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href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastide"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom-feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Plastide rootpage-Plastide skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Naar inhoud springen</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" 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artikel</span></a></li><li id="n-today" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/26_november"><span>Vandaag</span></a></li><li id="n-Etalage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etalage"><span>Etalage</span></a></li><li id="n-categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles"><span>Categorieën</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen" title="Een lijst met recente wijzigingen in deze wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recente wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:NieuwePaginas"><span>Nieuwe artikelen</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Willekeurig" title="Een willekeurige pagina bekijken [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Willekeurige pagina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation2" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation2" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Informatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Gebruikersportaal" title="Informatie over het project: wat u kunt doen, waar u dingen kunt vinden"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-Snelcursus" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Snelcursus"><span>Snelcursus</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Hulp_en_beheer" title="Hulpinformatie over deze wiki"><span>Hulp en contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="de vrije encyclopedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-nl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Zoeken" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Zoeken</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Doorzoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Doorzoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciaal:Zoeken"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Zoeken</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="De lettergrootte, breedte en kleur van de pagina wijzigen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uiterlijk" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uiterlijk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl" class=""><span>Doneren</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Plastide&returntoquery=printable%3Dyes" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Plastide&returntoquery=printable%3Dyes" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Plastide&returntoquery=printable%3Dyes" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Plastide&returntoquery=printable%3Dyes" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Typen_plastiden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typen_plastiden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Typen plastiden</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typen_plastiden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Typen plastiden-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typen_plastiden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proplastide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proplastide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Proplastide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proplastide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gerontoplast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerontoplast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Gerontoplast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerontoplast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutie_en_plastiden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutie_en_plastiden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolutie en plastiden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutie_en_plastiden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plastide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 67 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="صانعة – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صانعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidl%C9%99r" title="Plastidlər – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plastidlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Пластыды – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пластыды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Пластид – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пластид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="প্লাস্টিড – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লাস্টিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidi" title="Plastidi – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plastidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="پلاستید – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پلاستید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πλαστίδιο – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλαστίδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastido" title="Plastido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plastido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasto" title="Plasto – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plasto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastiidid" title="Plastiidid – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plastiidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidio" title="Plastidio – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plastidio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87" title="دیسه – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidi" title="Plastidi – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plastidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaste" title="Plaste – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plaste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasto" title="Plasto – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plasto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastaid" title="Plastaid – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Plastaid" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="פלסטידה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלסטידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95" title="लवक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लवक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADntest" title="Színtest – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Színtest" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պլաստիդներ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլաստիդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastido" title="Plastido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plastido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plast%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Plastíð – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plastíð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidio" title="Plastidio – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plastidio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BD%93" title="色素体 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="色素体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastida" title="Plastida – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Plastida" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="პლასტიდი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლასტიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пластидтер – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пластидтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ಲಾಸ್ಟಿಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ಲಾಸ್ಟಿಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%89%EC%86%8C%EC%B2%B4" title="색소체 