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<span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cliff_erosion_and_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cliff_erosion_and_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cliff erosion and change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cliff_erosion_and_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dover_Castle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dover_Castle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dover Castle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dover_Castle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Foreland_Lighthouse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Foreland_Lighthouse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>South Foreland Lighthouse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Foreland_Lighthouse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Attractions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Attractions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dover_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dover_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dover Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dover_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samphire_Hoe_Country_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samphire_Hoe_Country_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Samphire Hoe Country Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samphire_Hoe_Country_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fan_Bay_Deep_Shelter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fan_Bay_Deep_Shelter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Fan Bay Deep Shelter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fan_Bay_Deep_Shelter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_song_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_song_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In song and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_song_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">White Cliffs of Dover</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="جروف دوفر البيضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جروف دوفر البيضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Белыя скалы Дуўра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Белыя скалы Дуўра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penya-segats_blancs_de_Dover" title="Penya-segats blancs de Dover – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Penya-segats blancs de Dover" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%A9_%C3%BAtesy_doversk%C3%A9" title="Bílé útesy doverské – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bílé útesy doverské" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogwyni_Gwyn_Dover" title="Clogwyni Gwyn Dover – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clogwyni Gwyn Dover" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovers_hvide_klipper" title="Dovers hvide klipper – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dovers hvide klipper" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreidefelsen_von_Dover" title="Kreidefelsen von Dover – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kreidefelsen von Dover" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acantilados_de_Dover" title="Acantilados de Dover – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acantilados de Dover" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doverko_itsaslabar_zuriak" title="Doverko itsaslabar zuriak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Doverko itsaslabar zuriak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="صخره‌های سپید دوور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صخره‌های سپید دوور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaises_de_Douvres" title="Falaises de Douvres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Falaises de Douvres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aillte_b%C3%A1na_Dover" title="Aillte bána Dover – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aillte bána Dover" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%B2%84_%EB%B0%B1%EC%95%85%EC%A0%88%EB%B2%BD" title="도버 백악절벽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도버 백악절벽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Դուվրի սպիտակ ժայռեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դուվրի սպիտակ ժայռեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebing_Putih_Dover" title="Tebing Putih Dover – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tebing Putih Dover" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADtuklettar" title="Hvítuklettar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hvítuklettar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scogliere_di_Dover" title="Scogliere di Dover – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scogliere di Dover" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8" title="הצוקים הלבנים של דובר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצוקים הלבנים של דובר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopuli_Albi_Dubris" title="Scopuli Albi Dubris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scopuli Albi Dubris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doverio_baltosios_uolos" title="Doverio baltosios uolos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Doverio baltosios uolos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doveri_feh%C3%A9r_szikl%C3%A1k" title="Doveri fehér sziklák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Doveri fehér sziklák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebing_Putih_Dover" title="Tebing Putih Dover – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tebing Putih Dover" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krijtrotsen_van_Dover" title="Krijtrotsen van Dover – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krijtrotsen van Dover" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E7%99%BD%E3%81%84%E5%B4%96" title="ドーバーの白い崖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドーバーの白い崖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_hvite_klippene_ved_Dover" title="De hvite klippene ved Dover – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De hvite klippene ved Dover" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_kvite_klippene_ved_Dover" title="Dei kvite klippene ved Dover – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei kvite klippene ved Dover" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82e_klify_w_Dover" title="Białe