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id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonautograph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonautograph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Phonautograph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonautograph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleophone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleophone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Paleophone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleophone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_early_phonographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_early_phonographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The early phonographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_early_phonographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_the_disc_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_the_disc_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Introduction of the disc record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_the_disc_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldest_surviving_recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest_surviving_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Oldest surviving recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest_surviving_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improvements_at_the_Volta_Laboratory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improvements_at_the_Volta_Laboratory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Improvements at the Volta Laboratory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Improvements_at_the_Volta_Laboratory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Improvements at the Volta Laboratory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Improvements_at_the_Volta_Laboratory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volta's_early_challenge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volta's_early_challenge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Volta's early challenge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volta's_early_challenge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volta_Graphophone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volta_Graphophone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Volta Graphophone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volta_Graphophone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphophone_commercialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphophone_commercialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Graphophone commercialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphophone_commercialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disc_vs._cylinder_as_a_recording_medium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disc_vs._cylinder_as_a_recording_medium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disc vs. cylinder as a recording medium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disc_vs._cylinder_as_a_recording_medium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominance_of_the_disc_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominance_of_the_disc_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dominance of the disc record</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dominance_of_the_disc_record-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dominance of the disc record subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dominance_of_the_disc_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_all-transistor_phonograph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_all-transistor_phonograph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First all-transistor phonograph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_all-transistor_phonograph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turntable_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turntable_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Turntable designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turntable_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arm_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arm_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Arm systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arm_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arm systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arm_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cue_lever" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cue_lever"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cue lever</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cue_lever-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linear_tracking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linear_tracking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Linear tracking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linear_tracking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pickup_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pickup_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pickup systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pickup_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pickup systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pickup_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optical_readout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_readout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Optical readout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_readout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stylus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stylus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Stylus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stylus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Equalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_use_and_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_use_and_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Contemporary use and models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_use_and_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phonograph</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograaf" title="Fonograaf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fonograaf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B8%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8B_%E1%88%9B%E1%8C%AB%E1%8B%88%E1%89%BB" title="የሸክላ ማጫወቻ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሸክላ ማጫወቻ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83" title="حاك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حاك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%B3grafu" title="Fonógrafu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fonógrafu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonoqraf" title="Fonoqraf – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fonoqraf" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="قرامافون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قرامافون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB" title="ফনোগ্রাফ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফনোগ্রাফ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2u-sia%E2%81%BF-ki" title="Lâu-siaⁿ-ki – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâu-siaⁿ-ki" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Фанограф – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фанограф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Фонограф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фонограф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%B2graf" title="Fonògraf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fonògraf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Фонограф – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фонограф" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fonograf" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffonograff" title="Ffonograff – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffonograff" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fonograf" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phonograph" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograaf" title="Fonograaf – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fonograaf" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φωνογράφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωνογράφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%B3grafo" title="Fonógrafo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fonógrafo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonografo" title="Fonografo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fonografo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonografo" title="Fonografo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fonografo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="گرامافون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرامافون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonografur" title="Fonografur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fonografur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonographe" title="Phonographe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phonographe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograaf" title="Fonograaf – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fonograaf" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%B3grafo" title="Fonógrafo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fonógrafo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%95%EC%9D%8C%EA%B8%B0" title="축음기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="축음기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB" title="फोनोग्राफ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फोनोग्राफ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonografilo" title="Fonografilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fonografilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fonograf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fonograf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonografo" title="Fonografo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fonografo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A3" title="פונוגרף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פונוגרף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Фонограф – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Фонограф" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ფონოგრაფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფონოგრაფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Фонограф – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фонограф" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Фонограф – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фонограф" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonographum" title="Phonographum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phonographum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonogr%C4%81fs" title="Fonogrāfs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fonogrāfs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonografas" title="Fonografas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fonografas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonogr%C3%A1f" title="Fonográf – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fonográf" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ഗ്രാമഫോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രാമഫോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="الفونوغراف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفونوغراف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peti_nyanyi" title="Peti nyanyi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peti nyanyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograaf" title="Fonograaf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fonograaf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%84%E9%9F%B3%E6%A9%9F" title="蓄音機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蓄音機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fonograf" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fonograf" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fonograf" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fonograf" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%B3grafo" title="Fonógrafo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fonógrafo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fonograf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Фонограф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фонограф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ග්‍රැමෆෝනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ග්‍රැමෆෝනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phonograph" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fonograf" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="فۆنۆگراف – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆنۆگراف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Фонограф – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фонограф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fonograf" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonografi" title="Fonografi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fonografi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fonograf" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponograpo" title="Ponograpo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ponograpo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கிராமபோன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிராமபோன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫోనోగ్రాఫ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫోనోగ్రాఫ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikap" title="Pikap – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pikap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Фонограф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фонограф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_h%C3%A1t" title="Máy hát – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy hát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponograpiya" title="Ponograpiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ponograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%99%E5%A3%B0%E6%9C%BA" title="留声机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="留声机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%99%E8%81%B2%E6%A9%9F" title="留聲機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="留聲機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%99%E8%81%B2%E6%A9%9F" title="留聲機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="留聲機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q116434#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Device for analogue recording of sound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Turntable_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Turntable (disambiguation)">Turntable (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gramophone (disambiguation)">Gramophone (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Record_player_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Record player (disambiguation)">Record player (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonearm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tonearm (disambiguation)">Tonearm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Phonogram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Phonogram (disambiguation)">Phonogram (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turntable.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Turntable.svg/260px-Turntable.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Turntable.svg/390px-Turntable.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Turntable.svg/520px-Turntable.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>A typical modern turntable, showing the curved tonearm with a headshell at the end, under which lies the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_cartridge" title="Magnetic cartridge">magnetic cartridge</a> and its attached stylus touching down on the grooves of a black <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">record</a> placed on the turntable's platter</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>phonograph</b>, later called a <b>gramophone</b> (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910), and since the 1940s a <b>record player</b>, or more recently a <b>turntable</b>, is a device for the mechanical and analogue <a href="/wiki/Reproduction_of_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproduction of sound">reproduction of sound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sound vibration <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveforms</a> are recorded as corresponding physical deviations of a helical or spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disc, called a <i><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">record</a></i>. To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback <a href="#Stylus">stylus</a> traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it, faintly reproducing the recorded sound. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(acoustics)" title="Diaphragm (acoustics)">diaphragm</a> that produced sound waves coupled to the open air through a flaring <a href="/wiki/Horn_loudspeaker" title="Horn loudspeaker">horn</a>, or directly to the listener's ears through <a href="/wiki/Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">stethoscope</a>-type earphones. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg/200px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg/300px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg/400px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="3327" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> with his second phonograph, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Levin_Corbin_Handy" title="Levin Corbin Handy">Levin Corbin Handy</a> in Washington, D.C., April 1878</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph_(cropped_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph_%28cropped_portrait%29.jpg/200px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph_%28cropped_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph_%28cropped_portrait%29.jpg/300px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph_%28cropped_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph_%28cropped_portrait%29.jpg/400px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph_%28cropped_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2141" data-file-height="2741" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a> with the first gramophone he developed, in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Germany</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The phonograph was invented in 1877 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its use would rise the following year. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory</a> made several improvements in the 1880s and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">graphophone</a>, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a zigzag groove around the record. In the 1890s, <a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a> initiated the transition from <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">phonograph cylinders</a> to flat discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near the centre, coining the term <i>gramophone</i> for disc record players, which is predominantly used in many languages. Later improvements through the years included modifications to the turntable and its drive system, stylus, pickup system, and the sound and <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalization</a> systems. </p><p>The disc phonograph record was the dominant commercial audio distribution format throughout most of the 20th century, and phonographs became the first example of <a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">home audio</a> that people owned and used at their residences.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, the use of <a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">8-track cartridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette tapes</a> were introduced as alternatives. By 1987, phonograph use had declined sharply due to the popularity of cassettes and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a>. However, records have undergone a <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_revival" title="Vinyl revival">revival since the late 2000s</a>. This resurgence has much to do with vinyl records' sparing use of audio processing, resulting in a more natural sound on high-quality replay equipment, compared to many digital releases that are highly processed for portable players in high-noise environmental conditions. However, unlike "plug-and-play" digital audio, vinyl record players have user-serviceable parts, which require attention to tonearm alignment and the wear and choice of stylus, the most critical component affecting turntable sound.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terminology used to describe record-playing devices is not uniform across the English-speaking world. In modern contexts, the playback device is often referred to as a "turntable", "record player", or "<a href="/wiki/Record_changer" title="Record changer">record changer</a>". Each of these terms denotes distinct items. When integrated into a <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJ</a> setup with a <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">mixer</a>, turntables are colloquially known as "decks".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later versions of electric phonographs, commonly known since the 1940s as record players or turntables, the movements of the stylus are transformed into an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical signal">electrical signal</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a>. This signal is then converted back into sound through an <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> and one or more <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "phonograph", meaning "sound writing", originates from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> words φωνή (phonē, meaning 'sound' or 'voice') and γραφή (graphē, meaning 'writing'). Similarly, the terms "gramophone" and "graphophone" have roots in the Greek words γράμμα (gramma, meaning 'letter') and φωνή (phōnē, meaning 'voice'). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine that utilizes <a href="/wiki/Disc_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Disc records">disc records</a>. These were introduced and popularized in the UK by the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Company" title="Gramophone Company">Gramophone Company</a>. Initially, "gramophone" was a proprietary <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> of the company, and any use of the name by competing disc record manufacturers was rigorously challenged in court. However, in 1910, an English court decision ruled that the term had become generic;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_Standard_Photograph_(08).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Edison_Standard_Photograph_%2808%29.jpg/220px-Edison_Standard_Photograph_%2808%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Edison_Standard_Photograph_%2808%29.jpg/330px-Edison_Standard_Photograph_%2808%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Edison_Standard_Photograph_%2808%29.jpg/440px-Edison_Standard_Photograph_%2808%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4204" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>An Edison Standard Phonograph that uses wax cylinders</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, "phonograph", properly specific to machines made by Edison, was sometimes used in a generic sense as early as the 1890s to include cylinder-playing machines made by others. But it was then considered strictly incorrect to apply it to <a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a>'s Gramophone, a different machine that played nonrecordable discs (although Edison's original Phonograph patent included the use of discs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conversazione_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Conversazione_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Victoria.jpg/220px-Conversazione_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Conversazione_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Victoria.jpg/330px-Conversazione_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Conversazione_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Victoria.jpg/440px-Conversazione_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2217" /></a><figcaption>Wood engraving published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_Australian_News" title="The Illustrated Australian News">The Illustrated Australian News</a></i>, depicting a public demonstration of new technology at the Royal Society of Victoria (Melbourne, Australia) on 8 August 1878.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a more technical term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>. The "phonograph" was first demonstrated in Australia on 14 June 1878 to a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Victoria" title="Royal Society of Victoria">Royal Society of Victoria</a> by the Society's Honorary Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sutherland_(educator)" title="Alexander Sutherland (educator)">Alex Sutherland</a> who published "The Sounds of the Consonants, as Indicated by the Phonograph" in the Society's journal in November that year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 August 1878 the phonograph was publicly demonstrated at the Society's annual <i>conversazione</i>, along with a range of other new inventions, including the <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonautograph">Phonautograph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonautograph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">Phonautograph</a></div><p> The phonautograph was invented on March 25, 1857, by Frenchman <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard-L%C3%A9on_Scott_de_Martinville" title="Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville">Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TimeGraphics_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeGraphics-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an editor and typographer of manuscripts at a scientific publishing house in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-NatParkService_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatParkService-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One day while editing Professor Longet's <i>Traité de Physiologie</i>, he happened upon that customer's engraved illustration of the anatomy of the human ear, and conceived of "the imprudent idea of photographing the word." In 1853 or 1854 (Scott cited both years) he began working on "le problème de la parole s'écrivant elle-même" ("the problem of speech writing itself"), aiming to build a device that could replicate the function of the human ear.<sup id="cite_ref-NatParkService_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatParkService-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FirstSounds_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstSounds-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phonautograph-cent2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Phonautograph-cent2.png/222px-Phonautograph-cent2.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Phonautograph-cent2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Dictionary illustration of a <a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">phonautograph</a>. This version uses a barrel made of <a href="/wiki/Plaster_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaster of Paris">plaster of Paris</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scott coated a plate of glass with a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Lampblack" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampblack">lampblack</a>. He then took an acoustic trumpet, and at its tapered end affixed a thin membrane that served as the analog to the <a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">eardrum</a>. At the center of that membrane, he attached a rigid boar's bristle approximately a centimetre long, placed so that it just grazed the lampblack. As the glass plate was slid horizontally in a well formed groove at a speed of one meter per second, a person would speak into the trumpet, causing the membrane to vibrate and the stylus to trace figures<sup id="cite_ref-NatParkService_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatParkService-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that were scratched into the lampblack.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 25, 1857, Scott received the French patent<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> #17,897/31,470 for his device, which he called a phonautograph.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known surviving recorded sound of a human voice was conducted on April 9, 1860, when Scott recorded<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> someone singing the song "<a href="/wiki/Au_Clair_de_la_Lune" class="mw-redirect" title="Au Clair de la Lune">Au Clair de la Lune</a>" ("By the Light of the Moon") on the device.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the device was not designed to play back sounds,<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Scott intended for people to read back the tracings,<sup id="cite_ref-Time5.1.18_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time5.1.18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he called phonautograms.<sup id="cite_ref-FirstSounds_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstSounds-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not the first time someone had used a device to create direct tracings of the vibrations of sound-producing objects, as <a href="/wiki/Tuning_fork" title="Tuning fork">tuning forks</a> had been used in this way by English physicist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1857, with support from the Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale, Scott's phonautograph was recording sounds with sufficient precision to be adopted by the scientific community, paving the way for the nascent science of acoustics.<sup id="cite_ref-FirstSounds_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstSounds-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The device's true significance in the history of recorded sound was not fully realized prior to March 2008, when it was discovered and resurrected in a Paris patent office by First Sounds, an informal collaborative of American audio historians, recording engineers, and sound archivists founded to make the earliest sound recordings available to the public. The phonautograms were then digitally converted by scientists at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> in California, who were able to play back the recorded sounds, something Scott had never conceived of. Prior to this point, the earliest known record of a human voice was thought to be an 1877 phonograph recording by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phonautograph would play a role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone">gramophone</a>, whose inventor, Emile Berliner, worked with the phonautograph in the course of developing his own device.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleophone">Paleophone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paleophone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cros" title="Charles Cros">Charles Cros</a>, a French poet and amateur scientist, is the first person known to have made the conceptual leap from recording sound as a traced line to the theoretical possibility of reproducing the sound from the tracing and then to devising a definite method for accomplishing the reproduction. On April 30, 1877, he deposited a sealed envelope containing a summary of his ideas with the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>, a standard procedure used by scientists and inventors to establish <a href="/wiki/Scientific_priority" title="Scientific priority">priority of conception</a> of unpublished ideas in the event of any later dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-RBNF_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBNF-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An account of his invention was published on October 10, 1877, by which date Cros had devised a more direct procedure: the recording stylus could scribe its tracing through a thin coating of acid-resistant material on a metal surface and the surface could then be etched in an acid bath, producing the desired groove without the complication of an intermediate photographic procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author of this article called the device a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">phonographe</i></span>, but Cros himself favored the word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">paleophone</i></span>, sometimes rendered in French as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">voix du passé</i></span> ('voice of the past').<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cros was a poet of meager means, not in a position to pay a machinist to build a working model, and largely content to bequeath his ideas to the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> free of charge and let others reduce them to practice, but after the earliest reports of Edison's presumably independent invention crossed the Atlantic he had his sealed letter of April 30 opened and read at the December 3, 1877 meeting of the French Academy of Sciences, claiming due scientific credit for priority of conception.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the first decade (1890–1900) of commercial production of the earliest crude disc records, the direct acid-etch method first invented by Cros was used to create the metal master discs, but Cros was not around to claim any credit or to witness the humble beginnings of the eventually rich phonographic library he had foreseen. He had died in 1888 at the age of 45.