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="색소체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plast%C3%AEd" title="Plastîd – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Plastîd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пластидалар – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пластидалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plast" title="Plast – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Plast" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid%C4%97" title="Plastidė – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plastidė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plast%C4%ABdas" title="Plastīdas – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plastīdas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Пластид – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пластид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="പ്ലാസ്റ്റിഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലാസ്റ്റിഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastiden" title="Plastiden – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Plastiden" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaastiidii" title="Pilaastiidii – Afaan Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pilaastiidii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Afaan Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastyd" title="Plastyd – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plastyd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DA%88%D8%B2" title="پلاسٹڈز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پلاسٹڈز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plast%C3%ADdeo" title="Plastídeo – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plastídeo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid%C4%83" title="Plastidă – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plastidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Пластиды – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пластиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Пластид – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пластид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கணிகங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணிகங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="พลาสติด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลาสติด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastit" title="Plastit – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plastit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пластида – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пластида" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidalar" title="Plastidalar – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plastidalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1p_th%E1%BB%83" title="Lạp thể – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lạp thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BD%93" title="色素体 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="色素体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94" title="色素體 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="色素體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sek-s%C3%B2%CD%98-th%C3%A9" title="Sek-sò͘-thé – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sek-sò͘-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94" title="色素體 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="色素體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165963#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plastide" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overleg:Plastide&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Overleg over deze pagina (de pagina bestaat niet) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Taalvariant wijzigen" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nederlands</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergaven"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plastide"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastide&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastide&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastide&action=history" title="Eerdere versies van deze pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hulpmiddelen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Meer opties" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handelingen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plastide"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastide&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastide&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastide&action=history"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:VerwijzingenNaarHier/Plastide" title="Lijst met alle pagina's die naar deze pagina verwijzen [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Links naar deze pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingenGelinkt/Plastide" rel="nofollow" title="Recente wijzigingen in pagina's waar deze pagina naar verwijst [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Gerelateerde wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=nl" title="Bestanden uploaden [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Bestand uploaden</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:SpecialePaginas" title="Lijst met alle speciale pagina's [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciale pagina's</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastide&oldid=60305230" title="Permanente koppeling naar deze versie van deze pagina"><span>Permanente koppeling</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastide&action=info" title="Meer informatie over deze pagina"><span>Paginagegevens</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Citeren&page=Plastide&id=60305230&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informatie over hoe u deze pagina kunt citeren"><span>Deze pagina citeren</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPlastide%26printable%3Dyes"><span>Verkorte URL verkrijgen</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPlastide%26printable%3Dyes"><span>QR-code downloaden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Afdrukken/exporteren </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Plastide"><span>Boek aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Plastide&action=show-download-screen"><span>Downloaden als PDF</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In andere projecten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plastids" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165963" title="Koppeling naar item in verbonden gegevensrepository [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">De printervriendelijke versie wordt niet langer ondersteund en kan weergavefouten bevatten. Werk uw browserbladwijzers bij en gebruik de gewone afdrukfunctie van de browser.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Potato_-_Amyloplasts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Potato_-_Amyloplasts.jpg/260px-Potato_-_Amyloplasts.