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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early Modern Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century_and_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century_and_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early 20th century and World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century_and_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Inter-war period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s_to_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s_to_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1950s to 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s_to_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-reunification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-reunification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Post-reunification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-reunification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Nationalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Inventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mayor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>City council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_military_installations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_military_installations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>United States military installations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_military_installations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Road transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Railway transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-River_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#River_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>River transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-River_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Air transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Local public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Block_numbering_and_computer_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_numbering_and_computer_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Block numbering and computer mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block_numbering_and_computer_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mannheim</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%9D" title="ማንሃይም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማንሃይም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85" title="مانهايم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانهايم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhaym" title="Manhaym – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Manhaym" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85" title="مانهایم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مانهایم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Мангейм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мангейм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Мангейм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мангейм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Мангайм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мангайм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Манхайм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Манхайм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Мангейм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мангейм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim_(kapital_sa_distrito)" title="Mannheim (kapital sa distrito) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mannheim (kapital sa distrito)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BC" title="Μάνχαϊμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάνχαϊμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85" title="مانهایم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مانهایم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%ED%95%98%EC%9E%84" title="만하임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만하임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4" title="Մանհայմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանհայմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Манхайм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Манхайм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מנהיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנהיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მანჰაიმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანჰაიმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhemium" title="Manhemium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manhemium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manheima" title="Manheima – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Manheima" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manheimas" title="Manheimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Manheimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BC" title="Манхајм – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Манхајм" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%82" title="മാൻഹൈം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാൻഹൈം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE" title="मानहाइम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मानहाइम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85" title="مانهايم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مانهايم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Манхайм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Манхайм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0" title="マンハイム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マンハイム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Манхайм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Манхайм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Мангейм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мангейм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhajmi" title="Manhajmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Manhajmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85" title="مانھایم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مانھایم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BC" title="Манхајм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манхајм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Маннһейм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Маннһейм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%8C" title="มันไฮม์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มันไฮม์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Мангайм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мангайм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85" title="مانہائیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مانہائیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27g%C3%A9ym" title="Man'géym – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Man'géym" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%B5%B7%E5%A7%86" title="曼海姆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="曼海姆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%B5%B7%E5%A7%86" title="曼海姆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="曼海姆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mannheim" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mannheim&params=49_29_16_N_08_27_58_E_type:city(315554)_region:DE-BW"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°29′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">08°27′58″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.48778°N 8.46611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.48778; 8.46611</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Baden-Württemberg, Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Germany. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mannheim (disambiguation)">Mannheim (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Baden-Württemberg, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Mannheim </span></div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><small><span title="Palatine German-language text"><i lang="pfl">Mannem / Monnem</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine German</a>)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_Fernmeldeturm_ist_Bestandteil_der_Mannheimer_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Der_Fernmeldeturm_ist_Bestandteil_der_Mannheimer_Skyline.jpg/268px-Der_Fernmeldeturm_ist_Bestandteil_der_Mannheimer_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Der_Fernmeldeturm_ist_Bestandteil_der_Mannheimer_Skyline.jpg/402px-Der_Fernmeldeturm_ist_Bestandteil_der_Mannheimer_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Der_Fernmeldeturm_ist_Bestandteil_der_Mannheimer_Skyline.jpg/536px-Der_Fernmeldeturm_ist_Bestandteil_der_Mannheimer_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5995" data-file-height="1777" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">View of Mannheim from <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> with wind turbines in the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Forest">Palatine Forest</a> in the background</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_Friedrichsplatz_und_der_Wasserturm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Der_Friedrichsplatz_und_der_Wasserturm.jpg/132px-Der_Friedrichsplatz_und_der_Wasserturm.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Der_Friedrichsplatz_und_der_Wasserturm.jpg/198px-Der_Friedrichsplatz_und_der_Wasserturm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Der_Friedrichsplatz_und_der_Wasserturm.jpg/264px-Der_Friedrichsplatz_und_der_Wasserturm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Friedrichsplatz" title="Friedrichsplatz">Frederick Square</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Jesuitenkirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Die_Jesuitenkirche.jpg/132px-Die_Jesuitenkirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Die_Jesuitenkirche.jpg/198px-Die_Jesuitenkirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Die_Jesuitenkirche.jpg/264px-Die_Jesuitenkirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Church,_Mannheim" title="Jesuit Church, Mannheim">Jesuit Church</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div style="height:70px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altes_Rathaus_und_Sankt_Sebastianskirche_auf_dem_Mannheimer_Marktplatz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Altes_Rathaus_und_Sankt_Sebastianskirche_auf_dem_Mannheimer_Marktplatz.jpg/106px-Altes_Rathaus_und_Sankt_Sebastianskirche_auf_dem_Mannheimer_Marktplatz.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Altes_Rathaus_und_Sankt_Sebastianskirche_auf_dem_Mannheimer_Marktplatz.jpg/159px-Altes_Rathaus_und_Sankt_Sebastianskirche_auf_dem_Mannheimer_Marktplatz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Altes_Rathaus_und_Sankt_Sebastianskirche_auf_dem_Mannheimer_Marktplatz.jpg/212px-Altes_Rathaus_und_Sankt_Sebastianskirche_auf_dem_Mannheimer_Marktplatz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7008" data-file-height="4672" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Old City Hall and <a href="/wiki/St._Sebastian_(Mannheim)" title="St. Sebastian (Mannheim)">St. Sebastian</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:49px;max-width:49px"><div style="height:70px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Church_Mannheim_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Christ_Church_Mannheim_Night.jpg/47px-Christ_Church_Mannheim_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="47" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Christ_Church_Mannheim_Night.jpg/71px-Christ_Church_Mannheim_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Christ_Church_Mannheim_Night.jpg/94px-Christ_Church_Mannheim_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Christ Church</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div style="height:70px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradeplatz_Mannheim_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Paradeplatz_Mannheim_2019.jpg/106px-Paradeplatz_Mannheim_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Paradeplatz_Mannheim_2019.jpg/159px-Paradeplatz_Mannheim_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Paradeplatz_Mannheim_2019.jpg/212px-Paradeplatz_Mannheim_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Parade Square</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luisenpark_Mannheim_Gondolettas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Luisenpark_Mannheim_Gondolettas.JPG/124px-Luisenpark_Mannheim_Gondolettas.JPG" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Luisenpark_Mannheim_Gondolettas.JPG/186px-Luisenpark_Mannheim_Gondolettas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Luisenpark_Mannheim_Gondolettas.JPG/248px-Luisenpark_Mannheim_Gondolettas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Luisenpark" title="Luisenpark">Luisenpark</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MA-Friedrichsplatz-0329.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MA-Friedrichsplatz-0329.jpg/140px-MA-Friedrichsplatz-0329.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MA-Friedrichsplatz-0329.jpg/210px-MA-Friedrichsplatz-0329.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MA-Friedrichsplatz-0329.jpg/280px-MA-Friedrichsplatz-0329.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Augustaanlage" title="Augustaanlage">Augustaanlage Avenue</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:60px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg/268px-SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg/402px-SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg/536px-SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6977" data-file-height="1582" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Palace" title="Mannheim Palace">Mannheim Palace</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_Mannheim.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mannheim"><img alt="Flag of Mannheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flagge_Mannheim.svg/100px-Flagge_Mannheim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flagge_Mannheim.svg/150px-Flagge_Mannheim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flagge_Mannheim.svg/200px-Flagge_Mannheim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Mannheim.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mannheim"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mannheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wappen_Mannheim.svg/76px-Wappen_Mannheim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wappen_Mannheim.svg/114px-Wappen_Mannheim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wappen_Mannheim.svg/152px-Wappen_Mannheim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="631" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:line; margin-top:0.2px"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="height:auto; padding:0.1em; padding-left:0.3em; padding-right:1.5em;">Location of Mannheim in Baden-Württemberg</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_MA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_MA.svg/250px-Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_MA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_MA.svg/375px-Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_MA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_MA.svg/500px-Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_MA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="1161" /></a></span> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mannheim is located in Germany"><img alt="Mannheim is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.041%;left:29.661%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mannheim"><img alt="Mannheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Mannheim </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mannheim is located in Baden-Württemberg"><img alt="Mannheim is located in Baden-Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg/250px-Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg/375px-Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg/500px-Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1215" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.617%;left:33.861%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mannheim"><img alt="Mannheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Mannheim </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Baden-Württemberg</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mannheim&params=49_29_16_N_08_27_58_E_type:city(315554)_region:DE-BW"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°29′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">08°27′58″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.48778°N 8.46611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.48778; 8.46611</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Admin. region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_(region)" title="Karlsruhe (region)">Karlsruhe </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1607</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">17 <a href="/wiki/Stadtbezirke" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadtbezirke">Stadtbezirke</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2023–31) </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Specht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Specht (page does not exist)">Christian Specht</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Specht" class="extiw" title="de:Christian Specht">de</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">144.96 km<sup>2</sup> (55.97 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">97 m (318 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">315,554</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,200/km<sup>2</sup> (5,600/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,362,046 (2,012)<sup id="cite_ref-metro_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mannheimer</i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">68001–68309</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0621</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">MA</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mannheim.de/en">www.mannheim.de</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MannheimSchloss2019-02-25-17-06-56.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/MannheimSchloss2019-02-25-17-06-56.jpg/293px-MannheimSchloss2019-02-25-17-06-56.jpg" decoding="async" width="293" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/MannheimSchloss2019-02-25-17-06-56.jpg/440px-MannheimSchloss2019-02-25-17-06-56.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/MannheimSchloss2019-02-25-17-06-56.jpg/586px-MannheimSchloss2019-02-25-17-06-56.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the city centre showing the grid layout</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mannheim</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈmanhaɪm]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bc\/Mannheim.ogg\/Mannheim.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Mannheim.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Mannheim.ogg/Mannheim.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Mannheim.ogg" title="File:Mannheim.