klify w Dover – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Białe klify w Dover" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penhascos_brancos_de_Dover" title="Penhascos brancos de Dover – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Penhascos brancos de Dover" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A2ncile_albe_de_la_Dover" title="Stâncile albe de la Dover – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stâncile albe de la Dover" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Белые скалы Дувра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белые скалы Дувра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Cliffs_of_Dover" title="White Cliffs of Dover – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="White Cliffs of Dover" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovrski_beli_klifi" title="Dovrski beli klifi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dovrski beli klifi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бели клифови Довера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бели клифови Довера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijele_stijene_Dovera" title="Bijele stijene Dovera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bijele stijene Dovera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doverin_valkoiset_kalliot" title="Doverin valkoiset kalliot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Doverin valkoiset kalliot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovers_vita_klippor" title="Dovers vita klippor – Swedish" 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&params=51_06_28_N_1_16_43_E_type:landmark_region:GB_dim:5000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°06′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°16′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.10778°N 1.27861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.10778; 1.27861</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English cliff shore</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the geographical feature. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="White Cliffs of Dover (disambiguation)">White Cliffs of Dover (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cliffs_of_Dover_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cliffs of Dover (disambiguation)">Cliffs of Dover (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1095843157">.mw-parser-output .ib-landform{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform td,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-subheader{background-color:#e7dcc3;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-landform vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">White Cliffs of Dover</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Sea_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea cliff">Sea cliffs</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Viewed from the Strait of Dover"><img alt="Viewed from the Strait of Dover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG/250px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG/375px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG/500px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="ib-landform-caption">Viewed from the Strait of Dover</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kent_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="White Cliffs of Dover is located in Kent"><img alt="White Cliffs of Dover is located in Kent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kent_UK_location_map.svg/250px-Kent_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kent_UK_location_map.svg/375px-Kent_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kent_UK_location_map.svg/500px-Kent_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.409%;left:86.891%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="White Cliffs of Dover"><img alt="White Cliffs of Dover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>White Cliffs of Dover</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Kent</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&params=51_06_28_N_1_16_43_E_type:landmark_region:GB_dim:5000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°06′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°16′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.10778°N 1.27861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.10778; 1.27861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">Grid position</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&params=51.129019_N_1.322979_E_region:GB_scale:25000&title=White+Cliffs+of+Dover">TR326419</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, England</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>White Cliffs of Dover</b> are the region of English <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a> facing the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Dover" title="Strait of Dover">Strait of Dover</a> and France. The cliff face, which reaches a height of 350 feet (110 m), owes its striking appearance to its composition of <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> accented by streaks of black <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>, deposited during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>. The cliffs, on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">town of Dover</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, stretch for eight miles (13 km). The White Cliffs of Dover form part of the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North Downs</a>. A section of coastline encompassing the cliffs was purchased by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cliffs are part of the <a href="/wiki/Dover_to_Kingsdown_Cliffs" title="Dover to Kingsdown Cliffs">Dover to Kingsdown Cliffs</a> <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation" title="Special Area of Conservation">Special Area of Conservation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The point where <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> is closest to <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, on a clear day the cliffs are visible from France, approximately 20 miles (32 km) away. A celebrated UK landmark, the cliffs have featured on commemorative postage stamps issued by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a>, including in their <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_commemorative_stamps_2000%E2%80%932009" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain commemorative stamps 2000–2009">British coastline