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crowns of Egypt">Crowns of Egypt</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:632px;max-width:632px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="theader"> Narmer Palette </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:263px;max-width:263px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfNarmer-ROM.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfNarmer-ROM.png/261px-NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfNarmer-ROM.png" decoding="async" width="261" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1852" data-file-height="1518"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 261px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfNarmer-ROM.png/261px-NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfNarmer-ROM.png" data-alt="" data-width="261" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfNarmer-ROM.png/392px-NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfNarmer-ROM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfNarmer-ROM.png/522px-NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfNarmer-ROM.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Narmer wearing the white crown </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:365px;max-width:365px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfProcession-ROM.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfProcession-ROM.png/363px-NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfProcession-ROM.png" decoding="async" width="363" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="1074"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 363px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfProcession-ROM.png/363px-NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfProcession-ROM.png" data-alt="" data-width="363" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfProcession-ROM.png/545px-NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfProcession-ROM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfProcession-ROM.png/726px-NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfProcession-ROM.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Narmer wearing the red crown </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Deshret">Deshret</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg/220px-GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 295px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg/220px-GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="295" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg/330px-GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg/440px-GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> A guardian statue wearing the red crown which reflected the facial features of the reigning king, probably Amenemhat II or Senwosret II, and which functioned as a divine guardian for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imiut_fetish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imiut fetish">imiut</a>. Made of cedar wood and plaster <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1919–1885 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption> </figure> <p>The red crown of Lower Egypt, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deshret?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deshret">Deshret</a> crown, dates back to pre-dynastic times and symbolised chief ruler. A red crown has been found on a pottery shard from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naqada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naqada">Naqada</a>, and later, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narmer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> is shown wearing the red crown on both the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narmer_Macehead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narmer Macehead">Narmer Macehead</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narmer_Palette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narmer Palette">Narmer Palette</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hedjet">Hedjet</h3> </div> <p>The white crown of Upper Egypt, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hedjet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a>, was worn in the Predynastic Period by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scorpion_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a>, and, later, by Narmer.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pschent">Pschent</h3> </div> <p>This is the combination of the Deshret and Hedjet crowns into a double crown, called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pschent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pschent">Pschent</a> crown. It is first documented in the middle of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a>. The earliest depiction may date to the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Djet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Djet">Djet</a>, and is otherwise surely attested during the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TW_32-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Khat">Khat</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:IvoryLabelOfDen-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/IvoryLabelOfDen-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg/220px-IvoryLabelOfDen-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="847"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/IvoryLabelOfDen-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg/220px-IvoryLabelOfDen-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/IvoryLabelOfDen-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg/330px-IvoryLabelOfDen-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/IvoryLabelOfDen-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg/440px-IvoryLabelOfDen-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Uraeus depicted on king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a>, ivory label found at his tomb in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BCE</span>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="London">London</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khat_(apparel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khat (apparel)"><i>khat</i></a> headdress consists of a kind of "kerchief" whose end is tied similarly to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ponytail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ponytail">ponytail</a>. The earliest depictions of the <i>khat</i> headdress comes from the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a>, but is not found again until the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Djoser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Djoser">Djoser</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Nemes">Nemes</h3> </div> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nemes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nemes">Nemes</a> headdress dates from the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Djoser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Djoser">Djoser</a>. It is the most common type of royal headgear depicted throughout Pharaonic Egypt. Any other type of crown, apart from the Khat headdress, has been commonly depicted on top of the Nemes. The statue from his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serdab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serdab">Serdab</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saqqara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a> shows the king wearing the <i>nemes</i> headdress.