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine German</a>: <span title="Palatine German-language text"><i lang="pfl">Mannem</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Palatine German-language text"><i lang="pfl">Monnem</i></span>), officially the <b>University City of Mannheim</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Universitätsstadt Mannheim</i>), is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_by_population" title="List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population">second-largest city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, after the state capital of <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">21st-largest city</a>, with a population of around 317,000 inhabitants. The city is the cultural and economic centre of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Neckar" title="Rhine-Neckar">Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region</a>, Germany's <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">seventh-largest metropolitan region</a> with nearly 2.4 million inhabitants and over 900,000 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mannheim is located at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kurpfalz_(region)" title="Kurpfalz (region)">Kurpfalz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Electoral Palatinate</a>) region of northwestern Baden-Württemberg. The city lies in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Plain" title="Upper Rhine Plain">Upper Rhine Plain</a>, Germany's warmest region, between the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Forest">Palatine Forest</a> to the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Oden_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Oden Forest">Oden Forest</a> to the east. Mannheim is the only German city bordering two other federal states, alongside <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>: it forms a continuous conurbation of around 500,000 inhabitants with <a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen_am_Rhein" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwigshafen am Rhein">Ludwigshafen am Rhein</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> on the other side of the Rhine, while some northern suburbs already lie in <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>. Only a few kilometres up the <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a> lies <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, the third-largest city of the Rhine-Neckar Region, with a population of about 163,000. </p><p>Mannheim is unusual among German cities in that its city centre streets and avenues are laid out in a grid pattern, leading to the city's nickname <i>Quadratestadt</i> (<i>Square City</i>). Within a ring of avenues surrounding the city centre, there are squares, numbered from A1 to U6, instead of street names. At the southern base of that system is <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Palace" title="Mannheim Palace">Mannheim Palace</a>, one of the largest palace complexes in the world, and the second-largest in <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> style after <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>. It was the former home of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector</a> of the Electoral Palatinate, and now houses the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mannheim" title="University of Mannheim">University of Mannheim</a>, which repeatedly receives top marks in <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business administration</a> and is sometimes known as the "<a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> of Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-www.zeit.de-2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.zeit.de-2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_May_Market" title="Mannheim May Market">Mannheim May Market</a> is the largest regional consumer exhibition of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civic symbol of Mannheim is the Romanesque <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Water_Tower" title="Mannheim Water Tower">Mannheim Water Tower</a>, completed in 1886 and rising to 60 metres (200 feet) above the highest point of the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">art nouveau</a> area <i><a href="/wiki/Friedrichsplatz" title="Friedrichsplatz">Friedrichsplatz</a></i>. Mannheim is well-known for its inventions, including the <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Economy-2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Economy-2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Economy-2014_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Economy-2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Economy-2014_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Economy-2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is why the city is often called the "city of inventions".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is the starting and finishing point of the <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Benz_Memorial_Route" title="Bertha Benz Memorial Route">Bertha Benz Memorial Route</a>, which follows the tracks of the first long-distance automobile trip in history. </p><p>A <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Großstadt">Großstadt</a></i></span> (major city with more than 100,000 inhabitants) since 1896,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mannheim is now an important industrial and commercial city, a <a href="/wiki/University_town" class="mw-redirect" title="University town">university town</a>, and a major transportation hub between <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> and Stuttgart, including an <a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">ICE</a> interchange (the <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Hauptbahnhof" title="Mannheim Hauptbahnhof">Mannheim Hauptbahnhof</a>), Germany's second-largest marshalling yard<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Rangierbahnhof" title="Mannheim Rangierbahnhof">Mannheim Rangierbahnhof</a>), and Germany's largest inland port<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Harbour" title="Mannheim Harbour">Mannheim Harbour</a>). The city is home to many factories, offices and headquarters of several major corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Roche" title="Roche">Roche</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a> and more. Mannheim's <a href="/wiki/SAP_Arena" title="SAP Arena">SAP Arena</a> is home to German ice hockey record champions <a href="/wiki/Adler_Mannheim" title="Adler Mannheim">Adler Mannheim</a> as well as the popular handball team <a href="/wiki/Rhein-Neckar_L%C3%B6wen" title="Rhein-Neckar Löwen">Rhein-Neckar Löwen</a>. Since 2014, Mannheim has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Creative_Cities_Network" title="Creative Cities Network">Creative Cities Network</a> and holds the title of "<a href="/wiki/UNESCO_City_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO City of Music">UNESCO City of Music</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Mannheim was classified as a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> with '<a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network#Sufficiency" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Sufficiency</a>' status by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a> (GaWC).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mannheim is a <a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">smart city</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Economy_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Economy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the city's <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a> is installed with a <a href="/wiki/Power-line_communication" title="Power-line communication">power-line communication</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's tourism slogan is "<i>Leben im Quadrat</i>" ("<i>Life in the</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Square</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mannheim" title="Timeline of Mannheim">Timeline of Mannheim</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A brick kiln excavated in 1929 in the Seckenheim district, which operated from 74 AD to the early second century, attests to settlement in Roman times.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of the city was first recorded as <i>Mannenheim</i> in a legal transaction in 766, surviving in a twelfth-century copy in the <i><a href="/wiki/Lorsch_codex" title="Lorsch codex">Codex Laureshamensis</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Lorsch_Abbey" title="Lorsch Abbey">Lorsch Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is interpreted as "the home of Manno", a short form of a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic name</a> such as <i>Hartmann</i> or <i>Hermann</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mannheim remained a mere village throughout the Middle Ages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_Age">Early Modern Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Modern Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1606, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Elector_Palatine" title="Frederick IV, Elector Palatine">Frederick IV, Elector Palatine</a> started building the fortress of Friedrichsburg and the adjacent city centre with its grid of streets and avenues. On 24 January 1607, Frederick IV gave Mannheim the status of a "city",<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether it really was one by then or not. </p><p>Mannheim was mostly levelled during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> around 1622 by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Johan_Tzerclaes,_Count_of_Tilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly">Johan Tilly</a>. After being rebuilt, it was again severely damaged by the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> in 1689 during the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>. </p><p>After the rebuilding of Mannheim that began in 1698, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of the Palatinate">Electorate of the Palatinate</a> was moved from Heidelberg to Mannheim in 1720<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Karl_III_Philip,_Elector_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine">Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine</a> began construction of <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Palace" title="Mannheim Palace">Mannheim Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Church_(Mannheim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Church (Mannheim)">Jesuit Church</a>; they were completed in 1760. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1819, <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Duff" title="Norwich Duff">Norwich Duff</a> wrote of Mannheim:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style></p><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:750px; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #e3e5e5;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Mannheim is in the Duchy of Baden and situated at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a> over both of which there is a bridge of boats. This is the third town of this name having been twice burnt. The houses are large, and the streets are broad and at right angles to each other, and is one of the most airy clean towns I have seen in Germany. It was formerly fortified, but the fortifications were razed in 1806 and gardens fill their places. There is a large <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">château</a> here belonging to the Grand Duke and a very good garden; part of the château was destroyed when the town was bombarded and has never since been repaired, the other part is occupied by the <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_de_Beauharnais" title="Stéphanie de Beauharnais">Grand Duchess, widow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Karl,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl, Grand Duke of Baden">late Grand Duke</a> who was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Baden">his uncle</a> having left only three daughters. She is the sister of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Beauharnais" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Beauharnais">Eugene Beauharnais</a> [sic; in fact, she was his second cousin]. There is a cathedral, a theatre which is considered good, an observatory, a gallery of pictures at the château, and some private collections. About two kilometres (one point two miles) below the town the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian Army</a> crossed the Rhine in 1813. Population 18,300. </p> </blockquote> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mannheim_1758.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mannheim_1758.jpg/180px-Mannheim_1758.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mannheim_1758.jpg/270px-Mannheim_1758.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mannheim_1758.jpg/360px-Mannheim_1758.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Mannheim in 1758</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtplan_Mannheim_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Stadtplan_Mannheim_1880.jpg/220px-Stadtplan_Mannheim_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Stadtplan_Mannheim_1880.jpg/330px-Stadtplan_Mannheim_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Stadtplan_Mannheim_1880.jpg/440px-Stadtplan_Mannheim_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="2380" /></a><figcaption>Historical map of Mannheim in 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>During the eighteenth century, Mannheim was the home of the "<a href="/wiki/Mannheim_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannheim School">Mannheim School</a>" of <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music composers</a>. Mannheim was said to have one of the best court orchestras in Europe under the leadership of the conductor <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Grua" title="Carlo Grua">Carlo Grua</a>. The royal court of the Palatinate left Mannheim in 1778, as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Theodore,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria">Charles Theodore</a> had become <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of Bavaria">Elector of Bavaria</a> and moved to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. Two decades later, in 1802, Mannheim was removed from the Palatinate and given to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a>. </p><p>In 1819, <a href="/wiki/August_von_Kotzebue" title="August von Kotzebue">August von Kotzebue</a> was assassinated in Mannheim. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">climate crisis of 1816–17</a> caused famine and the death of many horses in Mannheim. That year <a href="/wiki/Karl_Drais" title="Karl Drais">Karl Drais</a> invented the first bicycle. </p><p>Infrastructure improvements included the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Harbour" title="Mannheim Harbour">Rhine Harbour</a> in 1828 and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Mannheim%E2%80%93Karlsruhe%E2%80%93Basel_railway" title="Mannheim–Karlsruhe–Basel railway">first Baden railway</a>, which opened from Mannheim to Heidelberg in 1840. Influenced by the economic rise of the middle class, another golden age of Mannheim gradually began. In the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">March Revolution of 1848</a>, the city was a centre for political and revolutionary activity. </p><p>In 1865, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engelhorn" title="Friedrich Engelhorn">Friedrich Engelhorn</a> founded the <i>Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik</i> (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory, <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>) in Mannheim, but the factory was constructed across the Rhine in Ludwigshafen because Mannheim residents feared <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> from its operations. From this dye factory, BASF has developed into the largest chemical company in the world. After opening a workshop in Mannheim in 1871 and patenting engines from 1878, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a> patented the first motor car in 1886. He was born in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlburg" title="Mühlburg">Mühlburg</a> (now part of Karlsruhe). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century_and_World_War_I">Early 20th century and World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early 20th century and World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sch%C3%BCtte-Lanz_airships" title="List of Schütte-Lanz airships">Schütte-Lanz company</a>, founded by Karl Lanz and Johann Schütte in 1909, built 22 airships. The company's main competitor was the <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin</a> works. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out in 1914, Mannheim's industrial plants played a key role in Germany's war economy. This contributed to the fact that, on 27 May 1915, Ludwigshafen was the world's first civilian settlement behind the battle lines to be bombed from the air. French aircraft attacked the BASF plants, thereby killing twelve people. The precedent was set for this attack by Germany's repeated air raids against British civilian populations throughout southeastern Britain during the first half of 1915. </p><p>When Germany lost the war in 1918, according to the peace terms, the left bank of the Rhine was occupied by French troops. The French occupation lasted until 1930, and some of Ludwigshafen's most elegant houses were erected for the officers of the French garrison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war_period">Inter-war period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inter-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the Heinrich Lanz Company built the Bulldog, an advanced tractor, powered by heavy oil. As a result of the invention of the pre-combustion chamber by <a href="/wiki/Prosper_L%27Orange" title="Prosper L'Orange">Prosper L'Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benz_%26_Cie." class="mw-redirect" title="Benz & Cie.">Benz & Cie.