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_early_phonographs">The early phonographs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The early phonographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_for_a_Phonograph_-_NARA_-_595515_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Drawing_for_a_Phonograph_-_NARA_-_595515_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Drawing_for_a_Phonograph_-_NARA_-_595515_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Drawing_for_a_Phonograph_-_NARA_-_595515_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Drawing_for_a_Phonograph_-_NARA_-_595515_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Drawing_for_a_Phonograph_-_NARA_-_595515_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Drawing_for_a_Phonograph_-_NARA_-_595515_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a> for Edison's phonograph, May 18, 1880</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> conceived the principle of recording and reproducing sound between May and July 1877 as a byproduct of his efforts to "play back" recorded <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> messages and to automate speech sounds for transmission by <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first experiments were with waxed paper.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He announced his invention of the first <i>phonograph</i>, a device for recording and replaying sound, on November 21, 1877 (early reports appear in <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> and several newspapers in the beginning of November, and an even earlier announcement of Edison working on a "talking-machine" can be found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Daily Tribune">Chicago Daily Tribune</a></i> on May 9<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and he demonstrated the device for the first time on November 29 (it was <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> on February 19, 1878, as US Patent 200,521). "In December, 1877, a young man came into the office of the <i>Scientific American</i>, and placed before the editors a small, simple machine about which few preliminary remarks were offered. The visitor without any ceremony whatever turned the crank, and to the astonishment of all present the machine said: 'Good morning. How do you do? How do you like the phonograph?' The machine thus spoke for itself, and made known the fact that it was the phonograph..."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amberola_close-up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Amberola_close-up.jpg/220px-Amberola_close-up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Amberola_close-up.jpg/330px-Amberola_close-up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Amberola_close-up.jpg/440px-Amberola_close-up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Close up of the mechanism of an Edison Amberola, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1915</span></figcaption></figure><p>The music critic <a href="/wiki/Herman_Klein" title="Herman Klein">Herman Klein</a> attended an early demonstration (1881–82) of a similar machine. On the early phonograph's reproductive capabilities he wrote in retrospect: "It sounded to my ear like someone singing about half a mile away, or talking at the other end of a big hall; but the effect was rather pleasant, save for a peculiar nasal quality wholly due to the mechanism, although there was little of the scratching that later was a prominent feature of the flat disc. Recording for that primitive machine was a comparatively simple matter. I had to keep my mouth about six inches away from the horn and remember not to make my voice too loud if I wanted anything approximating to a clear reproduction; that was all. When it was played over to me and I heard my own voice for the first time, one or two friends who were present said that it sounded rather like mine; others declared that they would never have recognised it. I daresay both opinions were correct."<sup id="cite_ref-klein_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a></i> newspaper from Melbourne, Australia, reported on an 1878 demonstration at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Victoria" title="Royal Society of Victoria">Royal Society of Victoria</a>, writing "There was a large attendance of ladies and gentlemen, who appeared greatly interested in the various scientific instruments exhibited. Among these the most interesting, perhaps, was the trial made by Mr. Sutherland with the phonograph, which was most amusing. Several trials were made, and were all more or less successful. 'Rule Britannia' was distinctly repeated, but great laughter was caused by the repetition of the convivial song of 'He's a jolly good fellow,' which sounded as if it was being sung by an old man of 80 with a cracked voice."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_machines">Early machines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_phonograph_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Edison_phonograph_1912.jpg/170px-Edison_phonograph_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Edison_phonograph_1912.jpg/255px-Edison_phonograph_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Edison_phonograph_1912.jpg/340px-Edison_phonograph_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Phonograph cabinet built with <a href="/wiki/Edison_Portland_Cement_Company" title="Edison Portland Cement Company">Edison cement</a>, 1912. The clockwork portion of the phonograph is concealed in the base beneath the statue; the amplifying horn is the shell behind the human figure.</figcaption></figure> <p>Edison's early phonographs recorded onto a thin sheet of metal, normally <a href="/wiki/Tin#Applications" title="Tin">tinfoil</a>, which was temporarily wrapped around a <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helically</a> grooved <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylinder</a> mounted on a correspondingly <a href="/wiki/Threaded_rod" title="Threaded rod">threaded rod</a> supported by plain and threaded <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a>. While the cylinder was rotated and slowly progressed along its <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of rotation">axis</a>, the airborne <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> vibrated a <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(acoustics)" title="Diaphragm (acoustics)">diaphragm</a> connected to a stylus that indented the foil into the cylinder's groove, thereby recording the vibrations as "hill-and-dale" variations of the depth of the indentation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_the_disc_record">Introduction of the disc record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Introduction of the disc record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Advertising_Record.ogg" title="File:Advertising Record.ogg"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">"I Am The Edison Phonograph"</div></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="144" data-mwtitle="Advertising_Record.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Advertising_Record.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Advertising_Record.ogg/Advertising_Record.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAdvertising_Record.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">This 1906 recording (with the character being voiced by <a href="/wiki/Len_Spencer" title="Len Spencer">Len Spencer</a>) enticed store customers with the wonders of the invention.<br />2 minutes, 23 seconds.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>By 1890, record manufacturers had begun using a rudimentary duplication process to mass-produce their product. While the live performers recorded the master phonograph, up to ten tubes led to blank cylinders in other phonographs. Until this development, each record had to be custom-made. Before long, a more advanced <a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">pantograph</a>-based process made it possible to simultaneously produce 90–150 copies of each record. However, as demand for certain records grew, popular artists still needed to re-record and re-re-record their songs. Reportedly, the medium's first major African-American star <a href="/wiki/George_W._Johnson_(singer)" title="George W. Johnson (singer)">George Washington Johnson</a> was obliged to perform his "<a href="/wiki/The_Laughing_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="The Laughing Song">The Laughing Song</a>" (or the separate "The Whistling Coon")<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to thousands of times in a studio during his recording career. Sometimes he would sing "The Laughing Song" more than fifty times in a day, at twenty cents per rendition. (The average price of a single cylinder in the mid-1890s was about fifty cents.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oldest_surviving_recordings">Oldest surviving recordings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oldest surviving recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_phonograph,_Deaf_Smith_County_Museum,_Hereford,_TX_IMG_4857.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Early_phonograph%2C_Deaf_Smith_County_Museum%2C_Hereford%2C_TX_IMG_4857.JPG/220px-Early_phonograph%2C_Deaf_Smith_County_Museum%2C_Hereford%2C_TX_IMG_4857.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Early_phonograph%2C_Deaf_Smith_County_Museum%2C_Hereford%2C_TX_IMG_4857.JPG/330px-Early_phonograph%2C_Deaf_Smith_County_Museum%2C_Hereford%2C_TX_IMG_4857.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Early_phonograph%2C_Deaf_Smith_County_Museum%2C_Hereford%2C_TX_IMG_4857.JPG/440px-Early_phonograph%2C_Deaf_Smith_County_Museum%2C_Hereford%2C_TX_IMG_4857.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>Early phonograph at Deaf Smith County Historical Museum in <a href="/wiki/Hereford,_Texas" title="Hereford, Texas">Hereford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lambert_(inventor)" title="Frank Lambert (inventor)">Lambert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> cylinder recording for an experimental talking clock is often identified as the oldest surviving playable sound recording,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the evidence advanced for its early date is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wax <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">phonograph cylinder</a> recordings of <a href="/wiki/Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel">Handel</a>'s choral music made on June 29, 1888, at <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">The Crystal Palace</a> in London were thought to be the oldest-known surviving musical recordings,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the recent playback by a group of American historians of a <a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">phonautograph</a> recording of <i><a href="/wiki/Au_clair_de_la_lune" title="Au clair de la lune">Au clair de la lune</a></i> recorded on April 9, 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1860 phonautogram had not until then been played, as it was only a transcription of sound waves into graphic form on paper for visual study. Recently developed optical scanning and image processing techniques have given new life to early recordings by making it possible to play unusually delicate or physically unplayable media without physical contact.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recording made on a sheet of tinfoil at an 1878 demonstration of Edison's phonograph in St. Louis, Missouri, has been played back by optical scanning and digital analysis. A few other early tinfoil recordings are known to survive, including a slightly earlier one that is believed to preserve the voice of U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>, but as of May 2014 they have not yet been scanned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Update needed as of 2022 (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These antique tinfoil recordings, which have typically been stored folded, are too fragile to be played back with a stylus without seriously damaging them. Edison's 1877 tinfoil recording of <i>Mary Had a Little Lamb</i>, not preserved, has been called the first instance of <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">recorded verse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rubery_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubery-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the phonograph, Edison recounted reciting <i>Mary Had a Little Lamb</i> to test his first machine. The 1927 event was filmed by an early <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">sound-on-film</a> <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreel</a> camera, and an audio clip from that film's soundtrack is sometimes mistakenly presented as the original 1877 recording.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wax cylinder recordings made by 19th-century media legends such as <a href="/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum">P. T. Barnum</a> and Shakespearean actor <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a> are amongst the earliest verified recordings by the famous that have survived to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Improvements_at_the_Volta_Laboratory">Improvements at the Volta Laboratory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Improvements at the Volta Laboratory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau#Sound_recording_and_phonograph_development" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory and Bureau § Sound recording and phonograph development</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> and his two associates took Edison's <a href="/wiki/Tinfoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinfoil">tinfoil</a> phonograph and modified it considerably to make it reproduce sound from wax instead of tinfoil. They began their work at Bell's <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta Laboratory">Volta Laboratory</a> in Washington, D. C., in 1879, and continued until they were granted basic patents in 1886 for recording in wax.<sup id="cite_ref-Newville_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newville-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Edison had <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison#Beginning_his_career" title="Thomas Edison">invented the phonograph</a> in 1877, the fame bestowed on him for this invention was not due to its efficiency. Recording with his tinfoil phonograph was too difficult to be practical, as the tinfoil tore easily, and even when the stylus was properly adjusted, its reproduction of sound was distorted, and good for only a few playbacks; nevertheless Edison had discovered the idea of <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a>. However immediately after his discovery he did not improve it, allegedly because of an agreement to spend the next five years developing the <a href="/wiki/History_of_electric_power_transmission#Early_high_voltage_and_commercial_systems" title="History of electric power transmission">New York City electric light and power</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-Newville_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newville-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volta's_early_challenge"><span id="Volta.27s_early_challenge"></span>Volta's early challenge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Volta's early challenge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, Bell, a <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> and experimenter at heart, was looking for new worlds to conquer after having patented the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Sumner_Tainter" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumner Tainter">Sumner Tainter</a>, it was through <a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Hubbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardiner Hubbard">Gardiner Green Hubbard</a> that Bell took up the phonograph challenge. Bell had married <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Hubbard's daughter Mabel</a> in 1879 while Hubbard was president of the Edison Speaking Phonograph Co., and his organization, which had purchased the Edison patent, was financially troubled because people did not want to buy a machine that seldom worked well and proved difficult for the average person to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-Newville_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newville-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volta_Graphophone">Volta Graphophone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Volta Graphophone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transcription_using_cylinder_phonograph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Transcription_using_cylinder_phonograph.png/220px-Transcription_using_cylinder_phonograph.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Transcription_using_cylinder_phonograph.png/330px-Transcription_using_cylinder_phonograph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Transcription_using_cylinder_phonograph.png/440px-Transcription_using_cylinder_phonograph.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption> A 'G' (Graham Bell) model Graphophone being played back by a typist after its cylinder had recorded dictation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sound vibrations had been indented in the wax that had been applied to the Edison phonograph. The following was the text of one of their recordings: "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamed of in your philosophy. I am a Graphophone and my mother was a phonograph."