<sup id="cite_ref-TW_32-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/220px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 294px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/220px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="294" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/330px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/440px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Statuette of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepy I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2338</span>-2298 BCE) wearing a nemes headdress <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York City">New York</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Atef">Atef</h3> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osiris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> is shown to wear the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atef?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atef">Atef</a> crown, which is an elaborate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hedjet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a> with feathers and disks. Depictions of kings wearing the Atef crown originate from the Old Kingdom.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hemhem">Hemhem</h3> </div> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hemhem_crown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a> is usually depicted on top of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nemes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nemes">Nemes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pschent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pschent">Pschent</a>, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deshret?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deshret">Deshret</a> crowns. It is an ornate, triple <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atef?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atef">Atef</a> with corkscrew sheep horns and usually two uraei. The depiction of this crown begins among New Kingdom rulers during the Early <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Khepresh">Khepresh</h3> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kestner_Museum_07.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kestner_Museum_07.jpg/150px-Kestner_Museum_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="2469"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 249px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kestner_Museum_07.jpg/150px-Kestner_Museum_07.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="249" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kestner_Museum_07.jpg/225px-Kestner_Museum_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kestner_Museum_07.jpg/300px-Kestner_Museum_07.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Khepresh crown on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akhenaten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>, 18th dynasty </figcaption> </figure> <p>Also called the blue crown, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khepresh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a> crown has been depicted in art since the New Kingdom. It is often depicted being worn in battle, but it was also frequently worn during ceremonies. It used to be called a war crown by many, but modern historians refrain from defining it thus.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Physical_evidence">Physical evidence</h3> </div> <p>Egyptologist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bob_Brier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bob Brier">Bob Brier</a> has noted that despite their widespread depiction in royal portraits, no ancient Egyptian crown has ever been discovered. The tomb of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tutankhamun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> that was discovered largely intact, contained such royal regalia as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crook_and_flail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crook and flail">crook and flail</a>, but no crown was found among his funerary equipment. Diadems have been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is presumed that crowns would have been believed to have magical properties and were used in rituals. Brier's speculation is that crowns were religious or state items, so a dead king likely could not retain a crown as a personal possession. The crowns may have been passed along to the successor, much as the crowns of modern monarchies.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Ancient Egyptian royal titulary</a> </div> <p>During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> kings had three titles. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horus_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horus name">Horus name</a> is the oldest and dates to the late pre-dynastic period. The Nesu Bity name was added during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Two_Ladies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nebty_name" title="Two Ladies">Nebty name</a> (Two Ladies) was first introduced toward the end of the First Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-TW_32-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Golden falcon (<i>bik-nbw</i>) name is not well understood. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)">prenomen</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nomen_(Ancient_Egypt)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Ancient Egypt)">nomen</a> were introduced later and are traditionally enclosed in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartouche_(hieroglyph)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartouche (hieroglyph)">cartouche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DH_35-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DH-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a>, the official <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">titulary</a> of the ruler consisted of five names; Horus, Nebty, Golden Horus, nomen, and prenomen <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for some rulers, only one or two of them may be known.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Horus_name">Horus name</h3> </div> <p>The Horus name was adopted by the king, when taking the throne. The name was written within a square frame representing the palace, named a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serekh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serekh">serekh</a>. The earliest known example of a serekh dates to the reign of king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a>, before the First Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Horus name of several early kings expresses a relationship with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horus">Horus</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hor-Aha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hor-Aha">Aha</a> refers to "Horus the fighter", <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Djer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Djer">Djer</a> refers to "Horus the strong", etc. Later kings express ideals of kingship in their Horus names. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khasekhemwy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a> refers to "Horus: the two powers are at peace", while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a> refers to "Horus, Lord of the Sun".<sup id="cite_ref-TW_32-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Nesu_Bity_name">Nesu Bity name</h3> </div> <p>The <i>Nesu Bity</i> name, also known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prenomen_(ancient_Egypt)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenomen (ancient Egypt)">prenomen</a>, was one of the new developments from the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a>. The name would follow the glyphs for the "Sedge and the Bee". The title is usually translated as king of Upper and Lower Egypt. The <i>nsw bity</i> name may have been the birth name of the king. It was often the name by which kings were recorded in the later annals and king lists.