</a> developed the world's first compact diesel-powered car at its motor works in Mannheim in 1923. In 1922, the <i>Grosskraftwerk Mannheim</i> (Mannheim large power station) was opened. By 1930, the city, along with its sister city of Ludwigshafen, which had developed out of the old Mannheim Rheinschanze, had a population of 385,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-053-59,_Mannheim,_US-Truppen_im_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-053-59%2C_Mannheim%2C_US-Truppen_im_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-053-59%2C_Mannheim%2C_US-Truppen_im_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-053-59%2C_Mannheim%2C_US-Truppen_im_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-053-59%2C_Mannheim%2C_US-Truppen_im_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-053-59%2C_Mannheim%2C_US-Truppen_im_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-053-59%2C_Mannheim%2C_US-Truppen_im_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>US troops in street fighting in Mannheim, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mannheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mannheim in World War II">air raids on Mannheim</a> completely destroyed the city centre. Mannheim was heavily damaged during <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">aerial bombing</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> (USAAF). Allied bombing raids razed the city centre of Mannheim at night-time <a href="/wiki/Area_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Area bombing">area bombing</a>, killing thousands of civilians. In the meantime, 2,262 of Mannheim's Jews were sent to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>. Some sources state that the first deliberate <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> of the war occurred at Mannheim during a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> night raid on 16 December 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today around one third of the city consists of buildings from before 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late March 1945, the Allied ground advance into Germany reached Mannheim, which was potentially well-defended by German forces. However, the German forces abandoned the city and the <a href="/wiki/44th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="44th Infantry Division (United States)">U.S. 44th Infantry Division</a> entered unopposed on 29 March 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was later a large American military occupation presence in the Mannheim area with up to 10 barracks. The first one shut down in 2007 and the last was closed in 2013 (see <i>United States military installations</i> below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s_to_1980s">1950s to 1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1950s to 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wasserturm_Mannheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wasserturm_Mannheim.jpg/220px-Wasserturm_Mannheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wasserturm_Mannheim.jpg/330px-Wasserturm_Mannheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wasserturm_Mannheim.jpg/440px-Wasserturm_Mannheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Wasserturm Garden</figcaption></figure> <p>Rebuilding of the city began industriously. <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Palace" title="Mannheim Palace">Mannheim Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Water_Tower" title="Mannheim Water Tower">water tower</a> (<i>Wasserturm</i>) eventually were rebuilt and the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_Mannheim" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre Mannheim">National Theatre</a> was replaced by a new building at a new location. At the old location, there is a monument to <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> and the <i>Zum Zwischen-Akt</i> pub. The housing shortage led to the development of many new residential areas. </p><p>In 1964, the City Hospital (<i>Städtisches Krankenhaus</i>) became part of the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University_Faculty_of_Medicine_in_Mannheim" title="Heidelberg University Faculty of Medicine in Mannheim">Heidelberg University for Clinical Medicine in Mannheim</a>. In 1967, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mannheim" title="University of Mannheim">University of Mannheim</a> was established in the city. </p><p>In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesgartenschau" title="Bundesgartenschau">Bundesgartenschau</a> (<i>Federal horticulture show</i>) was celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Luisenpark" title="Luisenpark">Luisen</a> and Herzogenried parks. A number of pieces of infrastructure were developed for the show: the <a href="/wiki/Fernmeldeturm_Mannheim" title="Fernmeldeturm Mannheim">telecommunications tower</a> and a second bridge across the Rhine (the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt-Schumacher-Br%C3%BCcke_(Mannheim)" class="extiw" title="de:Kurt-Schumacher-Brücke (Mannheim)">Kurt Schumacher Bridge</a>) were built, the pedestrian zone was established, the new Rosengarten conference centre was opened and the <a href="/wiki/Aerobus" title="Aerobus">Aerobus</a> was installed as a temporary transport system. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_von_Mannheim_aus_Heidelberg_betrachtet_16-9.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Skyline_von_Mannheim_aus_Heidelberg_betrachtet_16-9.jpeg/300px-Skyline_von_Mannheim_aus_Heidelberg_betrachtet_16-9.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Skyline_von_Mannheim_aus_Heidelberg_betrachtet_16-9.jpeg/450px-Skyline_von_Mannheim_aus_Heidelberg_betrachtet_16-9.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Skyline_von_Mannheim_aus_Heidelberg_betrachtet_16-9.jpeg/600px-Skyline_von_Mannheim_aus_Heidelberg_betrachtet_16-9.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Mannheim skyline viewed from Heidelberg</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of major projects were completed in the 1980s and 1990s: a planetarium, an extension to the art gallery, the new Reiß Museum, Stadthaus, a new <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_May_Market" title="Mannheim May Market">May Market</a> ground, synagogue, mosque, <a href="/wiki/Technoseum" title="Technoseum">State Museum for Technology and Work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl-Benz-Stadion" title="Carl-Benz-Stadion">Carl-Benz stadium</a> and the Fahrlach tunnel were opened. </p><p>Mannheim has lost many industrial jobs, although in the recent past, the city was economically dominated by manufacturing. The city tried in the past to prevent the establishment of service providers by designating some locations as industrial areas. A prime example of the current trend is the construction of the Victoria Tower (Victoria-Turm) in 2001, one of the tallest buildings in the city, on railway land. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:758px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria-Turm_Mannheim_am_Rangierbahnhof_bei_Nacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victoria Tower Mannheim at the marshalling yard at night"><img alt="Victoria Tower Mannheim at the marshalling yard at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Victoria-Turm_Mannheim_am_Rangierbahnhof_bei_Nacht.jpg/750px-Victoria-Turm_Mannheim_am_Rangierbahnhof_bei_Nacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Victoria-Turm_Mannheim_am_Rangierbahnhof_bei_Nacht.jpg/1125px-Victoria-Turm_Mannheim_am_Rangierbahnhof_bei_Nacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Victoria-Turm_Mannheim_am_Rangierbahnhof_bei_Nacht.jpg/1500px-Victoria-Turm_Mannheim_am_Rangierbahnhof_bei_Nacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria-Turm_Mannheim_am_Rangierbahnhof_bei_Nacht.jpg" title="File:Victoria-Turm Mannheim am Rangierbahnhof bei Nacht.jpg"> </a></div>Victoria Tower Mannheim at the marshalling yard at night</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-reunification">Post-reunification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-reunification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mannheim celebrated its 400th anniversary with a series of cultural and other events throughout 2007. The 400th anniversary proper was in 2006, since <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Elector_Palatine" title="Frederick IV, Elector Palatine">Frederick IV, Elector Palatine</a> laid the foundations of Mannheim citadel on 17 March 1606. In preparation for the anniversary, some urban activities were implemented, beginning in 2000: the building of the <a href="/wiki/SAP_Arena" title="SAP Arena">SAP Arena</a> with access to the city's new eastern ring road, the rehabilitation of the pedestrian zone in Breite Straße, the arsenal and the palace, the complete transformation of the old fairground, and the new Schafweide tram line. The concept of the anniversary of the city is aimed at a diverse range of events without a dominant central event. In 2001, the City hospital was officially and legally awarded with the title <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_Mannheim" title="University Hospital Mannheim">University Hospital Mannheim</a>. In 2023, Mannheim hosted the Bundesgartenschau 2023 (National Garden Show); the second time after 1975. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mannheim (1991–2020 normals) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8<br />(103.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.8<br />(103.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.7<br />(−1.7) </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.1<br />(−6.0) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.6<br />(7.5) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4<br />(20.5) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.7<br />(16.3) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.3<br />(−0.9) </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−21.1<br />(−6.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.9<br />(1.65) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.6<br />(1.60) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.3<br />(1.67) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.5<br />(1.59) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.6<br />(2.66) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8<br />(2.51) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.2<br />(2.80) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7<br />(2.43) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.0<br />(1.97) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.0<br />(2.09) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.9<br />(2.08) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.0<br />(2.17) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">640.5<br />(25.22) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.1 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.5 </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.2 </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">168.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.0 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.0 </td> <td style="background: #0505FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000E7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000C7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000B7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000B9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000E4; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #666666; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.0 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.1 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.9 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">190.8 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">216.9 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225.6 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">235.6 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">224.2 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">169.7 </td> <td style="background: #B0B080; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.1 </td> <td style="background: #696969; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.1 </td> <td style="background: #505050; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.1 </td> <td style="background: #C2C215; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,733.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Data derived from <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mannheim 2019–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.2<br />(53.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(0.61) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.3<br />(1.94) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(1.41) </td> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(0.89) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.4<br />(2.18) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.4<br />(3.20) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.3<br />(1.51) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.3<br />(2.49) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.1<br />(3.04) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.9<br />(3.54) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.6<br />(1.91) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3<br />(2.06) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">629.5<br />(24.78) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.6<br />(1.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #686868; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.3 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">116.2 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.0 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">251.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">247.9 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">268.1 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">286.1 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248.9 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">199.1 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.5 </td> <td style="background: #484848; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2 </td> <td style="background: #616161; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.4 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,027.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <i>Deutscher Wetterdienst</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Mannheim is located in Germany's warmest summer region, the "<a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Plain" title="Upper Rhine Plain">Rhine shift</a>". In summer, temperatures sometimes rise up to 35 °C (95 °F) and higher. The highest recorded temperature was 39.8 °C (104 °F) on 7 August 2015. The daily lows during heat waves can be very high for the latitude (around 25 °C / 77 °F). In September 2016, the average temperature in Mannheim was 18.6 °C, highest in Baden-Württemberg.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In comparison to other regions of Germany, Mannheim has a higher humidity in summer which causes a higher heat index. Snow is rare, even in the cold months. Precipitation occurs mostly during afternoon thunderstorms during the warmer period (average days of thunderstorms in a year is 40–50). The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen Climate Classification">Köppen Climate Classification</a> subtype for this climate is "<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates" title="Köppen climate classification">Cfb</a>" (Marine West Coast Climate/<a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic climate</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bordering closely on a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (Cfa), with summer months often averaging above 21 degrees (71 F). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1450</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">570</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1663</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+426.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1729</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,760</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+425.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1777</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,353</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+60.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1802</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">18,818</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−25.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1852</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,316</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">39,606</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+62.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">79,058</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+99.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1895</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">97,780</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">141,131</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+44.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1919</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">229,576</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+62.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">247,486</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1933</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">275,162</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">284,957</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">186,310</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−34.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">245,634</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+31.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1956</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">287,210</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">313,890</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1966</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">329,301</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">332,378</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1976</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">309,059</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">304,219</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">294,648</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">310,411</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">308,385</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">290,117</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">313,693</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mannheim has a population of about 315,000 and is the 2nd largest city in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>. Mannheim became a major city in the early 19th century due to its industrialization. Its location of <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a> rivers made Mannheim an attractive place for industrialization. Mannheim was heavily destroyed after WWII but became a major industrial city a few years later. In the 1950s the population in Mannheim grew rapidly due to the heavy industrialization where many motor, electronic and power plant companies came to Mannheim and other surrounding cities like <a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>. The population of Mannheim started to decline in the 1980s but it started to grow in the 2010s due to its university where many students came to this city and made Mannheim one of the most popular university cities in Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nationalities">Nationalities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nationalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following list shows the most significant groups of foreigners in the city of Mannheim by nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total 44,7% of all Mannheim inhabitants are from foreign descent. The Neckarstadt-West district has the biggest foreign population with 68,9%, while the Wallstadt district has the smallest one with 23,1%. A large part of the immigrants are from the Balkans and European countries. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Rank </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Nationality </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Population (31 December 2022) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Turkey</td> <td>15,779 (5.12%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Italy</td> <td>8,165 (2.65%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Bulgaria</td> <td>6,997 (2.27%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Poland</td> <td>6,595 (2.14%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Romania</td> <td>5,663 (1.83%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Croatia</td> <td>4,565 (1.48%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Ukraine</td> <td>4,207 (1.32%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Greece</td> <td>3,341 (1.08%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Spain</td> <td>1,754 (0.56%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td> <td>1,680 (0.54%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Syria</td> <td>1,642 (0.53%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>India</td> <td>1,541 (0.5%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Hungary</td> <td>1,341 (0.43%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>France</td> <td>1,266 (0.41%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Kosovo</td> <td>1,164 (0.37%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distribution of Mannheim's population by religious affiliation (as of December 31, 2020) is <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> 25.4%, <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> 20.0%, and other/<a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">none</a> 54.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_Mannheim" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre Mannheim">National Theatre Mannheim</a> was founded in 1779 and is the oldest "Stage" in Germany. In 1782 the premiere of <i>Die Räuber</i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, was shown.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, smaller stages have opened, such as the Oststadt-Theater, the TIG7 (Theater im Quadrat G7), the Theater Oliv, the Freilichtbühne, the Theater31, the Theater ImPuls, the Theater Felina-Areal, the Mannheimer Puppenspiele, the Kleinkunstbühne Klapsmühl', Schatzkistl, and <a href="/wiki/Zeitraumexit" title="Zeitraumexit">zeitraumexit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl-Benz-Stadion_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carl-Benz-Stadion_2.jpg/220px-Carl-Benz-Stadion_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carl-Benz-Stadion_2.jpg/330px-Carl-Benz-Stadion_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carl-Benz-Stadion_2.jpg/440px-Carl-Benz-Stadion_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl-Benz-Stadion" title="Carl-Benz-Stadion">Carl-Benz-Stadion</a>, the home stadium of SV Waldhof Mannheim</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two nationally renowned football clubs in Mannheim, <a href="/wiki/SV_Waldhof_Mannheim" title="SV Waldhof Mannheim">SV Waldhof Mannheim</a>, who currently are playing in the third tier <a href="/wiki/3._Liga" title="3. Liga">3. Liga</a>, but who have played in the top tier, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a>; and <a href="/wiki/VfR_Mannheim" title="VfR Mannheim">VfR Mannheim</a>, winner of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_German_football#Postwar_football" title="History of German football">German championship in 1949</a>, now playing in the sixth tier <a href="/wiki/Verbandsliga_Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbandsliga Baden">Verbandsliga Baden</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Adler_Mannheim" title="Adler Mannheim">Adler Mannheim</a> (formerly MERC, Mannheimer Eis- und Rollsport-Club) is an <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> team playing in the professional <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga" title="Deutsche Eishockey Liga">Deutsche Eishockey Liga</a>, having won the German championship a total of eight times (7 times Deutsche Eishockey Liga and one time the former highest German ice hockey league known as <a href="/wiki/Eishockey-Bundesliga" title="Eishockey-Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Tornados" title="Mannheim Tornados">Mannheim Tornados</a>, the oldest operational baseball and softball club in Germany. The Tornados play in the first division of the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga_(baseball)" title="Bundesliga (baseball)">Baseball Bundesliga</a> and have won the championship 11 times, more than any other club.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> club <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim_Bandits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannheim Bandits (page does not exist)">Mannheim Bandits</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim_Bandits" class="extiw" title="de:Mannheim Bandits">de</a>]</span> was founded. The Mannheim Bandits are playing in the first German Football League which is called GFL1. As of 2018, between 500 and 900 people watch each game.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Neckar_L%C3%B6wen" title="Rhein-Neckar Löwen">Rhein-Neckar Löwen</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Team_Handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Handball">handball</a> team playing in the professional <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga_(handball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesliga (handball)">German Handball League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWE</a> visited Mannheim in 2008. Around 10,000 fans attended the event.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UFC fighter <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Siver" title="Dennis Siver">Dennis Siver</a> lives and trains in Mannheim.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mannheim hosted the <a href="/wiki/European_Show_Jumping_Championships" title="European Show Jumping Championships">European Show Jumping Championships</a> in 1997, and the <a href="/wiki/2007_FEI_European_Jumping_Championship" title="2007 FEI European Jumping Championship">FEI European Jumping Championships in 2007</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 14–19 August, in the MVV-riding stadium. </p><p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Hobby_Horse_Polo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobby Horse Polo">Hobby Horse Polo</a> was invented in Mannheim, evoking the classical rivalry towards "polite society" in Heidelberg.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eva_Gerten-2014_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eva_Gerten-2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Maimarkt-Turnier_Mannheim" title="Maimarkt-Turnier Mannheim">Maimarkt-Turnier Mannheim</a> is an annual international horse show held during the Mannheimer Maimarkt since 1964. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inventions">Inventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Inventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_of_first_motorcar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Monument_of_first_motorcar.jpg/220px-Monument_of_first_motorcar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Monument_of_first_motorcar.jpg/330px-Monument_of_first_motorcar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Monument_of_first_motorcar.jpg/440px-Monument_of_first_motorcar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Monument of first motorcar in Mannheim</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> magazine, Mannheim is known for its exceptional inventive power and was ranked 11th among the Top 15 of the most inventive cities worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many significant inventions were made in Mannheim: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Drais" title="Karl Drais">Karl Drais</a> built the first two-wheeled <i><a href="/wiki/Draisine" title="Draisine">draisine</a></i> in 1817.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a> drove the first automobile on the streets of Mannheim in 1886. At his workshop in Mannheim, he produced a lightweight <a href="/wiki/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Benz Patent Motorwagen">three-wheeled vehicle</a> powered by a single cylinder <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">petrol/gasoline</a>-fueled <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">engine</a>, first shown in public during 1886. This powered tricycle subsequently came to be widely regarded as the first <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile/motor car</a> powered by an internal combustion engine. Karl's wife <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Benz" title="Bertha Benz">Bertha Benz</a> undertook the world's first <a href="/wiki/Road_trip" title="Road trip">road trip</a> by automobile from Mannheim to <a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a> and back,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 65 miles then, on modern roads about 55 miles, in August 1888.</li> <li>The Lanz Bulldog, a popular tractor with a rugged, simple Diesel engine was introduced in 1921.</li> <li>Karl Benz developed the world's first compact diesel-powered car at the <a href="/wiki/Benz_%26_Cie." class="mw-redirect" title="Benz & Cie.">Benz & Cie.</a> motor works in Mannheim in 1923.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Hatry" title="Julius Hatry">Julius Hatry</a> built the world's first rocket plane in 1929.</li> <li>Dario Fontanella, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Gastarbeiter" title="Gastarbeiter">guest worker</a>, invented the first <a href="/wiki/Spaghettieis" title="Spaghettieis">Spaghettieis</a> (spaghetti ice cream) in 1969.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Draisine1817.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The world's first bicycle, built in Mannheim by Karl Freiherr von Drais in 1817"><img alt="The world's first bicycle, built in Mannheim by Karl Freiherr von Drais in 1817" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Draisine1817.jpg/84px-Draisine1817.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Draisine1817.jpg/126px-Draisine1817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Draisine1817.jpg/169px-Draisine1817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="1474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The world's first <a href="/wiki/Draisine" title="Draisine">bicycle</a>, built in Mannheim by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Drais" title="Karl Drais">Karl Freiherr von Drais</a> in 1817</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1885Benz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The world's first motorcar, built in Mannheim by Karl Benz in 1885"><img alt="The world's first motorcar, built in Mannheim by Karl Benz in 1885" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1885Benz.jpg/120px-1885Benz.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1885Benz.jpg/180px-1885Benz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1885Benz.jpg/240px-1885Benz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The world's first <a href="/wiki/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Benz Patent Motorwagen">motorcar</a>, built in Mannheim by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a> in 1885</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berthabenzmemorialrouteschild.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official sign of Bertha Benz Memorial Route, commemorating the world's first long-distance journey by automobile from Mannheim to Pforzheim in 1888 104 km (65 mi)"><img alt="Official sign of Bertha Benz Memorial Route, commemorating the world's first long-distance journey by automobile from Mannheim to Pforzheim in 1888 104 km (65 mi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Berthabenzmemorialrouteschild.jpg/120px-Berthabenzmemorialrouteschild.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Berthabenzmemorialrouteschild.jpg/180px-Berthabenzmemorialrouteschild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Berthabenzmemorialrouteschild.jpg/240px-Berthabenzmemorialrouteschild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Official sign of <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Benz_Memorial_Route" title="Bertha Benz Memorial Route">Bertha Benz Memorial Route</a>, commemorating the world's first long-distance journey by automobile from Mannheim to Pforzheim in 1888 104 km (65 mi)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:890px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The University of Mannheim's main campus – the Palace in a 180-degree panoramic view"><img alt="The University of Mannheim's main campus – the Palace in a 180-degree panoramic view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg/882px-SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg" decoding="async" width="882" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg/1323px-SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg/1764px-SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6977" data-file-height="1582" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg" title="File:SchlossMannheim-Pano-130616.jpg"> </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mannheim" title="University of Mannheim">University of Mannheim</a>'s main campus – the Palace in a 180-degree panoramic view</div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mannheim" title="University of Mannheim">University of Mannheim</a> is one of Germany's younger universities. Although founded in 1967, it has its origins in the <i>Palatine Academy of Sciences</i>, established in 1763, and the former Handelshochschule (Commercial College), founded in 1907. Situated in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Palace" title="Mannheim Palace">Mannheim Palace</a>, it is Germany's leading university in the fields of business and economics and attracts students from around the world. Described by <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i> as the '<a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> of Germany',<sup id="cite_ref-www.zeit.de-2002_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.zeit.de-2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is seen as the training grounds of German business leaders. More than 12,000 students were enrolled in the 2013/14 semester.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The university town also houses one of the medical schools of <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a> (at the <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_Mannheim" title="University Hospital Mannheim">University Hospital Mannheim</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Hochschule_Mannheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochschule Mannheim">Hochschule Mannheim</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_Cooperative_State_University" title="Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University">Duale Hochschule of the State of Baden-Württemberg</a> and several musical and theatrical academies, including the Pop Academy Mannheim, the Musikhochschule and the Theaterakademie. These institutions draw a large and diverse student body. </p><p>Dependents of U.S. military personnel attended Mannheim Elementary School until it closed in June 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s the school had 2,200 students.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor">Mayor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mayor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Specht_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Christian_Specht_2.jpg/220px-Christian_Specht_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Christian_Specht_2.jpg/330px-Christian_Specht_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Christian_Specht_2.jpg/440px-Christian_Specht_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="1325" /></a><figcaption>Christian Specht in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>The mayor is the head of the city council and chairman of the council, being selected by direct suffrage for a term of eight years. The current mayor is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Specht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Specht (page does not exist)">Christian Specht</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Specht" class="extiw" title="de:Christian Specht">de</a>]</span> from the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU). </p><p>In 2023, Specht ran in the election for mayor of Mannheim, in which incumbent <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kurz" title="Peter Kurz">Peter Kurz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>) did not run again, and was supported by the CDU Mannheim, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheimer_Liste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannheimer Liste (page does not exist)">Mannheimer Liste</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheimer_Liste" class="extiw" title="de:Mannheimer Liste">de</a>]</span> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> Mannheim.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first round of voting on June 18, 2023, he received 45.64% of the vote. On July 9, 2023, he won the second round of voting with 49.9% of the vote, ahead of SPD candidate Thorsten Riehle (48.7%) and independent candidate Uğur Çakir (1.3%).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to an objection to the election results, Specht was initially elected as appointed mayor by the city council.<sup id="cite_ref-Amtsantritt_2023_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amtsantritt_2023-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objection was rejected by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karlsruhe_Regional_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karlsruhe Regional Council (page does not exist)">Karlsruhe Regional Council</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_Regional_Council" class="extiw" title="de:Karlsruhe Regional Council">de</a>]</span> on August 2, 2023, making Specht's election valid.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took office on August 4, 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making him the first CDU mayor in Mannheim since <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Braun" class="extiw" title="de:Josef Braun">Josef Braun</a> (1945–1948).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Christian Specht</b> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> </td> <td>34,329 </td> <td>45.6 </td> <td><b>35,981</b> </td> <td><b>49.9</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left">Thorsten Riehle </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>22,748 </td> <td>30.2 </td> <td>35,122 </td> <td>48.