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id="toc-Linux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microsoft_Windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microsoft_Windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Microsoft Windows </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microsoft_Windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Features </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Features subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Protocols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Device_drivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Device_drivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Device drivers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Device_drivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphics_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphics_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Graphics features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphics_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EFI_system_partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EFI_system_partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 EFI system partition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EFI_system_partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Booting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Booting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Booting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Booting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UEFI_booting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UEFI_booting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 UEFI booting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UEFI_booting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CSM_booting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSM_booting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.2 CSM booting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSM_booting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_booting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_booting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.3 Network booting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_booting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secure_Boot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secure_Boot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.4 Secure Boot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secure_Boot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UEFI_shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UEFI_shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 UEFI shell </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UEFI_shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.1 Commands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Extensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UEFI_Capsule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UEFI_Capsule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 UEFI Capsule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UEFI_Capsule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Hardware </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Classes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boot_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boot_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Boot stages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boot_stages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Boot stages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Boot_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SEC_–_Security_Phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SEC_–_Security_Phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 SEC – Security Phase </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SEC_–_Security_Phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PEI_–_Pre-EFI_Initialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PEI_–_Pre-EFI_Initialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 PEI – Pre-EFI Initialization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PEI_–_Pre-EFI_Initialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DXE_–_Driver_Execution_Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DXE_–_Driver_Execution_Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 DXE – Driver Execution Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DXE_–_Driver_Execution_Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BDS_–_Boot_Device_Select" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BDS_–_Boot_Device_Select"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 BDS – Boot Device Select </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BDS_–_Boot_Device_Select-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TSL_–_Transient_System_Load" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TSL_–_Transient_System_Load"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 TSL – Transient System Load </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TSL_–_Transient_System_Load-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RT_–_Runtime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RT_–_Runtime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 RT – Runtime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RT_–_Runtime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Usage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Usage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Implementations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Platforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Operating systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_virtualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_virtualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 With virtualization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_virtualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Applications development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secure_Boot_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secure_Boot_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Secure Boot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secure_Boot_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firmware_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firmware_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Firmware problems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firmware_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">UEFI</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AF" title="واجهة البرنامج الثابت الممتد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="واجهة البرنامج الثابت الممتد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="ইউনিফাইড এক্সটেনসিবল ফার্মওয়্যার ইন্টারফেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউনিফাইড এক্সটেনসিবল ফার্মওয়্যার ইন্টারফেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80_(UEFI)" title="Унифициран разширяем интерфейс за фърмуер (UEFI) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Унифициран разширяем интерфейс за фърмуер (UEFI)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="UEFI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFI" title="EFI – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="EFI" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="رابط متحد توسعه‌پذیر سیستم‌عامل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابط متحد توسعه‌پذیر سیستم‌عامل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="UEFI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EC%9D%BC_%ED%99%95%EC%9E%A5_%ED%8E%8C%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="통일 확장 펌웨어 인터페이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통일 확장 펌웨어 인터페이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="UEFI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="UEFI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="UEFI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="UEFI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഏകീകൃത വിപുലീകരിക്കാവുന്ന ഫേംവെയർ ഇന്റർഫേസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഏകീകൃത വിപുലീകരിക്കാവുന്ന ഫേംവെയർ ഇന്റർഫേസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Firmware_Interface" title="Extensible Firmware Interface – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Extensible Firmware Interface" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="UEFI" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Technical specification for firmware architecture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_UEFI_Forum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Logo_of_the_UEFI_Forum.svg/100px-Logo_of_the_UEFI_Forum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Logo_of_the_UEFI_Forum.svg/150px-Logo_of_the_UEFI_Forum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Logo_of_the_UEFI_Forum.svg/200px-Logo_of_the_UEFI_Forum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="425" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">UEFI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Published</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">2006<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latest version</th><td class="infobox-data">2.10 August 29, 2022</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UEFI_Forum" title="UEFI Forum">UEFI Forum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related standards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a>, <a href="/wiki/UEFI_Platform_Initialization" title="UEFI Platform Initialization">UEFI Platform Initialization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> on <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> computers<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domain</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uefi.org/">uefi.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="background-color:#FFFFFF"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px;background-color:#FFFFFF;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div style="border: none;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenovo_ThinkPad_T470_UEFI_BIOS_1.75_setup_-_boot_menu_selection.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lenovo_ThinkPad_T470_UEFI_BIOS_1.75_setup_-_boot_menu_selection.JPG/200px-Lenovo_ThinkPad_T470_UEFI_BIOS_1.75_setup_-_boot_menu_selection.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lenovo_ThinkPad_T470_UEFI_BIOS_1.75_setup_-_boot_menu_selection.JPG/300px-Lenovo_ThinkPad_T470_UEFI_BIOS_1.75_setup_-_boot_menu_selection.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lenovo_ThinkPad_T470_UEFI_BIOS_1.75_setup_-_boot_menu_selection.JPG/400px-Lenovo_ThinkPad_T470_UEFI_BIOS_1.75_setup_-_boot_menu_selection.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="2932" /></a></div><div>Boot order selection menu on a <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_T470" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad T470">Lenovo ThinkPad T470</a> with UEFI</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div style="border: none;"><a href="/wiki/File:WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/200px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/300px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/400px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1535" /></a></div><div>The UEFI implementation is usually stored on a <a href="/wiki/NOR_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NOR flash">NOR</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> located on the <a href="/wiki/Mainboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainboard">mainboard</a>. Various I/O protocols can be used, <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</a> being the most common.</div></div></div></div></div> Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈjuːɪfaɪ/</a> or as an acronym)<a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Specification_(technical_standard)" title="Specification (technical standard)">specification</a> for the firmware <a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">architecture</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">computing platform</a>. When a computer <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">is powered on</a>, the UEFI-implementation is typically the first that runs, before starting the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/AMI_Aptio" class="mw-redirect" title="AMI Aptio">AMI Aptio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Technologies" title="Phoenix Technologies">Phoenix SecureCore</a>, <a href="/wiki/TianoCore_EDK_II" title="TianoCore EDK II">TianoCore EDK II</a>, <a href="/wiki/InsydeH2O" class="mw-redirect" title="InsydeH2O">InsydeH2O</a>. UEFI replaces the <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> which was present in the <a href="/wiki/Boot_ROM" title="Boot ROM">boot ROM</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Personal_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computers">personal computers</a> that are <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Intel2000-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ElReg1-8">[5]</a> although it can provide <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backwards compatibility</a> with the BIOS using <a href="#CSM_booting">CSM booting</a>. Contrary to its predecessor BIOS which is a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> standard originally created by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> as proprietary software, UEFI is an open standard maintained by an industry <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> developed the original Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) specification. The last Intel version of EFI was 1.10 released in 2005. Subsequent versions have been developed as UEFI by the <a href="/wiki/Unified_EFI_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified EFI Forum">Unified EFI Forum</a>. UEFI is independent of platform and programming language, but <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> is used for the reference implementation TianoCore EDKII. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The original motivation for EFI came during early development of the first Intel–HP <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> systems in the mid-1990s. <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> limitations (such as 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">real mode</a>, 1 MB addressable memory space,<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> programming, and <a href="/wiki/PC_AT" class="mw-redirect" title="PC AT">PC AT</a> hardware) had become too restrictive for the larger server platforms Itanium was targeting.