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Potato_-_Amyloplasts.jpg/390px-Potato_-_Amyloplasts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Potato_-_Amyloplasts.jpg/520px-Potato_-_Amyloplasts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Zetmeelkorrel (amyloplast) bij <a href="/wiki/Aardappel" title="Aardappel">aardappel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Met de naam <b>plastide</b> (Grieks: πλαστός; plastós: gemodelleerd) wordt een groep van <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organellen</a> aangeduid, die alleen in de <a href="/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie)">cellen</a> van <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">eukaryoten</a>, met name <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a>, voorkomen. </p><p>Plastiden zijn verantwoordelijk voor het maken van verschillende chemische verbindingen in een cel, vaak door gebruik te maken van <a href="/wiki/Biologisch_pigment" title="Biologisch pigment">biologische pigmenten</a>. Daardoor bepalen ze vaak de kleur van de gehele cel of het gehele organisme. Een kenmerkend voorbeeld is de <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a>, ook wel bladgroenkorrel genoemd. </p><p>Plastiden vermeerderen zich min of meer zelfstandig door <a href="/wiki/Binaire_deling" title="Binaire deling">binaire deling</a>. Bij normale celdeling (<a href="/wiki/Mitose" title="Mitose">mitose</a>) vindt er een gesynchroniseerde (door de celkern gestuurd) deling van de plastide(n) plaats, waarbij beide <a href="/wiki/Dochtercel" title="Dochtercel">dochtercellen</a> de helft van de plastide(n) krijgen. Iets vergelijkbaars vindt ook plaats bij de verdeling van de <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondriën</a> over de dochtercellen. </p><p>Bij de <a href="/wiki/Bevruchting" title="Bevruchting">bevruchting</a> komen de plastiden alleen via de <a href="/wiki/Eicel" title="Eicel">eicellen</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>, omdat plastiden niet voorkomen in de <a href="/wiki/Zaadcel" title="Zaadcel">zaadcellen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stuifmeel" title="Stuifmeel">stuifmeelkorrels</a>. </p><p>Plastiden hebben een <a href="/wiki/Genoom" title="Genoom">plastoom</a> dat uit plastiden-DNA bestaat en <a href="/wiki/Ribosoom" title="Ribosoom">ribosomen</a> (plastoribosomen). Het plastoom bestaat uit ongeveer 120 <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">genen</a>. Door de aanwezigheid van DNA treedt in een plastide <a href="/wiki/Transcriptie_(biologie)" title="Transcriptie (biologie)">transcriptie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Translatie_(biologie)" title="Translatie (biologie)">translatie</a> op. De meeste eiwitten kunnen de plastiden niet zelf aanmaken en worden geïmporteerd vanuit het <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">cytoplasma</a>. De productie van dergelijke eiwitten wordt gereguleerd door genen in de <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">celkern</a>. </p><p>Een plastide bij planten wordt omhuld door twee <a href="/wiki/Lipide_dubbellaag" title="Lipide dubbellaag">biomembranen</a> en tot vier biomembranen bij veel <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a>. </p><p>De aanwezigheid van plastiden in eukaryotische cellen wordt verklaard door de <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiontentheorie" title="Endosymbiontentheorie">endosymbiontentheorie</a>. Plastiden stammen in eerste instantie af van als <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" title="Endosymbiose">endosymbionten</a> opgenomen <a href="/wiki/Blauwalgen" title="Blauwalgen">cyanobacteriën</a>. Bij secundaire endoymbiose werden plastiden-bevattende eukaryotische cellen opgenomen. Deze secundaire endoymbiose verklaart dat het aantal biomembranen meer dan twee kan zijn. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typen_plastiden">Typen plastiden</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Plastids_types_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plastids_types_en.svg/300px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plastids_types_en.svg/450px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plastids_types_en.svg/600px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Plastiden</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56498116">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:20px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li.lastline{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul{margin-left:-1px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> De volgende celorganellen behoren tot de plastiden: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a>, door <a href="/wiki/Chlorofyl" title="Chlorofyl">chlorofyl</a> groen gekleurde plastiden, die de fotosynthese verzorgen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromoplast" title="Chromoplast">chromoplast</a>, door <a href="/wiki/Caroteno%C3%AFde" title="Carotenoïde">carotenoïden</a> of <a href="/wiki/Xanthofyl" title="Xanthofyl">xanthofyl</a> geel tot (oranje-)rood gekleurde plastiden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etioplast" title="Etioplast">etioplast</a>, door lichtgebrek uit <a href="/wiki/Proplastide" title="Proplastide">proplastide</a> ontstane, ongekleurde plastiden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontoplast" title="Gerontoplast">gerontoplast</a>, in vergelende bladeren uit chloroplasten ontstane plastiden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoplast" title="Leukoplast">leukoplast</a>, een kleurloze plastide <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyloplast" title="Amyloplast">amyloplast</a>, kleurloze plastide, waarin zetmeel wordt opgeslagen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statoliet" title="Statoliet">statoliet</a>, gespecialiseerde amyloplast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaioplast" title="Elaioplast">elaioplast</a>, een plastide dat in zaden koolhydraten omzet in vetten of oliën</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFnoplast" title="Proteïnoplast">proteïnoplast</a>, proteoplast, aleuroplast of aleuronaplast, dat eiwitten bevat</li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Proplastide" title="Proplastide">proplastide</a>, jonge plastide</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proplastide">Proplastide</h3></div> <p>De proplastiden komen voor in de <a href="/wiki/Meristeem" title="Meristeem">meristemen</a> van <a href="/wiki/Vaatplanten" title="Vaatplanten">vaatplanten</a> en hebben een nog gering ontwikkeld binnenmembraansysteem. </p><p>Uit de proplastiden kunnen alle typen plastiden ontstaan, terwijl de verschillende typen plastiden afhankelijk van de omstandigheden in elkaar kunnen overgaan. Onder lichtomstandigheden worden chloroplasten gevormd en in het donker etioplasten. Etioplasten kunnen als ze in het licht komen overgaan in chloroplasten en chromoplasten als ze in het donker komen in etioplasten. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Herfstkleuren" title="Herfstkleuren">herfstkleur</a> bij sommige bladeren ontstaat doordat de chloroplasten overgaan in chromoplasten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerontoplast">Gerontoplast</h3></div> <p>In vergelende bladeren gaan de chloroplasten over in <a href="/wiki/Gerontoplast" title="Gerontoplast">gerontoplasten</a>, wat misschien eenzelfde proces is als de overgang van chloroplasten in chromoplasten bij rijpende <a href="/wiki/Tomaat" title="Tomaat">tomaten</a>. Zowel chromoplasten als gerontoplasten kunnen weer overgaan in chloroplasten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutie_en_plastiden">Evolutie en plastiden</h2></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiontentheorie" title="Endosymbiontentheorie">Endosymbiontentheorie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" title="Endosymbiose">Endosymbiose</a> en <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplast</a> voor de hoofdartikelen over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <table class="vatop" style="background-color:aliceblue;text-align:left;font-size:95%;border:dotted thin dimgray;border-radius:8px;" cellspacing="0"> <caption><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:dimgray;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:24px;color:white;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:2.0pt;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><b>Fylogenie van plastiden en endosymbiose</b></span> (P.J. Keeling, 2010)</span></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56498116"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LUCA_(evolutie)" title="LUCA (evolutie)"><span style="color: green;"><b>LUCA</b></span></a> (hypothetische gemeenschappelijke voorouder van alle recente organismen) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">Bacteria</a></i>, incl. <a