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left">Raymond Fojkar </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> </td> <td>10,379 </td> <td>13.8 </td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Withdrew</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left">Thomas Bischoff </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> </td> <td>2,327 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Withdrew</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">David Frey </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>1,081 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Withdrew</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">Tanja Krone </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>903 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Withdrew</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">Uğur Çakir </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>638 </td> <td>0.85 </td> <td>947 </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="left"><i>Others</i> </td> <td>41 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>75,222 </th> <th>99.4 </th> <th>72,120 </th> <th>99.4 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>467 </th> <th>0.6 </th> <th>415 </th> <th>0.6 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>75,689 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th>72,535 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>234,942 </th> <th>32.2 </th> <th>234,861 </th> <th>30.9 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlergebnisse.komm.one/lb/produktion/wahltermin-20230618/08222000/praesentation/index.html">City of Mannheim</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city leaders since 1810 are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li>1810–1820: Johann Wilhelm Reinhardt</li> <li>1820–1832: Valentin Möhl</li> <li>1833–1835: Heinrich Andriano</li> <li>1836–1849: Ludwig Jolly</li> <li>1849–1852: Friedrich Reiß</li> <li>1852–1861: Heinrich Christian Diffené</li> <li>1861–1870: Ludwig Achenbach</li> <li>1870–1891: Eduard Moll</li> <li>1891–1908: Otto Beck</li> <li>1908–1913: Paul Martin</li> <li>1914–1928: Theodor Kutzer</li> <li>1928–1933: Hermann Heimerich (SPD)</li> <li>1933–1945: Carl Renninger (<a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a>)</li> <li>1945–1948: Josef Braun (CDU)</li> <li>1948–1949: Fritz Cahn-Garnier (SPD)</li> <li>1949–1955: Hermann Heimerich (SPD)</li> <li>1956–1972: Hans Reschke (independent)</li> <li>1972–1980: Ludwig Ratzel (SPD)</li> <li>1980–1983: Wilhelm Varnholt (SPD)</li> <li>1983–2007: Gerhard Widder (SPD)</li> <li>2007–2023: Peter Kurz (SPD)</li> <li>2023–present: Christian Specht (CDU)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: City council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Technisches_Rathaus_in_Mannheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Technisches_Rathaus_in_Mannheim.jpg/220px-Technisches_Rathaus_in_Mannheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Technisches_Rathaus_in_Mannheim.jpg/330px-Technisches_Rathaus_in_Mannheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Technisches_Rathaus_in_Mannheim.jpg/440px-Technisches_Rathaus_in_Mannheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2247" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>Town hall in E 5</figcaption></figure> <p>The council has 48 seats and is elected by direct suffrage for five years. In the local elections in Baden-Württemberg, voters are allowed to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">cumulative voting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">vote splitting</a>. Since the Second World War the SPD, except in the elections of 1999, 2004, and 2024, has received more votes than the CDU. In the 2019 election, the Greens received the most votes for the first time. </p><p>The most recent city council election was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>+/- </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) </td> <td>1,110,883 </td> <td>21.6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.5 </td> <td>10 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne) </td> <td>1,035,384 </td> <td>20.1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.3 </td> <td>9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) </td> <td>952,919 </td> <td>18.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.7 </td> <td>9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) </td> <td>731,679 </td> <td>14.2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.0 </td> <td>7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Free Voters/Mannheimer List (ML) </td> <td>346,759 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.7 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) </td> <td>276,672 </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.7 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke) </td> <td>254,373 </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00545F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Animal Protection Party</a> (Tierschutz) </td> <td>112,496 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> (PARTEI) </td> <td>108,638 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.9 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Middle-Class for Mannheim (MfM) </td> <td>76,555 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">The Mannheimers </td> <td>64,393 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#43A428"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Klimaliste" title="Klimaliste">Climate List Baden-Württemberg</a> (Klima) </td> <td>59,228 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Protect the Cars </td> <td>12,632 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Valid votes </th> <th>5,142,611 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Invalid ballots </th> <th>2,479 </th> <th>2.1 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total ballots </th> <th>120,729 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th>48 </th> <th>±0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>238,394 </th> <th>51.5 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.7 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlergebnisse.komm.one/lb/produktion/wahltermin-20240609/08222000/praesentation/ergebnis.html?wahl_id=1677&stimmentyp=0&id=ebene_-10065_id_16232">City of Mannheim</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_military_installations">United States military installations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United States military installations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Europe">U.S. Army Europe</a> installations were located in and near Mannheim during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The following locations provided services to and housed the "U.S. Army Garrison Mannheim" and other units of the U.S. Army. The U.S. Army Garrison Mannheim was formally deactivated on 31 May 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Coleman Barracks and <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Army_Airfield" title="Coleman Army Airfield">Coleman Army Airfield</a> (Mannheim-Sandhofen): the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/American_Forces_Network" title="American Forces Network">American Forces Network</a>-Europe, and Also, the location of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corrections_Facility-Europe" title="United States Army Corrections Facility-Europe">United States Army Corrections Facility-Europe</a>.</li> <li>Funari Barracks (Mannheim-Käfertal), vacated in 2014.</li> <li>Spinelli Barracks (Mannheim-Feudenheim), vacated in 2015, the home of the Army's 28th Transportation <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">Battalion</a>.</li> <li>Sullivan Barracks (Mannheim-Käfertal): formerly the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Signal_Brigade_(United_States)" title="7th Signal Brigade (United States)">U.S. Army's 7th Signal Brigade</a> and the 529th Military Police Honor Guard Company's 2nd Platoon; vacated in 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Barracks" title="Taylor Barracks">Taylor Barracks</a> (Mannheim-Vogelstang): formerly the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Signal_Brigade_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Signal Brigade (United States)">U.S. Army's 2nd Signal Brigade</a>; vacated in 2011.</li> <li>Turley Barracks (Mannheim-Käfertal): in the early 1990s was home to the 181st Transportation Bn, with companies of 40th, 41st, 51st, 590th, TTP, and HHC transportation companies and also the headquarters of the NATO <a href="/wiki/ACE_Mobile_Force_(Land)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE Mobile Force (Land)">ACE Mobile Force (Land)</a> (AMFL).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Village" title="Benjamin Franklin Village">Benjamin Franklin Village</a> (Mannheim-Käfertal), housing. Also, it was the home of the Mannheim American High School and the Middle School,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which closed on 9 June 2011. The last soldier and his family moved out in 2012.</li></ul> <p>The following locations were part of the "U.S. Army Garrison <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>" but were within the area of the city of Mannheim until they were vacated in 2010 and 2011: </p> <ul><li>Friedrichsfeld Service Center (Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld)</li> <li>Hammonds Barracks (formerly Loretto Kaserne) (Mannheim-Seckenheim)</li> <li>Stem Kaserne (Mannheim-Seckenheim)</li></ul> <p>All personnel of the U.S. Army military community left Mannheim by 2015, some of them moving to Wiesbaden. With the exception of four barracks, all other barracks formerly occupied by the U.S. military had been returned to the German state for conversion to civilian use in 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mannheim_Altes_Rathaus_St_Sebastian_3600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mannheim_Altes_Rathaus_St_Sebastian_3600.jpg/220px-Mannheim_Altes_Rathaus_St_Sebastian_3600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mannheim_Altes_Rathaus_St_Sebastian_3600.jpg/330px-Mannheim_Altes_Rathaus_St_Sebastian_3600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mannheim_Altes_Rathaus_St_Sebastian_3600.jpg/440px-Mannheim_Altes_Rathaus_St_Sebastian_3600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Former City Hall and St. Sebastian's Church</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universitaet_Mannheim_Schloss_Ehrenhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Universitaet_Mannheim_Schloss_Ehrenhof.jpg/220px-Universitaet_Mannheim_Schloss_Ehrenhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Universitaet_Mannheim_Schloss_Ehrenhof.jpg/330px-Universitaet_Mannheim_Schloss_Ehrenhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Universitaet_Mannheim_Schloss_Ehrenhof.jpg/440px-Universitaet_Mannheim_Schloss_Ehrenhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6069" data-file-height="2609" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mannheim" title="University of Mannheim">University of Mannheim</a> is housed in the <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Palace" title="Mannheim Palace">Mannheim Palace</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuitenkirche_West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jesuitenkirche_West.jpg/170px-Jesuitenkirche_West.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jesuitenkirche_West.jpg/255px-Jesuitenkirche_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jesuitenkirche_West.jpg/340px-Jesuitenkirche_West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Jesuit Church (background) and Sternwarte (defunct observatory; in the foreground)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mannemer_Mess_-_Oct_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mannemer_Mess_-_Oct_2014.JPG/220px-Mannemer_Mess_-_Oct_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mannemer_Mess_-_Oct_2014.JPG/330px-Mannemer_Mess_-_Oct_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mannemer_Mess_-_Oct_2014.JPG/440px-Mannemer_Mess_-_Oct_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>At the Mannheim Fair (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheimer_Mess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannheimer Mess (page does not exist)">Mannheimer Mess</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheimer_Mess" class="extiw" title="de:Mannheimer Mess">de</a>]</span>), Oct. 2014</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NUB_Mannheim_2014-03-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/NUB_Mannheim_2014-03-13.jpg/220px-NUB_Mannheim_2014-03-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/NUB_Mannheim_2014-03-13.jpg/330px-NUB_Mannheim_2014-03-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/NUB_Mannheim_2014-03-13.jpg/440px-NUB_Mannheim_2014-03-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neckaruferbebauung_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neckaruferbebauung Nord (page does not exist)">Neckaruferbebauung Nord</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckaruferbebauung_Nord" class="extiw" title="de:Neckaruferbebauung Nord">de</a>]</span> in 2014</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernmeldeturm_Mannheim" title="Fernmeldeturm Mannheim">Fernmeldeturm Mannheim</a> – 217.8-metre-high telecommunication tower, landmark of Mannheim</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagoge_(Mannheim)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synagoge (Mannheim) (page does not exist)">Synagoge (Mannheim)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoge_(Mannheim)" class="extiw" title="de:Synagoge (Mannheim)">de</a>]</span> – post World War II synagogue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Mosque" title="Yavuz Sultan Selim Mosque">Yavuz Sultan Selim Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisenpark" title="Luisenpark">Luisenpark</a> – named one of the most beautiful parks in Europe with around 1.2 million visitors annually<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Palace" title="Mannheim Palace">Mannheim Palace</a> (<i>Mannheimer Schloss</i>) – the city castle and main building of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mannheim" title="University of Mannheim">University of Mannheim</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visit-mannheim.de/en/Media/attractions/water-tower">Wasserturm – the town's landmark water tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Church_(Mannheim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Church (Mannheim)">Jesuit Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAP_Arena" title="SAP Arena">SAP Arena</a> – multifunctional indoor <a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">arena</a>, home of Mannheim's ice-hockey team <a href="/wiki/Adler_Mannheim" title="Adler Mannheim">"Die Adler"</a> ("The Eagles")<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Breite Strasse, Kunststrasse, and <a href="/wiki/Kapuzinerplanken" title="Kapuzinerplanken">Kapuzinerplanken</a> – Mannheim's main shopping destinations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Filmfestival_Mannheim-Heidelberg" title="International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg">International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunsthalle_Mannheim" title="Kunsthalle Mannheim">Kunsthalle Mannheim</a> – museum of modern and contemporary art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoseum" title="Technoseum">Technoseum</a> – technology museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visit-mannheim.de/en/Media/attractions/multihalle-mannheim">Multihalle – multi-purpose hall in Mannheim's Herzogenriedpark, the world's largest self-supporting wooden lattice-shell construction</a></li> <li>Wildpark and Waldvogelpark am Karlstern</li> <li>The city centre – designed in squares (Quadratestadt)</li> <li>Reißinsel – a natural area that an honorary citizen of Mannheim, Carl Reiß, bequeathed to the residents of Mannheim<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiss_Engelhorn_Museum" title="Reiss Engelhorn Museum">Reiß-Engelhorn-Museen</a> – museum with four exhibition halls presenting exhibits in archaeology, world cultures, history of art and culture, photography, and history of theater and music</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim_May_Market" title="Mannheim May Market">Maimarkt</a> – largest regional trade fair in Germany<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marktplatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Marktplatz">Marktplatz</a> (Market square) – hosts a farmers' market every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresh fruit, vegetables, and flowers are sold.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheimer_Mess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannheimer Mess (page does not exist)">Mannheimer Mess</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheimer_Mess" class="extiw" title="de:Mannheimer Mess">de</a>]</span> (Mannheim Fair) – twice a year (spring & autumn), a big fair that takes place on Neuer Messplatz-square<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) of €20.921 billion, Mannheim ranks 17th on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_cities_by_GDP" title="List of German cities by GDP">list of German cities by GDP</a> as of 2018. </p><p>In the 2019 edition of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zukunftsatlas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zukunftsatlas (page does not exist)">Zukunftsatlas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zukunftsatlas" class="extiw" title="de:Zukunftsatlas">de</a>]</span>, the independent city of Mannheim ranked 35nd out of 401 counties and independent cities in Germany, making it one of the places with "high future opportunities".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mannheim is among the most attractive business locations in Germany thanks to its competitive business environment and growth opportunities and is considered the economic centre of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Neckar_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region">Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region</a>, which is one of Germany's most important business locations.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Economy_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Economy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Economy Magazine elected Mannheim under the 20 cities that best represent the world of tomorrow emphasizing Mannheim's positive economic and innovative environment.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Economy_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Economy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment rate</a> of Mannheim is 7.2% as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The successor to the Karl Benz automobile manufacturing companies begun in Mannheim, <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a>, has had a large presence in Mannheim. Today, diesel engines and buses are assembled there. The Swiss <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann%E2%80%93La_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann–La Roche">Hoffmann–La Roche</a> diagnostic group (formerly known as Boehringer Mannheim) has its division headquarters in Mannheim.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the city also hosts large factories, headquarters and/or offices of <a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF (Ludwigshafen)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilfinger_Berger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilfinger Berger">Bilfinger Berger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reckitt_Benckiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Reckitt Benckiser">Reckitt Benckiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Essity" title="Essity">Essity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Group" title="Phoenix Group">Phoenix Group</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Inc">Bombardier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pepperl%2BFuchs" title="Pepperl+Fuchs">Pepperl+Fuchs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar Inc">Caterpillar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuchs_Petrolub" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuchs Petrolub">Fuchs Petrolub</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Deere" title="John Deere">John Deere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Cellulosa_Aktiebolaget" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget">SCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdzucker" title="Südzucker">Südzucker</a>, and other companies. The <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_Mannheim" title="University Hospital Mannheim">University Hospital Mannheim</a> provides health care to the inhabitants of Mannheim and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Neckar_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region">Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region</a>. </p><p>With €4.5 billion, Mannheim ranks 22nd on the list of cities by market value of its <a href="/wiki/DAX" title="DAX">DAX</a>, <a href="/wiki/TecDAX" title="TecDAX">TecDAX</a> and <a href="/wiki/MDAX" title="MDAX">MDAX</a> companies.