series</a> in 2002 and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_commemorative_stamps_2010%E2%80%932019#2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain commemorative stamps 2010–2019">UK A-Z series</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Cliffs_of_Dover_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_map.png/260px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_map.png/390px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_map.png/520px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>Extent of the White Cliffs of Dover</figcaption></figure> <p>The cliffs are part of the coastline of Kent in England between approximately <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&params=51_06_N_1_14_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°06′N</span> <span class="longitude">1°14′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.100°N 1.233°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.100; 1.233</span></span></span></a></span></span> and <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&params=51_12_N_1_24_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°12′N</span> <span class="longitude">1°24′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.200°N 1.400°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.200; 1.400</span></span></span></a></span></span>, at the point where Great Britain is closest to <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Dover" title="Strait of Dover">Strait of Dover</a> is approximately 20 miles (32 km) across. On a clear day the cliffs are visible from the French coast. The chalk cliffs of the <a href="/wiki/Alabaster_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabaster Coast">Alabaster Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> in France are part of the same geological system. </p><p>The White Cliffs are at one end of the <a href="/wiki/Kent_Downs" title="Kent Downs">Kent Downs</a> designated <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 a sustainable National Trust visitor centre was built in the area. The Gateway building, designed by <a href="/wiki/Van_Heyningen_and_Haward_Architects" title="Van Heyningen and Haward Architects">van Heyningen and Haward Architects</a>, houses a restaurant, an information centre on the work of the National Trust, and details of local archaeology, history and landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dover989.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dover989.JPG/250px-Dover989.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dover989.JPG/375px-Dover989.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dover989.JPG/500px-Dover989.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The cliffs' multiple layers of flint match those seen across the channel at <a href="/wiki/Cap_Gris_Nez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap Gris Nez">Cap Gris Nez</a>, France, evidence of a land connection between England and France in prehistoric times.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>, between 100 million and 66 million years ago, Great Britain and much of Europe were submerged under a great sea. The sea bottom was covered with white mud formed from fragments of <a href="/wiki/Coccoliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccoliths">coccoliths</a>, the skeletons of tiny algae that floated in the surface waters and sank to the bottom and, together with the remains of bottom-living creatures, formed muddy sediments. It is thought that the sediments were deposited very slowly, probably half a millimetre a year, equivalent to about 180 coccoliths piled one on top of another. Up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) of sediments were deposited in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weight of overlying sediments caused the deposits to become consolidated into <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British chalk deposits are considered <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphically</a> to belong in the <a href="/wiki/Chalk_Group" title="Chalk Group">Chalk Group</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cliffs_of_Dover_erosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cliffs_of_Dover_erosion.jpg/170px-Cliffs_of_Dover_erosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cliffs_of_Dover_erosion.jpg/255px-Cliffs_of_Dover_erosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cliffs_of_Dover_erosion.jpg/340px-Cliffs_of_Dover_erosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Evidence of erosion along the cliff top</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a>, a major mountain building event during the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>, the sea-floor deposits were raised above sea level. Until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, the British Isles were part of continental Europe, linked by the unbroken <a href="/wiki/Weald-Artois_Anticline" class="mw-redirect" title="Weald-Artois Anticline">Weald-Artois Anticline</a>, a ridge that acted as a natural dam to hold back a large freshwater <a href="/wiki/Pro-glacial_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-glacial lake">pro-glacial lake</a>, now submerged under the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. The land masses remained connected until between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago when at least two catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">glacial lake outburst floods</a> breached the anticline and destroyed the ridge that connected Britain to Europe. A land connection across the southern North Sea existed intermittently at later times when periods of glaciation resulted in lower sea levels.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the last glacial period, around 10,000 years ago, rising sea levels finally severed the last land connection.