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transition</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: glass transition"> <meta name="keywords" content="glass transition"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="glass transition"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 2657</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: glass transition</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2657</span> Segmental Motion of Polymer Chain at Glass Transition Probed by Single Molecule Detection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroyuki%20Aoki">Hiroyuki Aoki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The glass transition phenomenon has been extensively studied for a long time. The glass transition of polymer materials is assigned to the transition of the dynamics of the chain backbone segment. However, the detailed mechanism of the transition behavior of the segmental motion is still unclear. In the current work, the single molecule detection technique was employed to reveal the trajectory of the molecular motion of the single polymer chain. The center segment of poly(butyl methacrylate) chain was labeled by a perylenediimide dye molecule and observed by a highly sensitive fluorescence microscope in a defocus condition. The translational and rotational diffusion of the center segment in a single polymer chain was analyzed near the glass transition temperature. The direct observation of the individual polymer chains revealed the intermittent behavior of the segmental motion, indicating the spatial inhomogeneity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20transition" title="glass transition">glass transition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20motion" title=" molecular motion"> molecular motion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20materials" title=" polymer materials"> polymer materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20molecule" title=" single molecule"> single molecule</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90107/segmental-motion-of-polymer-chain-at-glass-transition-probed-by-single-molecule-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90107.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2656</span> Thermal Transformation and Structural on Se90Te7Cu3 Chalcogenide Glass</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farid%20M.%20Abdel-Rahim">Farid M. Abdel-Rahim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, Se90Te7Cu3 chalcogenide glass was prepared using the melt quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the as prepared samples was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Result of differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) under nonisothermal condition on composition bulk materials are reported and discussed. It shows that these glasses exhibit a single-stage glass transition and a single-stage crystallization on heating rates. The glass transition temperature (Tg), the onset crystallization (Tc), the crystallization temperature (Tp), were found by dependent on the composition and heating rates. Activation energy for glass transition (Et), activation energy of the amorphous –crystalline transformation (Ec), crystallization reaction rate constant (Kp), (n) and (m) are constants related to crystallization mechanism of the bulk samples have been determined by different formulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chalcogenides" title="chalcogenides">chalcogenides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20treatment" title=" heat treatment"> heat treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DSC" title=" DSC"> DSC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20transition" title=" glass transition"> glass transition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20analysis" title=" thermal analysis"> thermal analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41529/thermal-transformation-and-structural-on-se90te7cu3-chalcogenide-glass" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41529.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">397</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2655</span> The Role of Nano Glass Flakes on Morphology, Dynamic-Mechanical Properties and Crystallization Behavior of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Alsadat%20Miri">Fatemeh Alsadat Miri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morteza%20Ehsani"> Morteza Ehsani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Ali%20Khonakdar"> Hossein Ali Khonakdar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behjat%20Kavyani"> Behjat Kavyani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper studies the effect of nano glass flakes on morphology, dynamic-mechanical properties, and crystallization behavior of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The concentration of nano glass flakes was varied from 0.5, 1, 2, and 3% wt of the total formulation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed the poor distribution of nano-glass flake particles in PET, as well as low adhesion of particles to the polymer matrix. According to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the crystallization rate and crystallization temperature of PET were increased by the addition of nano glass flakes. The crystallization rate of PET was increased from 31.41% to 34.25% by the incorporation of 1%wt of nano glass flakes. Based on the results of the dynamic-mechanical analysis, the storage modulus of PET gets increased by adding nano glass flakes, especially below glass transition temperature (Tg). The glass transition of PET did not change remarkably with the addition of nano glass flakes. Moreover, the use of nano glass flakes reduced the impact strength of PET. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PET" title="PET">PET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano%20glass%20flakes" title=" nano glass flakes"> nano glass flakes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphology" title=" morphology"> morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystallization" title=" crystallization"> crystallization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126266/the-role-of-nano-glass-flakes-on-morphology-dynamic-mechanical-properties-and-crystallization-behavior-of-poly-ethylene-terephthalate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126266.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2654</span> From Liquid to Solid: Advanced Characterization of Glass Applying Oscillatory Rheometry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20Giehl">Christopher Giehl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anja%20Allabar"> Anja Allabar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniela%20Ehgartner"> Daniela Ehgartner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rotational rheometry is standard practice for the viscosity measurement of molten glass, neglecting the viscoelastic properties of this material, especially at temperatures approaching the glass transition. Oscillatory rheometry serves as a powerful toolbox for glass melt characterization beyond viscosity measurements. Heating and cooling rates and the time-dependent visco-elastic behavior influence the temperature where materials undergo the glass transition. This study presents quantitative thermo-mechanical visco-elasticity measurements on three samples in the Na-K-Al-Si-O system. The measurements were performed with a Furnace Rheometer System combined with an air-bearing DSR 502 measuring head (Anton Paar) and a Pt90Rh10 measuring geometry. Temperature ramps were conducted in rotation and oscillation, and the (complex) viscosity values were compared to calculated viscosity values based on sample composition. Furthermore, temperature ramps with different frequencies were conducted, also revealing the frequency-dependence of the shear loss modulus G’’ and the shear storage modulus G’. Here, lower oscillatory frequency results in lower glass transition temperature, as defined by the G’-G’’ crossover point. This contribution demonstrates that oscillatory rheometry serves as a powerful toolbox beyond viscosity measurements, as it considers the visco-elasticity of glass melts quantifying viscous and elastic moduli. Further, it offers a strong definition of Tg beyond the 10^12 Pas concept, which cannot be utilized with rotational viscometry data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency%20dependent%20glass%20transition" title="frequency dependent glass transition">frequency dependent glass transition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Na-K-Al-Si-O%20glass%20melts" title=" Na-K-Al-Si-O glass melts"> Na-K-Al-Si-O glass melts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oscillatory%20rheometry" title=" oscillatory rheometry"> oscillatory rheometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visco-elasticity" title=" visco-elasticity"> visco-elasticity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156749/from-liquid-to-solid-advanced-characterization-of-glass-applying-oscillatory-rheometry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156749.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2653</span> Probing Multiple Relaxation Process in Zr-Cu Base Alloy Using Mechanical Spectroscopy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20P.%20Srivastava">A. P. Srivastava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Srivastava"> D. Srivastava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20J.