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konzernzentrale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Konzernzentrale.jpg/220px-Konzernzentrale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Konzernzentrale.jpg/330px-Konzernzentrale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Konzernzentrale.jpg/440px-Konzernzentrale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>MVV tower in Mannheim</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/MVV_Energie" title="MVV Energie">MVV Energie</a> based in Mannheim is the largest municipal energy supplier in Germany. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the only local daily newspaper <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheimer_Morgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannheimer Morgen (page does not exist)">Mannheimer Morgen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheimer_Morgen" class="extiw" title="de:Mannheimer Morgen">de</a>]</span></i>, the Ludwigshafen newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Rheinpfalz" title="Die Rheinpfalz">Die Rheinpfalz</a></i>, the Heidelberg newspaper <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung (page does not exist)">Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung" class="extiw" title="de:Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung">de</a>]</span></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a> Rhein-Neckar</i> offer a local section for Mannheim. In addition, the weekly paper <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wirkungswerk.de/">Wochenblatt Mannheim</a></i> with its official gazette is published. The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommunal-Info_Mannheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommunal-Info Mannheim (page does not exist)">Kommunal-Info Mannheim</a></i> is published fortnightly. Free district newspapers are distributed in almost all parts of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_transport">Road transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Road transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Verkehrswege_Gro%C3%9Fraum_Mannheim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Karte_Verkehrswege_Gro%C3%9Fraum_Mannheim.png/220px-Karte_Verkehrswege_Gro%C3%9Fraum_Mannheim.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Karte_Verkehrswege_Gro%C3%9Fraum_Mannheim.png/330px-Karte_Verkehrswege_Gro%C3%9Fraum_Mannheim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Karte_Verkehrswege_Gro%C3%9Fraum_Mannheim.png/440px-Karte_Verkehrswege_Gro%C3%9Fraum_Mannheim.png 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="3347" /></a><figcaption>Roadmap of Mannheim</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mannheim/Ludwigshafen area is surrounded by a ring of motorways connecting it to <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> in the south, <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> in the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_transport">Railway transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Railway transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Hauptbahnhof" title="Mannheim Hauptbahnhof">Mannheim Hauptbahnhof</a> (central station) is at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mannheim-Stuttgart_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannheim-Stuttgart high-speed rail line">Mannheim-Stuttgart high-speed rail line</a> and is the most important railway junction in southwestern Germany. It is served by <a href="/wiki/InterCityExpress" class="mw-redirect" title="InterCityExpress">ICE</a> high-speed train system with connections to <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>–<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>–<a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>–<a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. A new <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt%E2%80%93Mannheim_high-speed_railway" title="Frankfurt–Mannheim high-speed railway">high speed line to Frankfurt</a> also is planned to relieve the existing <a href="/wiki/Mannheim%E2%80%93Frankfurt_railway" title="Mannheim–Frankfurt railway">Mannheim–Frankfurt railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="River_transport">River transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: River transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> <div style="position:relative; background-color:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #CCCCCC;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neckar_watershed_closer.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Mannheim on the Rivers Rhine and Neckar"><img alt="Mannheim on the Rivers Rhine and Neckar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Neckar_watershed_closer.gif/220px-Neckar_watershed_closer.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Neckar_watershed_closer.gif/330px-Neckar_watershed_closer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Neckar_watershed_closer.gif 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="560" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 43px; left: 65px;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 8px; left: -4px; top: -4px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><span style="padding: 1px;"></span></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mannheim on the Rivers Rhine and Neckar</div> </div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Harbour" title="Mannheim Harbour">Mannheim Harbour</a> is the second-largest <a href="/wiki/River_port" class="mw-redirect" title="River port">river port</a> in Germany and has a size of 1131 <a href="/wiki/Hectares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectares">hectares</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, 6.9 million tons of goods were handled on the water side.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 500 companies, with about 20,000 employees, are in the Mannheim Harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Air transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_the_Mannheim_City_airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aerial_image_of_the_Mannheim_City_airport.jpg/220px-Aerial_image_of_the_Mannheim_City_airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aerial_image_of_the_Mannheim_City_airport.jpg/330px-Aerial_image_of_the_Mannheim_City_airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aerial_image_of_the_Mannheim_City_airport.jpg/440px-Aerial_image_of_the_Mannheim_City_airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Mannheim City Airport</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt International Airport">Frankfurt International Airport</a> is only 65 km (40 mi) to the north, at various times over the years there were daily passenger flights from <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_City_Airport" title="Mannheim City Airport">Mannheim City Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA_code" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA code">IATA code</a> MHG) to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>. Currently, commercial passenger flights serve Sylt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_public_transport">Local public transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Local public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Mannheim/Ludwigshafen" title="Trams in Mannheim/Ludwigshafen">Trams in Mannheim/Ludwigshafen</a></div> <p>Local public transport in Mannheim includes the <a href="/wiki/RheinNeckar_S-Bahn" class="mw-redirect" title="RheinNeckar S-Bahn">RheinNeckar S-Bahn</a>, eleven <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> lines, and numerous bus lines operated by <a href="/wiki/Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr" title="Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr">Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr</a> (Rhine-Neckar transport) (RNV). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/RheinNeckar_S-Bahn" class="mw-redirect" title="RheinNeckar S-Bahn">RheinNeckar S-Bahn</a>, established in 2003, connects most of the Rhine-Neckar area, including lines into the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odenwald" title="Odenwald">Odenwald</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>. All S-Bahn lines run through Mannheim Hauptbahnhof except S5. Other S-Bahn stations are Mannheim-Rangierbahnhof, Mannheim-Seckenheim, and Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld-Süd. </p><p>The <span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a></span> integrated <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Mannheim/Ludwigshafen" title="Trams in Mannheim/Ludwigshafen">Mannheim/Ludwigshafen tramway network</a> also extends to Heidelberg. It is operated by RNV, a company that is wholly owned by the three cities mentioned and a couple of municipalities in the Palatinate. RNV is the result of a merger on 1 October 2009 between the region's five former municipal transportation companies.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interurban trams are operated by RNV on a triangular route between Mannheim, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weinheim" title="Weinheim">Weinheim</a> that was originally established by the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Railway_Company" title="Upper Rhine Railway Company">Upper Rhine Railway Company</a> (<i>Oberrheinische Eisenbahn</i>, OEG), and the company also operates interurban trams between <a href="/wiki/Bad_D%C3%BCrkheim" title="Bad Dürkheim">Bad Dürkheim</a>, Ludwigshafen, and Mannheim. In the 1970s a proposal to build a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_in_Germany#U-Bahn" title="Rapid transit in Germany">U-Bahn</a> out of the Mannheim and Ludwigshafen tramways was begun, but only small sections were built due to lack of funds. The only underground station in Mannheim is the Haltestelle Dalbergstraße. U-Bahn planning now has stopped. All public transport is offered at uniform prices set by the <a href="/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Rhein-Neckar" title="Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar">Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar</a> (Rhine-Neckar Transport Union, VRN). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Block_numbering_and_computer_mapping">Block numbering and computer mapping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Block numbering and computer mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mannheim_Quadratstadt_beschriftet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mannheim_Quadratstadt_beschriftet.png/293px-Mannheim_Quadratstadt_beschriftet.png" decoding="async" width="293" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mannheim_Quadratstadt_beschriftet.png/440px-Mannheim_Quadratstadt_beschriftet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mannheim_Quadratstadt_beschriftet.png/586px-Mannheim_Quadratstadt_beschriftet.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The squares with their numbers</figcaption></figure> <p>The city centre uses an addressing system that is unique within Germany. Rather than street names and numbers, each block is given a code and a number is given to each building: C3, 17 is block C3, building 17. The practice dates back centuries and is a result of the original use of the city centre as a fort, with the fort's internal system being adopted when it became public streets. The streets themselves are unnamed. The codes are laid out in a simple progressive pattern: C3 is between C2 and C4 in one direction and B3 and D3 in the other. However, those not used to the system will often become lost. A street named Breite Straße goes through the middle of the blocks from south to north, with blocks A-K on the west side of the street and L-U on the east, with each row going 1 to at most 7 based on distance from this road. House numbers begin on the south corner nearest Breite Straße and go counterclockwise for A-K and clockwise for L-U.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That causes major issues with most mapping software, as the databases that they use are based on the standard street-number system, and so the software cannot accommodate a completely different system for a small area. A variety of fixes have been tried, none with a high level of success. In particular, the systems have issues because an address on a block can be on any of up to four roads and so attempts to fix the issue by giving the roads false names within the database have often failed to give accurate addressing, but such can still be seen on some platforms like <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Finding an address in the area thus generally requires resorting to asking directions or using one of the many posted public maps.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luisenpark_Gondoletta_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Luisenpark_Gondoletta_05.jpg/120px-Luisenpark_Gondoletta_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Luisenpark_Gondoletta_05.jpg/180px-Luisenpark_Gondoletta_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Luisenpark_Gondoletta_05.jpg/240px-Luisenpark_Gondoletta_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="2442" /></a><figcaption>Telecommunication tower and <a href="/wiki/Luisenpark" title="Luisenpark">Luisenpark</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mannheim is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, Wales, United Kingdom (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, France (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf" title="Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf">Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf (Berlin)</a>, Germany (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>, Canada (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesa" title="Riesa">Riesa</a>, Germany (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, Moldova (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>, Poland (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a>, Lithuania (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a>, China (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, China (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a>, Ukraine (2022)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_von_Pers%C3%B6nlichkeiten_der_Stadt_Mannheim" class="extiw" title="de:Liste von Persönlichkeiten der Stadt Mannheim">:de:Liste von Persönlichkeiten der Stadt Mannheim (List of personalities of Mannheim)</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Ehrenb%C3%BCrger_von_Mannheim" class="extiw" title="de:Liste der Ehrenbürger von Mannheim">:de:Liste der Ehrenbürger von Mannheim (List of honorary citizens of Mannheim)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josepha_von_Heydeck" title="Josepha von Heydeck">Josepha von Heydeck</a> (1748–1771), mistress of Charles Theodore, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Elector of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Cramer" title="Johann Baptist Cramer">Johann Baptist Cramer</a> (1771–1858), English pianist and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engelhorn" title="Friedrich Engelhorn">Friedrich Engelhorn</a> (1821–1902), industrialist, founder of <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Otterbourg" title="Marcus Otterbourg">Marcus Otterbourg</a> (1827–1893), American diplomat, lawyer, and judge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing" title="Richard von Krafft-Ebing">Richard von Krafft-Ebing</a> (1840–1902), Austro-German psychiatrist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benz" title="Carl Benz">Carl Benz</a> (1844–1929), engine designer and automotive engineer. He built the first practical motorcar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Sr." title="Henry Morgenthau Sr.">Henry Morgenthau Sr.</a> (1856–1946), American politician and real estate investor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(composer)" title="Robert Kahn (composer)">Robert Kahn</a> (1865–1951), composer and pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hermann_Kahn" title="Otto Hermann Kahn">Otto Hermann Kahn</a> (1867–1934), investment banker, collector and philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Wehlen" title="Emmy Wehlen">Emmy Wehlen</a> (1887–1977), musical comedy actress and silent screen star</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepp_Herberger" title="Sepp Herberger">Sepp Herberger</a> (1897–1977), football player and manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Fuchs" title="Wilhelm Fuchs">Wilhelm Fuchs</a> (1898–1947), Nazi SS officer and Holocaust perpetrator executed for war crimes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Hillenga%C3%9F" title="Hedwig Hillengaß">Hedwig Hillengaß</a> (1902–1970), operatic soprano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> (1905–1981), Nazi architect, Minister for Armaments and Munitions during World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Hatry" title="Julius Hatry">Julius Hatry</a> (1906–2000), aircraft designer and builder. He created the world's first purpose-built rocket plane.