href="/wiki/Blauwalgen" title="Blauwalgen"><i>Cyanobacteria</i> (blauwwieren)</a> <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:white;border:dotted medium slategray;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">→ <b>I</b></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></i> → <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten"><i>Eukarya</i></a> cel met celkern</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <i><a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukarya</a></i> (eukaryoten) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unikonta" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a></i> (zeer zelden secundaire endosymbiose)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <i><a href="/wiki/Bikonta" title="Bikonta">Bikonta</a></i> <ul><li><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium turquoise;border-radius:24px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>I</b> +<a href="/wiki/Blauwalgen" title="Blauwalgen">blauwwier</a></span>: <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></i> <ul><li>→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:dotted medium green;border-radius:1px;color:green;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>chloroplast</b></span>: <i><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a></i>, inclusief <a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">groenwieren</a> <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:white;border:dotted medium slategray;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">→ <b>II</b></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> → <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:peachpuff;border:dotted medium red;border-radius:1px;color:red;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>rhodoplast</b></span>: <i><a href="/wiki/Rhodoplantae" title="Rhodoplantae">Rhodoplantae</a></i>, inclusief <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">roodwieren</a> <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:white;border:dotted medium slategray;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">→ <b>II</b></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:peachpuff;border:solid medium red;border-radius:24px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>II</b> + roodwier</span>: <i><a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryomonadae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eukaryomonadae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Eukaryomonadae</a></i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hacrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hacrobia (de pagina bestaat niet)">Hacrobia</a></i>) <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptomonada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptomonada (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cryptomonada</a></i>=<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cryptophyta</a></i> <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:white;border:dotted medium slategray;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">→ <b>III</b></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline emptyline"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centrohelomonada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centrohelomonada (de pagina bestaat niet)">Centrohelomonada</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" title="Haptophyta"><i>Prymnesiophyta</i>=<i>Haptophyta</i></a> <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:white;border:dotted medium slategray;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">→ <b>III</b></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/SAR-clade" title="SAR-clade">SAR-clade</a> ("Harosa", "RAS") <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Protisten#Alveolata" title="Protisten">Alveolatae</a></i> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li>→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:gainsboro;border:dotted medium slategray;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>dinoplast</b></span>: <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellaten" title="Dinoflagellaten"><i>Dinoflagellata</i> (dinoflagellaten)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> → <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:cornsilk;border:dotted medium slategray;border-radius:1px;color:maroon;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>apicoplast</b></span>: <a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa"><i>Apicomplexa</i>=<i>Sporozoa</i></a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium silver;border-radius:24px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">verlies van plastide</span>: <a href="/wiki/Ciliaten" title="Ciliaten"><i>Ciliophora</i></a> (trilhaardiertjes)</li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium silver;border-radius:24px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">verlies van plastide</span>: <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista"><i>Heterokontae</i></a>=<i>Stramenopiles</i><br /> inclusief <a href="/wiki/Diatomee%C3%ABn" title="Diatomeeën">diatomeeën</a> <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:white;border:dotted medium slategray;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">→ <b>III</b></span></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium silver;border-radius:24px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">verlies van plastide</span>: <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercozoa (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cercozoa</a></i> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercomonada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercomonada (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cercomonada</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid medium green;border-radius:24px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>II</b> + groenwier</span>: <i><a href="/wiki/Chlorarachniophyta" title="Chlorarachniophyta">Chlorarachniophyta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phytomyxa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phytomyxa (de pagina bestaat niet)">Phytomyxa</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplosporida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplosporida (de pagina bestaat niet)">Haplosporida</a></i></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera"><i>Foraminifera</i>=<i>Granuloreticulosa</i></a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <a href="/wiki/Stralendiertjes" title="Stralendiertjes"><i>Radiolaria</i> (stralendiertjes)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <i><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discicristata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discicristata (de pagina bestaat niet)">Discicristata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudociliata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudociliata (de pagina bestaat niet)">Pseudociliata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterolobosea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterolobosea (de pagina bestaat niet)">Heterolobosea</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid medium green;border-radius:24px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>II</b> + groenwier</span>: <i><a href="/wiki/Euglenoida" title="Euglenoida">Euglenoida</a></i></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="lastline"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euexcavata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euexcavata (de pagina bestaat niet)">Euexcavata</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:dimgray;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:24px;color:white;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="letter-spacing:2.0pt;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">verklaring:</span></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border:solid