<a href="#cite_note-EmulexUEFI-10">[7]</a> The effort to address these concerns began in 1998 and was initially called Intel Boot Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> It was later renamed to Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI).<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> UEFI implementation, Tiano, was released by Intel in 2004. Tiano has since then been superseded by EDK<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> and EDK II<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> and is now maintained by the TianoCore community.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> In July 2005, Intel ceased its development of the EFI specification at version 1.10, and contributed it to the <a href="/wiki/Unified_EFI_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified EFI Forum">Unified EFI Forum</a>, which has developed the specification as the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI). The original EFI specification remains owned by Intel, which exclusively provides licenses for EFI-based products, but the UEFI specification is owned by the UEFI Forum.<a href="#cite_note-EmulexUEFI-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> Version 2.0 of the UEFI specification was released on 31 January 2006. It added <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> and security. Version 2.1 of the UEFI specification was released on 7 January 2007. It added network authentication and the <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> architecture ('Human Interface Infrastructure' in UEFI). In October 2018, Arm announced <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.arm.com/architectures/platform-design/server-systems">Arm ServerReady</a>, a compliance certification program for landing the generic off-the-shelf operating systems and <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisors</a> on Arm-based servers. The program requires the system firmware to comply with Server Base Boot Requirements (SBBR). SBBR requires UEFI, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Configuration and Power Interface">ACPI</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_Management_BIOS" title="System Management BIOS">SMBIOS</a> compliance. In October 2020, Arm announced the extension of the program to the <a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">edge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a> market. The new program name is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.arm.com/architectures/system-architectures/arm-systemready">Arm SystemReady</a>. Arm SystemReady defined the Base Boot Requirements (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/den0044/latest">BBR</a>) specification that currently provides three recipes, two of which are related to UEFI: 1) SBBR: which requires UEFI, ACPI and SMBIOS compliance suitable for enterprise level operating environments such as Windows, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and VMware ESXi; and 2) EBBR: which requires compliance to a set of UEFI interfaces as defined in the Embedded Base Boot Requirements (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ARM-software/ebbr">EBBR</a>) suitable for embedded environments such as Yocto. Many Linux and BSD distros can support both recipes. In December 2018, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> announced Project Mu, a fork of TianoCore EDK II used in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Surface" title="Microsoft Surface">Microsoft Surface</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a> products. The project promotes the idea of <a href="/wiki/Firmware_as_a_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Firmware as a service">firmware as a service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> The latest UEFI specification, version 2.10, was published in August 2022.<a href="#cite_note-UEFISpec2.10-19">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Advantages">edit</a>]</div> The interface defined by the EFI specification includes data tables that contain platform information, and boot and runtime services that are available to the OS loader and OS. UEFI firmware provides several technical advantages over a BIOS:<a href="#cite_note-UEFI2009Microsoft-20">[17]</a> <ul><li>Ability to boot a disk containing large partitions (over 2 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a>) with a <a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a> (GPT)<a href="#cite_note-grub-bios-installation-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-note1-22">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-Non-boot_GPT_disk-23">[19]</a></li> <li>Flexible pre-OS environment, including network capability, GUI, multi language</li> <li>32-bit (for example <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM32" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM32">ARM32</a>) or 64-bit (for example <a href="/wiki/X64" class="mw-redirect" title="X64">x64</a>, <a href="/wiki/AArch64" title="AArch64">AArch64</a>) pre-OS environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C language</a> programming</li> <li>Python programming using <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/tianocore/edk2-libc/blob/master/AppPkg/Applications/Python/Python-3.6.8/Py368ReadMe.txt">Python interpreter for UEFI</a> shell</li> <li>Modular design</li> <li>Backward and forward compatibility</li></ul> With UEFI, it is possible to store product keys for operating systems such as Windows, on the UEFI firmware of the device.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> UEFI is required for devices shipping with Windows 8<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> and above. It is also possible for operating systems to access UEFI configuration data.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compatibility">Compatibility</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Compatibility">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processor_compatibility">Processor compatibility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Processor compatibility">edit</a>]</div> As of version 2.5, processor bindings exist for Itanium, x86, x86-64, <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a> (AArch32) and <a href="/wiki/ARM64" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM64">ARM64</a> (AArch64).<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> Only <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">little-endian</a> processors can be supported.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> Unofficial UEFI support is under development for POWERPC64 by implementing <a href="#Intel_EFI">TianoCore</a> on top of OPAL,<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> the OpenPOWER abstraction layer, running in little-endian mode.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> Similar projects exist for <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> and <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> As of UEFI 2.7, RISC-V processor bindings have been officially established for 32-, 64- and 128-bit modes.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> Standard PC BIOS is limited to a 16-bit processor mode and 1 MB of addressable memory space, resulting from the design based on the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM 5150</a> that used a 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a> processor.<a href="#cite_note-EmulexUEFI-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-BitTechUEFI-37">[33]</a> In comparison, the processor mode in a UEFI environment can be either 32-bit (<a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, AArch32) or 64-bit (<a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, Itanium, and AArch64).<a href="#cite_note-EmulexUEFI-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-AskBIOSGuyWhyUEFI-38">[34]</a> 64-bit UEFI firmware implementations support <a href="/wiki/Long_mode" title="Long mode">long mode</a>, which allows applications in the preboot environment to use 64-bit addressing to get direct access to all of the machine's memory.<a href="#cite_note-WinHec2008UEFI-39">[35]</a> UEFI requires the firmware and operating system loader (or kernel) to be size-matched; that is, a 64-bit UEFI firmware implementation can load only a 64-bit operating system (OS) boot loader or kernel (unless the CSM-based legacy boot is used) and the same applies to 32-bit. After the system transitions from boot services to runtime services, the operating system kernel takes over. At this point, the kernel can change processor modes if it desires, but this bars usage of the runtime services (unless the kernel switches back again).<a href="#cite_note-uefi-spec-24-40">[36]</a>: sections 2.3.2 and 2.3.4  As of version 3.15, the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> supports 64-bit kernels to be <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">booted</a> on 32-bit UEFI firmware implementations running on <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> CPUs, with UEFI handover support from a UEFI boot loader as the requirement.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> UEFI handover protocol <a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">deduplicates</a> the UEFI initialization code between the kernel and UEFI boot loaders, leaving the initialization to be performed only by the Linux kernel's UEFI boot stub.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disk_device_compatibility">Disk device compatibility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disk device compatibility">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table#OSSUPPORT" title="GUID Partition Table">GPT § Operating systems support</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protective_MBR" class="mw-redirect" title="Protective MBR">Protective MBR</a></div> In addition to the standard PC disk partition scheme that uses a <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">master boot record</a> (MBR), UEFI also works with the <a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a> (GPT) partitioning scheme, which is free from many of the limitations of MBR. In particular, the MBR limits on the number and size of disk partitions (up to four <a href="/wiki/Primary_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary partition">primary partitions</a> per disk, and up to 2 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> (2 × 240 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a>) per disk) are relaxed.<a href="#cite_note-UEFI_Drive_Partition_Limits_Fact_Sheet-44">[40]</a> More specifically, GPT allows for a maximum disk and partition size of 8 <a href="/wiki/Zebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebibyte">ZiB</a> (8 × 270 bytes).<a href="#cite_note-UEFIDrivePartitionFAQ-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-IBMLargeDrivesGPT-46">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linux">Linux</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Linux">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/EFI_System_partition#Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="EFI System partition">EFI System partition § Linux</a></div> Support for GPT in <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> is enabled by turning on the option <code>CONFIG_EFI_PARTITION</code> (EFI GUID Partition Support) during kernel configuration.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> This option allows Linux to recognize and use GPT disks after the system firmware passes control over the system to Linux. For reverse compatibility, Linux can use GPT disks in BIOS-based systems for both data storage and booting, as both <a href="/wiki/GRUB_2" class="mw-redirect" title="GRUB 2">GRUB 2</a> and Linux are GPT-aware. Such a setup is usually referred to as BIOS-GPT.<a href="#cite_note-arch-grub-48">[44]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] As GPT incorporates the protective MBR, a BIOS-based computer can boot from a GPT disk using a GPT-aware boot loader stored in the protective MBR's <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record#Sector_layout" title="Master boot record">bootstrap code area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IBMLargeDrivesGPT-46">[42]</a> In the case of GRUB, such a configuration requires a <a href="/wiki/BIOS_boot_partition" title="BIOS boot partition">BIOS boot partition</a> for GRUB to embed its second-stage code due to absence of the post-MBR gap in GPT partitioned disks (which is taken over by the GPT's Primary Header and Primary Partition Table). Commonly 1 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> in size, this partition's <a href="/wiki/Globally_Unique_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Globally Unique Identifier">Globally Unique Identifier</a> (GUID) in GPT scheme is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>21686148-6449-6E6F-744E-656564454649 and is used by GRUB only in BIOS-GPT setups. From GRUB's perspective, no such partition type exists in case of MBR partitioning. This partition is not required if the system is UEFI-based because no embedding of the second-stage code is needed in that case.<a href="#cite_note-grub-bios-installation-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-IBMLargeDrivesGPT-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-arch-grub-48">[44]</a> UEFI systems can access GPT disks and boot directly from them, which allows Linux to use UEFI boot methods. Booting Linux from GPT disks on UEFI systems involves creation of an <a href="/wiki/EFI_system_partition" title="EFI system partition">EFI system partition</a> (ESP), which contains UEFI applications such as bootloaders, operating system kernels, and utility software.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-arch-uefi-loaders-51">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Such a setup is usually referred to as UEFI-GPT, while ESP is recommended to be at least 512 MB in size and formatted with a FAT32 filesystem for maximum compatibility.