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cliffs' chalk face shows horizontal bands of dark-coloured <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> which is composed of the remains of sea sponges and siliceous planktonic micro-organisms that <a href="/wiki/Silicification" title="Silicification">hardened into</a> the microscopic quartz crystals. Quartz silica filled cavities left by dead marine creatures which are found as flint fossils, especially the internal moulds of <a href="/wiki/Micraster" title="Micraster">Micraster</a> echinoids. Several different ocean floor species such as <a href="/wiki/Brachiopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopods">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bivalves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalves">bivalves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crinoid" title="Crinoid">crinoids</a>, and sponges can be found in the chalk deposits, as can sharks' teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepard_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepard-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some areas, layers of soft, grey chalk known as a <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_hardgrounds" title="Carbonate hardgrounds">hardground complex</a> can be seen. Hardgrounds are thought to reflect disruptions in the steady accumulation of sediment when sedimentation ceased and/or the loose surface sediments were stripped away by currents or slumping, exposing the older hardened chalk sediment. A single hardground may have been exhumed 16 or more times before the sediments were compacted and hardened (<a href="/wiki/Lithified" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithified">lithified</a>) to form chalk.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepard_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepard-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cliff_erosion_and_change">Cliff erosion and change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cliff erosion and change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landslide_near_Dover_Harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Landslide_near_Dover_Harbour.jpg/220px-Landslide_near_Dover_Harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Landslide_near_Dover_Harbour.jpg/330px-Landslide_near_Dover_Harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Landslide_near_Dover_Harbour.jpg/440px-Landslide_near_Dover_Harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3432" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Landslide near Dover Harbour, June 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Thousands of years ago, the cliffs were eroding at 20–60 mm (0.75–2.3 in) a year.<sup id="cite_ref-wapost_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapost-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research shows that the erosion rate over the last 150 years has increased to 220–320 mm (8.7–12.6 in) a year, and that the erosion is caused by the loss of beach underneath the cliffs exacerbated by stronger storms and human activity such as gravel extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the cliffs are expected to survive for tens of thousands of years more.<sup id="cite_ref-wapost_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapost-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, a large chunk of the cliff edge, as large as a <a href="/wiki/Football_pitch" title="Football pitch">football pitch</a>, fell into the Channel.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further large sections collapsed on 15 March 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4 February 2020, and on 3 February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exmoors_on_Exmoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three small brown horses on a grassy area of Exmoor. In the distance are hills." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Exmoors_on_Exmoor.jpg/260px-Exmoors_on_Exmoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Exmoors_on_Exmoor.jpg/390px-Exmoors_on_Exmoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Exmoors_on_Exmoor.jpg/520px-Exmoors_on_Exmoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Exmoor ponies in their native habitat</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chalk_grassland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalk grassland">chalk grassland</a> environment above the cliffs is excellent for many species of wild flowers, butterflies and birds, and has been designated a Special Area of Conservation and a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Rangers and volunteers work to clear invasive plants that threaten the native flora. A grazing programme involving <a href="/wiki/Exmoor_ponies" class="mw-redirect" title="Exmoor ponies">Exmoor ponies</a> has been established to help to clear faster-growing invasive plants, allowing smaller, less robust native plants to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ponies are managed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_England" title="Natural England">Natural England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/County_Wildlife_Trusts" class="mw-redirect" title="County Wildlife Trusts">County Wildlife Trusts</a> to maintain vegetation on nature reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-conservation_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservation-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peregrine_off_White_Cliffs,_Dover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Peregrine_off_White_Cliffs%2C_Dover.jpg/220px-Peregrine_off_White_Cliffs%2C_Dover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Peregrine_off_White_Cliffs%2C_Dover.jpg/330px-Peregrine_off_White_Cliffs%2C_Dover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Peregrine_off_White_Cliffs%2C_Dover.jpg/440px-Peregrine_off_White_Cliffs%2C_Dover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Peregrine falcon off the cliffs</figcaption></figure> <p>The cliffs are the first landing point for many migratory birds flying inland from across the English Channel. After a 120-year absence, in 2009 it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">ravens</a> had returned to the cliffs. Similar in appearance but smaller, the <a href="/wiki/Jackdaw" title="Jackdaw">jackdaw</a> is abundant. The rarest of the birds that live along the cliffs is the <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a>. In recent decline, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_skylark" title="Eurasian skylark">skylark</a> also makes its home on the cliffs.<sup id="cite_ref-CliffTopWildlife_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffTopWildlife-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cliffs are home to <a href="/wiki/Northern_fulmar" title="Northern fulmar">fulmars</a> and to colonies of <a href="/wiki/Black-legged_kittiwake" title="Black-legged kittiwake">black-legged kittiwake</a>, a species of gull. Since <a href="/wiki/Bluebird" title="Bluebird">bluebirds</a> are not indigenous to the UK, some believe that bluebirds, as mentioned in the classic <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> song "<a href="/wiki/(There%27ll_Be_Bluebirds_Over)_The_White_Cliffs_of_Dover" title="(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover">(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover</a>", composed by American artists, may actually refer to <a href="/wiki/Barn_swallow" title="Barn swallow">swallows</a> and/or to <a href="/wiki/Common_house_martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Common house martin">house martins</a>, which make an annual migration to continental Europe, many of them crossing the English Channel at least twice a year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samphire_(Crithmum_maritimum)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439265.