%20Browne"> D. J. Browne</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Relaxation dynamics of Zr44Cu40Al8Ag8 bulk metallic glass (BMG) has been probed using dynamic mechanical analyzer. The BMG sample was casted in the form of a plate of dimension 55 mm x 40 mm x 3 mm using tilt casting technique. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope have been used for the microstructural characterization of as-cast BMG. For the mechanical spectroscopy study, samples in the form of a bar of size 55 mm X 2 mm X 3 mm were machined from the BMG plate. The mechanical spectroscopy was performed on dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) by 50 mm 3-point bending method in a nitrogen atmosphere. It was observed that two glass transition process were competing in supercooled liquid region around temperature 390°C and 430°C. The supercooled liquid state was completely characterized using DMA and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). In addition to the main α-relaxation process, presence of β relaxation process around temperature 360°C; below the glass transition temperature was also observed. The β relaxation process could be described by Arrhenius law with the activation energy of 160 kJ/mole. The volume of the flow unit associated with this relaxation process has been estimated. The results from DMA study has been used to characterize the shear transformation zone in terms of activation volume and size. High fragility parameter value of 34 and higher activation volume indicates that this alloy could show good plasticity in supercooled liquid region. The possible mechanism for the relaxation processes has been discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DMA" title="DMA">DMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20transition" title=" glass transition"> glass transition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metallic%20glass" title=" metallic glass"> metallic glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermoplastic%20forming" title=" thermoplastic forming"> thermoplastic forming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67294/probing-multiple-relaxation-process-in-zr-cu-base-alloy-using-mechanical-spectroscopy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67294.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2652</span> Application of Genetic Programming for Evolution of Glass-Forming Ability Parameter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manwendra%20Kumar%20Tripathi">Manwendra Kumar Tripathi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subhas%20%20Ganguly"> Subhas Ganguly</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A few glass forming ability expressions in terms of characteristic temperatures have been proposed in the literature. Attempts have been made to correlate the expression with the critical diameter of the bulk metallic glass composition. However, with the advent of new alloys, many exceptions have been noted and reported. In the present approach, a genetic programming based code which generates an expression in terms of input variables, i.e., three characteristic temperatures viz. glass transition temperature (Tg), onset crystallization temperature (Tx) and offset temperature of melting (Tl) with maximum correlation with a critical diameter (Dmax). The expression evolved shows improved correlation with the critical diameter. In addition, the expression can be explained on the basis of time-temperature transformation curve. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20forming%20ability" title="glass forming ability">glass forming ability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20programming" title=" genetic programming"> genetic programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bulk%20metallic%20glass" title=" bulk metallic glass"> bulk metallic glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20diameter" title=" critical diameter"> critical diameter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83481/application-of-genetic-programming-for-evolution-of-glass-forming-ability-parameter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83481.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">334</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2651</span> The Key Role of Yttrium Oxide on Devitrification Resilience of Barium Gallo-germanate Glasses: Physicochemical Properties and Crystallization Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samar%20Aoujia">Samar Aoujia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Th%C3%A9o%20Gu%C3%A9rineaub"> Théo Guérineaub</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rayan%20Zaitera"> Rayan Zaitera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evelyne%20Fargina"> Evelyne Fargina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youn%C3%A8s%20Messaddeqb"> Younès Messaddeqb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thierry%20Cardinala"> Thierry Cardinala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Two barium gallo-germanate glass series were elaborated to investigate the effect of the yttrium introduction on the glass physicochemical properties and crystallization behavior. One to twenty mol% of YO3/2 were either added into the glass matrix or substituted for gallium oxide. The glass structure was studied by Raman spectroscopy, and the thermal, optical, thermo-mechanical and physical properties are examined. The introduction of yttrium ions in both glass series increases the glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, softening temperature, coefficient of linear thermal expansion and density. Through differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction analyses, it was found that competition occurs between the gallo-germanate zeolite-type phase and the yttrium-containing phase. From 13 mol% of YO3/2, the yttrium introduction impedes the formation of surface crystallization in these glasses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photonic" title="photonic">photonic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy-metal%20oxide" title=" heavy-metal oxide"> heavy-metal oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass" title=" glass"> glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystallization" title=" crystallization"> crystallization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167712/the-key-role-of-yttrium-oxide-on-devitrification-resilience-of-barium-gallo-germanate-glasses-physicochemical-properties-and-crystallization-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167712.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2650</span> XANES Studies on the Oxidation States of Copper Ion in Silicate Glass </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Buntem">R. Buntem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Samkongngam"> K. Samkongngam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The silicate glass was prepared using rice husk as the source of silica. The base composition of glass sample is composed of SiO2 (from rice husk ash), Na2CO3, K2CO3, ZnO, H3BO3, CaO, Al2O3 or Al, and CuO. Aluminum is used in place of Al2O3 in order to reduce Cu2+ to Cu+. The red color of Cu2O in the glass matrix was observed when the Al was added into the glass mixture. The expansion coefficients of the copper doped glass are in the range of 1.2 x 10-5-1.4x10-5 (ºC -1) which is common for the silicate glass. The finger prints of the bond vibrations were studied using IR spectroscopy. While the oxidation state and the coordination information of the copper ion in the glass matrix were investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. From the data, Cu+ and Cu2+ exist in the glass matrix. The red particles of Cu2O can be formed in the glass matrix when enough aluminum was added. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20in%20glass" title="copper in glass">copper in glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coordination%20information" title=" coordination information"> coordination information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silicate%20glass" title=" silicate glass"> silicate glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XANES%20spectrum" title=" XANES spectrum"> XANES spectrum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15673/xanes-studies-on-the-oxidation-states-of-copper-ion-in-silicate-glass" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15673.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">263</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2649</span> Study of the Physical Aging of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Ouazene">Mohamed Ouazene</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The insulating properties of the polymers are widely used in electrical engineering for the production of insulators and various supports, as well as for the insulation of electric cables for medium and high voltage, etc. These polymeric materials have significant advantages both technically and economically. However, although the insulation with polymeric materials has advantages, there are also certain disadvantages such as the influence of the heat which can have a detrimental effect on these materials. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the polymers used in a plasticized state in the cable insulation to medium and high voltage. The studied material is polyvinyl chloride (PVC 4000 M) from the Algerian national oil company whose formula is: Industrial PVC 4000 M is in the form of white powder. The test sample is a pastille of 1 mm thick and 1 cm in diameter. The consequences of increasing the temperature of a polymer are modifications; some of them are reversible and others irreversible [1]. The reversible changes do not affect the chemical composition of the polymer, or its structure. They are characterized by transitions and relaxations. The glass transition temperature is an important feature of a polymer. Physical aging of PVC is to maintain the material for a longer or shorter time to its glass transition temperature. The aim of this paper is to study this phenomenon by the method of thermally stimulated depolarization currents. Relaxations within the polymer have been recorded in the form of current peaks. We have found that the intensity decreases for more residence time in the polymer along its glass transition temperature. Furthermore, it is inferred from this work that the phenomenon of physical aging can have important consequences on the properties of the polymer. It leads to a more compact rearrangement of the material and a reconstruction or reinforcement of structural connections. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depolarization%20currents" title="depolarization currents">depolarization currents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20transition%20temperature" title=" glass transition temperature"> glass transition temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20aging" title=" physical aging"> physical aging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyvinyl%20chloride%20%28PVC%29" title=" polyvinyl chloride (PVC)"> polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19336/study-of-the-physical-aging-of-polyvinyl-chloride-pvc" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19336.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2648</span> Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Supercooled Water in Nanoporous Confinement and Biological Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viktor%20Soprunyuk">Viktor Soprunyuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wilfried%20Schranz"> Wilfried Schranz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrick%20Huber"> Patrick Huber</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present work, we show that Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) with a measurement frequency range f= 0.2 - 100 Hz is a rather powerful technique for the study of phase transitions (freezing and melting) and glass transitions of water in geometrical confinement. Inserting water into nanoporous host matrices, like e.g. Gelsil (size of pores 2.6 nm and 5 nm) or Vycor (size of pores 10 nm) allows one to study size effects occurring at the nanoscale conveniently in macroscopic bulk samples. One obtains valuable insight concerning confinement induced changes of the dynamics by measuring the temperature and frequency dependencies of the complex Young's modulus Y* for various pore sizes. Solid-liquid transitions or glass-liquid transitions show up in a softening or the real part Y' of the complex Young's modulus, yet with completely different frequency dependencies. Analysing the frequency dependent imaginary part of the Young´s modulus in the glass transition regions for different pore sizes we find a clear-cut 1/d-dependence of the calculated glass transition temperatures which extrapolates to Tg(1/d=0)=136 K, in agreement with the traditional value of water. The results indicate that the main role of the pore diameter is the relative amount of water molecules that are near an interface within a length scale of the order of the dynamic correlation length x. Thus we argue that the observed strong pore size dependence of Tg is an interfacial effect, rather than a finite size effect. We obtained similar signatures of Y* near glass transitions in different biological objects (fruits, vegetables, and bread). The values of the activation energies for these biological materials in the region of glass transition are quite similar to the values of the activation energies of supercooled water in the nanoporous confinement in this region. The present work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF, project Nr. P 28672 – N36). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20systems" title="biological systems">biological systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquids" title=" liquids"> liquids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glasses" title=" glasses"> glasses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amorphous%20systems" title=" amorphous systems"> amorphous systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoporous%20materials" title=" nanoporous materials"> nanoporous materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20transition" title=" phase transition"> phase transition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56486/dynamic-mechanical-analysis-of-supercooled-water-in-nanoporous-confinement-and-biological-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56486.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2647</span> Influence of Fluorine Concentration and Sintering Temperature on the Bioactivity of Apatite-Wollastonite Glass-Ceramics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andualem%20Belachew%20Workie">Andualem Belachew Workie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In a spray pyrolysis process, apatite-Wollastonite glass-ceramics (AW GC) were fabricated with the composition 8.29MgO_50.09-x CaO_34.46SiO2_7.16P2O5_xCaF₂, where x = 0, 0.54, and 5.24 (wt. %). Based on the results, it appears that the CaF2 addition lowers the glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallization temperature (Tc) of the glasscomposition. In addition, AW GC's bioactivity increases as the soaking time in simulated body fluid (SBF) increases. Adding CaF₂ and varying sintering temperatures altered the density and linear shrinkage percentage of the samples. The formation of fluorapatite with needle-like microstructure and the formation of the wollastonite phase was enhanced with higher CaF2 content, while the growth of the whitlockite phase took place at a higher heat treatment temperature. Adding high CaF₂ content with high sintering temperatures to apatite Wollastonite glass-ceramic composition facilitates the formation of fluorapatite, which is crucial for denture glass-ceramics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apatite-wollastonite%20glass%20ceramics" title="apatite-wollastonite glass ceramics">apatite-wollastonite glass ceramics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioactivity" title=" bioactivity"> bioactivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydroxyapatite" title=" hydroxyapatite"> hydroxyapatite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcium%20fluoride" title=" calcium fluoride"> calcium fluoride</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150604/influence-of-fluorine-concentration-and-sintering-temperature-on-the-bioactivity-of-apatite-wollastonite-glass-ceramics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150604.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2646</span> Influence of Titanium Oxide on Crystallization, Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Barium Fluormica Glass-Ceramics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Mallik">Amit Mallik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anil%20K.%20Barik"> Anil K. Barik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Biswajit%20Pal"> Biswajit Pal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The galloping advancement of research work on glass-ceramics stems from their wide applications in electronic industry and also to some extent in application oriented medical dentistry. TiO2, even in low concentration has been found to strongly influence the physical and mechanical properties of the glasses. Glass-ceramics is a polycrystalline ceramic material produced through controlled crystallization of glasses. Crystallization is accomplished by subjecting the suitable parent glasses to a regulated heat treatment involving the nucleation and growth of crystal phases in the glass. Mica glass-ceramics is a new kind of glass-ceramics based on the system SiO2•MgO•K2O•F. The predominant crystalline phase is synthetic fluormica, named fluorophlogopite. Mica containing glass-ceramics flaunt an exceptional feature of machinability apart from their unique thermal and chemical properties. Machinability arises from the randomly oriented mica crystals with a 'house of cards' microstructures allowing cracks to propagate readily along the mica plane but hindering crack propagation across the layers. In the present study, we have systematically investigated the crystallization, microstructure and mechanical behavior of barium fluorophlogopite mica-containing glass-ceramics of composition BaO•4MgO•Al2O3•6SiO2•2MgF2 nucleated by addition of 2, 4, 6 and 8 wt% TiO2. The glass samples were prepared by the melting technique. After annealing, different batches of glass samples for nucleation were fired at 730°C (2wt% TiO2), 720°C (4 wt% TiO2), 710°C (6 wt% TiO2) and 700°C (8 wt% TiO2) batches respectively for 2 h and ultimately heated to corresponding crystallization temperatures. The glass batches were analyzed by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro hardness indenter. From the DTA study, it is found that the fluorophlogopite mica crystallization exotherm appeared in the temperature range 886–903°C. Glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallization peak temperature (Tp) increased with increasing TiO2 content up to 4 wt% beyond this weight% the glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallization peak temperature (Tp) start to decrease with increasing TiO2 content up to 8 wt%. Scanning electron microscopy confirms the development of an interconnected ‘house of cards’ microstructure promoted by TiO2 as a nucleating agent. The increase in TiO2 content decreases the vicker’s hardness values in glass-ceramics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystallization" title="crystallization">crystallization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluormica%20glass" title=" fluormica glass"> fluormica glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%E2%80%98house%20of%20cards%E2%80%99%20microstructure" title=" ‘house of cards’ microstructure"> ‘house of cards’ microstructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hardness" title=" hardness"> hardness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58440/influence-of-titanium-oxide-on-crystallization-microstructure-and-mechanical-behavior-of-barium-fluormica-glass-ceramics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2645</span> An Investigation of Foam Glass Production from Sheet Glass Waste and SiC Foaming Agent</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aylin%20Sahin">Aylin Sahin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Recep%20Artir"> Recep Artir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Kara"> Mustafa Kara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Foam glass is a remarkable material with having incomparable properties like low weight, rigidity, high thermal insulation capacity and porous structure. In this study, foam glass production was investigated with using glass powder from sheet glass waste and SiC powder as foaming agent. Effects of SiC powders and sintering temperatures on foaming process were examined. It was seen that volume expansions (%), cellular structures and pore diameters of obtained foam glass samples were highly depending on composition ratios and sintering temperature. The study showed that various foam glass samples having with homogenous closed porosity, low weight and low thermal conductivity were achieved by optimizing composition ratios and sintering temperatures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foam%20glass" title="foam glass">foam glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foaming" title=" foaming"> foaming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20glass" title=" waste glass"> waste glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silicon%20carbide" title=" silicon carbide"> silicon carbide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69062/an-investigation-of-foam-glass-production-from-sheet-glass-waste-and-sic-foaming-agent" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69062.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">385</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2644</span> Physical Properties and Elastic Studies of Fluoroaluminate Glasses Based on Alkali</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Benhamideche">C. Benhamideche</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fluoroaluminate glasses have been reported as the earliest heavy metal fluoride glasses. By comparison with flurozirconate glasses, they offer a set of similar optical features, but also some differences in their elastic and chemical properties. In practice they have been less developed because their stability against devitrification is smaller than that of the most stable fluoroziconates. The purpose of this study was to investigate glass formation in systems AlF3-YF3-PbF2-MgF2-MF2 (M= Li, Na, K). Synthesis was implemented at room atmosphere using the ammonium fluoride processing. After fining, the liquid was into a preheated brass mold, then annealed below the glass transition temperature for several hours. The samples were polished for optical measurements. Glass formation has been investigated in a systematic way, using pseudo ternary systems in order to allow parameters to vary at the same time. We have chosen the most stable glass compositions for the determination of the physical properties. These properties including characteristic temperatures, density and proprieties elastic. Glass stability increases in multicomponent glasses. Bulk samples have been prepared for physical characterization. These glasses have a potential interest for passive optical fibers because they are less sensitive to water attack than ZBLAN glass, mechanically stronger. It is expected they could have a larger damage threshold for laser power transmission. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluoride%20glass" title="fluoride glass">fluoride glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminium%20fluoride" title=" aluminium fluoride"> aluminium fluoride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20properties" title=" thermal properties"> thermal properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=density" title=" density"> density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proprieties%20elastic" title=" proprieties elastic"> proprieties elastic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38380/physical-properties-and-elastic-studies-of-fluoroaluminate-glasses-based-on-alkali" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38380.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">241</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2643</span> Influence of Recycled Glass Content on the Properties of Concrete and Mortar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bourmatte%20Nadjoua">Bourmatte Nadjoua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Houari%20Hac%C3%A8ne"> Houari Hacène</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of replacement of fine aggregates with recycled glass on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete and mortar is studied. Percentages of replacement are 0–25% and 50% of aggregates with fine waste glass to produce concrete and percentage of replacement of 100% to produce mortar. As a result of the conducted study, the slump flow increased with the increase of recycled glass content. On the other hand, the compressive strength and tensile strength of recycled glass mixtures were decreased with the increase in the recycled glass content. The results showed that recycled glass aggregate can successfully be used with limited level for producing concrete. Mortar based on glass shows a compressive strength with 50% lower than that of control mortar. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title="compressive strength">compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title=" concrete"> concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortar" title=" mortar"> mortar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycled%20glass" title=" recycled glass"> recycled glass</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44915/influence-of-recycled-glass-content-on-the-properties-of-concrete-and-mortar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44915.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">447</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2642</span> Durability Study of Pultruded CFRP Plates under Sustained Bending in Distilled Water and Seawater Immersions: Effects on the Visco-Elastic Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Innocent%20Kafodya">Innocent Kafodya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guijun%20Xian"> Guijun Xian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents effects of distilled water, seawater and sustained bending strains of 30% and 50% ultimate strain at room temperature, on the durability of unidirectional pultruded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates. In this study, dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) was used to investigate the synergic effects of the immersions and bending strains on the visco-elastic properties of (CFRP) such as storage modulus, tan delta and glass transition temperature. The study reveals that the storage modulus and glass transition temperature increase while tan delta peak decreases in the initial stage of both immersions due to the progression of curing. The storage modulus and Tg subsequently decrease and tan delta increases due to the matrix plasticization. The blister induced damages in the unstrained seawater samples enhance water uptake and cause more serious degradation of Tg and storage modulus than in water immersion. Increasing sustained bending decreases Tg and storage modulus in a long run for both immersions due to resin matrix cracking and debonding. The combined effects of immersions and strains are not clearly reflected due to the statistical effects of DMA sample sizes and competing processes of molecular reorientation and postcuring. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pultruded%20CFRP%20plate" title="pultruded CFRP plate">pultruded CFRP plate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bending%20strain" title=" bending strain"> bending strain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20transition%20temperature" title=" glass transition temperature"> glass transition temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=storage%20modulus" title=" storage modulus"> storage modulus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tan%20delta" title=" tan delta"> tan delta</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19878/durability-study-of-pultruded-cfrp-plates-under-sustained-bending-in-distilled-water-and-seawater-immersions-effects-on-the-visco-elastic-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19878.