<sup id="cite_ref-TW_32-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Nebty_name">Nebty name</h3> </div> <p>The earliest example of a <i>Nebty</i> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Two_Ladies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Two Ladies">Two Ladies</a>) name comes from the reign of king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hor-Aha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hor-Aha">Aha</a> from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a>. The title links the king with the goddesses of Upper and Lower Egypt, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nekhbet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wadjet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TW_32-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DH_35-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DH-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title is preceded by the vulture (Nekhbet) and the cobra (Wadjet) standing on a basket (the neb sign).<sup id="cite_ref-TW_32-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Golden_Horus">Golden Horus</h3> </div> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golden_Horus_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Horus name">Golden Horus</a> or Golden Falcon name was preceded by a falcon on a gold or <i>nbw</i> sign. The title may have represented the divine status of the king. The Horus associated with gold may be referring to the idea that the bodies of the deities were made of gold and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pyramid_symbolism" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Obelisk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Obelisk">obelisks</a> are representations of (golden) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sun">sun</a>-rays. The gold sign may also be a reference to Nubt, the city of Set. This would suggest that the iconography represents Horus conquering Set.<sup id="cite_ref-TW_32-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TW-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Nomen_and_prenomen">Nomen and prenomen</h3> </div> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prenomen_(ancient_Egypt)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenomen (ancient Egypt)">prenomen</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nomen_(ancient_Egypt)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nomen (ancient Egypt)">nomen</a> were contained in a cartouche. The prenomen often followed the King of Upper and Lower Egypt (<i>nsw bity</i>) or Lord of the Two Lands (<i>nebtawy</i>) title. The prenomen often incorporated the name of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ra">Re</a>. The nomen often followed the title, Son of Re (<i>sa-ra</i>), or the title, Lord of Appearances (<i>neb-kha</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-DH_35-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DH-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_RAMASEUM_01360.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_RAMASEUM_01360.JPG/450px-S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_RAMASEUM_01360.JPG" decoding="async" width="450" height="297" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1056"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 450px;height: 297px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_RAMASEUM_01360.JPG/450px-S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_RAMASEUM_01360.JPG" data-width="450" data-height="297" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_RAMASEUM_01360.JPG/675px-S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_RAMASEUM_01360.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_RAMASEUM_01360.JPG/900px-S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_RAMASEUM_01360.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Nomen and prenomen of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramesses_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Divinity">Divinity</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3> </div> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, the Pharaoh was often considered to be divine. This precept originated before 3000 BCE and the Egyptian office of divine kingship would go on to influence many other societies and kingdoms, surviving into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern era">modern era</a>. The Pharaoh also became a mediator between the gods and man. This institution represents an innovation over that of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sumer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> city-states where, though the clan leader or king mediated between his people and the gods, did not himself represent a god on Earth. The few Sumerian exceptions to this would post-date the origins of this practice in ancient Egypt. For example, the legendary king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilgamesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, thought to have reigned in Uruk as a contemporary of the Egyptian ruler <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Djoser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Djoser">Djoser</a>, was cast as having had his mother as the Mesopotamian goddess <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ninsun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a> alongside his father, the previous human ruler of Uruk. Another Mesopotamian example of a god-king was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin of Akkad</a>. During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a>, the Pharaoh was represented as the divine incarnation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horus">Horus</a>, and the unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt. By the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Djedefre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> (26th century BCE), the Pharaoh also ceased to have a father, as his mother was magically impregnated by the solar deity <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ra">Ra</a>. According to Pyramid Text Utterance 571, "... the King was fashioned by his father Atum before the sky existed, before earth existed, before men existed, before the gods were born, before death existed ..." According to an inscription on the statue of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horemheb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> (14th–13th centuries BCE): "he [Horemheb] already came out of his mother's bosom adorned with the prestige and the divine color ..."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions regularly described the Pharaoh as the "good god" or "perfect god" (<i>nfr ntr</i>). By the time of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="New Kingdom">New Kingdom</a>, the divinity of the king was imbued as he possessed the manifestation of the god <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amun-Re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amun-Re">Amun-Re</a>; this was referred to as his 'living royal <i>ka</i>' which he received during the coronation ceremony. The divinity of Pharaoh was still held to during the period of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> domination of Egypt. The Persian emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darius_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> (522–486 BCE) was referred to as a divine being in Egyptian temple texts. Such descriptions continued and were designated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> after his conquest of Egypt, and later still for the rulers of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> that succeeded Alexander's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Classical_Greece">Classical Greece</h3> </div> <p>Descriptions of the divinity of the Pharaoh are much more infrequent in sources from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>. One Ptolemaic-era hymn describes the divinity of the Pharaoh, though this may reflect Greek notions of divine kingship just as much as it could reflect Egyptian ones. The historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herodotus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> explicitly denies this, claiming that Egyptian priests rejected any notion of the divinity of the king. The only explicit classical Greek source which describes the divinity of Pharaoh is contained in the writings of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> in the 1st century BCE, who in turn relies on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Abdera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hecataeus of Abdera">Hecataeus of Abdera</a> as his source of information. Diodorus slightly contradicts himself in a different passage where he asserts that Darius I was the first ruler of Egypt to be honored as a king.