thin silver;"> <table style="line-height:125%;" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td>→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:dotted medium green;border-radius:1px;color:green;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>chloroplast</b></span>: </td> <td>primaire endosymbiotische evolutie van cyanobacterie tot een <i>plastide</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:peachpuff;border:dotted medium red;border-radius:1px;color:red;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>rhodoplast</b></span>: </td> <td>evolutie van de plastide tot een <i>rhodoplast</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:gainsboro;border:dotted medium slategray;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>dinoplast</b></span>: </td> <td>evolutie van de plastide tot een <i>dinoplast</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>→ <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:cornsilk;border:dotted medium slategray;border-radius:1px;color:maroon;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>apicoplast</b></span>: </td> <td>evolutie van de plastide door reductie tot een <i>apicoplast</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border:solid thin silver;"> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;">Verwerven van plastiden: </th></tr> <tr> <td> <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightcyan;border:solid medium lightblue;border-radius:24px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>I</b> + blauwwier</span>: <br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid medium green;border-radius:24px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>II</b> + groenwier</span>: <br /> <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:peachpuff;border:solid medium red;border-radius:24px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>II</b> + roodwier</span>: </td> <td style="border-right:solid thin gray;">primaire endosymbiose met blauwwier<br />secundaire endosymbiose met groenwier<br />secundaire endosymbiose met roodwier </td> <td>  <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:white;border:dotted medium slategray;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">→ <b>I</b></span>: <br /> <span style="line-height:135%;background-color:white;border:dotted medium slategray;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">→ <b>II</b></span>:<br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:white;border:dotted medium slategray;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">→ <b>III</b></span>: </td> <td>betrokken bij <i>primaire</i> endosymbiose<br /> betrokken bij <i>secundaire</i> endosymbiose<br /> betrokken bij <i>tertiaire</i> endosymbiose </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border:solid thin silver;"> <p><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:floralwhite;border:solid medium silver;border-radius:24px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">verlies van plastide</span>: plastiden zijn in de loop van de evolutie weer verloren gegaan </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>De meest eenvoudige <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">eukaryoten</a> hebben geen plastiden, maar wel de andere <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organellen</a>, zoals <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">celkern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golgicomplex" title="Golgicomplex">golgicomplex</a> en <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmatisch_reticulum" title="Endoplasmatisch reticulum">endoplasmatisch reticulum</a>. Volgens de endosymbiontentheorie werden de plastiden verkregen door endosymbiose. Vanwege het grote effect dat het verwerven van mitochondriën en plastiden heeft gehad op de <a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">fylogenie</a> van het leven wordt de term endosymbiose vaak als een equivalent gebruikt voor de verwerving van deze organellen. </p><p>Bij <i>endosymbiose</i> zijn de volgende typen te onderscheiden: </p> <ul><li>Onder <i>primaire endosymbiose</i> verstaat men het symbiotisch samengaan van een <a href="/wiki/Prokaryoten" title="Prokaryoten">prokaryotische</a> cel met een <a href="/wiki/Blauwalgen" title="Blauwalgen">cyanobacterie</a>. Een dergelijke "primaire plastide" heeft twee membranen, de buitenste die overeenkomt met het <a href="/wiki/Celmembraan" title="Celmembraan">plasmamembraan</a> van de cel en de binnenste die overeenkomsten vertoont met een membraan van de prokaryoten.</li> <li>Onder <i>secundaire endosymbiose</i> verstaat men het symbiotisch samengaan van een eencellig organisme met een eukaryotische cel met een plastide. Een dergelijke "secundaire plastide" heeft vier membranen, waarvan soms een in de evolutie verdwenen is.</li> <li>Bij <i>tertiaire endosymbiose</i> heeft dit proces zich nog eens herhaald: een eencellig organisme gaat samen met een eukaryotische cel met een secundaire plastide.</li></ul> <p>In enkele gevallen is bij secundaire en tertiaire endosymbiose de oorspronkelijke endosymbiont sterk gereduceerd en zijn hoogsten nog fragmenten van het plastide-genoom terug te vinden in de celkern van de gastheercel, in andere gevallen zijn er nog organellen van aanwezig. De kern kan gereduceerd zijn tot een '<a href="/wiki/Nucleomorf" title="Nucleomorf">nucleomorf</a>' en is soms nog beperkt functioneel. </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Keeling P.J.</span> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817223/"><i>The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids.</i> Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 2010 Mar 12; 365 (1541):729-48</a></li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Celorganellen_van_eukaryoten"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_celorganellen" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie celorganellen"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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/></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_celorganellen&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Celorganellen_van_eukaryoten" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">Celorganellen</a> van <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">eukaryoten</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b>Algemene structuren:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">celkern</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celmembraan" title="Celmembraan">celmembraan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">cytoplasma</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cytoskelet" title="Cytoskelet">cytoskelet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dictyosoom" title="Dictyosoom">dictyosoom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmatisch_reticulum" title="Endoplasmatisch reticulum">endoplasmatisch reticulum</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zweepstaartje" title="Zweepstaartje">flagel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Golgicomplex" title="Golgicomplex">golgicomplex</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lysosoom" title="Lysosoom">lysosoom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Microtubulus" title="Microtubulus">microtubulus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondrion</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nucleolus" title="Nucleolus">nucleolus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Peroxisoom" title="Peroxisoom">peroxisoom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ribosoom" title="Ribosoom">ribosoom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trilhaar" title="Trilhaar">trilhaar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vesikel_(cel)" title="Vesikel (cel)">vesikel</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><span class="nowrap"><b>Specifiek voor <a href="/wiki/Dierlijke_cel" title="Dierlijke cel">dierlijke