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2641</span> Synergetic Effects of Water and Sulfur Dioxide Treatments on Wear of Soda Lime Silicate Glass</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qian%20Qiao">Qian Qiao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tongjin%20Xiao"> Tongjin Xiao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hongtu%20He"> Hongtu He</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiaxin%20Yu"> Jiaxin Yu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is focused on the synergetic effects of water and sulfur dioxide treatments (SO₂ treatments) on the mechanochemical wear of SLS glass. It is found that the wear behavior of SLS glass in humid air is very sensitive to the water and SO₂ treatment environments based on the wear test using a ball-on-flat reciprocation tribometer. When SLS glass is treated with SO₂-without, the presence of water, the wear resistance of SLS glass in humid air becomes significantly higher compared to the pristine glass. However, when SLS glass is treated with SO₂ with the presence of water, the wear resistance of SLS glass decreases remarkably with increasing in the relative humidity (RH) from 0% to 90%. Further analyses indicate that when sodium ions are leached out of SLS glass surface via the water and SO₂ treatments, the mechanochemical properties of SLS glass surface become different depending on the RH. At lower humidity, the nano hardness of the Na⁺-leached surface is higher, and it can contribute to the enhanced wear resistance of SLS glass. In contrast, at higher humidity conditions, the SLS glass surface is more hydrophilic, and substantial wear debris can be found inside the wear track of SLS glass. Those phenomena suggest that adhesive wear and abrasive wear dominate the wear mechanism of SLS glass in humid air, causing the decreased wear resistance of SLS glass with increasing the RH. These results may not only provide a deep understanding of the wear mechanism of SLS glass but also helpful for operation process of functional and engineering glasses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soda%20lime%20silicate%20glass" title="soda lime silicate glass">soda lime silicate glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wear" title=" wear"> wear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SO%E2%82%82" title=" SO₂"> SO₂</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115431/synergetic-effects-of-water-and-sulfur-dioxide-treatments-on-wear-of-soda-lime-silicate-glass" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2640</span> Investigating the Glass Ceiling Phenomenon: An Empirical Study of Glass Ceiling's Effects on Selection, Promotion and Female Effectiveness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharjeel%20Saleem">Sharjeel Saleem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The glass ceiling has been a burning issue for many researchers. In this research, we examine gender of the BOD, training and development, workforce diversity, positive attitude towards women, and employee acts as antecedents of glass ceiling. Furthermore, we also look for effects of glass ceiling on likelihood of female selection and promotion and on female effectiveness. Multiple linear regression conducted on data drawn from different public and private sector organizations support our hypotheses. The research, however, is limited to Faisalabad city and only females from minority group are targeted here. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20ceiling" title="glass ceiling">glass ceiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stereotype%20attitudes" title=" stereotype attitudes"> stereotype attitudes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=female%20effectiveness" title=" female effectiveness"> female effectiveness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29431/investigating-the-glass-ceiling-phenomenon-an-empirical-study-of-glass-ceilings-effects-on-selection-promotion-and-female-effectiveness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2639</span> Characterizing Solid Glass in Bending, Torsion and Tension: High-Temperature Dynamic Mechanical Analysis up to 950 °C</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthias%20Walluch">Matthias Walluch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Alberto%20Rodr%C3%ADguez"> José Alberto Rodríguez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20Giehl"> Christopher Giehl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gunther%20Arnold"> Gunther Arnold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniela%20Ehgartner"> Daniela Ehgartner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is a powerful method to characterize viscoelastic properties and phase transitions for a wide range of materials. It is often used to characterize polymers and their temperature-dependent behavior, including thermal transitions like the glass transition temperature Tg, via determination of storage and loss moduli in tension (Young’s modulus, E) and shear or torsion (shear modulus, G) or other testing modes. While production and application temperatures for polymers are often limited to several hundred degrees, material properties of glasses usually require characterization at temperatures exceeding 600 °C. This contribution highlights a high temperature setup for rotational and oscillatory rheometry as well as for DMA in different modes. The implemented standard convection oven enables the characterization of glass in different loading modes at temperatures up to 950 °C. Three-point bending, tension and torsional measurements on different glasses, with E and G moduli as a function of frequency and temperature, are presented. Additional tests include superimposing several frequencies in a single temperature sweep (“multiwave”). This type of test results in a considerable reduction of the experiment time and allows to evaluate structural changes of the material and their frequency dependence. Furthermore, DMA in torsion and tension was performed to determine the complex Poisson’s ratio as a function of frequency and temperature within a single test definition. Tests were performed in a frequency range from 0.1 to 10 Hz and temperatures up to the glass transition. While variations in the frequency did not reveal significant changes of the complex Poisson’s ratio of the glass, a monotonic increase of this parameter was observed when increasing the temperature. This contribution outlines the possibilities of DMA in bending, tension and torsion for an extended temperature range. It allows the precise mechanical characterization of material behavior from room temperature up to the glass transition and the softening temperature interval. Compared to other thermo-analytical methods, like Dynamic Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) where mechanical stress is neglected, the frequency-dependence links measurement results (e.g. relaxation times) to real applications <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20mechanical%20analysis" title="dynamic mechanical analysis">dynamic mechanical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oscillatory%20rheometry" title=" oscillatory rheometry"> oscillatory rheometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Poisson%27s%20ratio" title=" Poisson's ratio"> Poisson's ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20glass" title=" solid glass"> solid glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viscoelasticity" title=" viscoelasticity"> viscoelasticity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156665/characterizing-solid-glass-in-bending-torsion-and-tension-high-temperature-dynamic-mechanical-analysis-up-to-950-c" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156665.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2638</span> Ultrasonic Studies of Polyurea Elastomer Composites with Inorganic Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Samulionis">V. Samulionis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Banys"> J. Banys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20S%C3%A1nchez-Ferrer"> A. Sánchez-Ferrer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Inorganic nanoparticles are used for fabrication of various composites based on polymer materials because they exhibit a good homogeneity and solubility of the composite material. Multifunctional materials based on composites of a polymer containing inorganic nanotubes are expected to have a great impact on industrial applications in the future. An emerging family of such composites are polyurea elastomers with inorganic MoS2 nanotubes or MoSI nanowires. Polyurea elastomers are a new kind of materials with higher performance than polyurethanes. The improvement of mechanical, chemical and thermal properties is due to the presence of hydrogen bonds between the urea motives which can be erased at high temperature softening the elastomeric network. Such materials are the combination of amorphous polymers above glass transition and crosslinkers which keep the chains into a single macromolecule. Polyurea exhibits a phase separated structure with rigid urea domains (hard domains) embedded in a matrix of flexible polymer chains (soft domains). The elastic properties of polyurea can be tuned over a broad range by varying the molecular weight of the components, the relative amount of hard and soft domains, and concentration