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Rabbinic_literature">Rabbinic literature</h3> </div> <p>Even after the reign of the Egyptian kings and pharaohs, the notion of Pharaoh's self-notion as a divine being survived and is described in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rabbinic_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>. In these sources, the Pharaoh is described as hubristically asserting his own divinity and yet, compared to the one true God, is no more than an impotent human. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a></i> 89:3 invokes Pharaoh describing himself as the god over the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nile">Nile</a> river. In <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a></i> 10:2, Pharaoh boasts that he is the creator and owner of the Nile. God is then said to have responded to this statement by challenging the Pharaoh over who owns the Nile, as God proceeds to create a disaster by bringing forth frogs from it that consume Egypt's agriculture. In other midrashic texts, Pharaoh asserts himself as the creator of the universe and even of himself.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tanhuma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanhuma">Tanhuma</a></i>, in commentary on Ezekiel 29:9, Pharaoh is said to have proclaimed himself as lord of the universe. Pharaoh is represented as a heretical figure who presents himself as divine, and these texts then claim that his claims were exposed when he had to go to the Nile to relieve himself.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/28px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/28px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/42px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt portal</a></span></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="30" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/45px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/60px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Monarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></span></li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_pharaohs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman pharaoh">Roman pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Curse_of_the_pharaohs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Curse of the pharaohs">Curse of the pharaohs</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_chronology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian chronology</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Pharaohs in the Bible</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Likely pronounced <i>parūwʿar</i> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Egyptian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Egyptian">Old Egyptian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500 BCE</span>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Egyptian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Egyptian">Middle Egyptian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700 BCE</span>), and <i>pərəʾaʿ</i> or <i>pərəʾōʿ</i> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Late_Egyptian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Egyptian">Late Egyptian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 BCE</span>)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">nb.f means "his lord", the monarchs were introduced with (.f) for his, (.k) for your.<sup id="cite_ref-Denise_M._Doxey_19-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Denise_M._Doxey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Clayton_217-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Clayton_217_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cla95">Clayton 1995</a>, p. 217. "Although paying lip-service to the old ideas and religion, in varying degrees, pharaonic Egypt had in effect died with the last native pharaoh, Nectanebo II in 343 BCE"</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFvon_Beckerath1999" class="citation book cs1">von Beckerath, Jürgen (1999). <i>Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen</i>. Verlag Philipp von Zabern. pp. 266–267. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3422008328?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3422008328"><bdi>978-3422008328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+%C3%A4gyptischen+K%C3%B6nigsnamen&rft.pages=266-267&rft.pub=Verlag+Philipp+von+Zabern&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3422008328&rft.aulast=von+Beckerath&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405881180?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405881180"><bdi>978-1405881180</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1405881180&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/6547.htm">"Strong's Hebrew Concordance – 6547. Paroh"</a>. <i>Bible Hub</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224810/https://biblehub.com/hebrew/6547.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Hub&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew+Concordance+%E2%80%93+6547.+Paroh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fhebrew%2F6547.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs the Reign-by-reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson, CE 2012. Print.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2002" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DlGGFAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DIn%2Bthe%2Bearly%2Bdynasties,%2Bancient%2BEgyptian%2Bkings%2Bused%2Bto%2Bhave%2Bup%2Bto%2Bthree%2Btitles:%2Bthe%2BHorus,%2Bthe%2BSedge%2Band%2BBee%26pg%3DPA171"><i>Early Dynastic Egypt</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66420-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66420-7"><bdi>978-1-134-66420-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Dynastic+Egypt&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-66420-7&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Toby+A.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGGFAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DIn%2Bthe%2Bearly%2Bdynasties%2C%2Bancient%2BEgyptian%2Bkings%2Bused%2Bto%2Bhave%2Bup%2Bto%2Bthree%2Btitles%3A%2Bthe%2BHorus%2C%2Bthe%2BSedge%2Band%2BBee%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierbrier2008" class="citation book cs1">Bierbrier, Morris L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DWp9u7bmexz8C%26dq%3DThe%2BGolden%2BHorus%2Bas%2Bwell%2Bas%2Bthe%2Bnomen%2Band%2Bprenomen%2Btitles%2Bwere%2Badded%2Blater.