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the disc machines designed at the Volta Lab had their disc mounted on vertical turntables. The explanation is that in the early experiments, the turntable, with disc, was mounted on the shop lathe, along with the recording and reproducing heads. Later, when the complete models were built, most of them featured vertical turntables.<sup id="cite_ref-Newville_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newville-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One interesting exception was a horizontal seven inch turntable. The machine, although made in 1886, was a duplicate of one made earlier but taken to Europe by <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Bell" title="Chichester Bell">Chichester Bell</a>. Tainter was granted <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US385886">U.S. patent 385,886</a></span> on July 10, 1888. The playing arm is rigid, except for a pivoted vertical motion of 90 degrees to allow removal of the record or a return to starting position. While recording or playing, the record not only rotated, but moved laterally under the stylus, which thus described a spiral, recording 150 grooves to the inch.<sup id="cite_ref-Newville_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newville-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basic distinction between the Edison's first phonograph patent and the Bell and Tainter patent of 1886 was the method of recording. Edison's method was to indent the sound waves on a piece of tin foil, while Bell and Tainter's invention called for cutting, or "engraving", the sound waves into a wax record with a sharp recording stylus.<sup id="cite_ref-Newville_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newville-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphophone_commercialization">Graphophone commercialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Graphophone commercialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graphophone1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Graphophone1901.jpg/220px-Graphophone1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Graphophone1901.jpg/330px-Graphophone1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Graphophone1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>A later-model Columbia Graphophone of 1901</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm/220px-seek%3D0-Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="232" data-mwtitle="Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm/Edison_Phonograph_1AA.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Edison-Phonograph playing: <i>Iola</i> by the Edison Military Band (video, 3 min 51 s)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1885, when the Volta Associates were sure that they had a number of practical inventions, they filed <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> applications and began to seek out investors. The <a href="/wiki/Volta_Graphophone_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta Graphophone Company">Volta Graphophone Company</a> of Alexandria, Virginia, was created on January 6, 1886, and incorporated on February 3, 1886. It was formed to control the patents and to handle the commercial development of their sound recording and reproduction inventions, one of which became the first <a href="/wiki/Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">Dictaphone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newville_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newville-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Volta Associates gave several demonstrations in the City of Washington, businessmen from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> created the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Graphophone_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Graphophone Company (page does not exist)">American Graphophone Company</a> on March 28, 1887, in order to produce and sell the machines for the budding phonograph marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-ERS_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ERS-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Volta Graphophone Company then merged with American Graphophone,<sup id="cite_ref-ERS_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ERS-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which itself later evolved into <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr2005_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EWB2004_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWB2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A coin-operated version of the Graphophone, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US506348">U.S. patent 506,348</a></span>, was developed by Tainter in 1893 to compete with <i>nickel-in-the-slot</i> entertainment phonograph <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US428750">U.S. patent 428,750</a></span> demonstrated in 1889 by Louis T. Glass, manager of the Pacific Phonograph Company.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work of the Volta Associates laid the foundation for the successful use of <a href="/wiki/Dictation_machine" title="Dictation machine">dictating machines</a> in business, because their wax recording process was practical and their machines were durable. But it would take several more years and the renewed efforts of Edison and the further improvements of <a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a> and many others, before the <a href="/wiki/Recording_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording industry">recording industry</a> became a major factor in <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_center" title="Entertainment center">home entertainment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newville_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newville-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disc_vs._cylinder_as_a_recording_medium">Disc vs. cylinder as a recording medium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Disc vs. cylinder as a recording medium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discs are not inherently better than cylinders at providing audio fidelity. Rather, the advantages of the format are seen in the manufacturing process: discs can be stamped, and the matrixes to stamp disc can be shipped to other printing plants for a global distribution of recordings; cylinders could not be stamped until 1901–1902, when the gold moulding process was introduced by Edison.<sup id="cite_ref-the_cylinder_preservation_and_digitalization_project_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_cylinder_preservation_and_digitalization_project-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VictorVPhonograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/VictorVPhonograph.jpg/170px-VictorVPhonograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/VictorVPhonograph.jpg/255px-VictorVPhonograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/VictorVPhonograph.jpg/340px-VictorVPhonograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A Victor V phonograph, circa 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Through experimentation, in 1892 Berliner began commercial production of his disc records and "gramophones". His "<a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">phonograph record</a>" was the first disc record to be offered to the public. They were five inches (13 cm) in diameter and recorded on one side only. Seven-inch (17.5 cm) records followed in 1895. Also in 1895 Berliner replaced the hard rubber used to make the discs with a <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a> compound.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berliner's early records had poor sound quality, however. Work by <a href="/wiki/Eldridge_R._Johnson" title="Eldridge R. Johnson">Eldridge R. Johnson</a> eventually improved the sound fidelity to a point where it was as good as the cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-life_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dominance_of_the_disc_record">Dominance of the disc record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dominance of the disc record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portable_78_rpm_record_player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Portable_78_rpm_record_player.jpg/220px-Portable_78_rpm_record_player.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Portable_78_rpm_record_player.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>A 1930s portable wind-up gramophone from <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> (<a href="/wiki/His_Master%27s_Voice" title="His Master's Voice">His Master's Voice</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">vinyl</a> (originally known as vinylite) was introduced as a record material for radio <a href="/wiki/Transcription_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription disc">transcription discs</a>, and for radio commercials. At that time, virtually no discs for home use were made from this material. Vinyl was used for the popular 78-rpm <a href="/wiki/V-discs" class="mw-redirect" title="V-discs">V-discs</a> issued to US soldiers during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. This significantly reduced breakage during transport. The first commercial vinylite record was the set of five 12" discs "<a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor" title="Prince Igor">Prince Igor</a>" (Asch Records album S-800, dubbed from Soviet masters in 1945). Victor began selling some home-use vinyl 78s in late 1945; but most 78s were made of a <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a> compound until the 78-rpm format was completely phased out. (Shellac records were heavier and more brittle.) 33s and 45s were, however, made exclusively of vinyl, with the exception of some 45s manufactured out of <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_all-transistor_phonograph">First all-transistor phonograph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: First all-transistor phonograph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philco_All-Transistor_Phonograph-1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Philco_All-Transistor_Phonograph-1955.jpg/220px-Philco_All-Transistor_Phonograph-1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Philco_All-Transistor_Phonograph-1955.jpg/330px-Philco_All-Transistor_Phonograph-1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Philco_All-Transistor_Phonograph-1955.jpg/440px-Philco_All-Transistor_Phonograph-1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Philco all-transistor model TPA-1 phonograph, developed and produced in 1955</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philco_TPA-1_All-Transistor_phonograph_-_Radio_and_Television_News_Oct_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Philco_TPA-1_All-Transistor_phonograph_-_Radio_and_Television_News_Oct_1955.jpg/220px-Philco_TPA-1_All-Transistor_phonograph_-_Radio_and_Television_News_Oct_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Philco_TPA-1_All-Transistor_phonograph_-_Radio_and_Television_News_Oct_1955.jpg/330px-Philco_TPA-1_All-Transistor_phonograph_-_Radio_and_Television_News_Oct_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Philco_TPA-1_All-Transistor_phonograph_-_Radio_and_Television_News_Oct_1955.jpg/440px-Philco_TPA-1_All-Transistor_phonograph_-_Radio_and_Television_News_Oct_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>Philco all-transistor model TPA-1 phonograph – <i>Radio and Television News</i> magazine, issue October 1955</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a> developed and produced the world's first all-<a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> phonograph models TPA-1 and TPA-2, which were announced in the June 28, 1955 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philco started to sell these all-transistor phonographs in the fall of 1955, for the price of $59.95. The October 1955 issue of <i>Radio & Television News</i> magazine (page 41), had a full page detailed article on Philco's new consumer product. The all-transistor portable phonograph TPA-1 and TPA-2 models played only 45rpm records and used four 1.5 volt "D" batteries for their power supply. The "TPA" stands for "Transistor Phonograph Amplifier". Their circuitry used three Philco germanium PNP alloy-fused junction audio frequency transistors. After the 1956 season had ended, Philco decided to discontinue both models, for transistors were too expensive compared to vacuum tubes,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by 1961 a $49.95 ($509.29 in 2023) portable, battery-powered radio-phonograph with seven transistors was available.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turntable_designs">Turntable designs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Turntable designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Technics_SL-1200MK2-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Technics_SL-1200MK2-2.jpg/220px-Technics_SL-1200MK2-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Technics_SL-1200MK2-2.jpg/330px-Technics_SL-1200MK2-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Technics_SL-1200MK2-2.jpg/440px-Technics_SL-1200MK2-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Technics_SL-1200" title="Technics SL-1200">Technics SL-1200</a> <a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_turntable" title="Direct-drive turntable">direct-drive turntable</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are presently three main phonograph designs: <a href="/wiki/Belt-drive_turntable" title="Belt-drive turntable">belt-drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_turntable" title="Direct-drive turntable">direct-drive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Idler-wheel" title="Idler-wheel">idler-wheel</a>. </p><p>In a belt-drive turntable the <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motor</a> is located off-center from the platter, either underneath it or entirely outside of it, and is connected to the platter or counter-platter by a <a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">drive belt</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomeric</a> material. </p><p>The direct-drive turntable was invented by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Matsushita</a> (now Panasonic).<sup id="cite_ref-billboard_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billboard-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, Matsushita released it as the <a href="/wiki/Technics_(brand)" title="Technics (brand)">Technics</a> SP-10,<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first direct-drive turntable on the market.<sup id="cite_ref-reverb_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reverb-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most influential direct-drive turntable was the <a href="/wiki/Technics_SL-1200" title="Technics SL-1200">Technics SL-1200</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wired_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, following the spread of <a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">turntablism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> culture, became the most widely-used turntable in DJ culture for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arm_systems">Arm systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arm systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorens_TD124_mkii_%2B_SME_3012_(9509758745)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Thorens_TD124_mkii_%2B_SME_3012_%289509758745%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Thorens_TD124_mkii_%2B_SME_3012_%289509758745%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Thorens_TD124_mkii_%2B_SME_3012_%289509758745%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Thorens_TD124_mkii_%2B_SME_3012_%289509758745%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Thorens_TD124_mkii_%2B_SME_3012_%289509758745%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Thorens_TD124_mkii_%2B_SME_3012_%289509758745%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/SME_Limited" title="SME Limited">SME</a> 3012 tonearm fitted on a <a href="/wiki/Thorens" title="Thorens">Thorens</a> TD124 MkII turntable</figcaption></figure> <p>In some high quality equipment the arm carrying the pickup, known as a tonearm, is manufactured separately from the motor and turntable unit. Companies specialising in the manufacture of tonearms include the English company <a href="/wiki/SME_Limited" title="SME Limited">SME</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cue_lever">Cue lever</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cue lever"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More sophisticated turntables were (and still are) frequently manufactured so as to incorporate a "cue lever", a device that mechanically lowers the tonearm on to the record. It enables the user to locate an individual track more easily, to pause a record, and to avoid the risk of scratching the record, which may require practice to avoid when lowering the tonearm manually.