cel</a>:</b></span></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Centriool" title="Centriool">centriool</a> · <a href="/wiki/Centrosoom" title="Centrosoom">centrosoom</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><span class="nowrap"><b>Specifiek voor <a href="/wiki/Plantaardige_cel" title="Plantaardige cel">plantaardige cel</a>:</b></span></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Amyloplast" title="Amyloplast">amyloplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">bladgroenkorrel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celwand" title="Celwand">celwand</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chromoplast" title="Chromoplast">chromoplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Elaioplast" title="Elaioplast">elaioplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Etioplast" title="Etioplast">etioplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gerontoplast" title="Gerontoplast">gerontoplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Leukoplast" title="Leukoplast">leukoplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nucleomorf" title="Nucleomorf">nucleomorf</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">plasmodesma</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">plastide</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proplastide" title="Proplastide">proplastide</a> · <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFnoplast" title="Proteïnoplast">proteïnoplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Statoliet" title="Statoliet">statoliet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuole</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67837862"> <div class="navigatie mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Plantkunde_en_deelgebieden" data-expandtext="Uitklappen" data-collapsetext="Inklappen"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_plantkunde" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie plantkunde"><img 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deelgebieden</div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <div style="background-color: var(--navigatie-titelbalkkleur,#ddeef8);"><b><a href="/wiki/Geobotanie" title="Geobotanie">Geobotanie</a></b> (planten als onderdeel van de biosfeer)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531"><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:19em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Plantengeografie" title="Plantengeografie">Plantengeografie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Adventief_(plant)" title="Adventief (plant)">adventief</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verspreidingsgebied" title="Verspreidingsgebied">areaal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Beschermingsstatus" title="Beschermingsstatus">beschermingsstatus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bioom" title="Bioom">bioom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endemie_(biogeografie)" title="Endemie (biogeografie)">endemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Exoot" title="Exoot">exoot</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flora_(plantkunde)" title="Flora (plantkunde)">flora</a> · <a href="/wiki/Floradistrict" title="Floradistrict">floradistrict</a> · <a href="/wiki/Floristiek" title="Floristiek">floristiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiezonering_in_gebergten" title="Vegetatiezonering in gebergten">hoogtezonering</a> · <a href="/wiki/Invasieve_soort" title="Invasieve soort">invasieve soort</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantengeografie" title="Plantengeografie">Plantengeografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Status_(biogeografie)" title="Status (biogeografie)">status</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stinsenplant" title="Stinsenplant">stinsenplant</a> · <a href="/wiki/Uitsterven" title="Uitsterven">uitsterven</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verspreidingsgebied" title="Verspreidingsgebied">verspreidingsgebied</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Paleobotanie" title="Paleobotanie">Paleobotanie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Archeobotanie" title="Archeobotanie">archeobotanie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronologie" title="Dendrochronologie">dendrochronologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fossiele_planten" title="Fossiele planten">fossiele planten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gyttja" title="Gyttja">gyttja</a> · <a href="/wiki/Palynologie" title="Palynologie">palynologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pollenzone" title="Pollenzone">pollenzone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Varens_(fossiel)" title="Varens (fossiel)">varens</a> · <a href="/wiki/Veen_(grondsoort)" title="Veen (grondsoort)">veen</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Vegetatiekunde" title="Vegetatiekunde">Vegetatiekunde</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">plantenoecologie</a>:</b></span></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Abundantie_(ecologie)" title="Abundantie (ecologie)">abundantie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Associatie_(vegetatiekunde)" title="Associatie (vegetatiekunde)">associatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bedekking_(vegetatiekunde)" title="Bedekking (vegetatiekunde)">bedekking</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biodiversiteit" title="Biodiversiteit">biodiversiteit</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biotoop" title="Biotoop">biotoop</a> · <a href="/wiki/Boomlaag" title="Boomlaag">boomlaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bos_(vegetatie)" title="Bos (vegetatie)">bos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Braun-Blanquet-methode" title="Braun-Blanquet-methode">Braun-Blanquet-methode</a> · <a href="/wiki/Broekbos" title="Broekbos">broekbos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Climaxvegetatie" title="Climaxvegetatie">climaxvegetatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Clusteranalyse" title="Clusteranalyse">clusteranalyse</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gemeenschapsgradi%C3%ABnt" title="Gemeenschapsgradiënt">coenocline</a> · <a href="/wiki/Concurrentie_(ecologie)" title="Concurrentie (ecologie)">concurrentie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Constant_taxon" title="Constant taxon">constant taxon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Contactgemeenschap" title="Contactgemeenschap">contactgemeenschap</a> · <a href="/wiki/Differenti%C3%ABrend_taxon" title="Differentiërend taxon">differentiërend taxon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dwergstruweel" title="Dwergstruweel">dwergstruweel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ecologische_gradi%C3%ABnt" title="Ecologische gradiënt">ecologische gradiënt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ecologische_groep" title="Ecologische groep">ecologische groep</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ellenberg-indicatorwaarde" title="Ellenberg-indicatorwaarde">Ellenberg-indicatorwaarde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gemeenschapsgradi%C3%ABnt" title="Gemeenschapsgradiënt">gemeenschapsgradiënt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grasland" title="Grasland">grasland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Heide_(vegetatie)" title="Heide (vegetatie)">heide</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kentaxon" title="Kentaxon">kentaxon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kruidlaag" title="Kruidlaag">kruidlaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kwelder" title="Kwelder">kwelder</a> · <a