%26pg%3DPA242"><i>Historical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6250-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6250-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-6250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6250-0&rft.aulast=Bierbrier&rft.aufirst=Morris+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWp9u7bmexz8C%26dq%3DThe%2BGolden%2BHorus%2Bas%2Bwell%2Bas%2Bthe%2Bnomen%2Band%2Bprenomen%2Btitles%2Bwere%2Badded%2Blater.%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/pharaoh/home.html">"Pharaoh"</a>. <i>AncientEgypt.co.uk</i>. The British Museum. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/19991127225744/http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/pharaoh/home.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AncientEgypt.co.uk&rft.atitle=Pharaoh&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientegypt.co.uk%2Fpharaoh%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2009" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua (2 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldhistory.org/pharaoh/">"Pharaoh – World History Encyclopedia"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420234348/https://www.worldhistory.org/pharaoh/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Pharaoh+%E2%80%93+World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2009-09-02&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fpharaoh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagenHagen2007" class="citation book cs1">Hagen, Rose-Marie; Hagen, Rainer (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DORVIAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dred%2Bcrown"><i>Egypt Art</i></a>. New Holland Publishers Pty, Ltd. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-5458-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-5458-7"><bdi>978-3-8228-5458-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+Art&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers+Pty%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8228-5458-7&rft.aulast=Hagen&rft.aufirst=Rose-Marie&rft.au=Hagen%2C+Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DORVIAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dred%2Bcrown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ees.ac.uk/the-royal-crowns-of-egypt">"The royal crowns of Egypt"</a>. <i>Egypt Exploration Society</i>. 7 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518104117/https://www.ees.ac.uk/the-royal-crowns-of-egypt">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egypt+Exploration+Society&rft.atitle=The+royal+crowns+of+Egypt&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ees.ac.uk%2Fthe-royal-crowns-of-egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaskell2016" class="citation book cs1">Gaskell, G. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPR24CwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpschent%2Bcrown%26pg%3DPA189"><i>A Dictionary of the Sacred Language of All Scriptures and Myths</i></a>. Routledge Revivals. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58942-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58942-6"><bdi>978-1-317-58942-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Sacred+Language+of+All+Scriptures+and+Myths&rft.pub=Routledge+Revivals&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-58942-6&rft.aulast=Gaskell&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPR24CwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpschent%2Bcrown%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Gardiner, <i>Ancient Egyptian Grammar</i> (3rd ed., 1957), 71–76.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hieratic Papyrus from Kahun and Gurob</i>, F. LL. Griffith, 38, 17.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrieSayceGriffith1891" class="citation book cs1">Petrie, W. M. (William Matthew Flinders); Sayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry); Griffith, F. Ll (Francis Llewellyn) (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/cu31924086199514"><i>Illahun, Kahun and Gurob : 1889–1890</i></a>. Cornell University Library. London : D. Nutt. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/cu31924086199514/page/n65">50</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illahun%2C+Kahun+and+Gurob+%3A+1889%E2%80%931890&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=London+%3A+D.+Nutt&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Petrie&rft.aufirst=W.+M.+%28William+Matthew+Flinders%29&rft.au=Sayce%2C+A.+H.+%28Archibald+Henry%29&rft.au=Griffith%2C+F.+Ll+%28Francis+Llewellyn%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924086199514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/EXCMEM43_1/page/n2" class="extiw" title="iarchive:EXCMEM43 1/page/n2">Robert Mond and O.H. Meyers. <i>Temples of Armant, a Preliminary Survey: The Text,</i> The Egypt Exploration Society, London, 1940</a>, 160.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"pharaoh" in <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Ultimate Reference Suite</i>. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Denise_M._Doxey-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Denise_M._Doxey_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Denise_M._Doxey_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Denise_M._Doxey_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoxey1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Denise_M._Doxey&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Denise M. Doxey (page does not exist)">Doxey, Denise M.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D1Jead15xcBQC%26pg%3DPA119"><i>Egyptian Non-Royal Epithets in the Middle Kingdom: A Social and Historical Analysis</i></a>. Brill. p. 119. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11077-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11077-1"><bdi>90-04-11077-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Non-Royal+Epithets+in+the+Middle+Kingdom%3A+A+Social+and+Historical+Analysis&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-11077-1&rft.aulast=Doxey&rft.aufirst=Denise+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Jead15xcBQC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J-M. Kruchten, Les annales des pretres de Karnak (OLA 32), 1989, pp. 474–478.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Gardiner, "The Dakhleh Stela", <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_Egyptian_Archaeology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of Egyptian Archaeology">Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</a></i>, Vol. 19, No. 1/2 (May, 1933) pp. 193–200.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, Histories 2.111.1. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Burton1972" class="citation book cs1">Anne Burton (1972). <i>Diodorus Siculus, Book 1: A Commentary</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diodorus+Siculus%2C+Book+1%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Anne+Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span>, commenting on ch. 59.1.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Pharaoh_פרעה-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Pharaoh_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%94_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://arilipinski.com/pesach-haggadah-abravanel-comment-explained-by-ari-lipinski/">Elazar Ari Lipinski: "Pesach – A holiday of questions. About the Haggadah-Commentary Zevach Pesach of Rabbi Isaak Abarbanel (1437–1508).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024754/http://arilipinski.com/pesach-haggadah-abravanel-comment-explained-by-ari-lipinski/">Archived</a> 2017-03-16 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Explaining the meaning of the name Pharaoh." Published first in German in the official quarterly of the Organization of the Jewish Communities of Bavaria: <i>Jüdisches Leben in Bayern. Mitteilungsblatt des Landesverbandes der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinden in Bayern.</i> Pessach-Ausgabe Nr. 109, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/2077457-6">2077457-6</a>, S. 3–4.