<a href="#cite_note-IBMLargeDrivesGPT-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-arch-grub-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-arch-uefi-52">[48]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] For <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a>, some UEFI implementations also support booting from MBR-partitioned disks through the Compatibility Support Module (CSM) that provides legacy BIOS compatibility.<a href="#cite_note-arch-forum-uefi-mbr-53">[49]</a> In that case, booting Linux on UEFI systems is the same as on legacy BIOS-based systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microsoft_Windows">Microsoft Windows</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Microsoft Windows">edit</a>]</div> Some of the EFI's practices and data formats mirror those of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matthew_Garrett-55">[51]</a> The 64-bit versions of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> SP1 and later and 64-bit versions of <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">8.1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">11</a> can boot from a GPT disk that is larger than 2 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Services">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UEFI_variables_on_Linux_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/UEFI_variables_on_Linux_screenshot.png/330px-UEFI_variables_on_Linux_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="489" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/UEFI_variables_on_Linux_screenshot.png 1.5x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Example of UEFI variables</figcaption></figure> EFI defines two types of services: boot services and runtime services. Boot services are available only while the firmware owns the platform (i.e., before the <code>ExitBootServices()</code> call), and they include text and graphical consoles on various devices, and bus, block and file services. Runtime services are still accessible while the operating system is running; they include services such as date, time and <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_random-access_memory" title="Non-volatile random-access memory">NVRAM</a> access. <dl><dt>Graphics Output Protocol (GOP) services</dt> <dd>The Graphics Output Protocol (GOP) provides runtime services; see also <a href="#Graphics_features">Graphics features</a> section below. The operating system is permitted to directly write to the framebuffer provided by GOP during runtime mode.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>UEFI <a href="/wiki/Memory_map" title="Memory map">Memory map</a> services</dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/System_Management_Mode" title="System Management Mode">SMM</a> services</dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a> services</dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/System_Management_BIOS" title="System Management BIOS">SMBIOS</a> services</dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Devicetree" title="Devicetree">Devicetree</a> services (for RISC processors)</dt></dl> <dl><dt>Variable services</dt> <dd>UEFI variables provide a way to store data, in particular non-volatile data. Some UEFI variables are shared between platform firmware and operating systems. Variable namespaces are identified by GUIDs, and variables are key/value pairs. For example, UEFI variables can be used to keep crash messages in <a href="/wiki/NVRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="NVRAM">NVRAM</a> after a crash for the operating system to retrieve after a reboot.<a href="#cite_note-theh-brickwindows-57">[53]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Time services</dt> <dd>UEFI provides time services. Time services include support for time zone and daylight saving fields, which allow the hardware <a href="/wiki/Real-time_clock" title="Real-time clock">real-time clock</a> to be set to local time or UTC.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> On machines using a PC-AT real-time clock, by default the hardware clock still has to be set to local time for compatibility with BIOS-based Windows,<a href="#cite_note-Matthew_Garrett-55">[51]</a> unless using recent versions and an entry in the <a href="/wiki/Windows_registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows registry">Windows registry</a> is set to indicate the use of UTC.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications">Applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Efi_flowchart_extended.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Efi_flowchart_extended.svg/420px-Efi_flowchart_extended.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Efi_flowchart_extended.svg/630px-Efi_flowchart_extended.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Efi_flowchart_extended.svg/840px-Efi_flowchart_extended.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Interaction between the EFI boot manager and EFI drivers</figcaption></figure> Beyond loading an OS, UEFI can run UEFI applications, which reside as files on the <a href="/wiki/EFI_system_partition" title="EFI system partition">EFI system partition</a>. They can be executed from the UEFI Shell, by the firmware's <a href="#BOOT-MANAGER">boot manager</a>, or by other UEFI applications. UEFI applications can be developed and installed independently of the <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">original equipment manufacturers</a> (OEMs). A type of UEFI application is an OS boot loader such as <a href="/wiki/GRUB" class="mw-redirect" title="GRUB">GRUB</a>, <a href="/wiki/REFInd" title="REFInd">rEFInd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gummiboot_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gummiboot (software)">Gummiboot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Windows Boot Manager</a>, which loads some OS files into memory and executes them. Also, an OS boot loader can provide a user interface to allow the selection of another UEFI application to run. Utilities like the UEFI Shell are also UEFI applications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protocols">Protocols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Protocols">edit</a>]</div> EFI defines protocols as a set of software interfaces used for communication between two binary modules. All EFI drivers must provide services to others via protocols. The EFI Protocols are similar to the <a href="/wiki/BIOS_interrupt_calls" class="mw-redirect" title="BIOS interrupt calls">BIOS interrupt calls</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Device_drivers">Device drivers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Device drivers">edit</a>]</div> In addition to standard <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set architecture</a>-specific device drivers, EFI provides for a ISA-independent <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device driver</a> stored in <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a> as EFI byte code or EBC. System firmware has an interpreter for EBC images. In that sense, EBC is analogous to <a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">Open Firmware</a>, the ISA-independent firmware used in <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> computers, among others. Some architecture-specific (non-EFI Byte Code) EFI drivers for some device types can have interfaces for use by the OS. This allows the OS to rely on EFI for drivers to perform basic graphics and network functions before, and if, operating-system-specific drivers are loaded. In other cases, the EFI driver can be filesystem drivers that allow for booting from other types of disk volumes. Examples include efifs for 37 file systems (based on <a href="/wiki/GRUB2" class="mw-redirect" title="GRUB2">GRUB2</a> code),<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Rufus_(software)" title="Rufus (software)">Rufus</a> for chain-loading NTFS ESPs.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphics_features">Graphics features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Graphics features">edit</a>]</div> The EFI 1.0 specification defined a UGA (Universal Graphic Adapter) protocol as a way to support graphics features. UEFI did not include UGA and replaced it with <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Output_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Output Protocol">GOP (Graphics Output Protocol)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> UEFI 2.1 defined a "Human Interface Infrastructure" (HII) to manage user input, localized strings, fonts, and forms (in the <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> sense). These enable <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">original equipment manufacturers</a> (OEMs) or <a href="/wiki/Independent_BIOS_vendor" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent BIOS vendor">independent BIOS vendors</a> (IBVs) to design graphical interfaces for pre-boot configuration. UEFI uses <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> to encode strings by default. Most early UEFI firmware implementations were console-based. Today many UEFI firmware implementations are GUI-based. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EFI_system_partition">EFI system partition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: EFI system partition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/EFI_system_partition" title="EFI system partition">EFI system partition</a></div> An EFI system partition, often abbreviated to ESP, is a <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">data storage device</a> partition that is used in computers adhering to the UEFI specification. Accessed by the UEFI firmware when a computer is powered up, it stores UEFI applications and the files these applications need to run, including operating system <a href="/wiki/Boot_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot loader">boot loaders</a>. Supported <a href="/wiki/Partition_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition table">partition table</a> schemes include <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">MBR</a> and <a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GPT</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a> volumes on optical discs.<a href="#cite_note-uefi-spec-24-40">[36]</a>: section 2.6.2  For use on ESPs, UEFI defines a specific version of the <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file system">FAT file system</a>, which is maintained as part of the UEFI specification and independently from the original FAT specification, encompassing the <a href="/wiki/FAT32" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT32">FAT32</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a> and <a href="/wiki/FAT12" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT12">FAT12</a> file systems.<a href="#cite_note-uefi-spec-24-40">[36]</a>: section 12.3 <a href="#cite_note-uefi-spec-2.5-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> The ESP also provides space for a boot sector as part of the backward BIOS compatibility.<a href="#cite_note-arch-forum-uefi-mbr-53">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Booting">Booting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Booting">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UEFI_booting">UEFI booting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: UEFI booting">edit</a>]</div> Unlike the legacy PC BIOS, UEFI does not rely on <a href="/wiki/Boot_sector" title="Boot sector">boot sectors</a>, defining instead a boot manager as part of the UEFI specification. When a computer is powered on, the boot manager checks the boot configuration and, based on its settings, then executes the specified OS <a href="/wiki/Boot_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot loader">boot loader</a> or <a href="/wiki/Operating_system_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system kernel">operating system kernel</a> (usually boot loader<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a>). The boot configuration is defined by variables stored in <a href="/wiki/NVRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="NVRAM">NVRAM</a>, including variables that indicate the file system paths to OS loaders or OS kernels. OS boot loaders can be automatically detected by UEFI, which enables easy <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">booting</a> from removable devices such as <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drives</a>. This automated detection relies on standardized file paths to the OS boot loader, with the path varying depending on the <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architecture</a>. The format of the file path is defined as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><EFI_SYSTEM_PARTITION>\EFI\BOOT\BOOT<MACHINE_TYPE_SHORT_NAME>.EFI; for example, the file path to the OS loader on an <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> system is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">\efi\boot\bootx64.efi,<a href="#cite_note-uefi-spec-24-40">[36]</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">\efi\boot\bootaa64.efi on ARM64 architecture. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UEFI_boot_process.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/UEFI_boot_process.png/541px-UEFI_boot_process.png" decoding="async" width="541" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/UEFI_boot_process.png/812px-UEFI_boot_process.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/UEFI_boot_process.png/1082px-UEFI_boot_process.png 2x" data-file-width="6394" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Boot process</figcaption></figure> Booting UEFI systems from GPT-partitioned disks is commonly called UEFI-GPT booting. Despite the fact that the UEFI specification requires MBR partition tables to be fully supported,<a href="#cite_note-uefi-spec-24-40">[36]</a> some UEFI firmware implementations immediately switch to the BIOS-based CSM booting depending on the type of boot disk's partition table, effectively preventing UEFI booting to be performed from <a href="/wiki/EFI_System_Partition" class="mw-redirect" title="EFI System Partition">EFI System Partition</a> on MBR-partitioned disks.<a href="#cite_note-arch-forum-uefi-mbr-53">[49]</a> Such a boot scheme is commonly called UEFI-MBR. It is also common for a boot manager to have a textual user interface so the user can select the desired OS (or setup utility) from a list of available boot options. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CSM_booting">CSM booting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: CSM booting">edit</a>]</div> To ensure backward compatibility, UEFI firmware implementations on PC-class machines could support booting in legacy BIOS mode from MBR-partitioned disks through the Compatibility Support Module (CSM) that provides legacy BIOS compatibility. In this scenario, booting is performed in the same way as on legacy BIOS-based systems, by ignoring the partition table and relying on the content of a <a href="/wiki/Boot_sector" title="Boot sector">boot sector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arch-forum-uefi-mbr-53">[49]</a> BIOS-style booting from MBR-partitioned disks is commonly called BIOS-MBR, regardless of it being performed on UEFI or legacy BIOS-based systems. Furthermore, booting legacy BIOS-based systems from GPT disks is also possible, and such a boot scheme is commonly called BIOS-GPT. The Compatibility Support Module allows legacy operating systems and some legacy <a href="/wiki/Option_ROM" title="Option ROM">option ROMs</a> that do not support UEFI to still be used.<a href="#cite_note-intel-csm-r097-66">[62]</a> It also provides required legacy <a href="/wiki/System_Management_Mode" title="System Management Mode">System Management Mode</a> (SMM) functionality, called CompatibilitySmm, as an addition to features provided by the UEFI SMM. An example of such a legacy SMM functionality is providing USB legacy support for keyboard and mouse, by emulating their classic <a href="/wiki/PS/2_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="PS/2 connector">PS/2</a> counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-intel-csm-r097-66">[62]</a> In November 2017, Intel announced that it planned to phase out support CSM for client platforms by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> In July, of 2022, Kaspersky Labs published information regarding a Rootkit designed to chain boot malicious code on machines using Intel's H81 chipset and the Compatibility Support module of affected motherboards.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> In August 2023, Intel announced that it planned to phase out support CSM for server platforms by 2024.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> As of today,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] all computers based on Intel platforms no longer have CSM support.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Network_booting">Network booting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Network booting">edit</a>]</div> The UEFI specification includes support for booting over network via the <a href="/wiki/Preboot_eXecution_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Preboot eXecution Environment">Preboot eXecution Environment</a> (PXE). PXE booting <a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">network protocols</a> include <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (<a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>), <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP), <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol</a> (DHCP), <a href="/wiki/Trivial_File_Transfer_Protocol" title="Trivial File Transfer Protocol">Trivial File Transfer Protocol</a> (TFTP) and <a href="/wiki/ISCSI" title="ISCSI">iSCSI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uefi-spec-24-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> OS images can be remotely stored on <a href="/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">storage area networks</a> (SANs), with <a href="/wiki/ISCSI" title="ISCSI">Internet Small Computer System Interface</a> (iSCSI) and <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_over_Ethernet" title="Fibre Channel over Ethernet">Fibre Channel over Ethernet</a> (FCoE) as supported protocols for accessing the SANs.<a href="#cite_note-uefi-spec-24-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> Version 2.5 of the UEFI specification adds support for accessing boot images over <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secure_Boot">Secure Boot</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Secure Boot">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Secure_Boot_criticism">Secure Boot criticism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:REFInd_0.13.2_about_menu_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/REFInd_0.13.2_about_menu_screenshot.png/310px-REFInd_0.13.2_about_menu_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/REFInd_0.13.2_about_menu_screenshot.png/465px-REFInd_0.13.2_about_menu_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/REFInd_0.13.2_about_menu_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Example of an active Secure Boot as detected by <a href="/wiki/REFInd" title="REFInd">rEFInd</a> boot manager</figcaption></figure> The UEFI specification defines a protocol known as Secure Boot, which can secure the boot process by preventing the loading of UEFI drivers or OS boot loaders that are not <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">signed</a> with an acceptable <a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signature</a>. The mechanical details of how precisely these drivers are to be signed are not specified.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> When Secure Boot is enabled, it is initially placed in "setup" mode, which allows a public key known as the "platform key" (PK) to be written to the firmware. Once the key is written, Secure Boot enters "User" mode, where only UEFI drivers and OS boot loaders signed with the platform key can be loaded by the firmware. Additional "key exchange keys" (KEK) can be added to a database stored in memory to allow other certificates to be used, but they must still have a connection to the private portion of the platform key.<a href="#cite_note-uefi-secureboot-75">[71]</a> Secure Boot can also be placed in "Custom" mode, where additional public keys can be added to the system that do not match the private key.<a href="#cite_note-pcw-ueficontroversy-76">[72]</a> Secure Boot is supported by <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">8.1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a> and 2012 R2, <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Windows Server 2016</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">2019</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2022" title="Windows Server 2022">2022</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a>, VMware vSphere 6.5<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> and a number of <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a> including <a href="/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora</a> (since version 18), <a href="/wiki/OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">openSUSE</a> (since version 12.3), RHEL (since version 7), CentOS (since version 7<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a>), Debian (since version 10),<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a> (since version 12.04.2), <a href="/wiki/Linux_Mint" title="Linux Mint">Linux Mint</a> (since version 21.3).,<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/AlmaLinux" title="AlmaLinux">AlmaLinux OS</a> (since version 8.4<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a>). As of January 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> support is in a planning stage.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UEFI_shell">UEFI shell</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: UEFI shell">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UEFI_shell_2.2_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/UEFI_shell_2.2_screenshot.png/310px-UEFI_shell_2.2_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/UEFI_shell_2.2_screenshot.png/465px-UEFI_shell_2.2_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/UEFI_shell_2.2_screenshot.png/620px-UEFI_shell_2.2_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Example of an UEFI shell 2.2 session</figcaption></figure> UEFI provides a <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell environment</a>, which can be used to execute other UEFI applications, including UEFI <a href="/wiki/Boot_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot loader">boot loaders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arch-uefi-loaders-51">[47]</a> Apart from that, commands available in the UEFI shell can be used for obtaining various other information about the system or the firmware, including getting the memory map (<code>memmap</code>), modifying boot manager variables (<code>bcfg</code>), running partitioning programs (<code>diskpart</code>), loading UEFI drivers, and editing text files (<code>edit</code>).<a href="#cite_note-arch-uefi-shell-84">[80]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-uefi-shell-spec-2-86">[82]</a> Source code for a UEFI shell can be downloaded from the <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s <a href="#Intel_EFI">TianoCore</a> UDK/EDK2 project.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> A pre-built ShellBinPkg is also available.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> Shell v2 works best in UEFI 2.3+ systems and is recommended over Shell v1 in those systems. Shell v1 should work in all UEFI systems.<a href="#cite_note-arch-uefi-shell-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Methods used for launching UEFI shell depend on the manufacturer and model of the system <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a>. Some of them already provide a direct option in firmware setup for launching, e.g. compiled x86-64 version of the shell needs to be made available as <code><EFI_SYSTEM_PARTITION>/SHELLX64.EFI</code>. Some other systems have an already embedded UEFI shell which can be launched by appropriate key press combinations.<a href="#cite_note-arch-uefi-shell-launching-91">[87]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> For other systems, the solution is either creating an appropriate USB flash drive or adding manually (<code>bcfg</code>) a boot option associated with the compiled version of shell.<a href="#cite_note-uefi-shell-spec-2-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-arch-uefi-shell-launching-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commands">Commands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Commands">edit</a>]</div> The following is a list of <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">commands</a> supported by the EFI shell.<a href="#cite_note-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting-85">[81]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alias_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alias (EFI command)">alias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrib_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attrib (EFI command)">attrib</a></li> <li>bcfg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cd_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cd (EFI command)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cls_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cls (EFI command)">cls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comp_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comp (EFI command)">comp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cp_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cp (EFI command)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (EFI command)">date</a></li> <li>dblk</li> <li>dh</li> <li>dmpstore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo (EFI command)">echo</a></li> <li>Edd30</li> <li>EddDebug</li> <li>edit</li> <li>err</li> <li>guid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Help (EFI command)">help</a></li> <li>load</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ls_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ls (EFI command)">ls</a></li> <li>map</li> <li>mem</li> <li>memmap</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkdir_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkdir (EFI command)">mkdir</a></li> <li>mm</li> <li>mode</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount (EFI command)">mount</a></li> <li>pause</li> <li>pci</li> <li>reset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rm_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rm (EFI command)">rm</a></li> <li>set</li> <li>stall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time (EFI command)">time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type (EFI command)">type</a></li> <li>unload</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ver_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ver (EFI command)">ver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vol_(EFI_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vol (EFI command)">vol</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensions">Extensions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Extensions">edit</a>]</div> Extensions to UEFI can be loaded from virtually any <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile</a> storage device attached to the computer. For example, an <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">original equipment manufacturer</a> (OEM) can distribute systems with an <a href="/wiki/EFI_system_partition" title="EFI system partition">EFI system partition</a> on the hard drive, which would add additional functions to the standard UEFI firmware stored on the motherboard's <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UEFI_Capsule">UEFI Capsule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: UEFI Capsule">edit</a>]</div> UEFI Capsule defines a Firmware-to-OS firmware update interface, marketed as modern and secure.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fwupd" title="Fwupd">Fwupd</a> for Linux each support the UEFI Capsule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware">Hardware</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hardware">edit</a>]</div> Like <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>, UEFI initializes and tests system hardware components (e.g. memory training, PCIe link training, USB link training on typical x86 systems), and then loads the <a href="/wiki/Boot_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot loader">boot loader</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Mass_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass storage device">mass storage device</a> or through a <a href="/wiki/Network_booting" title="Network booting">network connection</a>. In <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> systems, the UEFI firmware is usually stored in the <a href="/wiki/NOR_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NOR flash">NOR flash</a> chip of the motherboard.