of nanoparticles. Ultrasonic methods as non-destructive techniques can be used for elastomer composites characterization. In this manner, we have studied the temperature dependencies of the longitudinal ultrasonic velocity and ultrasonic attenuation of these new polyurea elastomers and composites with inorganic nanoparticles. It was shown that in these polyurea elastomers large ultrasonic attenuation peak and corresponding velocity dispersion exists at 10 MHz frequency below room temperature and this behaviour is related to glass transition Tg of the soft segments in the polymer matrix. The relaxation parameters and Tg depend on the segmental molecular weight of the polymer chains between crosslinking points, the nature of the crosslinkers in the network and content of MoS2 nanotubes or MoSI nanowires. The increase of ultrasonic velocity in composites modified by nanoparticles has been observed, showing the reinforcement of the elastomer. In semicrystalline polyurea elastomer matrices, above glass transition, the first order phase transition from quasi-crystalline to the amorphous state has been observed. In this case, the sharp ultrasonic velocity and attenuation anomalies were observed near the transition temperature TC. Ultrasonic attenuation maximum related to glass transition was reduced in quasicrystalline polyureas indicating less influence of soft domains below TC. The first order phase transition in semicrystalline polyurea elastomer samples has large temperature hysteresis (> 10 K). The impact of inorganic MoS2 nanotubes resulted in the decrease of the first order phase transition temperature in semicrystalline composites. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inorganic%20nanotubes" title="inorganic nanotubes">inorganic nanotubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyurea%20elastomer%20composites" title=" polyurea elastomer composites"> polyurea elastomer composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonic%20velocity" title=" ultrasonic velocity"> ultrasonic velocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonic%20attenuation" title=" ultrasonic attenuation "> ultrasonic attenuation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44430/ultrasonic-studies-of-polyurea-elastomer-composites-with-inorganic-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44430.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2637</span> Mechanism of Action of New Sustainable Flame Retardant Additives in Polyamide 6,6</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Belyamani">I. Belyamani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20K.%20Hassan"> M. K. Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20U.%20Otaigbe"> J. U. Otaigbe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20R.%20Fielding"> W. R. Fielding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20A.%20Mauritz"> K. A. Mauritz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20S.%20Wiggins"> J. S. Wiggins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20L.%20Jarrett"> W. L. Jarrett</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We have investigated the flame-retardant efficiency of special new phosphate glass (P-glass) compositions having different glass transition temperatures (Tg) on the processing conditions of polyamide 6,6 (PA6,6) and the final hybrid flame retardancy (FR). We have showed that the low Tg P glass composition (i.e., ILT 1) is a promising flame retardant for PA6,6 at a concentration of up to 15 wt. % compared to intermediate (IIT 3) and high (IHT 1) Tg P glasses. Cone calorimetry data showed that the ILT 1 decreased both the peak heat release rate and the total heat amount released from the PA6,6/ILT 1 hybrids, resulting in an efficient formation of a glassy char layer. These intriguing findings prompted to address several questions concerning the mechanism of action of the different P glasses studied. The general mechanism of action of phosphorous based FR additives occurs during the combustion stage by enhancing the morphology of the char and the thermal shielding effect. However, the present work shows that P glass based FR additives act during melt processing of PA6,6/P glass hybrids. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that the Tg of PA6,6/ILT 1 was significantly shifted to a lower Tg (~65 oC) and another transition appeared at high temperature (~ 166 oC), thus indicating a strong interaction between PA6,6 and ILT 1. This was supported by a drop in the melting point and crystallinity of the PA6,6/ILT 1 hybrid material as detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dielectric spectroscopic investigation of the networks’ molecular level structural variations (i.e. hybrids chain motion, Tg and sub-Tg relaxations) agreed very well with the DMA and DSC findings; it was found that the three different P glass compositions did not show any effect on the PA6,6 sub-Tg relaxations (related to the NH2 and OH chain end groups motions). Nevertheless, contrary to IIT 3 and IHT 1 based hybrids, the PA6,6/ILT 1 hybrid material showed an evidence of splitting the PA6,6 Tg relaxations into two peaks. Finally, the CPMAS 31P-NMR data confirmed the miscibility between ILT 1 and PA6,6 at the molecular level, as a much larger enhancement in cross-polarization for the PA6,6/15%ILT 1 hybrids was observed. It can be concluded that compounding low Tg P-glass (i.e. ILT 1) with PA6,6 facilitates hydrolytic chain scission of the PA6,6 macromolecules through a potential chemical interaction between phosphate and the alpha-Carbon of the amide bonds of the PA6,6, leading to better flame retardant properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=broadband%20dielectric%20spectroscopy" title="broadband dielectric spectroscopy">broadband dielectric spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composites" title=" composites"> composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame%20retardant" title=" flame retardant"> flame retardant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyamide" title=" polyamide"> polyamide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphate%20glass" title=" phosphate glass"> phosphate glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable" title=" sustainable"> sustainable</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48899/mechanism-of-action-of-new-sustainable-flame-retardant-additives-in-polyamide-66" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48899.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2636</span> Chemical and Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Roman Glasses from Northern Greece</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Karalis">P. Karalis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Dotsika"> E. Dotsika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Godelitsas"> A. Godelitsas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Tassi"> M. Tassi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Ignatiadou"> D. Ignatiadou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Glass artefacts originated from Northern Greece, dated between 1st and 6th AC, were analyzed for their oxygen isotopic and chemical compositions in order to identify their raw materials provenance. The chemical composition of these glasses is rather heterogeneous although they are all obtained with natron as flux, having both K₂O and MgO contents lower than 1.5 wt%. The majority of these samples have a homogeneous oxygen isotopic composition (𝛿18O= 16‰,), which is equal to or very close to the mean value of “Roman” glass (from about 15‰ to 16.0‰). The rest of the samples present heavily enriched 𝛿18O values that indicate that their raw materials differ from those normally used in Roman and Medieval glass production, and this matches with the possibility of the different origins of these materials. So, all these fragments are soda-lime-silica natron-glass produced from natron, possibly coming from more than one source. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ancient%20glass" title="ancient glass">ancient glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=provenance%20of%20raw%20materials%20of%20ancient%20glass" title=" provenance of raw materials of ancient glass"> provenance of raw materials of ancient glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roman%20glass" title=" roman glass"> roman glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxygen%20isotope%20analysis%20in%20glass" title=" oxygen isotope analysis in glass"> oxygen isotope analysis in glass</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151620/chemical-and-oxygen-isotope-analysis-of-roman-glasses-from-northern-greece" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151620.