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter C. Till: "Koptische Grammatik". <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VEB_Verlag_Enzyklop%C3%A4die?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie">VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie</a></i>, Leipzig, 1961. p. 62.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-TW158-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW158_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW158_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. <i>Early Dynastic Egypt</i>. Routledge, 2001, p. 158.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-TW159-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW159_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. <i>Early Dynastic Egypt</i>. Routledge, 2001, p. 159.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-TW160-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW160_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW160_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. <i>Early Dynastic Egypt</i>. Routledge, 2001, p. 160.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-TW161-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW161_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. <i>Early Dynastic Egypt</i>. Routledge, 2001, p. 161.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-TW162-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW162_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. <i>Early Dynastic Egypt</i>. Routledge, 2001, p. 162.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/543864">"Guardian Figure"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118055621/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/543864">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guardian+Figure&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F543864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-TW-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TW_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. <i>Early Dynastic Egypt</i>. Routledge, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26011-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26011-4">978-0-415-26011-4</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Garry J. <i>The Pharaoh, Life at Court and on Campaign</i>. Thames and Hudson, 2012, pp. 21, 77.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob Brier, <i>The Murder of Tutankhamen</i>, 1998, p. 95.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-DH-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DH_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DH_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DH_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. <i>The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt</i>. Thames & Hudson. 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05128-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05128-3">0-500-05128-3</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Shaw, <i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i>, Oxford University Press 2000, p. 477</span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toby A. H. Wilkinson, <i>Early Dynastic Egypt</i>, Routledge 1999, pp. 57f.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajovits2003" class="citation book cs1">Najovits, Simson R. (2003). <i>Egypt, trunk of the tree. 1: The contexts</i>. Algora Publ. pp. 151–157. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875862347?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780875862347"><bdi>9780875862347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+trunk+of+the+tree.+1%3A+The+contexts&rft.pages=151-157&rft.pub=Algora+Publ&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780875862347&rft.aulast=Najovits&rft.aufirst=Simson+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2014" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Andrew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/classical-quarterly/article/abs/divinity-of-the-pharaoh-in-greek-sources/10B843BD8305A47AFB789F70AF0E7D11">"The Divinity of the Pharaoh in Greek Sources"</a>. <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>64</b> (2): 841–844, also see n. 1. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS000983881400007X">10.1017/S000983881400007X</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8388">0009-8388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Divinity+of+the+Pharaoh+in+Greek+Sources&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=841-844%2C+also+see+n.+1&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000983881400007X&rft.issn=0009-8388&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fclassical-quarterly%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fdivinity-of-the-pharaoh-in-greek-sources%2F10B843BD8305A47AFB789F70AF0E7D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlmer2009" class="citation book cs1">Ulmer, Rivka (2009). <i>Egyptian cultural icons in Midrash</i>. Studia Judaica, Forschungen zur Wissenschaft des Judentums. Berlin; New York: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 74–76. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022392-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022392-7"><bdi>978-3-11-022392-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+cultural+icons+in+Midrash&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.series=Studia+Judaica%2C+Forschungen+zur+Wissenschaft+des+Judentums&rft.pages=74-76&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022392-7&rft.aulast=Ulmer&rft.aufirst=Rivka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaoh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalimi2016" class="citation book cs1">Kalimi, Isaac (2016). <i>Bridging between sister religions: studies of Jewish and Christian scriptures offered in honor of Prof. John T. Townsend</i>. The Brill reference library of Judaism. Leiden Boston (Mass.): Brill. p. 208. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32454-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32454-1"><bdi>978-90-04-32454-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridging+between+sister+religions%3A+studies+of+Jewish+and+Christian+scriptures+offered+in+honor+of+Prof.+John+T.+Townsend&rft.place=Leiden+Boston+%28Mass.%29&rft.series=The+Brill+reference+library+of+Judaism&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-32454-1&rft.aulast=Kalimi&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharaoh" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li>Shaw, Garry J. <i>The Pharaoh, Life at Court and on Campaign</i>, Thames and Hudson, 2012.</li> <li>Sir <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alan_Gardiner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alan Gardiner">Alan Gardiner</a> <i>Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs</i>, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71–76.</li> <li>Jan Assmann, "Der Mythos des Gottkönigs im Alten Ägypten", in Christine Schmitz und Anja Bettenworth (hg.), <i>Menschen – Heros – Gott: Weltentwürfe und Lebensmodelle im Mythos der Vormoderne</i> (Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2009), pp. 11–26.