href="/wiki/Minimumareaal" title="Minimumareaal">minimumareaal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moeras" title="Moeras">moeras</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moslaag" title="Moslaag">moslaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ordinatie" title="Ordinatie">ordinatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pioniersoort" title="Pioniersoort">pioniersoort</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantengemeenschap" title="Plantengemeenschap">plantengemeenschap</a> · <a href="/wiki/Potentieel_natuurlijke_vegetatie" title="Potentieel natuurlijke vegetatie">potentieel natuurlijke vegetatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Presentie_(vegetatiekunde)" title="Presentie (vegetatiekunde)">presentie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Regenwoud" title="Regenwoud">regenwoud</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatieopname" title="Vegetatieopname">relevé</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ruigte" title="Ruigte">ruigte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Savanne_(landschap)" title="Savanne (landschap)">savanne</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kwelder" title="Kwelder">schor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Struiklaag" title="Struiklaag">struiklaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Struweel" title="Struweel">struweel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Successie_(ecologie)" title="Successie (ecologie)">successie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Syntaxon" title="Syntaxon">syntaxon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Syntaxonomie" title="Syntaxonomie">syntaxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatieschaal_van_Tansley" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetatieschaal van Tansley">Tansley (methode)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra">toendra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tropisch_regenwoud" title="Tropisch regenwoud">tropisch regenwoud</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trouw_(vegetatiekunde)" title="Trouw (vegetatiekunde)">trouw</a> · <a href="/wiki/Veen_(grondsoort)" title="Veen (grondsoort)">veen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatie" title="Vegetatie">vegetatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatielaag" title="Vegetatielaag">vegetatielaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatieopname" title="Vegetatieopname">vegetatieopname</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiestructuur" title="Vegetatiestructuur">vegetatiestructuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantengemeenschap" title="Plantengemeenschap">vegetatietype</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vergrassing" title="Vergrassing">vergrassing</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verlanding" title="Verlanding">verlanding</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="background-color: var(--navigatie-titelbalkkleur,#ddeef8);"><b><a href="/wiki/Idiobotanie" title="Idiobotanie">Idiobotanie</a></b> (planten onder gecontroleerde omstandigheden)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531"><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:19em;"></td><td class="rechts"></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Plantenmorfologie" title="Plantenmorfologie">Plantenmorfologie</a> & <a href="/wiki/Plantenanatomie" title="Plantenanatomie">-anatomie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Beschrijvende_plantkunde" title="Beschrijvende plantkunde">beschrijvende plantkunde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adventief_(morfologie)" title="Adventief (morfologie)">adventief</a> · <a href="/wiki/Apoplast" title="Apoplast">apoplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Blad_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blad (hoofdbetekenis)">blad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">bladgroenkorrel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fyllotaxis" title="Fyllotaxis">bladstand</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bloeiwijze" title="Bloeiwijze">bloeiwijze</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bloem_(plant)" title="Bloem (plant)">bloem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kroonblad" title="Kroonblad">bloemkroon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kroon_(plant)" title="Kroon (plant)">boomkruin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celwand" title="Celwand">celwand</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Collenchym" title="Collenchym">collenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Schors" title="Schors">cortex</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cuticula_(planten)" title="Cuticula (planten)">cuticula</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eicel" title="Eicel">eicel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurk_(weefsel)" title="Kurk (weefsel)">felleem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurkcambium" title="Kurkcambium">fellogeen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurkschors" title="Kurkschors">felloderm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fenologie" title="Fenologie">fenologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flo%C3%ABem" title="Floëem">floëem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Beschrijvende_plantkunde" title="Beschrijvende plantkunde">fytografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">gameet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gametofyt" title="Gametofyt">gametofyt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Groeivorm" title="Groeivorm">groeivorm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Haar_(plant)" title="Haar (plant)">haar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Houtvat" title="Houtvat">houtvat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Huidmondje" title="Huidmondje">huidmondje</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hypodermis" title="Hypodermis">hypodermis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intercellulaire_ruimte" title="Intercellulaire ruimte">intercellulair</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intercellulaire_ruimte" title="Intercellulaire ruimte">intercellulaire ruimte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kelk_(bloem)" title="Kelk (bloem)">kelk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kroonblad" title="Kroonblad">kroonblad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurk_(weefsel)" title="Kurk (weefsel)">kurk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurkcambium" title="Kurkcambium">kurkcambium</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurkschors" title="Kurkschors">kurkschors</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levensduur_(plant)" title="Levensduur (plant)">levensduur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levensvorm" title="Levensvorm">levensvorm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Merg_(plant)" title="Merg (plant)">merg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meristeem" title="Meristeem">meristeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Middenlamel" title="Middenlamel">middenlamel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Palissadeparenchym" title="Palissadeparenchym">palissadeparenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parenchym_(plantkunde)" title="Parenchym (plantkunde)">parenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Periderm_(plant)" title="Periderm (plant)">periderm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantaardige_cel" title="Plantaardige cel">plantaardige cel</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">plastide</a> · <a href="/wiki/Schors" title="Schors">schors</a> · <a href="/wiki/Steencel" title="Steencel">sclereïde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sclerenchym" title="Sclerenchym">sclerenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaadcel" title="Zaadcel">spermatozoïde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sponsparenchym" title="Sponsparenchym">sponsparenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sporofyt" title="Sporofyt">sporofyt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stam_(plant)" title="Stam (plant)">stam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Steencel" title="Steencel">steencel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stengel" title="Stengel">stengel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stippel" title="Stippel">stippel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Symplast" title="Symplast">symplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tak_(plant)" title="Tak (plant)">tak</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thallus" title="Thallus">thallus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Topmeristeem" title="Topmeristeem">topmeristeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Houtvat" title="Houtvat">trachee</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trache%C3%AFde" title="Tracheïde">tracheïde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thyllen" title="Thyllen">thyllen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vaatbundel" title="Vaatbundel">vaatbundel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuole</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vrucht_(plant)" title="Vrucht (plant)">vrucht</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wortel_(plant)" title="Wortel (plant)">wortel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Xyleem" title="Xyleem">xyleem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaad_(plant)" title="Zaad (plant)">zaad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaadcel" title="Zaadcel">zaadcel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flo%C3%ABem" title="Floëem">zeefvat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Plantenfysiologie" title="Plantenfysiologie">Plantenfysiologie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Ademhaling_(plant)" title="Ademhaling (plant)">ademhaling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bladzuigkracht" title="Bladzuigkracht">bladzuigkracht</a> · <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiratie" title="Evapotranspiratie">evapotranspiratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fotoperiodiciteit" title="Fotoperiodiciteit">fotoperiodiciteit</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fotosynthese" title="Fotosynthese">fotosynthese</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fototropie" title="Fototropie">fototropie </a> · <a href="/wiki/Fytochemie" title="Fytochemie">fytochemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gaswisseling" title="Gaswisseling">gaswisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geotropie" title="Geotropie">geotropie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Heliotropisme" title="Heliotropisme">heliotropisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nastie" title="Nastie">nastie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenfysiologie" title="Plantenfysiologie">plantenfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenhormoon" title="Plantenhormoon">plantenhormoon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rubisco" title="Rubisco">rubisco</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stikstoffixatie" title="Stikstoffixatie">stikstoffixatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stratificatie_(botanie)" title="Stratificatie (botanie)">stratificatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Transpiratie_(biologie)" title="Transpiratie (biologie)">transpiratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Turgordruk" title="Turgordruk">turgordruk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vernalisatie" title="Vernalisatie">vernalisatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Winterhard" title="Winterhard">winterhard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Worteldruk" title="Worteldruk">worteldruk</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">Plantensystematiek</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">taxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Botanische_nomenclatuur" title="Botanische nomenclatuur">botanische nomenclatuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> · <a href="/wiki/APG-systeem" title="APG-systeem">APG I-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/APG_II-systeem" title="APG II-systeem">APG II-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/APG_III-systeem" title="APG III-systeem">APG III-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/APG_IV-systeem" title="APG IV-systeem">APG IV-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Botanische_naam" title="Botanische naam">botanische naam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cladistiek" title="Cladistiek">cladistiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" title="Embryophyta">Cormophyta</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cryptogamen" title="Cryptogamen">cryptogamen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Classificatie" title="Classificatie">classificatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" title="Embryophyta">embryophyta</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiontentheorie" title="Endosymbiontentheorie">endosymbiontentheorie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" title="Endosymbiose">endosymbiose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">evolutie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaadplanten" title="Zaadplanten">fanerogamen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">fylogenie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Generatiewisseling" title="Generatiewisseling">generatiewisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">groenwieren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hauwmossen" title="Hauwmossen">hauwmossen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">kernfasewisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Korstmos" title="Korstmos">korstmossen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kranswieren" title="Kranswieren">kranswieren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" title="Embryophyta">landplanten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levenscyclus (hoofdbetekenis)">levenscyclus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levermossen" title="Levermossen">levermossen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">mossen</a> · <a href="/wiki/PPG_I-systeem" title="PPG I-systeem">PPG I-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group" title="Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group">Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group</a> · <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">roodwieren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">varens</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaadplanten" title="Zaadplanten">zaadplanten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zeewier" title="Zeewier">zeewier</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="background-color: var(--navigatie-titelbalkkleur,#ddeef8);"><b>Overig</b></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531"><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:19em;"></td><td class="rechts"></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Plantkunde#Bijzondere_plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">Bijzondere plantkunde</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Fycologie" title="Fycologie">algologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bryologie" title="Bryologie">bryologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dendrologie" title="Dendrologie">dendrologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fycologie" title="Fycologie">fycologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lichenologie" title="Lichenologie">lichenologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mycologie" title="Mycologie">mycologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">pteridologie</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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