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linear_tracking">Linear tracking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Linear tracking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early developments in linear turntables were from Rek-O-Kut (portable lathe/phonograph) and Ortho-Sonic in the 1950s, and Acoustical in the early 1960s. These were eclipsed by more successful implementations of the concept from the late 1960s through the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pickup_systems">Pickup systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pickup systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NadelAufPlatte.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/NadelAufPlatte.JPG/220px-NadelAufPlatte.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/NadelAufPlatte.JPG/330px-NadelAufPlatte.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/NadelAufPlatte.JPG/440px-NadelAufPlatte.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Typical magnetic cartridge</figcaption></figure> <p>The pickup or cartridge is a <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a> that converts mechanical vibrations from a stylus into an electrical signal. The electrical signal is <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplified</a> and converted into sound by one or more <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>. Crystal and ceramic pickups that use the <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric effect">piezoelectric effect</a> have largely been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_cartridge" title="Magnetic cartridge">magnetic cartridges</a>. </p><p>The pickup includes a stylus with a small <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> tip that runs in the record groove. The stylus eventually becomes worn by contact with the groove, and it is usually replaceable. </p><p>Styli are classified as spherical or elliptical, although the tip is actually shaped as a half-sphere or a half-<a href="/wiki/Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">ellipsoid</a>. Spherical styli are generally more robust than other types, but do not follow the groove as accurately, giving diminished high frequency response. Elliptical styli usually track the groove more accurately, with increased high frequency response and less distortion. For DJ use, the relative robustness of spherical styli make them generally preferred for back-cuing and scratching. There are a number of derivations of the basic elliptical type, including the shibata or fine line stylus, which can more accurately reproduce high frequency information contained in the record groove. This is especially important for playback of quadraphonic recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_readout">Optical readout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Optical readout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few specialist <a href="/wiki/Laser_turntable" title="Laser turntable">laser turntables</a> read the groove optically using a laser pickup. Since there is no physical contact with the record, no wear is incurred. However, this "no wear" advantage is debatable, since vinyl records have been tested to withstand even 1200 plays with no significant audio degradation, provided that it is played with a high quality cartridge and that the surfaces are clean.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative approach is to take a high-resolution photograph or scan of each side of the record and interpret the image of the grooves using <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a>. An amateur attempt using a flatbed scanner lacked satisfactory fidelity.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A professional system employed by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> produces excellent quality.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stylus">Stylus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Stylus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RedDevilNeedle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/RedDevilNeedle.jpg/220px-RedDevilNeedle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/RedDevilNeedle.jpg/330px-RedDevilNeedle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/RedDevilNeedle.jpg/440px-RedDevilNeedle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Stylus for <a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">jukebox</a> using <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a> 78 rpm records, 1940s</figcaption></figure> <p>A development in stylus form came about by the attention to the <a href="/wiki/Compatible_Discrete_4" title="Compatible Discrete 4">CD-4</a> <a href="/wiki/Quadraphonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadraphonic">quadraphonic</a> sound modulation process, which requires up to 50 kHz frequency response, with cartridges like <a href="/wiki/Technics_(brand)" title="Technics (brand)">Technics</a> EPC-100CMK4 capable of playback on frequencies up to 100 kHz. This requires a stylus with a narrow side radius, such as 5 μm (or 0.2 <a href="/wiki/Thou_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thou (length)">mil</a>). A narrow-profile elliptical stylus is able to read the higher frequencies (greater than 20 kHz), but at an increased wear, since the contact surface is narrower. For overcoming this problem, the Shibata stylus was invented around 1972 in Japan by Norio Shibata of JVC.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shibata-designed stylus offers a greater contact surface with the groove, which in turn means less pressure over the vinyl surface and thus less wear. A positive side effect is that the greater contact surface also means the stylus reads sections of the vinyl that were not touched (or "worn") by the common spherical stylus. In a demonstration by JVC<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> records "worn" after 500 plays at a relatively high 4.5 gf tracking force with a spherical stylus, played "as new" with the Shibata profile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other advanced stylus shapes appeared following the same goal of increasing contact surface, improving on the Shibata. Chronologically: "Hughes" Shibata variant (1975),<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Ogura" (1978),<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van den Hul (1982).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a stylus may be marketed as "Hyperelliptical" (Shure), "Alliptic", "Fine Line" (Ortofon), "Line contact" (Audio Technica), "Polyhedron", "LAC", or "Stereohedron" (Stanton).<sup id="cite_ref-vinylengine.com_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinylengine.com-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A keel-shaped diamond stylus appeared as a byproduct of the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">CED Videodisc</a>. This, together with laser-diamond-cutting technologies, made possible the "ridge" shaped stylus, such as the Namiki (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> design, and Fritz Gyger (1989)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> design. This type of stylus is marketed as "MicroLine" (Audio technica), "Micro-Ridge" (Shure), or "Replicant" (Ortofon).<sup id="cite_ref-vinylengine.com_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinylengine.com-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To address the problem of steel needle wear upon <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">records</a>, which resulted in the cracking of the latter, <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor">RCA Victor</a> devised unbreakable records in 1930, by mixing polyvinyl chloride with plasticisers, in a proprietary formula they called Victrolac, which was first used in 1931, in motion picture discs.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equalization">Equalization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Equalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the late 1950s, almost all phono input stages have used the RIAA equalization standard. Before settling on that standard, there were many different equalizations in use, including EMI, HMV, Columbia, Decca FFRR, NAB, Ortho, BBC transcription, etc. Recordings made using these other equalization schemes typically sound odd if they are played through a RIAA-equalized preamplifier. High-performance (so-called "multicurve disc") preamplifiers, which include multiple, selectable equalizations, are no longer commonly available. However, some vintage preamplifiers, such as the <a href="/wiki/LEAK" title="LEAK">LEAK</a> varislope series, are still obtainable and can be refurbished. Newer preamplifiers like the Esoteric Sound Re-Equalizer or the K-A-B MK2 Vintage Signal Processor are also available.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_use_and_models">Contemporary use and models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Contemporary use and models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fonoteca_Nacional_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Fonoteca_Nacional_02.JPG/220px-Fonoteca_Nacional_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Fonoteca_Nacional_02.JPG/330px-Fonoteca_Nacional_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Fonoteca_Nacional_02.JPG/440px-Fonoteca_Nacional_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>An old phonograph for record preservation at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonoteca_Nacional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonoteca Nacional (page does not exist)">Fonoteca Nacional</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonoteca_Nacional" class="extiw" title="es:Fonoteca Nacional">es</a>]</span> (National Sound Archive of Mexico)</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_revival" title="Vinyl revival">Vinyl revival</a></div> <p>Although largely replaced since the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> in 1982, record albums still sold in small numbers throughout the 1980s and 1990s, but gradually sidelined in favor of <a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD players</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">tape</a> decks in <a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">home audio</a> environments.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Record players continued to be manufactured and sold into the 21st century, although in small numbers and mainly for <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a resurgence in sales of records since the late 2000s,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an increasing number of turntables have been manufactured and sold.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, Japanese company <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> brought back its well-known advanced <a href="/wiki/Technics_SL-1200" title="Technics SL-1200">Technics SL-1200</a> at the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> also headlined a turntable, amid increasing interest in the format.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Audio-Technica" title="Audio-Technica">Audio-Technica</a> revived its 1980s <a href="/wiki/Sound_Burger" title="Sound Burger">Sound Burger</a> portable player in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crosley_Record_Player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Crosley_Record_Player.jpg/150px-Crosley_Record_Player.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Crosley_Record_Player.jpg/226px-Crosley_Record_Player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Crosley_Record_Player.jpg/301px-Crosley_Record_Player.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1859" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Crosley_Radio" title="Crosley Radio">Crosley</a> retro-styled suitcase record player produced in c. 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>At the low-end of the market, <a href="/wiki/Crosley_Radio" title="Crosley Radio">Crosley</a> has been especially popular with its suitcase record players<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have played a big part in the vinyl revival and its adoption among younger people and children in the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27I_Ear%27_Audio_Show_2019_31_Yamaha_Turntable_and_Jelco_tonearm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%27I_Ear%27_Audio_Show_2019_31_Yamaha_Turntable_and_Jelco_tonearm.jpg/220px-%27I_Ear%27_Audio_Show_2019_31_Yamaha_Turntable_and_Jelco_tonearm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%27I_Ear%27_Audio_Show_2019_31_Yamaha_Turntable_and_Jelco_tonearm.jpg/330px-%27I_Ear%27_Audio_Show_2019_31_Yamaha_Turntable_and_Jelco_tonearm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%27I_Ear%27_Audio_Show_2019_31_Yamaha_Turntable_and_Jelco_tonearm.jpg/440px-%27I_Ear%27_Audio_Show_2019_31_Yamaha_Turntable_and_Jelco_tonearm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3908" data-file-height="2795" /></a><figcaption>A mid-range <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> turntable, c. 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>New interest in records has led to the development of turntables with additional modern features. USB turntables have a built-in audio interface, which transfers the analog sound directly to the connected computer.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some USB turntables transfer the audio without equalization, but are sold with software that allows the EQ of the transferred audio file to be adjusted. There are also many turntables on the market designed to be plugged into a computer via a <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> port for <a href="/wiki/Needle_drop_(audio)" title="Needle drop (audio)">needle dropping</a> purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern turntables have also been released featuring <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> technology to output a record's sound wirelessly through speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sony have also released a high-end turntable with an <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converter</a> to convert the sound from a playing record into a 24-bit <a href="/wiki/High-resolution_audio" title="High-resolution audio">high-resolution audio</a> file in <a href="/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital" title="Direct Stream Digital">DSD</a> or <a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a> formats.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">electronics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">music portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/28px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/42px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/55px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ophone" title="Archéophone">Archéophone</a>, used to convert diverse types of cylinder recordings to modern CD media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Audio signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_air_gramophone" title="Compressed air gramophone">Compressed air gramophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phonograph_manufacturers" title="List of phonograph manufacturers">List of phonograph manufacturers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talking_Machine_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Talking Machine World">Talking Machine World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_killer" title="Vinyl killer">Vinyl killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical phonographs could record sound.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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July 17, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122002822/https://www.nps.gov/edis/learn/historyculture/origins-of-sound-recording-edouard-leon-scott-de-martinville.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Sound+Recording%3A+The+Inventors&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fedis%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Forigins-of-sound-recording-edouard-leon-scott-de-martinville.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FirstSounds-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FirstSounds_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FirstSounds_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FirstSounds_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstsounds.org/research/scott.php">"Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville"</a>. First Sounds. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701004645/http://www.firstsounds.org/research/scott.php">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89douard-L%C3%A9on+Scott+de+Martinville&rft.pub=First+Sounds&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstsounds.org%2Fresearch%2Fscott.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCNews-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCNews_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCNews_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCNews_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCNews_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7318180.stm">"Oldest recorded voices sing again"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. March 28, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417185139/http:/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7318180.stm">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oldest+recorded+voices+sing+again&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2008-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F7318180.