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> In some ARM-based Android devices, the UEFI boot loader is stored in the <a href="/wiki/EUFS" class="mw-redirect" title="EUFS">eUFS</a> flash memory. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classes">Classes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Classes">edit</a>]</div> UEFI machines can have one of the following classes, which were used to help ease the transition to UEFI:<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> <ul><li>Class 0: Legacy BIOS</li> <li>Class 1: UEFI with a CSM interface and no external UEFI interface. The only UEFI interfaces are internal to the firmware.</li> <li>Class 2: UEFI with CSM and external UEFI interfaces, eg. UEFI Boot.</li> <li>Class 3: UEFI without a CSM interface and with an external UEFI interface.</li> <li>Class 3+: UEFI class 3 that has Secure Boot enabled.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a></li></ul> Starting from the 10th Gen Intel Core, Intel no longer provides Legacy <a href="/wiki/Video_BIOS" title="Video BIOS">Video BIOS</a> for the iGPU (<a href="/wiki/Intel_Graphics_Technology" title="Intel Graphics Technology">Intel Graphics Technology</a>). Legacy boot with those CPUs requires a Legacy Video BIOS, which can still be provided by a video card.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boot_stages">Boot stages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Boot stages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SEC_–_Security_Phase">SEC – Security Phase</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: SEC – Security Phase">edit</a>]</div> This is the first stage of the UEFI boot but may have platform specific binary code that precedes it. (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Intel_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel ME">Intel ME</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD_PSP" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD PSP">AMD PSP</a>, CPU <a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a>). It consists of minimal code written in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> for the specific architecture. It initializes a temporary memory (often CPU cache-as-RAM (CAR), or SoC on-chip SRAM) and serves as the system's software root of trust with the option of verifying PEI before hand-off. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PEI_–_Pre-EFI_Initialization">PEI – Pre-EFI Initialization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: PEI – Pre-EFI Initialization">edit</a>]</div> The second stage of UEFI boot consists of a dependency-aware dispatcher that loads and runs PEI modules (PEIMs) to handle early hardware initialization tasks such as <a href="/wiki/Main_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Main memory">main memory</a> initialization (initialize <a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">memory controller</a> and <a href="/wiki/DRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">DRAM</a>) and firmware recovery operations. Additionally, it is responsible for discovery of the current boot mode and handling many ACPI S3 operations. In the case of ACPI S3 resume, it is responsible for restoring many hardware registers to a pre-sleep state. PEI also uses CAR. Initialization at this stage involves creating data structures in memory and establishing default values within these structures.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DXE_–_Driver_Execution_Environment">DXE – Driver Execution Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: DXE – Driver Execution Environment">edit</a>]</div> This stage consist of C modules and a dependency-aware dispatcher. With main memory now available, CPU, chipset, mainboard and other I/O devices are initialized in DXE and BDS. Initialization at this stage involves assigning EFI device paths to the hardware connected to the motherboard, and transferring configuration data to the hardware.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BDS_–_Boot_Device_Select">BDS – Boot Device Select</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: BDS – Boot Device Select">edit</a>]</div> BDS is a part of the DXE.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> In this stage, boot devices are initialized, UEFI drivers or <a href="/wiki/Option_ROM" title="Option ROM">Option ROMs</a> of PCI devices are executed according to system configuration, and boot options are processed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TSL_–_Transient_System_Load">TSL – Transient System Load</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: TSL – Transient System Load">edit</a>]</div> This is the stage between boot device selection and hand-off to the OS. At this point one may enter UEFI shell, or execute an UEFI application such as the OS boot loader. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RT_–_Runtime">RT – Runtime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: RT – Runtime">edit</a>]</div> The UEFI hands off to the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> (OS) after <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">ExitBootServices() is executed. A UEFI compatible OS is now responsible for exiting boot services triggering the firmware to unload all no longer needed code and data, leaving only runtime services code/data, e.g. <a href="/wiki/System_Management_Mode" title="System Management Mode">SMM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Configuration and Power Interface">ACPI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] A typical modern OS will prefer to use its own programs (such as <a href="/wiki/Kernel_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel driver">kernel drivers</a>) to control hardware devices. When a legacy OS is used, CSM will handle this call ensuring the system is compatible with legacy BIOS expectations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementations">Implementations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Implementations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surface_UEFI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Surface_UEFI.png/310px-Surface_UEFI.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Surface_UEFI.png/465px-Surface_UEFI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Surface_UEFI.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Surface" title="Microsoft Surface">Microsoft Surface</a> UEFI, the UEFI used on all Surface models made after 2015</figcaption></figure> Intel's implementation of EFI is the Intel Platform Innovation Framework, codenamed Tiano. Tiano runs on Intel's <a href="/wiki/XScale" title="XScale">XScale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> and <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> processors, and is proprietary software, although a portion of the code has been released under the <a href="/wiki/BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">Eclipse Public License</a> (EPL) as <a href="/wiki/TianoCore_EDK_II" title="TianoCore EDK II">TianoCore EDK II</a>. TianoCore can be used as a payload for <a href="/wiki/Coreboot" title="Coreboot">coreboot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TianoCoreboot-106">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Technologies" title="Phoenix Technologies">Phoenix Technologies</a>' implementation of UEFI is branded as SecureCore Technology (SCT).<a href="#cite_note-PhoenixSecureCoreTiano-107">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Megatrends" title="American Megatrends">American Megatrends</a> offers its own UEFI firmware implementation known as Aptio,<a href="#cite_note-AMIAptio4-108">[104]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Insyde_Software" title="Insyde Software">Insyde Software</a> offers InsydeH2O,<a href="#cite_note-InsydeH2O-109">[105]</a> and Byosoft offers ByoCore. In December 2018, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> released an open source version of its TianoCore EDK2-based UEFI implementation from the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Surface" title="Microsoft Surface">Surface</a> line, <a href="/wiki/Project_Mu" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Mu">Project Mu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> An implementation of the UEFI API was introduced into the Universal Boot Loader (<a href="/wiki/Das_U-Boot" title="Das U-Boot">Das U-Boot</a>) in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-MarryingU-BootUEFIandGRUB-111">[107]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture#AArch64" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARMv8</a> architecture <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions use the U-Boot UEFI implementation in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GNU GRUB</a> for booting (e.g. <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE Linux</a><a href="#cite_note-SuseU-BootGRUB-112">[108]</a>), the same holds true for OpenBSD.<a href="#cite_note-OpenBSD63onRPi3-113">[109]</a> For booting from iSCSI <a href="/wiki/IPXE" title="IPXE">iPXE</a> can be used as a UEFI application loaded by U-Boot.<a href="#cite_note-UBootiPXE-114">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platforms">Platforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Platforms">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> workstations and servers, released in 2000, implemented EFI 1.02. <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/Itanium_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Itanium 2">Itanium 2</a> systems, released in 2002, implemented EFI 1.10; they were able to boot <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>; <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> added UEFI capability in June 2003. In January 2006, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> shipped its first <a href="/wiki/Apple%E2%80%93Intel_architecture" title="Apple–Intel architecture">Intel-based Macintosh computers</a>. These systems used EFI instead of <a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">Open Firmware</a>, which had been used on its previous PowerPC-based systems.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> On 5 April 2006, Apple first released <a href="/wiki/Boot_Camp_(software)" title="Boot Camp (software)">Boot Camp</a>, which produces a Windows drivers disk and a non-destructive partitioning tool to allow the installation of Windows XP or Vista without requiring a reinstallation of Mac OS X (now macOS). A firmware update was also released that added BIOS compatibility to its EFI implementation. Subsequent Macintosh models shipped with the newer firmware.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> During 2005, more than one million Intel systems shipped with Intel's implementation of UEFI.<a href="#cite_note-IntelFrameworkOverviewUEFI-117">[113]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] New mobile, desktop and server products, using Intel's implementation of UEFI, started shipping in 2006. For instance, boards that use the Intel 945 chipset series use Intel's UEFI firmware implementation. Since 2005, EFI has also been implemented on non-PC architectures, such as <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a> based on <a href="/wiki/XScale" title="XScale">XScale</a> cores.<a href="#cite_note-IntelFrameworkOverviewUEFI-117">[113]</a> The EDK (EFI Developer Kit) includes an NT32 target, which allows EFI firmware and EFI applications to run within a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> application. But no direct hardware access is allowed by EDK NT32. This means only a subset of EFI application and drivers can be executed by the EDK NT32 target. In 2008, more x86-64 systems adopted UEFI. While many of these systems still allow booting only the BIOS-based OSes via the Compatibility Support Module (CSM) (thus not appearing to the user to be UEFI-based), other systems started to allow booting UEFI-based OSes. For example, IBM x3450 server, <a href="/wiki/Micro-Star_International" title="Micro-Star International">MSI</a> motherboards with ClickBIOS, HP EliteBook Notebook PCs. In 2009, IBM shipped <a href="/wiki/IBM_System_x" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM System x">System x</a> machines (x3550 M2, x3650 M2, iDataPlex dx360 M2) and <a href="/wiki/IBM_BladeCenter" title="IBM BladeCenter">BladeCenter</a> HS22 with UEFI capability. Dell shipped PowerEdge T610, R610, R710, M610 and M710 servers with UEFI capability. More commercially available systems are mentioned in a UEFI whitepaper.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> In 2011, major vendors (such as <a href="/wiki/ASRock" title="ASRock">ASRock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte_Technology" title="Gigabyte Technology">Gigabyte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Micro-Star_International" title="Micro-Star International">MSI</a>) launched several consumer-oriented motherboards using the Intel <a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_chipsets#5/6/7/8/9_Series_chipsets" title="List of Intel chipsets">6-series</a> <a href="/wiki/LGA_1155" title="LGA 1155">LGA 1155</a> chipset and AMD 9 Series <a href="/wiki/Socket_AM3%2B" title="Socket AM3+">AM3+</a> chipsets with UEFI.<a href="#cite_note-Asus_Motherboard-119">[115]</a> With the release of Windows 8 in October 2012, Microsoft's certification requirements now require that computers include firmware that implements the UEFI specification. Furthermore, if the computer supports the "<a href="/wiki/Connected_Standby" class="mw-redirect" title="Connected Standby">Connected Standby</a>" feature of Windows 8 (which allows devices to have power management comparable to <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, with an almost instantaneous return from standby mode), then the firmware is not permitted to contain a Compatibility Support Module (CSM). As such, systems that support Connected Standby are incapable of booting Legacy BIOS operating systems.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-pcmag-connected-121">[117]</a> In October 2017, Intel announced that it would remove legacy PC BIOS support from all its products by 2020, in favor of UEFI Class 3.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> By 2019, all computers based on Intel platforms no longer have legacy PC BIOS support. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Operating systems">edit</a>]</div> An operating system that can be booted from a (U)EFI is called a (U)EFI-aware operating system, defined by (U)EFI specification. Here the term booted from a (U)EFI means directly booting the system using a (U)EFI operating system loader stored on any storage device. The default location for the operating system loader is <code><EFI_SYSTEM_PARTITION>/BOOT/BOOT<MACHINE_TYPE_SHORT_NAME>.EFI</code>, where short name of the machine type can be <code>IA32</code>, <code>X64</code>, <code>IA64</code>, <code>ARM</code> or <code>AA64</code>.<a href="#cite_note-uefi-spec-24-40">[36]</a> Some operating systems vendors may have their own boot loaders. They may also change the default boot location. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> has been able to use EFI at boot time since early 2000s,<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Elilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Elilo">elilo</a> EFI boot loader or, more recently, EFI versions of <a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GRUB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-debiangrubexample-124">[120]</a> Grub+Linux also supports booting from a GUID partition table without UEFI.<a href="#cite_note-grub-bios-installation-21">[18]</a> The distribution <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> added support for UEFI Secure Boot as of version 12.10.<a href="#cite_note-h-ubuntusecureboot-125">[121]</a> Furthermore, the Linux kernel can be compiled with the option to run as an EFI bootloader on its own through the EFI boot stub feature.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a> has used (U)EFI as its boot mechanism on <a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">IA-64</a> systems since 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> has used EFI on IA-64 since its initial evaluation release in December 2003, and for production releases since January 2005.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> OpenVMS on x86-64 also uses UEFI to boot the operating system.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> uses EFI for its line of <a href="/wiki/Apple%E2%80%93Intel_architecture" title="Apple–Intel architecture">Intel-based Macs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Mac OS X v10.4</a> Tiger and <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Mac OS X v10.5</a> Leopard implement EFI v1.10 in 32-bit mode even on newer 64-bit CPUs, but full support arrived with <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X v10.8 Mountain Lion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-appleuefiversion1-128">[124]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> versions of <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> (Advanced Server Limited Edition and Datacenter Server Limited Edition; based on the pre-release <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> codebase) implemented EFI 1.10 in 2002. <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_64-bit_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows XP 64-bit Edition">Windows XP 64-bit Edition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> Advanced Server Limited Edition (pre-release Windows Server 2003) and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> for <a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">IA-64</a>, all of which are for the Intel <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> family of processors, implement EFI, a requirement of the platform through the <a href="/wiki/DIG64" title="DIG64">DIG64</a> specification.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a></li> <li>Microsoft introduced UEFI for x64 Windows operating systems with <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_SP1" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Vista SP1">Windows Vista SP1</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a> however only UGA (Universal Graphic Adapter) 1.1 or Legacy BIOS <a href="/wiki/INT_10h" class="mw-redirect" title="INT 10h">INT 10h</a> is supported; Graphics Output Protocol (GOP) is not supported. Therefore, PCs running 64-bit versions of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_SP1" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Vista SP1">Windows Vista SP1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_SP2" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Vista SP2">Windows Vista SP2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Windows Server 2008 R2</a> are compatible with UEFI Class 2.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> 32-bit UEFI was originally not supported since vendors did not have any interest in producing native 32-bit UEFI firmware because of the mainstream status of <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit computing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WindowsVistaUEFI-133">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> finally introduced further optimizations for UEFI systems, including Graphics Output Protocol (GOP) support,<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> a faster startup, 32-bit UEFI support, and Secure Boot support.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Windows8UEFISecureBoot-136">[132]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>, the UEFI firmware with <a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a> protocol is a mandatory requirement for ARM-based Microsoft Windows operating systems. Microsoft began requiring UEFI to run Windows with <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> with IoT Enterprise editions of Windows 11 since version 24H2 exempt from the requirement.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a></li> <li>On 5 March 2013, the <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_Foundation" title="FreeBSD Foundation">FreeBSD Foundation</a> awarded a grant to a developer seeking to add UEFI support to the <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> kernel and bootloader.<a href="#cite_note-fbsd-uefi-139">[135]</a> The changes were initially stored in a discrete branch of the FreeBSD source code, but were merged into the mainline source on 4 April 2014 (revision 264095); the changes include support in the installer as well.<a href="#cite_note-fbsd-uefi-merge-140">[136]</a> UEFI boot support for amd64 first appeared in FreeBSD 10.1 and for arm64 in FreeBSD 11.0.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a></li> <li>Oracle <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> 11.1 and later support UEFI boot for x86 systems with UEFI firmware version 2.1 or later. <a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GRUB</a> 2 is used as the boot loader on x86.<a href="#cite_note-solaris-uefi-142">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> 5.9<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> introduced UEFI boot support for 64-bit x86 systems using its own custom loader, OpenBSD 6.0 extended that support to include ARMv7.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a> supports UEFI booting since the 5.1 release.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> ArcaOS' UEFI support emulates specific <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> functionality which the operating system depends on (particularly interrupts <a href="/wiki/INT_10H" title="INT 10H">INT 10H</a> and <a href="/wiki/INT_13H" title="INT 13H">INT 13H</a>).<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_virtualization">With virtualization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: With virtualization">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HP_Integrity_Virtual_Machines" title="HP Integrity Virtual Machines">HP Integrity Virtual Machines</a> provides UEFI boot on HP Integrity Servers. It also provides a virtualized UEFI environment for the guest UEFI-aware OSes.</li> <li>Intel hosts an Open Virtual Machine Firmware project on SourceForge.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_Fusion" title="VMware Fusion">VMware Fusion</a> 3 software for Mac OS X can boot Mac OS X Server virtual machines using UEFI.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_Workstation" title="VMware Workstation">VMware Workstation</a> prior to version 11 unofficially supports UEFI, but is manually enabled by editing the .vmx file.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/VMware_Workstation" title="VMware Workstation">VMware Workstation</a> version 11 and above supports UEFI, independently of whether the physical host system is UEFI-based. VMware Workstation 14 (and accordingly, Fusion 10) adds support for the <a href="#Secure_Boot">Secure Boot</a> feature of UEFI.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a> <a href="/wiki/ESXi" class="mw-redirect" title="ESXi">ESXi</a> 5.0 hypervisor officially supports UEFI. Version 6.5 adds support for Secure Boot.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a> has implemented UEFI since 3.1,<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> but is limited to Unix/Linux operating systems and Windows 8 and later (does not work with Windows Vista x64 and Windows 7 x64).<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine" title="Kernel-based Virtual Machine">KVM</a> can be used with the Open Virtual Machine Firmware (OVMF) provided by <a href="#Intel_EFI">TianoCore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a></li> <li>The second generation of the Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a> virtual machine supports virtualized UEFI.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a> Shielded VMs support virtualized UEFI to enable Secure Boot.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_development">Applications development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Applications development">edit</a>]</div> EDK2 Application Development Kit (EADK) makes it possible to use <a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">standard C library</a> functions in UEFI applications. EADK can be freely downloaded from the <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s TianoCore UDK / EDK2 <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a> project. As an example, a port of the <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> interpreter is made available as a UEFI application by using the EADK.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> The development has moved to GitHub since UDK2015.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> A minimalistic "<a href="/wiki/Hello,_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello, world">hello, world</a>" C program written using EADK looks similar to its <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)#HELLOWORLD" title="C (programming language)">usual C counterpart</a>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#include <Uefi.h> #include <Library/UefiLib.h> #include <Library/ShellCEntryLib.h> EFI_STATUS EFIAPI ShellAppMain(IN UINTN Argc, IN CHAR16 **Argv) { Print(L"hello, world\n"); return EFI_SUCCESS; } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Numerous digital rights activists have protested UEFI. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_G._Minnich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald G. Minnich (page does not exist)">Ronald G. Minnich</a>, a co-author of <a href="/wiki/Coreboot" title="Coreboot">coreboot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a>, a digital rights activist, have criticized UEFI as an attempt to remove the ability of the user to truly control the computer.<a href="#cite_note-FosdemInterviewRonaldGMinnich-162">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> It does not solve the BIOS's long-standing problems of requiring two different drivers—one for the firmware and one for the operating system—for most hardware.<a href="#cite_note-YouTubeCorebootFirmware-164">[160]</a> Open-source project TianoCore also provides UEFIs.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> TianoCore lacks the specialized drivers that initialize chipset functions, which are instead provided by <a href="/wiki/Coreboot" title="Coreboot">coreboot</a>, of which TianoCore is one of many payload options. The development of coreboot requires cooperation from chipset manufacturers to provide the specifications needed to develop initialization drivers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secure_Boot_2">Secure Boot</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Secure Boot">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Windows_8#Reception" title="Windows 8">Windows 8 § Reception</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secure_Boot_keys_example_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Secure_Boot_keys_example_screenshot.png/310px-Secure_Boot_keys_example_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Secure_Boot_keys_example_screenshot.png/465px-Secure_Boot_keys_example_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Secure_Boot_keys_example_screenshot.png/620px-Secure_Boot_keys_example_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>Examples of custom Secure Boot public keys</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shim_MokManager_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Shim_MokManager_screenshot.png/310px-Shim_MokManager_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Shim_MokManager_screenshot.png/465px-Shim_MokManager_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Shim_MokManager_screenshot.png/620px-Shim_MokManager_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>MokManager, a part of Shim bootloader</figcaption></figure> In 2011, Microsoft announced that computers certified to run its <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> operating system had to ship with Microsoft's public key enrolled and Secure Boot enabled, which implies that using UEFI is a requirement for these devices.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> Following the announcement, the company was accused by critics and free software/open source advocates (including the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>) of trying to use the Secure Boot functionality of UEFI to <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">hinder or outright prevent</a> the installation of alternative operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. Microsoft denied that the Secure Boot requirement was intended to serve as a form of <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">lock-in</a>, and clarified its requirements by stating that x86-based systems certified for Windows 8 must allow Secure Boot to enter custom mode or be disabled, but not on systems using the <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pcw-ueficontroversy-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-cwuk-arm-168">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> allows <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">OEMs</a> to decide whether or not Secure Boot can be managed by users of their x86 systems.