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Samphire_%28Crithmum_maritimum%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439265.jpg/220px-Samphire_%28Crithmum_maritimum%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439265.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Samphire_%28Crithmum_maritimum%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439265.jpg/330px-Samphire_%28Crithmum_maritimum%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439265.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Samphire_%28Crithmum_maritimum%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439265.jpg/440px-Samphire_%28Crithmum_maritimum%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439265.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Rock Samphire (<i>Crithmum maritimum</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Wildflower" title="Wildflower">wildflowers</a> are several varieties of orchids, the rarest of which is the <a href="/wiki/Early_spider_orchid" class="mw-redirect" title="Early spider orchid">early spider orchid</a>, which has yellow-green to brownish green petals and looks like the body of a large spider. <a href="/wiki/Crithmum" title="Crithmum">Rock samphire</a> is an edible, salt tolerant succulent plant that grows on the cliff's slopes. The oxtongue <a href="/wiki/Broomrape" class="mw-redirect" title="Broomrape">broomrape</a> is an unusual plant that lives on the roots of a host plant. It has yellow, white, or blue snapdragon-like flowers and about 90 per cent of the UK's population is found on the cliffs. <a href="/wiki/Viper%27s-bugloss" class="mw-redirect" title="Viper's-bugloss">Viper's-bugloss</a>, a showy plant in vivid shades of blue and purple with red stamens, also grows along the cliffs.<sup id="cite_ref-CliffTopWildlife_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffTopWildlife-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abundance of wildflowers provides homes for about thirty species of butterfly. The rare <a href="/wiki/Adonis_blue" title="Adonis blue">Adonis blue</a> can be seen in spring and again in autumn. Males have vibrant blue wings lined with a white margin, whereas the females are a rich chocolate brown. This species' sole larval food plant is the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_vetch" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseshoe vetch">horseshoe vetch</a> and it has a <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic relationship</a> with red or black ants. The eggs are laid singly on very small foodplants growing in short turf. This provides a warm microclimate, suitable for larval development, which is also favoured by ants. The caterpillar has green and yellow stripes to provide camouflage while it feeds on vetch. The ants milk the sugary secretions from the larval "honey glands" and, in return, protect the larvae from predators and parasitoids, even going so far as to bury them at night. The larvae pupate in the upper soil, and continue to be protected by the ants, often in their nests, until the adults emerge in the spring or autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysandra_coridon_male_(4871869664).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lysandra_coridon_male_%284871869664%29.jpg/165px-Lysandra_coridon_male_%284871869664%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lysandra_coridon_male_%284871869664%29.jpg/248px-Lysandra_coridon_male_%284871869664%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lysandra_coridon_male_%284871869664%29.jpg/330px-Lysandra_coridon_male_%284871869664%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="1580" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyommatus_coridon_female_in_Dourbes_Viroin_Valley,_Belgium..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Polyommatus_coridon_female_in_Dourbes_Viroin_Valley%2C_Belgium..JPG/169px-Polyommatus_coridon_female_in_Dourbes_Viroin_Valley%2C_Belgium..JPG" decoding="async" width="169" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Polyommatus_coridon_female_in_Dourbes_Viroin_Valley%2C_Belgium..JPG/254px-Polyommatus_coridon_female_in_Dourbes_Viroin_Valley%2C_Belgium..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Polyommatus_coridon_female_in_Dourbes_Viroin_Valley%2C_Belgium..JPG/338px-Polyommatus_coridon_female_in_Dourbes_Viroin_Valley%2C_Belgium..JPG 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Chalkhill blue; male on left, female on right</div></div></div></div> <p>Similar in appearance, but more abundant, is the <a href="/wiki/Chalkhill_blue" title="Chalkhill blue">chalkhill blue</a>, a chalk grassland specialist that can be seen in July and August.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CliffTopWildlife_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffTopWildlife-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Threatened species include the <a href="/wiki/Hesperia_comma" title="Hesperia comma">silver-spotted skipper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Straw_belle" class="mw-redirect" title="Straw belle">straw belle</a>. The well-known <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_atalanta" title="Vanessa atalanta">red admiral</a> can be seen from February until November. The <a href="/wiki/Melanargia_galathea" title="Melanargia galathea">marbled white</a>, black and white with a white wing border, can be seen from June to August. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DoverCastle-lighthouse-2004-10-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/DoverCastle-lighthouse-2004-10-03.jpg/150px-DoverCastle-lighthouse-2004-10-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/DoverCastle-lighthouse-2004-10-03.jpg/225px-DoverCastle-lighthouse-2004-10-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/DoverCastle-lighthouse-2004-10-03.jpg/300px-DoverCastle-lighthouse-2004-10-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Roman lighthouse at Dover Castle</figcaption></figure> <p>A possible Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillfort</a> has been discovered at Dover, on the site of the later castle.