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillafana,_Tana2021" class="citation web cs1">Villafana, Tana (December 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/preservation/2021/12/introducing-irene/">"Observing the Slightest Motion: Using Visual Tools to Preserve Sound"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103215417/https://blogs.loc.gov/preservation/2021/12/introducing-irene/">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Observing+the+Slightest+Motion%3A+Using+Visual+Tools+to+Preserve+Sound&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft.au=Villafana%2C+Tana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Fpreservation%2F2021%2F12%2Fintroducing-irene%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenherr,_Steven_E.1999" class="citation web cs1">Schoenherr, Steven E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207234442/http:/history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/scott.html">"Leon Scott and the Phonautograph"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Diego" title="University of San Diego">University of San Diego</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/scott.html">the original</a> on February 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leon+Scott+and+the+Phonautograph&rft.pub=University+of+San+Diego&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Schoenherr%2C+Steven+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.sandiego.edu%2Fgen%2Frecording%2Fscott.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2008/03/27/89148959/sound-recording-predates-edison-phonograph">"Sound Recording Predates Edison Phonograph"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a></i>. March 27, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526211443/https://www.npr.org/2008/03/27/89148959/sound-recording-predates-edison-phonograph">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Considered&rft.atitle=Sound+Recording+Predates+Edison+Phonograph&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2008%2F03%2F27%2F89148959%2Fsound-recording-predates-edison-phonograph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/edis/learn/historyculture/origins-of-sound-recording-edouard-leon-scott-de-martinville.htm">"Origins of Sound Recording: The Inventors"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i>. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921003319/https://www.nps.gov/edis/learn/historyculture/origins-of-sound-recording-edouard-leon-scott-de-martinville.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Sound+Recording%3A+The+Inventors&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fedis%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Forigins-of-sound-recording-edouard-leon-scott-de-martinville.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time5.1.18-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time5.1.18_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabry,_Merrill2018" class="citation web cs1">Fabry, Merrill (May 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5084599/first-recorded-sound/">"What Was the First Sound Ever Recorded by a Machine?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607172532/https://time.com/5084599/first-recorded-sound/">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+First+Sound+Ever+Recorded+by+a+Machine%3F&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft.au=Fabry%2C+Merrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5084599%2Ffirst-recorded-sound%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FaAYfJYVNXQC"><i>Nineeenth-century Scientific Instruments</i></a>. University of California Press. 1983. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520051607" title="Special:BookSources/9780520051607"><bdi>9780520051607</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215062429/https://books.google.com/books?id=FaAYfJYVNXQC&pg=PA137&dq=thomas+young+tuning+fork&hl=en&ei=bsY5Tcm7GYmh8QOnppXYCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBw">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineeenth-century+Scientific+Instruments&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780520051607&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFaAYfJYVNXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen,_Jody2008" class="citation web cs1">Rosen, Jody (March 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/arts/27soun.html">"Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194226/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/arts/27soun.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Researchers+Play+Tune+Recorded+Before+Edison&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Jody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F27%2Farts%2F27soun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/emile-berliner/articles-and-essays/gramophone/">"The Gramophone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601195449/https://www.loc.gov/collections/emile-berliner/articles-and-essays/gramophone/">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gramophone&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Femile-berliner%2Farticles-and-essays%2Fgramophone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RBNF-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RBNF_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/zen.php?ID_ARTICLE=RBNF_033_0020">"L'impression du son"</a>, <i>Revue de la BNF</i>, no. 33, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2009, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782717724301" title="Special:BookSources/9782717724301"><bdi>9782717724301</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928231926/http://www.cairn.info/zen.php?ID_ARTICLE=RBNF_033_0020">archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+la+BNF&rft.atitle=L%27impression+du+son&rft.issue=33&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9782717724301&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Fzen.php%3FID_ARTICLE%3DRBNF_033_0020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonozoic.net/n0131.htm">"www.phonozoic.net"</a>. <i>Transcription and translation of October 10, 1877 article on Cros "phonographe"</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724004724/http://phonozoic.net/n0131.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transcription+and+translation+of+October+10%2C+1877+article+on+Cros+%22phonographe%22.&rft.atitle=www.phonozoic.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphonozoic.net%2Fn0131.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://WWW.phonozoic.net/n0130.htm">"www.phonozoic.net"</a>. <i>Transcription and translation of December 3, 1877 unsealing of April, 1877 Cros deposit</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724005535/http://www.phonozoic.net/n0130.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transcription+and+translation+of+December+3%2C+1877+unsealing+of+April%2C+1877+Cros+deposit.&rft.atitle=www.phonozoic.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2FWWW.phonozoic.net%2Fn0130.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Cros">"Charles Cro: French inventor and poet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309183518/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Cros">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Charles+Cro%3A+French+inventor+and+poet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCharles-Cros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Feaster, "Speech Acoustics and the Keyboard Telephone: Rethinking Edison's Discovery of the Phonograph Principle," <i>ARSC Journal</i> 38:1 (Spring 2007), 10–43; Oliver Berliner and Patrick Feaster, "Letters to the Editor: Rethinking Edison's Discovery of the Phonograph Principle," <i>ARSC Journal</i> 38:2 (Fall 2007), 226–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubey2009" class="citation book cs1">Dubey, N. B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3aiA1URwOXIC&q=phonograph+cylinders&pg=PA139"><i>Office Management: Developing Skills for Smooth Functioning</i></a>. Global India Publications. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789380228167" title="Special:BookSources/9789380228167"><bdi>9789380228167</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415221912/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aiA1URwOXIC&q=phonograph+cylinders&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Office+Management%3A+Developing+Skills+for+Smooth+Functioning&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Global+India+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789380228167&rft.aulast=Dubey&rft.aufirst=N.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3aiA1URwOXIC%26q%3Dphonograph%2Bcylinders%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/sn84031492/1877-05-09/ed-1/.">"Chicago Sunday tribune"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Daily Tribune">Chicago Daily Tribune</a></i>. 9 May 1877.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Daily+Tribune&rft.atitle=Chicago+Sunday+tribune.&rft.date=1877-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fsn84031492%2F1877-05-09%2Fed-1%2F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091202084044/http://www.machine-history.com/The%20Phonograph.%201877%20thru%201896">"The Phonograph, 1877 thru 1896"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. July 25, 1896. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.machine-history.com/The%20Phonograph.%201877%20thru%201896">the original</a> on 2009-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Phonograph%2C+1877+thru+1896&rft.date=1896-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.machine-history.com%2FThe%2520Phonograph.%25201877%2520thru%25201896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klein-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-klein_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1990" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Herman (1990). William R. Moran (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hermankleingram00klei/page/380"><i>Herman Klein and The Gramophone</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeus Press">Amadeus Press</a>. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931340-18-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-931340-18-7"><bdi>0-931340-18-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herman+Klein+and+The+Gramophone&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-931340-18-7&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhermankleingram00klei%2Fpage%2F380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5943561">"The Royal Society"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a></i>. No. 10, 030. <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>. 9 August 1878. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221114841/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5943561">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Society.&rft.issue=10%2C+030&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1878-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article5943561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-sound-recordings/history-of-the-cylinder-phonograph/">"Article about Edison and the invention of the phonograph"</a>. Memory.loc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819131636/https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-sound-recordings/history-of-the-cylinder-phonograph/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+about+Edison+and+the+invention+of+the+phonograph&rft.pub=Memory.loc.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fedison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings%2Farticles-and-essays%2Fhistory-of-edison-sound-recordings%2Fhistory-of-the-cylinder-phonograph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=lAUGHING+COON&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1016">Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project: George W. Washington</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629024714/http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=lAUGHING+COON&queryType=@attr+1=1016">Archived</a> 2011-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Department of Special Collections, Donald C. Davidson Library, University of California at Santa Barbara.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tinfoil.com/cm-0101.htm">"Experimental Talking Clock"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219131721/http://www.tinfoil.com/cm-0101.htm">Archived</a> 2007-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> recording at Tinfoil.com, URL accessed August 14, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aaron Cramer, Tim Fabrizio, and George Paul, "A Dialogue on 'The Oldest Playable Recording,'" <i>ARSC Journal</i> 33:1 (Spring 2002), 77–84; Patrick Feaster and Stephan Puille, "Dialogue on 'The Oldest Playable Recording' (continued), <i>ARSC Journal</i> 33:2 (Fall 2002), 237–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/edis/photosmultimedia/very-early-recorded-sound.htm">"Very Early Recorded Sound"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228135836/http://www.nps.gov/edis/photosmultimedia/very-early-recorded-sound.htm">Archived</a> 2014-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, URL accessed August 14, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2008" class="citation news cs1">Rosen, Jody (2008-03-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/arts/27soun.html">"Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903192854/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/arts/27soun.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Researchers+Play+Tune+Recorded+Before+Edison&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Jody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F27%2Farts%2F27soun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichler2014" class="citation news cs1">Eichler, Jeremy (6 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2014/04/05/pushing-back-silence-new-technology-and-battle-save-old-recordings/8ccQ3EPHdc7TI6GnxK8QtM/story.html">"Technology saves echoes of past from silence"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407233314/http://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2014/04/05/pushing-back-silence-new-technology-and-battle-save-old-recordings/8ccQ3EPHdc7TI6GnxK8QtM/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Technology+saves+echoes+of+past+from+silence&rft.date=2014-04-06&rft.aulast=Eichler&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Farts%2F2014%2F04%2F05%2Fpushing-back-silence-new-technology-and-battle-save-old-recordings%2F8ccQ3EPHdc7TI6GnxK8QtM%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubery-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rubery_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Rubery2011" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Rubery, ed. (2011). "Introduction". <i>Audiobooks, Literature, and Sound Studies</i>. Routledge. pp. 1–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88352-8"><bdi>978-0-415-88352-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Audiobooks%2C+Literature%2C+and+Sound+Studies&rft.pages=1-21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-88352-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Edison1926" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Edison (30 November 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EDIS-SCD-02">"Mary had a little lamb"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003222147/https://archive.org/details/EDIS-SCD-02">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-03 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary+had+a+little+lamb&rft.date=1926-11-30&rft.au=Thomas+Edison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEDIS-SCD-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PersonalSpeechToTheFutureByP.T.Barnum1890"><i>Personal Speech To The Future By P. T. Barnum</i> recorded 1890</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329162559/https://archive.org/details/PersonalSpeechToTheFutureByP.T.Barnum1890">Archived</a> 2016-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">archive.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231032705/https://archive.org/">Archived</a> 2013-12-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved July 21, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OthelloByEdwinBooth1890"><i>Othello By Edwin Booth 1890</i> recorded 1890</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116142815/https://archive.org/details/OthelloByEdwinBooth1890">Archived</a> 2016-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">archive.