<a href="#cite_note-arstechnica-securebootw10-169">[165]</a> Other developers raised concerns about the legal and practical issues of implementing support for Secure Boot on Linux systems in general. Former <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> developer <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Garrett" title="Matthew Garrett">Matthew Garrett</a> noted that conditions in the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License#Version_3" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License version 3</a> may prevent the use of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GNU GRand Unified Bootloader</a> without a distribution's developer disclosing the private key (however, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> has since clarified its position, assuring that the responsibility to make keys available was held by the hardware manufacturer),<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-h-ubuntusecureboot-125">[121]</a> and that it would also be difficult for advanced users to build custom <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">kernels</a> that could function with Secure Boot enabled without self-signing them.<a href="#cite_note-cwuk-arm-168">[164]</a> Other developers suggested that signed builds of Linux with another key could be provided, but noted that it would be difficult to persuade OEMs to ship their computers with the required key alongside the Microsoft key.<a href="#cite_note-ElReg1-8">[5]</a> Several major Linux distributions have developed different implementations for Secure Boot. Garrett himself developed a minimal bootloader known as a shim, which is a precompiled, signed bootloader that allows the user to individually trust keys provided by Linux distributions.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu 12.10</a> uses an older version of shim[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] pre-configured for use with <a href="/wiki/Canonical_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical Ltd.">Canonical</a>'s own key that verifies only the bootloader and allows unsigned kernels to be loaded; developers believed that the practice of signing only the bootloader is more feasible, since a trusted kernel is effective at securing only the <a href="/wiki/User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">user space</a>, and not the pre-boot state for which Secure Boot is designed to add protection. That also allows users to build their own kernels and use custom <a href="/wiki/Kernel_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel module">kernel modules</a> as well, without the need to reconfigure the system.<a href="#cite_note-h-ubuntusecureboot-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-lwn-efilinux-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-h-mscert-173">[169]</a> Canonical also maintains its own private key to sign installations of Ubuntu pre-loaded on certified OEM computers that run the operating system, and also plans to enforce a Secure Boot requirement as well—requiring both a Canonical key and a Microsoft key (for compatibility reasons) to be included in their firmware. <a href="/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora</a> also uses shim,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] but requires that both the kernel and its modules be signed as well.<a href="#cite_note-lwn-efilinux-172">[168]</a> It has been disputed whether the operating system kernel and its modules must be signed as well; while the UEFI specifications do not require it, Microsoft has asserted that their contractual requirements do, and that it reserves the right to revoke any certificates used to sign code that can be used to compromise the security of the system.<a href="#cite_note-h-mscert-173">[169]</a> In Windows, if Secure Boot is enabled, all kernel drivers must be digitally signed; non-WHQL drivers may be refused to load. In February 2013, another Red Hat developer attempted to submit a patch to the Linux kernel that would allow it to parse Microsoft's authenticode signing using a master <a href="/wiki/X.509" title="X.509">X.509</a> key embedded in <a href="/wiki/Portable_Executable" title="Portable Executable">PE</a> files signed by Microsoft. However, the proposal was criticized by Linux creator <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, who attacked Red Hat for supporting Microsoft's control over the Secure Boot infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-ars-linus-174">[170]</a> On 26 March 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> free software development group Hispalinux filed a formal complaint with the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, contending that Microsoft's Secure Boot requirements on OEM systems were "obstructive" and <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">anti-competitive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-hispalinuxuefi-175">[171]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hat_Briefings" title="Black Hat Briefings">Black Hat conference</a> in August 2013, a group of security researchers presented a series of exploits in specific vendor implementations of UEFI that could be used to exploit Secure Boot.<a href="#cite_note-itworld-securebootexploit-176">[172]</a> In August 2016 it was reported that two security researchers had found the "golden key" security key Microsoft uses in signing operating systems.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> Technically, no key was exposed, however, an exploitable binary signed by the key was. This allows any software to run as though it was genuinely signed by Microsoft and exposes the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">rootkit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bootkit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootkit">bootkit</a> attacks. This also makes patching the fault impossible, since any patch can be replaced (downgraded) by the (signed) exploitable binary. Microsoft responded in a statement that the vulnerability only exists in <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a> devices, and has released two patches; however, the patches do not (and cannot) remove the vulnerability, which would require key replacements in end user firmware to fix.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On March 1, 2023, researchers from ESET Cybersecurity Firm reported “The first in-the-wild UEFI bootkit bypassing UEFI Secure Boot” named ‘BlackLotus’ in their public analyses findings describing the theory behind its mechanics exploiting the patches that “do not (and cannot) remove the vulnerability”.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> In August 2024 the <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> security updates applied the Secure Boot Advanced Targeting (SBAT) settings to device's UEFI NVRAM, which may caused some Linux distributions failed to load. SBAT is a protocol that supported in new versions of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Windows Boot Manager</a> and shim, which refuse buggy or vulnerability intermediate bootloader (usually <a href="/wiki/Winload.efi" class="mw-redirect" title="Winload.efi">winload.efi</a> and <a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GRUB</a>) to load in the boot process.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Linux_distributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux distributions">Linux distributions</a> support UEFI Secure Boot now, such as <a href="/wiki/RHEL" class="mw-redirect" title="RHEL">RHEL</a> (RHEL 7 and later), <a href="/wiki/CentOS" title="CentOS">CentOS</a> (CentOS 7 and later<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> (Debian 10 and later<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a>), <a href="/wiki/OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">OpenSUSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE Linux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firmware_problems">Firmware problems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Firmware problems">edit</a>]</div> The increased prominence of UEFI firmware in devices has also led to a number of technical problems blamed on their respective implementations.<a href="#cite_note-zdnet-linux8-184">[180]</a> Following the release of Windows 8 in late 2012, it was discovered that certain <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a> computer models with Secure Boot had firmware that was hardcoded to allow only executables named "<a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Windows Boot Manager</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a>" to load, regardless of any other setting.<a href="#cite_note-p-lenovo-185">[181]</a> Other problems were encountered by several <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> laptop models with Secure Boot that were missing certain certificates required for its proper operation.<a href="#cite_note-zdnet-linux8-184">[180]</a> In January 2013, a bug surrounding the UEFI implementation on some <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> laptops was publicized, which caused them to be <a href="/wiki/Brick_(electronics)" title="Brick (electronics)">bricked</a> after installing a Linux distribution in UEFI mode. While potential conflicts with a kernel module designed to access system features on Samsung laptops were initially blamed (also prompting kernel maintainers to disable the module on UEFI systems as a safety measure), Matthew Garrett discovered that the bug was actually triggered by storing too many UEFI variables to memory, and that the bug could also be triggered under Windows under certain conditions. In conclusion, he determined that the offending kernel module had caused kernel message dumps to be written to the firmware, thus triggering the bug.<a href="#cite_note-theh-brickwindows-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-bittech-uefideath-186">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-theh-samsungbrick-187">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">Bootloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBIOS" title="OpenBIOS">OpenBIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFI_Platform_Initialization" title="UEFI Platform Initialization">UEFI Platform Initialization</a> (UEFI PI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a> (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Management_BIOS" title="System Management BIOS">System Management BIOS</a> (SMBIOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">Trusted Platform Module</a> (TPM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFITool" title="UEFITool">UEFITool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonBounce" title="MoonBounce">MoonBounce</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/tianocore/edk2-libc/blob/master/AppPkg/Applications/Python/Python-3.6.8/Py368ReadMe.txt">Python Interpreter for UEFI Shell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Originally started in 1998 as Intel Boot Initiative and later as Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI), which was deprecated in 2005 and replaced by UEFI. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Part of the BIOS that is required for booting an operating system that is not UEFI-compatible can be implemeted as a CSM DXE module, see <a href="#CSM_booting">§ CSM booting</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Historically also written as Unified EFI, when UEFI was the newly introduced successor to EFI. </li> <li id="cite_note-note1-22"><a href="#cite_ref-note1_22-0">^</a> Large disk support and features such as <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Configuration and Power Interface">Advanced Configuration and Power Interface</a> (ACPI) and <a href="/wiki/SMBIOS" class="mw-redirect" title="SMBIOS">System Management BIOS</a> (SMBIOS) were subsequently implemented in BIOS-based systems. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.winbond.com/hq/support/documentation/?__locale=en&line=/product/code-storage-flash-memory/index.html&family=/product/code-storage-flash-memory/serial-nor-flash/index.html&pno=W25X20CL&category=/.categories/resources/datasheet/">"Documentation - Winbond"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentation+-+Winbond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.winbond.com%2Fhq%2Fsupport%2Fdocumentation%2F%3F__locale%3Den%26line%3D%2Fproduct%2Fcode-storage-flash-memory%2Findex.html%26family%3D%2Fproduct%2Fcode-storage-flash-memory%2Fserial-nor-flash%2Findex.html%26pno%3DW25X20CL%26category%3D%2F.categories%2Fresources%2Fdatasheet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUEFI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifixit.com/Guide/Microsoft+Surface+Laptop+7+(13.8-inch)+Chip+ID/173921">"Microsoft Surface Laptop 7 (13.8-inch) Chip ID"</a>. 22 June 2024.</cite><span 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Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0569-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0569-0"><bdi>978-1-5015-0569-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+BIOS%3A+Developing+with+the+Unified+Extensible+Firmware+Interface%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5015-0569-0&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.au=Rothman%2C+Michael&rft.au=Marisetty%2C+Suresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwylDDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUEFI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intel2000-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Intel2000_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinney2000" class="citation web cs1">Kinney, Michael (1 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070123141151/http://systems.cs.colorado.edu/Documentation/IntelDataSheets/xscalemagazine.pdf">"Solving BIOS Boot Issues with EFI"</a> (PDF). pp. 47–50. 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Retrieved 26 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lenovo+UEFI+Only+Wants+To+Boot+Windows%2C+RHEL&rft.pub=Phoronix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DMTIyOTg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUEFI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bittech-uefideath-186"><a href="#cite_ref-bittech-uefideath_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bit-tech.net/news/bits/2013/02/11/linux-samsung-deaths-2/1">"Linux acquitted in Samsung laptop UEFI deaths"</a>. Bit-tech. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+acquitted+in+Samsung+laptop+UEFI+deaths&rft.pub=Bit-tech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bit-tech.net%2Fnews%2Fbits%2F2013%2F02%2F11%2Flinux-samsung-deaths-2%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUEFI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theh-samsungbrick-187"><a href="#cite_ref-theh-samsungbrick_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Booting-Linux-using-UEFI-can-brick-Samsung-laptops-1793958.html">"Booting Linux using UEFI can brick Samsung laptops"</a>. The H. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Booting+Linux+using+UEFI+can+brick+Samsung+laptops&rft.pub=The+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-online.com%2Fopen%2Fnews%2Fitem%2FBooting-Linux-using-UEFI-can-brick-Samsung-laptops-1793958.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUEFI" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerRothmanHale2007" class="citation web cs1">Zimmer, Vincent; Rothman, Michael; Hale, Robert (10 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdobbs.com/embedded-systems/efi-architecture/199500688">"EFI Architecture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/UBM_plc" title="UBM plc">UBM</a>. Retrieved 12 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=EFI+Architecture&rft.date=2007-05-10&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.au=Rothman%2C+Michael&rft.au=Hale%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdobbs.com%2Fembedded-systems%2Fefi-architecture%2F199500688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUEFI" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Boyne_Pollard2011" class="citation web cs1">de Boyne Pollard, Jonathan (11 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jdebp.eu./FGA/efi-boot-process.html">"The EFI boot process"</a>. Frequently Given Answers. Retrieved 12 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frequently+Given+Answers&rft.atitle=The+EFI+boot+process&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft.aulast=de+Boyne+Pollard&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjdebp.eu.%2FFGA%2Fefi-boot-process.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUEFI" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Boyne_Pollard2011" class="citation web cs1">de Boyne Pollard, Jonathan (8 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jdebp.eu./FGA/windows-nt-6-boot-process.html">"The Windows NT 6 boot process"</a>. Frequently Given Answers. Retrieved 12 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frequently+Given+Answers&rft.atitle=The+Windows+NT+6+boot+process&rft.date=2011-12-08&rft.aulast=de+Boyne+Pollard&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjdebp.eu.%2FFGA%2Fwindows-nt-6-boot-process.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUEFI" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Roderick W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rodsbooks.com/bios2uefi/">"A BIOS to UEFI Transformation"</a>. Roderick W. Smith's Web Page. Retrieved 12 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roderick+W.+Smith%27s+Web+Page&rft.atitle=A+BIOS+to+UEFI+Transformation&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Roderick+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frodsbooks.com%2Fbios2uefi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUEFI" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKothari2011" class="citation web cs1">Kothari, Rajiv (21 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025093125/http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/UEFI-Just-How-Important-It-Really-Is/1385">"UEFI – Just How Important It Really Is"</a>. Hardware Secrets. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/UEFI-Just-How-Important-It-Really-Is/1385">the original</a> on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hardware+Secrets&rft.atitle=UEFI+%E2%80%93+Just+How+Important+It+Really+Is&rft.date=2011-09-21&rft.aulast=Kothari&rft.aufirst=Rajiv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hardwaresecrets.com%2Farticle%2FUEFI-Just-How-Important-It-Really-Is%2F1385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUEFI" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Doug (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927155448/http://noggin.intel.com/technology-journal/2011/151/uefi-today-bootstrapping-continuum">"UEFI Today: Bootstrapping the Continuum"</a>. Intel Technology Journal. 15 (1). Intel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781934053430" title="Special:BookSources/9781934053430"><bdi>9781934053430</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noggin.intel.com/technology-journal/2011/151/uefi-today-bootstrapping-continuum">the original</a> on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intel+Technology+Journal&rft.atitle=UEFI+Today%3A+Bootstrapping+the+Continuum&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781934053430&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoggin.intel.com%2Ftechnology-journal%2F2011%2F151%2Fuefi-today-bootstrapping-continuum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUEFI" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UEFI&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Extensible Firmware Interface">Extensible Firmware Interface</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uefi.org/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uefi.org/specifications">UEFI Specifications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tianocore.org/">Intel-sponsored open-source EFI Framework initiative</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/unified-extensible-firmware-interface/efi-homepage-general-technology.html">Intel EFI/UEFI portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-8.1-and-8/hh824898(v=win.10)">Microsoft UEFI Support and Requirements for Windows Operating Systems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/windows-and-office/how-windows-8-hybrid-shutdown-fast-boot-feature-works/">How Windows 8 Hybrid Shutdown / Fast Boot feature works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/secure-the-windows-10-boot-process">Securing the Windows 10 Boot Process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/09/27/lojax-first-uefi-rootkit-found-wild-courtesy-sednit-group/">LoJax: First UEFI rootkit found in the wild, courtesy of the Sednit group</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_9x#Boot_sequence" title="Architecture of Windows 9x">9x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Windows_NT" class="mw-redirect" title="Booting process of Windows NT">NT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Linux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">Android</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/100px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/150px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/200px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1535" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Booting <a href="/wiki/Firmware#Computers" title="Firmware">firmware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_firmware" title="Open-source firmware">Open-source firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">Custom firmware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UEFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_BIOS" title="Video BIOS">Video BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">Open Firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiProcessor_Specification" title="MultiProcessor Specification">MultiProcessor Specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">APM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Plug_and_Play" title="Legacy Plug and Play">Legacy Plug and Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_(specification)" title="ARC (specification)">AlphaBIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRM_firmware" title="SRM firmware">SRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Firmware_Interface" title="Simple Firmware Interface">SFI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SeaBIOS" title="SeaBIOS">SeaBIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Award_Software" title="Award Software">Award BIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Megatrends" title="American Megatrends">American Megatrends</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMIBIOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AMIBIOS">AMIBIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMI_Aptio" class="mw-redirect" title="AMI Aptio">AMI Aptio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insyde_Software" title="Insyde Software">InsydeH2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Technologies" title="Phoenix Technologies">Phoenix SecureCore UEFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TianoCore_EDK_II" title="TianoCore EDK II">TianoCore EDK II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBIOS" title="OpenBIOS">OpenBIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreboot" title="Coreboot">Coreboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libreboot" title="Libreboot">Libreboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinuxBoot" title="LinuxBoot">LinuxBoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-Time_Abstraction_Services" title="Run-Time Abstraction Services">Run-Time Abstraction Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid firmware bootloader</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Firmware_Environment" title="Common Firmware Environment">Common Firmware Environment</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_U-Boot" title="Das U-Boot">Das U-Boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCS_(computing)" title="ARCS (computing)">ARCS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bootloaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootloaders">Bootloaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootloader_unlocking" title="Bootloader unlocking">Bootloader unlocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_bootloaders" title="Comparison of bootloaders">Comparison of bootloaders</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Implementations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronis_OS_Selector" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronis OS Selector">Acronis OS Selector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barebox" title="Barebox">Barebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BootManager" class="mw-redirect" title="BootManager">BootManager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Apple)" title="BootX (Apple)">BootX (Apple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Linux)" title="BootX (Linux)">BootX (Linux)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GNU GRUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBoot" title="IBoot">iBoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemd-boot" title="Systemd-boot">systemd-boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadlin" title="Loadlin">loadlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpeniBoot" title="OpeniBoot">OpeniBoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedBoot" title="RedBoot">RedBoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REFInd" title="REFInd">rEFInd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REFIt" title="REFIt">rEFIt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYSLINUX" title="SYSLINUX">SYSLINUX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Windows Boot Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XOSL" title="XOSL">xOSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaboot" title="Yaboot">Yaboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plop_Boot_Manager" title="Plop Boot Manager">Plop Boot Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MILO_(bootloader)" title="MILO (bootloader)">MILO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partition layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">Master boot record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System_partition_and_boot_partition" title="System partition and boot partition">Partitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EFI_system_partition" title="EFI system partition">EFI system partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOS_boot_partition" title="BIOS boot partition">BIOS boot partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki//boot/" title="/boot/">/boot/</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flashrom_(utility)" title="Flashrom (utility)">flashrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fwupd" title="Fwupd">fwupd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFITool" title="UEFITool">UEFITool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(firmware_flashing_software)" title="Odin (firmware flashing software)">Odin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(firmware_flashing_software)#Heimdall" title="Odin (firmware flashing software)">Heimdall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_Pirate" title="Bus Pirate">Bus Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTDI" title="FTDI">ft2232</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_booting" title="Network booting">Network boot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">Preboot Execution Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPXE" title="GPXE">gPXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPXE" title="IPXE">iPXE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBoot" title="NetBoot">NetBoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Initial_Program_Load" title="Remote Initial Program Load">Remote Initial Program Load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake-on-LAN" title="Wake-on-LAN">Wake-on-LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake-on-ring" title="Wake-on-ring">Wake-on-ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ROM variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_ROM" title="Programmable ROM">PROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boot_ROM" title="Boot ROM">Boot ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">ROM hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li> 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