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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgawe" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mariene biologie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 63 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloch%C3%ADa_marina" title="Biolochía marina – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Biolochía marina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علم الأحياء البحرية – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأحياء البحرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_biologiyas%C4%B1" title="Okean biologiyası – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Okean biologiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Океан биологияһы – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Океан биологияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Біялогія акіяна – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біялогія акіяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Морска биология – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Морска биология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_marina" title="Biologia marina – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biologia marina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81i-i%C3%B2ng_S%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk-h%C5%8Fk" title="Hāi-iòng Sĕng-ŭk-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hāi-iòng Sĕng-ŭk-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioleg_forol" title="Bioleg forol – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bioleg forol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinbiologi" title="Marinbiologi – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marinbiologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeresbiologie" title="Meeresbiologie – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meeresbiologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Marine biology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbiologio" title="Marbiologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marbiologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog%C3%ADa_marina" title="Biología marina – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biología marina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merebioloogia" title="Merebioloogia – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Merebioloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsas_biologia" title="Itsas biologia – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsas biologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زیست‌شناسی دریا – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیست‌شناسی دریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meribiologia" title="Meribiologia – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meribiologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie_marine" title="Biologie marine – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biologie marine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ביולוגיה ימית – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביולוגיה ימית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="समुद्री जीवविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समुद्री जीवविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morska_biologija" title="Morska biologija – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Morska biologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi_kelautan" title="Biologi kelautan – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biologi kelautan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A1varl%C3%ADffr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Sjávarlíffræði – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjávarlíffræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_marina" title="Biologia marina – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biologia marina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物海洋学 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物海洋学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi_seganten" title="Biologi seganten – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Biologi seganten" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಾಗರ ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಗರ ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%96%91%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="해양생물학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해양생물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_marina" title="Biologia marina – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Biologia marina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABr%C5%B3_biologija" title="Jūrų biologija – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jūrų biologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABras_biolo%C4%A3ija" title="Jūras bioloģija – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūras bioloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സമുദ്ര ജീവശാസ്ത്രം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമുദ്ര ജീവശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi_marin" title="Biologi marin – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biologi marin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="دریو بیولوجی – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دریو بیولوجی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariene_biologie" title="Mariene biologie – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mariene biologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinbiologi" title="Marinbiologi – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marinbiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinbiologi" title="Marinbiologi – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marinbiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maral_biologia" title="Maral biologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Maral biologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="سمندري بیولوژي – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سمندري بیولوژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_marinha" title="Biologia marinha – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biologia marinha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie_marin%C4%83" title="Biologie marină – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biologie marină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Биология океана – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биология океана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Marine biology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سامونڊي حياتيات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سامونڊي حياتيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinska_biologija" title="Marinska biologija – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marinska biologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="සමුද්‍ර ජීවවේදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සමුද්‍ර ජීවවේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marine biology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morska_biologija" title="Morska biologija – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Morska biologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morska_biologija" title="Morska biologija – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Morska biologija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinbiologi" title="Marinbiologi – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marinbiologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கடல்சார் உயிரியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடல்சார் உயிரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="ชีววิทยาทางทะเล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีววิทยาทางทะเล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiyang_pandagat" title="Biyolohiyang pandagat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyolohiyang pandagat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_biyolojisi" title="Deniz biyolojisi – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deniz biyolojisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Біологія океану – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біологія океану" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بحری حیاتیات – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحری حیاتیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc_bi%E1%BB%83n" title="Sinh học biển – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh học biển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya_pandagat" title="Biyolohiya pandagat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Biyolohiya pandagat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋生物学 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海洋生物学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋生物学 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海洋生物学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-i%C3%BB%E2%81%BF_seng-bu%CC%8Dt-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Hái-iûⁿ seng-bu̍t-ha̍k – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-iûⁿ seng-bu̍t-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="海洋生物學 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海洋生物學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chevron_Baracuda.JPG/330px-Chevron_Baracuda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chevron_Baracuda.JPG/440px-Chevron_Baracuda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Skool van Chevron Baracuda gesien by die noordelike punt van Pom Pom-eiland, Semporna, Sabah.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mariene biologie</b> is die wetenskaplike studie van die <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologie</a> van seelewe, <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismes</a> in die <a href="/wiki/See" title="See">see</a>. Gegewe dat in biologie baie <a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">filums</a>, families en <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> sommige <a href="/wiki/Spesie" title="Spesie">spesies</a> het wat in die see leef en ander wat op <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> leef, klassifiseer marienebiologie spesies op grond van die omgewing eerder as op <a href="/wiki/Taksonomie" class="mw-redirect" title="Taksonomie">taksonomie</a>. </p><p>'n Groot deel van alle <a href="/wiki/Lewe" title="Lewe">lewe</a> op aarde leef in die see. Die presiese grootte van hierdie groot deel is onbekend, aangesien baie oseaanspesies nog ontdek moet word. Die oseaan is 'n komplekse driedimensionele wêreld<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wat ongeveer 71% van die aarde se oppervlak dek. Die habitatte wat in mariene biologie bestudeer is, sluit alles in van die klein lae oppervlakwater waarin organismes en abiotiese items in oppervlakspanning tussen die <a href="/wiki/Oseaan" title="Oseaan">oseaan</a> en <a href="/wiki/Atmosfeer" title="Atmosfeer">atmosfeer</a> vasgevang kan wees, tot die dieptes van die <a href="/wiki/Oseaantrog" title="Oseaantrog">oseaniese trôe</a>, soms 10 000 meter of meer onder die oppervlak van die see. Spesifieke habitatte sluit in riviermondings, <a href="/wiki/Koraalriwwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Koraalriwwe">koraalriwwe</a>, kelpwoude, seegras weivelde, die omgewing van seeberge en termiese openinge, getypoele, modderige, sanderige en rotsagtige bodems, en die oop see (<a href="/wiki/Pelagiese_sone" title="Pelagiese sone">pelagiese</a>) sone, waar vaste voorwerpe skaars is en die oppervlak van die water is die enigste sigbare grens. Die organismes wat bestudeer is, wissel van mikroskopiese fitoplankton en <a href="/wiki/So%C3%B6plankton" title="Soöplankton">soöplankton</a> tot groot <a href="/wiki/Walvis" title="Walvis">walvisse</a> (walvisse) 25–32 meter lank. Mariene ekologie is die studie van hoe mariene organismes met mekaar en die omgewing in wisselwerking tree. </p><p>Baie spesies is ekonomies belangrik vir die mens, insluitend beide vinvisse en skulpvis. Dit word ook verstaan dat die welstand van mariene organismes en ander organismes op fundamentele maniere verbind is. Die menslike liggaam van kennis oor die verhouding tussen lewe in die see en belangrike siklusse groei vinnig, met nuwe ontdekkings wat feitlik elke dag gemaak word. Hierdie siklusse sluit in dié van materie (soos die <a href="/wiki/Koolstofsiklus" class="mw-redirect" title="Koolstofsiklus">koolstofsiklus</a>) en van lug (soos Aarde se asemhaling, en beweging van energie deur ekosisteme insluitend die see). Groot gebiede onder die see-oppervlak bly steeds effektief onontgin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariene_biologie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariene_biologie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marine-conservation.org/media/shining_sea/theme_oceanography.htm">Oceanographic and Bathymetric Features</a> <i>Marine Conservation Institute</i>. Besoek 18 September 2013.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariene_biologie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariene_biologie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Bronne"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Morrissey J and Sumich J (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2cm_s-I01kcC&q=%22Introduction+to+the+Biology+of+Marine+Life%22"><i>Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life</i></a> Jones & Bartlett Publishers. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780763781606" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780763781606">ISBN 9780763781606</a></span>.</li> <li>Mladenov, Philip V., Marine Biology: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd edn (Oxford, 2020; 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