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231032705/https://archive.org/">Archived</a> 2013-12-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved July 21, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newville-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newville_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newville_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newville_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newville_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newville_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newville_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newville_47-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newville_47-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newville, Leslie J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30112/30112-h/30112-h.htm">Development of the Phonograph at Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604180947/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30112/30112-h/30112-h.htm">Archived</a> 2011-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United States National Museum Bulletin, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">United States National Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_History_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of History and Technology">Museum of History and Technology</a>, Washington, D.C., 1959, No. 218, Paper 5, pp.69–79. Retrieved from ProjectGutenberg.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Herald" title="The Washington Herald">The Washington Herald</a></i>, October 28, 1937.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ERS-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ERS_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ERS_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffmann, Frank W. & Ferstler, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xV6tghvO0oMC&pg=PA1167">Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound: Volta Graphophone Company</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307014143/https://books.google.com/books?id=xV6tghvO0oMC&pg=PA1167">Archived</a> 2017-03-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CRC Press, 2005, Vol.1, pg.1167, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041593835X" title="Special:BookSources/041593835X">041593835X</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93835-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93835-8">978-0-415-93835-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schoenherr2005-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schoenherr2005_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schoenherr, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/recording/graphophone.html">Recording Technology History: Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111223045342/http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/recording/graphophone.html">Archived</a> 2011-12-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, originally published at the History Department of, <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Diego" title="University of San Diego">University of San Diego</a>, revised July 6, 2005. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USB+turntable+comparison&rft.pub=Knowzy.com&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowzy.com%2Fusb-turntable-comparison.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2016" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Jamieson (2016-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/1/5/10713652/sony-ps-hx500-turntable-high-res-audio-ces-2016">"This new Sony turntable is turnt"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=This+new+Sony+turntable+is+turnt&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Jamieson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2016%2F1%2F5%2F10713652%2Fsony-ps-hx500-turntable-high-res-audio-ces-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bruil, Rudolf A. (January 8, 2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundfountain.com/amb/ttrabco.html#INTRO">Linear Tonearms</a>." Retrieved on July 25, 2011.</li> <li>Gelatt, Roland. <i>The Fabulous Phonograph, 1877–1977</i>. Second rev. ed., [being also the] First Collier Books ed., in series, <i>Sounds of the Century</i>. New York: Collier, 1977. 349 p., ill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-032680-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-032680-7">0-02-032680-7</a></li> <li>Heumann, Michael. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/14_3/heumann_phonograph.html">Metal Machine Music: The Phonograph's Voice and the Transformation of Writing</a>." <i>eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism</i> (January 2013). Montréal: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Electroacoustic_Community" title="Canadian Electroacoustic Community">CEC</a>.</li> <li>Koenigsberg, Allen. <i>The Patent History of the Phonograph, 1877–1912</i>. APM Press, 1991.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddie1908" class="citation journal cs1">Reddie, Lovell N. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA209">"The Gramophone And The Mechanical Recording And Reproduction Of Musical Sounds"</a>. <i>Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution</i>: 209–231<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Board+of+Regents+of+the+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=The+Gramophone+And+The+Mechanical+Recording+And+Reproduction+Of+Musical+Sounds&rft.pages=209-231&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Reddie&rft.aufirst=Lovell+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgtQWAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Various. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cecpublic.pbworks.com/TurntableBibliography">Turntable [wiki]: Bibliography</a>." <i>eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism</i> (January 2013). Montréal: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Electroacoustic_Community" title="Canadian Electroacoustic Community">CEC</a>.</li> <li>Weissenbrunner, Karin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/14_3/weissenbrunner_history.html">Experimental Turntablism: Historical overview of experiments with record players / records — or Scratches from Second-Hand Technology</a>." <i>eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism</i> (January 2013). Montréal: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Electroacoustic_Community" title="Canadian Electroacoustic Community">CEC</a>.</li> <li>Carson, B. H.; Burt, A. D.; Reiskind, and H. I., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111122042326/http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/recording/speed45.html">"A Record Changer And Record Of Complementary Design"</a>, <i>RCA Review</i>, June 1949</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phonograph" class="extiw" title="commons:Phonograph"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Phonograph</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phonographs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Phonographs">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Phonograph" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Phonograph">Phonograph</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/COMMS/hotairgramophone/hotairgramophone.htm">c.1915 Swiss hot-air engined gramophone</a> at Museum of Retro Technology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://funexhibits.com/projects/cooperative-phonograph/">Interactive sculpture delivers tactile soundwave experience</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308062542/http://funexhibits.com/projects/cooperative-phonograph/">Archived</a> 2021-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/edis/photosmultimedia/very-early-recorded-sound.htm">Early recordings from around the world</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musesmuse.com/recording-art.html">The Birth of the Recording Industry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cylinder.de/">The Cylinder Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.moeb.ca/en/">The Berliner Sound and Image Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905075931/http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/">Cylinder Preservation & Digitization Project</a> – Over 6,000 cylinder recordings held by the Department of Special Collections, University of California, Santa Barbara, free for download or streamed online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/Browse.aspx?category=Sound-recording-history&collection=Equipment&browseby=Browse+by+type&choice=Cylinder+players">Cylinder players held at the British Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206065334/http://sounds.bl.uk/Browse.aspx?category=Sound-recording-history&collection=Equipment&browseby=Browse+by+type&choice=Cylinder+players">Archived</a> 2012-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – information and high-quality images.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100220122900/http://www.phonobooks.com/">History of Recorded Sound: Phonographs and Records</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enjoythemusic.com/tablehistory.htm">EnjoytheMusic.com</a> – Excerpts from the book <i>Hi-Fi All-New 1958 Edition</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberbee.com/edison/cylinder.html">Listen to early recordings on the Edison Phonograph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.PhonographsAndGramophones.com">Mario Frazzetto's Phonograph and Gramophone Gallery</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2006/8/8/1696/98456">Say What?</a> – Essay on phonograph technology and intellectual property law</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vinylengine.com">Vinyl Engine</a> – Information, images, articles and reviews from around the world</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theanalogdept.com/">The Analogue Dept</a> – Information, images and tutorials; strongly focused on <a href="/wiki/Thorens" title="Thorens">Thorens</a> brand</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93Ll2frWOB4">45 rpm player and changer</a> at work on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675030451_phonograph_Thomas-Edison_recording-and-playing-device_Edison-operates-phonograph">Historic video footage of Edison operating his original tinfoil phonograph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enjoythemusic.com/tablehistory.htm">Turntable History on Enjoy the Music.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alignmentprotractor.com">2-point and Arc Protractor generators on AlignmentProtractor.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_box#Evolving_box_production" title="Music box">Music box cylinder or disc</a> (9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock#First_modern_cuckoo_clocks" title="Cuckoo clock">Mechanical cuckoo</a> (early 17th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_roll" title="Music roll">Music roll</a> (1883)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">Phonautogram</a> (1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">cylinder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">Dictaphone cylinder</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Perfected phonograph</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Ediphone</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Salon cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Stentor cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Le Céleste cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Gold moulded record</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indestructible_Record_Company" title="Indestructible Record Company">Indestructible record</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Amberol record</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Amberol_Records" title="Blue Amberol Records">Blue Amberol record</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Paradis cylinder</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved disc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé disc</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Diamond disc</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé Actuelle</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edison_Voicewriter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edison Voicewriter (page does not exist)">Edison Voicewriter</a> (late 1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundScriber" title="SoundScriber">SoundScriber</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Audograph" title="Gray Audograph">Audograph</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">Long play</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Hi-Fi" title="Highway Hi-Fi">Highway Hi-Fi</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_8ban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai 8ban (page does not exist)">Bandai 8ban</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved tape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefifon#1930s" title="Tefifon">Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictabelt" title="Dictabelt">Dictabelt</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Ergon" title="Tri-Ergon">Tri-Ergon</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movietone_sound_system" title="Movietone sound system">Movietone</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Photophone" title="RCA Photophone">Photophone</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loose magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">Wire recording</a> (1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Textophon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenz Textophon (page does not exist)">Lorenz Textophon</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=US_Army_RD-11B/GNQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 (page does not exist)">US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_Industries_MX-303A/ANQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 (page does not exist)">Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12875 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12875</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12877&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12877 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12877</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_265B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 265B (page does not exist)">Peirce 265B</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_330/360&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 330/360 (page does not exist)">Peirce 330/360</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P51 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P51</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P55 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P55</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_special&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon special (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon special</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crouzet-Jaeger_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge (page does not exist)">Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge</a> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telefunken_magnetic_disc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telefunken magnetic disc (page does not exist)">Telefunken magnetic disc</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermionic_Products_Recordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermionic Products Recordon (page does not exist)">Thermionic Products Recordon</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_Maker_Pye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Record Maker Pye (page does not exist)">Record Maker Pye</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh_Synchrofax" title="Ricoh Synchrofax">Synchrofax</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">Audio High Density</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Loose (reel-to-reel)</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blattner#Career" title="Ludwig Blattner">Blattnerphone</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetophon" title="Magnetophon">Magnetophon</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Reel-to-reel_¼"" title="Audio tape specifications">1/4" tape</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">1/2" tape</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Fullcoat magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Stripe magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Ampex's_original_8-track_recorder" title="History of multitrack recording">1" tape</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Large_format_analog_recorders" title="History of multitrack recording">2" tape</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3/4%22_tape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3/4" tape (page does not exist)">3/4" tape</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">3" tape</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loewe_(electronics)#Company_history" title="Loewe (electronics)">Optaphon</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_Echo-matic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino Echo-matic (page does not exist)">Cousino Echo-matic</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Message_repeater_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Message repeater cartridge (page does not exist)">Mohawk Message repeater cartridge</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Midgetape_RL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Midgetape RL (page does not exist)">Mohawk Midgetape RL</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Dictet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Dictet (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Dictet</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rediffusion_Reditune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rediffusion Reditune (page does not exist)">Rediffusion Reditune</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saba_Sabafon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saba Sabafon (page does not exist)">Saba Sabafon</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_tape_cartridge" title="RCA tape cartridge">RCA tape cartridge</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3581 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3581</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Attach%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Attaché (page does not exist)">Protona Attaché</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelipac" title="Fidelipac">Fidelipac</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_MR-9000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino MR-9000 (page does not exist)">Cousino MR-9000</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Magnabelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM Magnabelt (page does not exist)">IBM Magnabelt</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Travel_master&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Travel master (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Travel master</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Vity_cassette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Vity cassette (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Vity cassette</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_Cassette_LFH_0084&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 (page does not exist)">Grundig Cassette LFH 0084</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrtronic_Tapette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrtronic Tapette (page does not exist)">Orrtronic Tapette</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Tape#Trade_names" title="Scotch Tape">3M Scotch</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cousino" title="Bernard Cousino">Cousino Echo-matic II</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo-Pak" title="Stereo-Pak">Stereo-Pak</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3583&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3583 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3583</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_En3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig En3 (page does not exist)">Grundig En3</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabamobil" title="Sabamobil">Sabamobil</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">8-track</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyo_Micro_Pack_35" title="Sanyo Micro Pack 35">Micro pack 35</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assmann-Stuzzi_Memocord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord (page does not exist)">Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata_700" title="Cantata 700">Cantata 700</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC-International" title="DC-International">DC-International</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Memo-call&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Memo-call (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Memo-call</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayTape" title="PlayTape">PlayTape</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muntz_Stereo_Mini-twin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muntz Stereo Mini-twin (page does not exist)">Muntz Stereo Mini-twin</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_DeJ614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig DeJ614 (page does not exist)">Grundig DeJ614</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">Microcassette</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanyo_Tape_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanyo Tape cartridge (page does not exist)">Sanyo Tape cartridge</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiPac" title="HiPac">HiPac</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steno-Cassette" title="Steno-Cassette">Steno-Cassette</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette DL</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitol_Records_Audiopak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitol Records Audiopak (page does not exist)">Capitol Records Audiopak</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elcaset" title="Elcaset">Elcaset</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_micro_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai micro cartridge (page does not exist)">Bandai micro cartridge</a> (late 1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocassette" title="Picocassette">Picocassette</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_Rockers" title="Pocket Rockers">Pocket Rockers</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">Analog-to-digital converter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soundstream#Digital_Tape_Recorder" title="Soundstream">Soundstream</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProDigi" title="ProDigi">X80/ProDigi</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Stationary_Head" title="Digital Audio Stationary Head">DASH</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCM_adaptor" title="PCM adaptor">PCM adaptor</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DA-88" title="DA-88">DA-88/DTRS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">Digital Audio Tape</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NT_(cassette)" title="NT (cassette)">NT</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">DD</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Digital_Sound" title="Cinema Digital Sound">CDS</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_CD-BGM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips CD-BGM (page does not exist)">Philips CD-BGM</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCD" class="mw-redirect" title="HDCD">HDCD</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-Audio">BD-Audio</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio" title="High Fidelity Pure Audio">HFPA</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA-CD</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Electronic circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a> (late 1970s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 player</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HitClips" title="HitClips">HitClips</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaboom_Box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaboom Box (page does not exist)">Yaboom Box</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takara_E-kara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takara E-kara (page does not exist)">Takara E-kara</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toymax_VJ_Starz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toymax VJ Starz (page does not exist)">Toymax VJ Starz</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive#Media_storage_and_marketing" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital#Music_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">MicroSD</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini-cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-cassette">Mini-cassette</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Artists_Compact_LaserDisc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc (page does not exist)">Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAT" title="ADAT">ADAT</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_emulation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl emulation software">Timecode vinyl</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grooved_track_audio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grooved_track_audio" title="Template:Grooved track audio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grooved_track_audio" title="Template talk:Grooved track audio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grooved_track_audio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grooved track audio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grooved_track_audio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Grooved track audio</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonograph/gramophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_turntable" title="Direct-drive turntable">Direct-drive turntable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt-drive_turntable" title="Belt-drive turntable">Belt-drive turntable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeburg_1000" title="Seeburg 1000">Seeburg 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Hi-Fi" title="Highway Hi-Fi">Highway Hi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_changer" title="Record changer">Record changer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_turntable" title="Laser turntable">Laser turntable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_phonograph_records" title="Production of phonograph records">production</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_vinyl_discs" title="Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs">Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_revival" title="Vinyl revival">Vinyl revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_technology" title="Template:Music technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_technology" title="Template talk:Music technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Edison" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Edison" title="Template:Thomas Edison"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Edison" title="Template talk:Thomas Edison"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Edison" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Edison"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Edison" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries<br />and inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edison_patents" title="List of Edison patents">List of Edison patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_microphone" title="Carbon microphone">Carbon microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Phonograph_Doll" title="Edison's Phonograph Doll">Edison's Phonograph Doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etheric_force" title="Etheric force">Etheric force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">Kinetoscope</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonomotor" title="Phonomotor">Phonomotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_telegraph" title="Quadruplex telegraph">Quadruplex telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasimeter" title="Tasimeter">Tasimeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advancements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Edison" title="Consolidated Edison">Consolidated Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison%E2%80%93Lalande_cell" title="Edison–Lalande cell">Edison–Lalande cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">Fluoroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Incandescent light bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">Movie camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93iron_battery" title="Nickel–iron battery">Nickel–iron battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">Thermionic emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticker_tape" title="Ticker tape">Ticker tape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Edison,_Inc." title="Thomas A. Edison, Inc.">Thomas A. Edison, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_and_Swan_Electric_Light_Company" title="Edison and Swan Electric Light Company">Edison and Swan Electric Light Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Gower-Bell_Telephone_Company_of_Europe" title="Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe">Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Illuminating_Company" title="Edison Illuminating Company">Edison Illuminating Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Machine_Works" title="Edison Machine Works">Edison Machine Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Manufacturing_Company" title="Edison Manufacturing Company">Edison Manufacturing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Ore-Milling_Company" title="Edison Ore-Milling Company">Edison Ore-Milling Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Portland_Cement_Company" title="Edison Portland Cement Company">Edison Portland Cement Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records" title="Edison Records">Edison Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Storage_Battery_Company" title="Edison Storage Battery Company">Edison Storage Battery Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Company" title="Motion Picture Patents Company">Motion Picture Patents Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSA_Safety" title="MSA Safety">Mine Safety Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Company" title="Oriental Telephone Company">Oriental Telephone Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Birthplace" title="Thomas Alva Edison Birthplace">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Black_Maria" title="Edison's Black Maria">Black Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_Depot_Museum" title="Thomas Edison Depot Museum">Depot Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Memorial_Tower_and_Museum" title="Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum">Memorial Tower and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_National_Historical_Park" title="Thomas Edison National Historical Park">National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_State_Park" title="Edison State Park">State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Storage_Battery_Company_Building" title="Edison Storage Battery Company Building">Storage Battery Company Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Research_Laboratory" title="General Electric Research Laboratory">General Electric Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_and_Ford_Winter_Estates" title="Edison and Ford Winter Estates">Winter Estates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Charles Edison</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Miller_Edison" title="Theodore Miller Edison">Theodore Miller Edison</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Tom_Edison" title="Young Tom Edison">Young Tom Edison</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edison,_the_Man" title="Edison, the Man">Edison, the Man</a></i> (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Evergreen_Terrace" title="The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace">The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace</a>" (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Current_War" title="The Current War">The Current War</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(2020_film)" title="Tesla (2020 film)">Tesla</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_Eve" title="The Future Eve">The Future Eve</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Conquest_of_Mars" title="Edison's Conquest of Mars">Edison's Conquest of Mars</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Bully_Pulpit" title="Tales from the Bully Pulpit">Tales from the Bully Pulpit</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Productions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart" title="The Execution of Mary Stuart">The Execution of Mary Stuart</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(1896_film)" title="The Kiss (1896 film)">The Kiss</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">Frankenstein</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_of_Terror_(1911_film)" title="A Night of Terror (1911 film)">A Night of Terror</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_(1917_film)" title="Kidnapped (1917 film)">Kidnapped</a></i> (1917)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edisonade" title="Edisonade">Edisonade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edisonian_approach" title="Edisonian approach">Edisonian approach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_in_popular_culture" title="Thomas Edison in popular culture">Thomas Edison in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Street_Station" title="Pearl Street Station">Pearl Street Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Museum" title="Edison Museum">Edison Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_House" title="Thomas Edison House">Thomas Edison House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Hotel_(Sunbury,_Pennsylvania)" title="Edison Hotel (Sunbury, Pennsylvania)">Edison Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephonoscope" title="Telephonoscope">Telephonoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Edison" title="Statue of Thomas Edison">Statue of Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison_silver_dollar" title="Thomas Alva Edison silver dollar">Thomas Alva Edison silver dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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