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Hans Filbinger</a> (1913–2007), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adler_(composer)" title="Samuel Adler (composer)">Samuel Hans Adler</a> (born 1928), German-American composer, conductor and professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Leininger" title="Claus Leininger">Claus Leininger</a> (1931–2005), theatre director and manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Wolfensberger" title="Wolf Wolfensberger">Wolf Wolfensberger</a> (1934–2011), German-American psychologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fritz" title="Roger Fritz">Roger Fritz</a> (1936–2021), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Altig" title="Rudi Altig">Rudi Altig</a> (1937–2016), cyclist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_Schmidtmer" title="Christiane Schmidtmer">Christiane Schmidtmer</a> (1939–2003), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Breinersdorfer" title="Fred Breinersdorfer">Fred Breinersdorfer</a> (born 1946), writer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_W_Schweizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl W Schweizer (page does not exist)">Karl W Schweizer</a> (born 1946), historian and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Fleckenstein" title="Kurt Fleckenstein">Kurt Fleckenstein</a> (born 1949), artist/sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dani" title="Peter Dani">Peter Dani</a> (1956–2002), American footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwefel" title="Schwefel">Norbert Schwefel</a> (1960–2015), musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juergen_Adams" title="Juergen Adams">Juergen Adams</a> (born 1961), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Rahn" title="Uwe Rahn">Uwe Rahn</a> (born 1962), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lambrecht" title="Christine Lambrecht">Christine Lambrecht</a> (born 1965), politician (SPD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Jung_(bishop)" title="Franz Jung (bishop)">Franz Jung</a> (born 1966), Roman Catholic bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steffi_Graf" title="Steffi Graf">Steffi Graf</a> (born 1969), tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Naidoo" title="Xavier Naidoo">Xavier Naidoo</a> (born 1971), pop singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_W%C3%B6rns" title="Christian Wörns">Christian Wörns</a> (born 1972), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexi_Alexander" title="Lexi Alexander">Lexi Alexander</a> (born 1974), director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ceylan" title="Bülent Ceylan">Bülent Ceylan</a> (born 1976), German-Turkish comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Hecht" title="Jochen Hecht">Jochen Hecht</a> (born 1977), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Gensheimer" title="Uwe Gensheimer">Uwe Gensheimer</a> (born 1989), handball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulia_Enders" title="Giulia Enders">Giulia Enders</a> (born 1990), writer and medical researcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Gro%C3%9F" title="Pascal Groß">Pascal Groß</a> (born 1991), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakan_%C3%87alhano%C4%9Flu" title="Hakan Çalhanoğlu">Hakan Çalhanoğlu</a> (born 1994), Turkish footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Krumbiegel" title="Paulina Krumbiegel">Paulina Krumbiegel</a> (born 2000), footballer</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in dem → im</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/oberbuergermeisterwahl-mannheim-2023/">OB Wahl Mannheim 2023</a> Staatsanzeiger Baden-Württemberg</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metro-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metro_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140831035106/http://www.m-r-n.com/en/home/investment-and-economic-activity/rhine-neckar-in-figures.html">"Rhine-Neckar: Rhine-Neckar in figures"</a>. 7 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-r-n.com/en/home/investment-and-economic-activity/rhine-neckar-in-figures.html">the original</a> on 31 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhine-Neckar%3A+Rhine-Neckar+in+figures&rft.date=2015-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-r-n.com%2Fen%2Fhome%2Finvestment-and-economic-activity%2Frhine-neckar-in-figures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-bw.de/BevoelkGebiet/Bevoelk_I_D_A_vj.csv">"Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022"</a> [Population by nationality and sex as of December 31, 2022] <span class="cs1-format">(CSV)</span> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg">Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg</a>. June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Nationalit%C3%A4t+und+Geschlecht+am+31.+Dezember+2022&rft.pub=Statistisches+Landesamt+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik-bw.de%2FBevoelkGebiet%2FBevoelk_I_D_A_vj.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woerterbuchnetz.de/cgi-bin/WBNetz/wbgui_py?sigle=PfWB&sigle=PfWB&mode=Vernetzung&hitlist=&patternlist=&lemid=PM00582">"Wörterbuchnetz – Pfälzisches Wörterbuch"</a>. <i>woerterbuchnetz.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=woerterbuchnetz.de&rft.atitle=W%C3%B6rterbuchnetz+%E2%80%93+Pf%C3%A4lzisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwoerterbuchnetz.de%2Fcgi-bin%2FWBNetz%2Fwbgui_py%3Fsigle%3DPfWB%26sigle%3DPfWB%26mode%3DVernetzung%26hitlist%3D%26patternlist%3D%26lemid%3DPM00582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mannheim.de/de/wirtschaft-entwickeln/wirtschaftsstandort">"Wirtschaftsstandort"</a>. <i>www.mannheim.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mannheim.de&rft.atitle=Wirtschaftsstandort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mannheim.de%2Fde%2Fwirtschaft-entwickeln%2Fwirtschaftsstandort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.zeit.de-2002-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.zeit.de-2002_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.zeit.de-2002_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2002%2F22%2FDeutsches_Harvard">"Deutsches Havard"</a>. <i>www.zeit.de</i>. 23 May 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zeit.de&rft.atitle=Deutsches+Havard&rft.date=2002-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fzustimmung%3Furl%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.zeit.de%252F2002%252F22%252FDeutsches_Harvard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaijtema2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haijtema, Dominique (13 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article424976/Auf-der-Suche-nach-einem-deutschen-Harvard.html">"Auf der Suche nach einem deutschen Harvard"</a>. <i>DIE WELT</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DIE+WELT&rft.atitle=Auf+der+Suche+nach+einem+deutschen+Harvard&rft.date=2005-02-13&rft.aulast=Haijtema&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fprint-welt%2Farticle424976%2FAuf-der-Suche-nach-einem-deutschen-Harvard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.foster.uw.edu/city-mannheim-isnt-germany-prettiest/">"The City of Mannheim isn't Germany at its Prettiest"</a>. <i>Foster Blog</i>. 18 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foster+Blog&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Mannheim+isn%27t+Germany+at+its+Prettiest&rft.date=2017-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.foster.uw.edu%2Fcity-mannheim-isnt-germany-prettiest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wlw.de/de/inside-business/aktuelles/messen/groessten-deutschen-messen">"Die 10 größten Messen in Deutschland | "Wer liefert was"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>wlw.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rheinpfalz.de&rft.atitle=Benzin+im+Blut%3A+Der+vergessene+Mannheimer+Auto-Bauer+Franz+Heim+%E2%80%93+Mannheim&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rheinpfalz.de%2Flokal%2Fludwigshafen_artikel%2C-benzin-im-blut-der-vergessene-mannheimer-auto-bauer-franz-heim-_arid%2C5164780.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_Economy-2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Economy-2014_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Economy-2014_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Economy-2014_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theneweconomy.com/technology/the-manhattan-of-germany-the-innovative-mannheim-city">"The Manhattan of Germany: the innovative Mannheim city"</a>. The New Economy. 21 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Manhattan+of+Germany%3A+the+innovative+Mannheim+city&rft.pub=The+New+Economy&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theneweconomy.com%2Ftechnology%2Fthe-manhattan-of-germany-the-innovative-mannheim-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVölklein2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Völklein, Marco (17 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/auto/200-jahre-fahrrad-radfahrer-erobern-mannheim-zurueck-1.3543562">"200 Jahre Fahrrad – Radfahrer erobern Mannheim zurück"</a>. <i>Süddeutsche.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-05849-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-05849-4"><bdi>978-3-658-05849-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/964356167">964356167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demokratie+in+der+Gro%C3%9Fstadt+Ergebnisse+des+ersten+Mannheimer+Demokratie+Audit&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Springer+Fachmedien+Wiesbaden&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F964356167&rft.isbn=978-3-658-05849-4&rft.aulast=Jan.&rft.aufirst=Van+Deth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F964356167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.de/nachrichten/mannheim_artikel,-mannheim-dieser-rangierbahnhof-stoesst-an-grenzen-_arid,493647.html">"Mannheim: Dieser Rangierbahnhof stößt an Grenzen"</a>. <i>www.rnz.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mannheim+ist+jetzt+offiziell+%22Unesco+City+of+Music%22&rft.pub=RNZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.de%2Fmannheim%2F00_20141202060000_110796991-Mannheim-ist-jetzt-offiziell-Unesco-City-of-Mu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">"The World According to GaWC 2020"</a>. <i>GaWC – Research Network</i>. Globalization and World Cities<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Shelby, <i>World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946</i> (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMO-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012163021/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Mannheim_10729.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2010"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Mannheim_10729.csv">the original</a> on 12 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGermany%2FCSV%2FMannheim_10729.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue">"Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausgabe+der+Klimadaten%3A+Monatswerte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2Fbvbw%2Fappmanager%2Fbvbw%2FdwdwwwDesktop%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_pageLabel%3D_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland%26T82002gsbDocumentPath%3DNavigation%252FOeffentlichkeit%252FKlima__Umwelt%252FKlimadaten%252Fkldaten__kostenfrei%252Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%253F__nnn%253Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span> |date=July 2014 |source 2= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wettergefahren-fruehwarnung.de/Artikel/dekaden_jan.htm">"Dekadenrekorde"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dekadenrekorde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wettergefahren-fruehwarnung.de%2FArtikel%2Fdekaden_jan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/klimadatendeutschland/klimadatendeutschland.html?nn=540998">"Heidelberg historic weather averages"</a>. weather-online<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved on 16 November 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimo_Schmidhuber2023" class="citation web cs1">Timo Schmidhuber (23 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mannheimer-morgen.de/orte/mannheim_artikel,-mannheim-cdu-politiker-christian-specht-tritt-bei-ob-wahl-in-mannheim-an-_arid,2041987.html">"CDU-Politiker Christian Specht tritt bei OB-Wahl in Mannheim an"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheimer_Morgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannheimer Morgen (page does not exist)">mannheimer-morgen.de</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DoDEA%3A+Mannheim+Middle+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mann-ms.eu.dodea.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbf-suedpfalz.de/termin/tagesausflug-luisenpark-mannheim/">"Tagesausflug Luisenpark Mannheim"</a>. <i>Club Behinderter und ihrer Freunde Südpfalz e.V.</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Club+Behinderter+und+ihrer+Freunde+S%C3%BCdpfalz+e.V.&rft.atitle=Tagesausflug+Luisenpark+Mannheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbf-suedpfalz.de%2Ftermin%2Ftagesausflug-luisenpark-mannheim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mannheim.citysam.de/sap-arena.htm#sap-arena-1">"SAP-Arena"</a>. <i>www.mannheim.citysam.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mannheim.citysam.de&rft.atitle=SAP-Arena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mannheim.citysam.de%2Fsap-arena.htm%23sap-arena-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visit-mannheim.de/Media/attraktionen/reissinsel-mannheim">"Reißinsel in Mannheim"</a>. <i>Stadtmarketing Mannheim GmbH</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stadtmarketing+Mannheim+GmbH&rft.atitle=Rei%C3%9Finsel+in+Mannheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visit-mannheim.de%2FMedia%2Fattraktionen%2Freissinsel-mannheim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://messehostessen.info/messehostessen/maimarkt-hostessenagentur-mannheim/">"Messehostessen für die Maimarkt Messe in Mannheim"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Messehostessen+f%C3%BCr+die+Maimarkt+Messe+in+Mannheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmessehostessen.info%2Fmessehostessen%2Fmaimarkt-hostessenagentur-mannheim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visit-mannheim.de/Media/attraktionen/marktplatz-mannheim">"Marktplatz Mannheim"</a>. <i>Stadtmarketing Mannheim GmbH</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stadtmarketing+Mannheim+GmbH&rft.atitle=Marktplatz+Mannheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visit-mannheim.de%2FMedia%2Fattraktionen%2Fmarktplatz-mannheim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lokalmatador.de/thema/mannheimer-maimess-1260/">"Mannheimer Maimess – Themen – lokalmatador"</a>. <i>www.lokalmatador.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lokalmatador.de&rft.atitle=Mannheimer+Maimess+%E2%80%93+Themen+%E2%80%93+lokalmatador&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lokalmatador.de%2Fthema%2Fmannheimer-maimess-1260%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tp-ma.de/der-technologiepark/rund-um-den-tpma/lebensqualitat-in-der-region.html">"TPMA | TPMA"</a>. <i>www.tp-ma.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tp-ma.de&rft.atitle=TPMA+%7C+TPMA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tp-ma.de%2Fder-technologiepark%2Frund-um-den-tpma%2Flebensqualitat-in-der-region.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1199291/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-mannheim/">"Arbeitslosenquote Mannheim bis 2020"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Arbeitslosenquote+Mannheim+bis+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F1199291%2Fumfrage%2Farbeitslosenquote-mannheim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhein-neckar.ihk24.de/system/veranstaltungen/roche-diagnostics-gmbh-mannheim-daten-der-digitale-schatz-des-medizinischen-fortschritts/4937340">"Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim: Daten – der digitale Schatz des medizinischen Fortschritts"</a>. <i>IHK Rhein-Neckar</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IHK+Rhein-Neckar&rft.atitle=Roche+Diagnostics+GmbH%2C+Mannheim%3A+Daten+%E2%80%93+der+digitale+Schatz+des+medizinischen+Fortschritts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhein-neckar.ihk24.de%2Fsystem%2Fveranstaltungen%2Froche-diagnostics-gmbh-mannheim-daten-der-digitale-schatz-des-medizinischen-fortschritts%2F4937340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.de/wirtschaft/wirtschaft-regional_artikel,-mannheim-abb-kehrt-in-den-gewerbepark-zurueck-_arid,687277.html">"Mannheim: ABB kehrt in den Gewerbepark zurück"</a>. <i>www.rnz.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rnz.de&rft.atitle=Mannheim%3A+ABB+kehrt+in+den+Gewerbepark+zur%C3%BCck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Fwirtschaft-regional_artikel%2C-mannheim-abb-kehrt-in-den-gewerbepark-zurueck-_arid%2C687277.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.de/nachrichten/bergstrasse_artikel,-dietmar-hopp-sein-bruder-ruediger-bester-freund-_arid,511105.html">"Dietmar Hopp: Sein Bruder Rüdiger – bester Freund"</a>. <i>www.rnz.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rnz.de&rft.atitle=Dietmar+Hopp%3A+Sein+Bruder+R%C3%BCdiger+%E2%80%93+bester+Freund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fbergstrasse_artikel%2C-dietmar-hopp-sein-bruder-ruediger-bester-freund-_arid%2C511105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.de/wirtschaft/wirtschaft-regional_artikel,-alstom-auch-mannheim-vom-stellenabbau-betroffen-_arid,786643.html">"Alstom: Auch Mannheim vom Stellenabbau betroffen"</a>. <i>www.rnz.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rnz.de&rft.atitle=Alstom%3A+Auch+Mannheim+vom+Stellenabbau+betroffen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Fwirtschaft-regional_artikel%2C-alstom-auch-mannheim-vom-stellenabbau-betroffen-_arid%2C786643.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mannheimer-morgen.de/wirtschaft_artikel,-wirtschaft-alstom-in-mannheim-neue-standortleiterin-karin-sautter-sagt-sehr-positive-zukunft-voraus-_arid,1827588.html">"Alstom in Mannheim: Neue Standortleiterin Karin Sautter sagt "sehr positive Zukunft" voraus – Wirtschaft"</a>. <i>www.mannheimer-morgen.de</i> (in German). 24 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mannheimer-morgen.de&rft.atitle=Alstom+in+Mannheim%3A+Neue+Standortleiterin+Karin+Sautter+sagt+%22sehr+positive+Zukunft%22+voraus+%E2%80%93+Wirtschaft&rft.date=2021-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mannheimer-morgen.de%2Fwirtschaft_artikel%2C-wirtschaft-alstom-in-mannheim-neue-standortleiterin-karin-sautter-sagt-sehr-positive-zukunft-voraus-_arid%2C1827588.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.de/nachrichten/mannheim_artikel,-bilfinger-in-mannheim-neues-hauptquartier-symbolisiert-neuanfang-_arid,392394.html">"Bilfinger in Mannheim: Neues Hauptquartier symbolisiert Neuanfang"</a>. <i>www.rnz.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rnz.de&rft.atitle=Bilfinger+in+Mannheim%3A+Neues+Hauptquartier+symbolisiert+Neuanfang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fmannheim_artikel%2C-bilfinger-in-mannheim-neues-hauptquartier-symbolisiert-neuanfang-_arid%2C392394.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unilever.de/our-company/unsere-standorte/">"Unsere Standorte im Überblick"</a>. <i>Unilever</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unilever&rft.atitle=Unsere+Standorte+im+%C3%9Cberblick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unilever.de%2Four-company%2Funsere-standorte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.de/wirtschaft/wirtschaft-regional_artikel,-essity-unternehmen-verlagert-tempo-nach-mannheim-_arid,761344.html">"Essity: Unternehmen verlagert "Tempo" nach Mannheim"</a>. <i>www.rnz.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rnz.de&rft.atitle=Essity%3A+Unternehmen+verlagert+%22Tempo%22+nach+Mannheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Fwirtschaft-regional_artikel%2C-essity-unternehmen-verlagert-tempo-nach-mannheim-_arid%2C761344.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnf.de/269321-269321/">"Mannheim: Phoenix-Gruppe auf stabilem Wachstumskurs"</a> (in German). 23 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mannheim%3A+Phoenix-Gruppe+auf+stabilem+Wachstumskurs&rft.date=2021-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnf.de%2F269321-269321%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnf.de/mannheim-beschaeftigte-von-bombardier-kaempfen-um-arbeitsplaetze-223737/">"Mannheim: Beschäftigte von Bombardier kämpfen um Arbeitsplätze"</a> (in German). 