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DPharaoh%26oldid%3D1257412547">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharaoh&oldid=1257412547</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pharaoh&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Srich32977" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1731614265"> <span>Last edited on 14 November 2024, at 19:57</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao" title="Farao – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Farao" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharao" title="Pharao – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pharao" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258D%2588%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%258B%2596%25E1%258A%2595" title="ፈርዖን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈርዖን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="فرعون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرعون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2593%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D6%2582%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Փարաւոններ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փարաւոններ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AB%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2593" title="ফাৰাও – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফাৰাও" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fara%25C3%25B3n" title="Faraón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Faraón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fara%25C3%25B5" title="Faraõ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Faraõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firon" title="Firon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Firon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AB%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2593" title="ফারাও – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফারাও" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pharaoh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D2%2593%25D3%2599%25D2%25AF%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD" title="Фирғәүен – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фирғәүен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Фараон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фараон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Фараон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фараон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Фараон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фараон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Faraon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Faraon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fara%25C3%25B3" title="Faraó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Faraó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Фараон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фараон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraon" title="Paraon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Paraon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Faraon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharo" title="Pharo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pharo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao" title="Farao – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Farao" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharao" title="Pharao – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pharao" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaarao" title="Vaarao – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaarao" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A6%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%258E" title="Φαραώ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαραώ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fara%25C3%25B3n" title="Faraón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Faraón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraono" title="Faraono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Faraono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraoi" title="Faraoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Faraoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="فرعون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرعون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaon" title="Pharaon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pharaon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao" title="Farao – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Farao" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferauna_paraoh" title="Ferauna paraoh – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ferauna paraoh" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%25C3%25B3" title="Faró – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Faró" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pharaoh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fara%25C3%25B3n" title="Faraón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Faraón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D1%258A%25D3%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2" title="ФиръӀов – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ФиръӀов" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258D%2586%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258D%2582%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258D%2589" title="𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%258C%258C%25EB%259D%25BC%25EC%2598%25A4" title="파라오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파라오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir%2527auna" title="Fir'auna – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Fir'auna" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2593%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BE%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6" title="Փարավոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փարավոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B" title="फैरो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फैरो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Faraon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraono" title="Faraono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Faraono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaun" title="Firaun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Firaun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaon" title="Pharaon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pharaon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fara%25C3%25B3" title="Faraó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Faraó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraone" title="Faraone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Faraone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A2%25D7%2594" title="פרעה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרעה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirngon" title="Pirngon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pirngon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598" title="ფარაონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფარაონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D2%2593%25D0%25B0%25D1%2583%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD" title="Перғауын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Перғауын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao" title="Farao – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Farao" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farawon" title="Farawon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Farawon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%25C3%25AErewn" title="Fîrewn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fîrewn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Фараон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фараон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharao" title="Pharao – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pharao" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraons" title="Faraons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Faraons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraonas" title="Faraonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Faraonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao" title="Farao – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Farao" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Faraon" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%25C3%25A1ra%25C3%25B3" title="Fáraó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fáraó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Фараон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фараон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao" title="Farao – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Farao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AB%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%258B" title="ഫറവോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫറവോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farag%25C4%25A7un" title="Faragħun – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Faragħun" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A5%2585%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B" title="फॅरो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फॅरो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598" title="ფარაონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფარაონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="فرعون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرعون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaun" title="Firaun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Firaun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pharaoh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Фараонсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Фараонсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Фараон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фараон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao" title="Farao – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Farao" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao" title="Farao – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Farao" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2595%25E3%2582%25A1%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2582%25AA" title="ファラオ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファラオ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D3%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD" title="ПирӀун – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ПирӀун" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao" title="Farao – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Farao" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao" title="Farao – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Farao" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Faraon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fara%2527oona" title="Fara'oona – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Fara'oona" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir%25CA%25BCavn" title="Firʼavn – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Firʼavn" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AB%25E0%25A8%25BC%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%2594%25E0%25A8%25A8" title="ਫ਼ਿਰਔਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਿਰਔਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="فرعون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرعون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="فرعون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرعون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Faraon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fara%25C3%25B3" title="Faraó – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Faraó" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Faraon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Фараон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фараон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pharaoh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraoni" title="Faraoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Faraoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farauni" title="Farauni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Farauni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B4%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%259D%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B7%258F" title="පාරාවෝවරයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාරාවෝවරයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pharaoh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fara%25C3%25B3n" title="Faraón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Faraón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Faraon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9%25DB%2595%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="فیرعەون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیرعەون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Фараон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фараон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Faraon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faarao" title="Faarao – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Faarao" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao" title="Farao – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Farao" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraon" title="Paraon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paraon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D" title="பார்வோன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பார்வோன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifr%25C9%259Bunen" title="Ifrɛunen – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ifrɛunen" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AB%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258B" title="ఫరో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫరో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259F%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B9%258C" title="ฟาโรห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟาโรห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firavun" title="Firavun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Firavun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Фараон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фараон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="فرعون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرعون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D9%2589%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A6%25DB%2595%25DB%258B%25D9%2589%25D9%2586" title="فىرئەۋىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فىرئەۋىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaon" title="Pharaon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pharaon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Faraon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%2595%25E8%2580%2581" title="法老 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法老" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A2%25D7%2594" title="פרעה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פרעה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%25C3%25A1r%25C3%25A1%25C3%25B2" title="Fáráò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fáráò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%2595%25E8%2580%2581%25E7%258E%258B" title="法老王 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法老王" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao" title="Farao – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Farao" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%2595%25E8%2580%2581" title="法老 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法老" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero" title="Fero – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Fero" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir%2527aun" title="Fir'aun – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Fir'aun" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 19:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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