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2635</span> Studies on Mechanical Properties of Concrete and Mortar Containing Waste Glass Aggregate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadjoua%20Bourmatte">Nadjoua Bourmatte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hac%C3%A8ne%20Houari"> Hacène Houari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Glass has been indispensable to men’s life due to its properties, including pliability to take any shape with ease, bright surface, resistance to abrasion, reasonable safety and durability. Waste glass creates serious environmental problems, mainly due to the inconsistency of waste glass streams. With increasing environmental pressure to reduce solid waste and to recycle as much as possible, the concrete industry has adopted a number of methods to achieve this goal. The object of this research work is to study the effect of using recycled glass waste, as a partial replacement of fine aggregate, on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Recycled glass was used to replace fine aggregate in proportions of 0%, 25% and 50%. We could observe that the Glass waste aggregates are lighter than natural aggregates and they show a very low water absorption. The experimental results showed that the slump flow increased with the increase of recycled glass content. On the other hand, the compressive strength and tensile strength of recycled glass mixtures decreased with the increase in the recycled glass content. The results showed that recycled glass aggregate can successfully be used with limited level for producing concrete. The standard sand was substituted with aggregates based on glass waste for manufacturing mortars, Mortar based on glass shows a compressive strength and low bending with a 1/2 ratio with control mortar strength. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title="concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20waste" title=" glass waste"> glass waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44702/studies-on-mechanical-properties-of-concrete-and-mortar-containing-waste-glass-aggregate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44702.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2634</span> The Effect of the Incorporation of Glass Powder into Cement Sorel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rim%20Zgueb">Rim Zgueb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noureddine%20Yacoubi"> Noureddine Yacoubi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The work concerns thermo-mechanical properties of cement Sorel mixed with different proportions of glass powder. Five specimens were developed. Four different glass powder mixtures were developed 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% with one control sample without glass powder. The research presented in this study focused on evaluating the effects of replacing portion of glass powder with various percentages of cement Sorel. The influence of the glass powder on the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, bulk density and compressive strength of the cement Sorel at 28 days of curing were determined. The thermal property of cement was measured by using Photothermal deflection technique PTD. The results revealed that the glass powder additive affected greatly on the thermal properties of the cement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement%20sorel" title="cement sorel">cement sorel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photothermal%20deflection%20technique" title=" photothermal deflection technique"> photothermal deflection technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20conductivity" title=" thermal conductivity"> thermal conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20diffusivity" title=" thermal diffusivity"> thermal diffusivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59649/the-effect-of-the-incorporation-of-glass-powder-into-cement-sorel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59649.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">425</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2633</span> Structural and Leaching Properties of Irradiated Lead Commercial Glass by Using XRD, Ultrasonic, UV-VIS and AAS Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20H.%20Alias">N. H. Alias</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Aziz"> S. A. Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Abdullah"> Y. Abdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20M.%20Kamari"> H. M. Kamari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sani"> S. Sani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20P.%20Ismail"> M. P. Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20U.%20Saidin"> N. U. Saidin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20A.%20A.%20Salim"> N. A. A. Salim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20E.%20E.%20Abdullah"> N. E. E. Abdullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gamma (γ) irradiation study has been investigated on the 6 rectangular shape of the standard X-Ray lead glass with 5/16” thick, providing 2.00 mm lead shielding value; at selected Sievert doses (C1; 0, C2; 0.07, C3; 0.035, C4; 0.07, C5; 0.105 and C6; 0.14) by using (XRD) X-ray Diffraction techniques, ultrasonic and (UV-VIS) Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy. Concentration of lead in 0.5 N acid nitric (HNO3) environments is then studied by means of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) as to observe the glass corrosion behavior after irradiation at room temperature. This type of commercial glass is commonly used as radiation shielding glass in medical application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gamma%20irradiation" title="gamma irradiation">gamma irradiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lead%20glass" title=" lead glass"> lead glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaching" title=" leaching"> leaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural" title=" structural"> structural</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41896/structural-and-leaching-properties-of-irradiated-lead-commercial-glass-by-using-xrd-ultrasonic-uv-vis-and-aas-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">434</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2632</span> To Optimise the Mechanical Properties of Structural Concrete by Partial Replacement of Natural Aggregates by Glass Aggregates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gavin%20%20Gengan">Gavin Gengan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsein%20Kew"> Hsein Kew</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Glass from varying recycling processes is considered a material that can be used as aggregate. Waste glass is available from different sources and has been used in the construction industry over the last decades. This current study aims to use recycled glass as a partial replacement for conventional aggregate materials. The experimental programme was designed to optimise the mechanical properties of structural concrete made with recycled glass aggregates (GA). NA (natural aggregates) was partially substituted by GA in a mix design of concrete of 30N/mm2 in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 25% 30%, 40%, and 50%. It was found that with an increasing proportion of GA, there is a decline in compressive strength. The optimum percentage replacement of NA by GA is 25%. The heat of hydration was also investigated with thermocouples placed in the concrete. This revealed an early acceleration of hydration heat in glass concrete, resulting from the thermal properties of glass. The gain in the heat of hydration and the better bonding of glass aggregates together with the pozzolanic activity of the finest glass particles caused the concrete to develop early age and long-term strength higher than that of control concrete <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title="concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20aggregates" title=" glass aggregates"> glass aggregates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20of%20hydration" title=" heat of hydration"> heat of hydration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pozzolanic" title=" pozzolanic"> pozzolanic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137915/to-optimise-the-mechanical-properties-of-structural-concrete-by-partial-replacement-of-natural-aggregates-by-glass-aggregates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137915.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2631</span> Float Glass Manufacture Facility Design: Feasibility Study in Kuwait</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farah%20Al-Mutairi">Farah Al-Mutairi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadeer%20Al-Jeeraan"> Hadeer Al-Jeeraan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lima%20Ali"> Lima Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raya%20Al-Dabbous"> Raya Al-Dabbous</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20Baroun"> Sarah Baroun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lately, within the middle east, development has taken place in the construction area which increased the demand of a crucial component, where without it; stunning views from skyscrapers cannot been experienced, and natural light would not be able to be viewed from an indoor building. Glass has changed the path of living and building. Float glass is a type of glass that is flat and it is the type used in the construction and automobile sector. Facility design on the other hand is a study that improves the efficiency utilization of people, equipment, material and space. Kuwait's governmental future developing plan bears in mind the need of increase in industries to increase the growth domestic product(GDP) of the country. This project studies the feasibility of two designs of a float glass manufacture in Kuwait. The first Alternative, consists of one production line of capacity 500 tons of glass per day. The second alternative, consists of three production lines, each of capacity 500 tons of glass daily. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=float%20glass%20manufacture" title="float glass manufacture">float glass manufacture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuwait" title=" Kuwait"> Kuwait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feasibility%20float%20glass" title=" feasibility float glass"> feasibility float glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=facility%20design" title=" facility design"> facility design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=float%20glass%20production" title=" float glass production"> float glass production</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9521/float-glass-manufacture-facility-design-feasibility-study-in-kuwait" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2630</span> An Investigation of Raw Material Effects on Nano SiC Based Foam Glass Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aylin%20Sahin">Aylin Sahin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasemin%20Kilic"> Yasemin Kilic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulkadir%20Sari"> Abdulkadir Sari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burcu%20Duymaz"> Burcu Duymaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Kara"> Mustafa Kara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Foam glass is an innovative material which composed of glass and carbon/carbonate based minerals; and has incomparable properties like light weight, high thermal insulation and cellular structure with sufficient rigidity. In the present study, the effects of the glass type and mineral addition on the foam glass properties were investigated. Nano sized SiC was fixed as foaming agent at the whole of the samples, mixed glass waste and sheet glass were selectively used as glass sources; finally Al₂O₃ was optionally used as mineral additive. These raw material powders were mixed homogenously, pressed at same pressure and sintered at same schedule. Finally, obtained samples were characterized based on the required properties of foam glass material, and optimum results were determined. At the end of the study, 0.049 W/mK thermal conductivity, 72 % porosity, and 0.21 kg/cm² apparent density with 2.41 MPa compressive strength values were achieved with using nano sized SiC, sheet glass and Al₂O₃ mineral additive. It can be said that the foam glass materials can be preferred as an alternative insulation material rather than polymeric based conventional insulation materials because of supplying high thermal insulation properties without containing unhealthy chemicals and burn risks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foam%20glass" title="foam glass">foam glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foaming" title=" foaming"> foaming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silicon%20carbide" title=" silicon carbide"> silicon carbide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20glass" title=" waste glass"> waste glass</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79498/an-investigation-of-raw-material-effects-on-nano-sic-based-foam-glass-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79498.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2629</span> Modeling, Topology Optimization and Experimental Validation of Glass-Transition-Based 4D-Printed Polymeric Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20A.%20Pakvis">Sara A. Pakvis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giulia%20Scalet"> Giulia Scalet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stefania%20Marconi"> Stefania Marconi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferdinando%20Auricchio"> Ferdinando Auricchio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthijs%20Langelaar"> Matthijs Langelaar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent developments in the field of multi-material additive manufacturing, differences in material properties are exploited to create printed shape-memory structures, which are referred to as 4D-printed structures. New printing techniques allow for the deliberate introduction of prestresses in the specimen during manufacturing, and, in combination with the right design, this enables new functionalities. This research focuses on bi-polymer 4D-printed structures, where the transformation process is based on a heat-induced glass transition in one material lowering its Young’s modulus, combined with an initial prestress in the other material. Upon the decrease in stiffness, the prestress is released, which results in the realization of an essentially pre-programmed deformation. As the design of such functional multi-material structures is crucial but far from trivial, a systematic methodology to find the design of 4D-printed structures is developed, where a finite element model is combined with a density-based topology optimization method to describe the material layout. This modeling approach is verified by a convergence analysis and validated by comparing its numerical results to analytical and published data. Specific aspects that are addressed include the interplay between the definition of the prestress and the material interpolation function used in the density-based topology description, the inclusion of a temperature-dependent stiffness relationship to simulate the glass transition effect, and the importance of the consideration of geometric nonlinearity in the finite element modeling. The efficacy of topology optimization to design 4D-printed structures is explored by applying the methodology to a variety of design problems, both in 2D and 3D settings. Bi-layer designs composed of thermoplastic polymers are printed by means of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer undergoes the glass transition transformation, while polyurethane (TPU) polymer is prestressed by means of the 3D-printing process itself. Tests inducing shape transformation in the printed samples through heating are performed to calibrate the prestress and validate the modeling approach by comparing the numerical results to the experimental findings. Using the experimentally obtained prestress values, more complex designs have been generated through topology optimization, and samples have been printed and tested to evaluate their performance. This study demonstrates that by combining topology optimization and 4D-printing concepts, stimuli-responsive structures with specific properties can be designed and realized. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=4D-printing" title="4D-printing">4D-printing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20transition" title=" glass transition"> glass transition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shape%20memory%20polymer" title=" shape memory polymer"> shape memory polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topology%20optimization" title=" topology optimization"> topology optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132462/modeling-topology-optimization-and-experimental-validation-of-glass-transition-based-4d-printed-polymeric-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132462.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2628</span> Utilization of Solid Waste Materials to Produce Glass-Ceramic Tiles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonjida%20Mustafia">Sonjida Mustafia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Glass-ceramic is a material that contains both the properties of glass and ceramic within. They always contain a residual glassy phase and one or more embedded crystalline phases. Ceramic tiles are very popular in the world because of their high structural strength, low absorption, increased hygiene, and hot and cold insulation. Glass-ceramic materials are used to produce marble-like floor and wall tiles. There are a huge amount of waste materials like rice husk ash (RHA), waste iron, waste glass, and other industrial solid waste in Bangladesh, which can be used to produce glass-ceramic floor and wall tiles. The raw materials (rice husk ash, waste glass, and k-feldspar) are a mixture, and the mixture is melted to form glass frit at 1175°C. The frits are grained to require fine particle size. The powder is moistened in 7-8% water with sodium silicate. The green glass-ceramic tiles were fired at different temperatures (800–1100°C) for a soaking time of 1 hour to form glass-ceramic tiles and to study the sintering-crystallization process. The results reveal that the modulus of rupture increases with increasing sintering temperature and reaches the highest value (95.25Mpa) at 925°C. Glossiness and linear shrinkage increase with increasing temperature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice%20husk%20ash" title="rice husk ash">rice husk ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20glass" title=" waste glass"> waste glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass-ceramic" title=" glass-ceramic"> glass-ceramic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modulus%20of%20rupture" title=" modulus of rupture"> modulus of rupture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glossiness" title=" glossiness"> glossiness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20shrinkage" title=" linear shrinkage"> linear shrinkage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-structure" title=" micro-structure"> micro-structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161261/utilization-of-solid-waste-materials-to-produce-glass-ceramic-tiles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161261.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20transition&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20transition&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20transition&page=4">4</a></li> 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