5 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mannheim%3A+Besch%C3%A4ftigte+von+Bombardier+k%C3%A4mpfen+um+Arbeitspl%C3%A4tze&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnf.de%2Fmannheim-beschaeftigte-von-bombardier-kaempfen-um-arbeitsplaetze-223737%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://die-deutsche-wirtschaft.de/exzellenzbetrieb-peppel-fuchs-se/">"Exzellenzbetrieb: Pepperl+Fuchs SE – Die Deutsche Wirtschaft"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exzellenzbetrieb%3A+Pepperl%2BFuchs+SE+%E2%80%93+Die+Deutsche+Wirtschaft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdie-deutsche-wirtschaft.de%2Fexzellenzbetrieb-peppel-fuchs-se%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.siemens.com/de/de/unternehmen/standorte/niederlassung-mannheim.html">"Siemens | Niederlassung Mannheim"</a>. <i>Siemens Deutschland</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Siemens+Deutschland&rft.atitle=Siemens+%7C+Niederlassung+Mannheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.siemens.com%2Fde%2Fde%2Funternehmen%2Fstandorte%2Fniederlassung-mannheim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220165147/https://www.finanzen.net/top_ranking/top_ranking_detail.asp">"Platz 22: Mannheim – Die 25 "wertvollsten" Städte Deutschlands | Top-Ranking"</a>. <i>finanzen.net</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finanzen.net/top_ranking/top_ranking_detail.asp">the original</a> on 20 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=finanzen.net&rft.atitle=Platz+22%3A+Mannheim+%E2%80%93+Die+25+%22wertvollsten%22+St%C3%A4dte+Deutschlands+%7C+Top-Ranking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finanzen.net%2Ftop_ranking%2Ftop_ranking_detail.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöhler2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Köhler, Manfred (14 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/frankfurt/bahn-baut-aus-in-29-minuten-mit-dem-ice-von-frankfurt-nach-mannheim-17584807.html">"Bahnstreckenausbau In 29 Minuten mit dem ICE von Frankfurt nach Mannheim"</a>. <i>FAZ.NET</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FAZ.NET&rft.atitle=Bahnstreckenausbau+In+29+Minuten+mit+dem+ICE+von+Frankfurt+nach+Mannheim&rft.date=2021-10-14&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Frhein-main%2Ffrankfurt%2Fbahn-baut-aus-in-29-minuten-mit-dem-ice-von-frankfurt-nach-mannheim-17584807.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillenet2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Millenet, Jan (9 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-online.de/lokales/nachrichten-rhein-neckar/mannheimer-binnenhafen-ist-einer-der-grossten-seiner-art_19886771">"Mannheimer Binnenhafen ist einer der größten seiner Art"</a>. <i>www.echo-online.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.echo-online.de&rft.atitle=Mannheimer+Binnenhafen+ist+einer+der+gr%C3%B6%C3%9Ften+seiner+Art&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft.aulast=Millenet&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-online.de%2Flokales%2Fnachrichten-rhein-neckar%2Fmannheimer-binnenhafen-ist-einer-der-grossten-seiner-art_19886771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mannheim und Ludwigshafen stabil". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A4glicher_Hafenbericht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Täglicher Hafenbericht (page does not exist)">Täglicher Hafenbericht</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4glicher_Hafenbericht" class="extiw" title="de:Täglicher Hafenbericht">de</a>]</span></i>. 31 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%C3%A4glicher+Hafenbericht%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bde%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Mannheim+und+Ludwigshafen+stabil&rft.date=2017-01-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.de/nachrichten/mannheim_artikel,-hafen-mannheim-trockensommer-forderte-seinen-tribut-_arid,420044.html">"Hafen Mannheim: Trockensommer forderte seinen Tribut"</a>. <i>www.rnz.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rnz.de&rft.atitle=Hafen+Mannheim%3A+Trockensommer+forderte+seinen+Tribut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fmannheim_artikel%2C-hafen-mannheim-trockensommer-forderte-seinen-tribut-_arid%2C420044.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110719075638/http://www.rnv-online.de/rnvGips/Gips;jsessionid=D599A53604ABB5F1D24D663A7F42FD3C?SessionMandant=RNV&Anwendung=CMSTickerEintrag&Methode=ShowHTMLAusgabe&SessionMandant=&RessourceID=56833">"Press release announcing the merger to form RNV (German-language)"</a>. 23 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnv-online.de/rnvGips/Gips;jsessionid=D599A53604ABB5F1D24D663A7F42FD3C?SessionMandant=RNV&Anwendung=CMSTickerEintrag&Methode=ShowHTMLAusgabe&SessionMandant=&RessourceID=56833">the original</a> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Press+release+announcing+the+merger+to+form+RNV+%28German-language%29&rft.date=2009-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnv-online.de%2FrnvGips%2FGips%3Bjsessionid%3DD599A53604ABB5F1D24D663A7F42FD3C%3FSessionMandant%3DRNV%26Anwendung%3DCMSTickerEintrag%26Methode%3DShowHTMLAusgabe%26SessionMandant%3D%26RessourceID%3D56833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twomonkeystravelgroup.com/7-awesome-things-mannheim-germany/">"Mannheim, Germany – 7 Awesome Things To Do"</a>. <i>twomonkeystravelgroup.com</i>. 14 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=twomonkeystravelgroup.com&rft.atitle=Mannheim%2C+Germany+%E2%80%93+7+Awesome+Things+To+Do&rft.date=2015-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwomonkeystravelgroup.com%2F7-awesome-things-mannheim-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Scott2018" class="citation web cs1">Tom Scott (19 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSG-zxGRkJw">"The European City Centre With No Street Names"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/DSG-zxGRkJw">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+European+City+Centre+With+No+Street+Names&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft.au=Tom+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDSG-zxGRkJw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mannheim.de/de/stadt-gestalten/europa-und-internationales/partner-und-freundesstaedte">"Partner- und Freundesstädte"</a>. <i>mannheim.de</i> (in German). Mannheim<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mannheim.de&rft.atitle=Partner-+und+Freundesst%C3%A4dte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mannheim.de%2Fde%2Fstadt-gestalten%2Feuropa-und-internationales%2Fpartner-und-freundesstaedte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMannheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mannheim#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Mannheim">Bibliography of the history of Mannheim</a></div> <ul><li>Wiederkehr, Gustav: Mannheim in Sage und Geschichte, H. Haas'schen Buchdruckerei, 1907, (Festgabe zur Feier des dreihundertjährigen Bestehens der Stadt).</li> <li>David, Manfred: Mannheimer Stadtkunde. Edition Quadrat, Mannheim 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87804-125-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-87804-125-X">3-87804-125-X</a>.</li> <li>Staatl. Archivverwaltung Baden-Württemberg in Verbindung mit d. Städten u. d. Landkreisen Heidelberg u. Mannheim (Hrsg.): Die Stadt- und die Landkreise Heidelberg und Mannheim: Amtliche Kreisbeschreibung. Band 1: Allgemeiner Teil. Karlsruhe 1966, DNB 458203858. Band 3: Die Stadt Mannheim und die Gemeinden des Landkreises Mannheim. Karlsruhe 1970, DNB 366145509.</li> <li>Landesarchivdirektion Baden-Württemberg (Hrsg.): Das Land Baden-Württemberg – Amtliche Beschreibung nach Kreisen und Gemeinden. Band V.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, Stuttgart 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-17-002542-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-17-002542-2">3-17-002542-2</a>.</li> <li>Huth, Hans: Die Kunstdenkmäler des Stadtkreises Mannheim. München 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-422-00556-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-422-00556-0">3-422-00556-0</a>.</li> <li>Oesterreich, Carmen And Volker (Hrsg.): Mannheim, wo es am schönsten ist – 55 Lieblingsplätze. Berlin 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-936962-43-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-936962-43-7">978-3-936962-43-7</a>.</li> <li>Schenk, Andreas: Mannheim und seine Bauten 1907–2007. Hrsg. v. Stadtarchiv Mannheim und Mannheimer Architektur- und Bauarchiv e. V. 5 Bde. Edition Quadrat, Mannheim 2000–2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-923003-83-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-923003-83-8">3-923003-83-8</a>.</li> <li>Walz, Guido (Red.): Der Brockhaus Mannheim. 400 Jahre Quadratestadt – Das Lexikon. Bibliographisches Institut & F. A. Brockhaus, Mannheim 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7653-0181-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7653-0181-7">3-7653-0181-7</a>.</li> <li>Naturführer Mannheim. Entdeckungen im Quadrat. Hrsg. von der Stadt Mannheim und der Bezirksstelle für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege Karlsruhe. Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89735-132-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-89735-132-3">3-89735-132-3</a>.</li> <li>Ellrich, Hartmut: Mannheim. Sutton, Erfurt 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86680-148-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86680-148-6">978-3-86680-148-6</a>.</li> <li>Nieß, Ulrich and Caroli, Michael (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Stadt Mannheim. Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher, Band 1: 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89735-470-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89735-470-8">978-3-89735-470-8</a>. Band 2: 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89735-471-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89735-471-5">978-3-89735-471-5</a>. Band 3: 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89735-472-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89735-472-2">978-3-89735-472-2</a>.</li> <li>Mannheimer Altertumsverein/<a href="/wiki/Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen">Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen</a>: Mannheim vor der Stadtgründung – Teile I und II. Hrsg. Hansjörg Probst, 4 Bände. Mannheim 2007/08, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7917-2074-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7917-2074-6">978-3-7917-2074-6</a>.</li> <li>Vetter, Roland "Kein Stein soll auf dem andern bleiben" Mannheims Untergang während des Pfälzischen Erbfolgekrieges im Spiegel französischer Kriegsberichte <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89735-204-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-89735-204-4">3-89735-204-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_tourism_Heidelberg_area" title="Template:Germany tourism Heidelberg area"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_tourism_Heidelberg_area" title="Template talk:Germany tourism Heidelberg area"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_tourism_Heidelberg_area" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany tourism Heidelberg area"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Important_cities_and_tourist_sites_in_Germany:_Greater_region_of_Heidelberg_/_Rhine-Neckar–Palatinate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Important cities and tourist sites in Germany: Greater region of <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Neckar" title="Rhine-Neckar">Rhine-Neckar</a>–<a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Weinstra%C3%9Fe" title="Neustadt an der Weinstraße">Neustadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other touristic sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_D%C3%BCrkheim" title="Bad Dürkheim">Bad Dürkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Rappenau" title="Bad Rappenau">Bad Rappenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchen" title="Buchen">Buchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberbach_(Baden)" title="Eberbach (Baden)">Eberbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenkoben" title="Edenkoben">Edenkoben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladenburg" title="Ladenburg">Ladenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorsch" title="Lorsch">Lorsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosbach" title="Mosbach">Mosbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckargem%C3%BCnd" title="Neckargemünd">Neckargemünd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsheim" title="Sinsheim">Sinsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinheim" title="Weinheim">Weinheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walld%C3%BCrn" title="Walldürn">Walldürn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landscapes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Wine_Route" title="German Wine Route">German Wine Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Kurpfalz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odenwald" title="Odenwald">Odenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinate_Forest" title="Palatinate Forest">Palatinate Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine river</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighboring areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Germany</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">France</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wissembourg" title="Wissembourg">Wissembourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Baden-Württemberg_Regions,_and_urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_Baden-Württemberg_in_Germany_border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template talk:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Baden-Württemberg_Regions,_and_urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_Baden-Württemberg_in_Germany_border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Baden-Württemberg"><img alt="Flag of Baden-Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/60px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> Regions, and urban and rural districts in the state of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> in Germany <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_(region)" title="Freiburg (region)">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_(region)" title="Karlsruhe (region)">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_(region)" title="Stuttgart (region)">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen_(region)" title="Tübingen (region)">Tübingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alb-Donau-Kreis" title="Alb-Donau-Kreis">Alb-Donau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biberach_(district)" title="Biberach (district)">Biberach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodenseekreis" title="Bodenseekreis">Bodensee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6blingen_(district)" title="Böblingen (district)">Böblingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald" title="Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald">Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calw_(district)" title="Calw (district)">Calw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmendingen_(district)" title="Emmendingen (district)">Emmendingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzkreis" title="Enzkreis">Enz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esslingen_(district)" title="Esslingen (district)">Esslingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudenstadt_(district)" title="Freudenstadt (district)">Freudenstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ppingen_(district)" title="Göppingen (district)">Göppingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidenheim_(district)" title="Heidenheim (district)">Heidenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn_(district)" title="Heilbronn (district)">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenlohe_(district)" title="Hohenlohe (district)">Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_(district)" title="Karlsruhe (district)">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz_(district)" title="Konstanz (district)">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6rrach_(district)" title="Lörrach (district)">Lörrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigsburg_(district)" title="Ludwigsburg (district)">Ludwigsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main-Tauber-Kreis" title="Main-Tauber-Kreis">Main-Tauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis" title="Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis">Neckar-Odenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortenaukreis" title="Ortenaukreis">Ortenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostalbkreis" title="Ostalbkreis">Ostalbkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastatt_(district)" title="Rastatt (district)">Rastatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensburg_(district)" title="Ravensburg (district)">Ravensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rems-Murr-Kreis" title="Rems-Murr-Kreis">Rems-Murr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen_(district)" title="Reutlingen (district)">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Neckar-Kreis" title="Rhein-Neckar-Kreis">Rhein-Neckar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottweil_(district)" title="Rottweil (district)">Rottweil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall_(district)" title="Schwäbisch Hall (district)">Schwäbisch Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis" title="Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis">Schwarzwald-Baar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_(district)" title="Sigmaringen (district)">Sigmaringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen_(district)" title="Tübingen (district)">Tübingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttlingen_(district)" title="Tuttlingen (district)">Tuttlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldshut_(district)" title="Waldshut (district)">Waldshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zollernalbkreis" title="Zollernalbkreis">Zollernalb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a> of German states</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">Full list</a>) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3003150085875315060000">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1207100/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037372-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79142598">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963140b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963140b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mannheim (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129954&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1004400">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555075505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b07271ff-75a4-4dbd-96ee-6386cf3c5fab">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/129467944">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044744">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&oldid=1257622602">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mannheim&oldid=1257622602</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Category:Cities in Baden-Württemberg">Cities in Baden-Württemberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mannheim" title="Category:Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_Jewish_communities" 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