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was also inhabited during the Roman period when Dover was used as a port. <a href="/wiki/Dubris#Lighthouses" title="Dubris">A lighthouse</a> survives from this era, one of a pair at Dover which helped shipping navigate the port. It is likely the area around the surviving lighthouse was inhabited in the early medieval period as archaeologists have found a Saxon cemetery here, and the church of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_in_Castro,_Dover" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary in Castro, Dover">St Mary in Castro</a> was built next to the lighthouse in the 10th or 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoad200740–41_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoad200740–41-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is thought that the name <a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a>, an ancient or poetic term referring to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, was derived from the Latin <i>albus</i> (meaning 'white') as an allusion to the white cliffs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dover_Castle">Dover Castle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dover Castle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_castle,_Dover,_England-LCCN2002696723.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_castle%2C_Dover%2C_England-LCCN2002696723.jpg/220px-The_castle%2C_Dover%2C_England-LCCN2002696723.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_castle%2C_Dover%2C_England-LCCN2002696723.jpg/330px-The_castle%2C_Dover%2C_England-LCCN2002696723.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_castle%2C_Dover%2C_England-LCCN2002696723.jpg/440px-The_castle%2C_Dover%2C_England-LCCN2002696723.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3659" data-file-height="2759" /></a><figcaption>Dover Castle with the cliffs in the foreground — <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890 to 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a>, the largest castle in England,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECathcart_King1983230_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECathcart_King1983230-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was founded in the 11th century. It has been described as the "Key to England" owing to its defensive significance throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr198444_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr198444-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1988102_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1988102-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The castle was founded by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> in 1066 and rebuilt for <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>. This expanded the castle to its current size, taking its curtain walls to the edge of the cliffs. During the <a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a> the castle was held by King John's soldiers and besieged by the French between May 1216 and May 1217. The castle was also besieged in 1265 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War" title="Second Barons' War">Second Barons' War</a>. In the 16th century, cannons were installed at the castle, but it became less important militarily as <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> had built artillery forts along the coast. Dover Castle was captured in 1642 during the Civil War when the townspeople climbed the cliffs and surprised the royalist garrison, giving a symbolic victory against royal control. Towards the end of the war many castles were <a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighted</a>, but Dover was spared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoad200742–47_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoad200742–47-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The castle had renewed importance in the 1740s as the development of heavy artillery made capturing ports an important part of warfare. During the Napoleonic Wars, in particular, the defences were remodelled and a series of tunnels were dug into the cliff to act as barracks, adding space for an extra 2,000 soldiers. The tunnels mostly lay abandoned until the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoad200748–50_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoad200748–50-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Foreland_Lighthouse">South Foreland Lighthouse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: South Foreland Lighthouse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dover_cliffs,_South_Foreland_Lighthouse_(7961633780).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Dover_cliffs%2C_South_Foreland_Lighthouse_%287961633780%29.jpg/220px-Dover_cliffs%2C_South_Foreland_Lighthouse_%287961633780%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Dover_cliffs%2C_South_Foreland_Lighthouse_%287961633780%29.jpg/330px-Dover_cliffs%2C_South_Foreland_Lighthouse_%287961633780%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Dover_cliffs%2C_South_Foreland_Lighthouse_%287961633780%29.jpg/440px-Dover_cliffs%2C_South_Foreland_Lighthouse_%287961633780%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption>South Foreland lighthouse</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/South_Foreland_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="South Foreland Lighthouse">South Foreland Lighthouse</a> is a Victorian-era lighthouse on the South Foreland in <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_at_Cliffe" title="St Margaret's at Cliffe">St. Margaret's Bay</a>, which was once used to warn ships approaching the nearby <a href="/wiki/Goodwin_Sands" title="Goodwin Sands">Goodwin Sands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NThistory_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NThistory-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goodwin Sands is a 10-mile-long (16 km) sandbank at the southern end of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> lying six miles (10 km) off the <a href="/wiki/Deal,_Kent" title="Deal, Kent">Deal</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-NThistory_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NThistory-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area consists of a layer of fine sand approximately 82 ft (25 m) deep resting on a chalk platform belonging to the same geological feature that incorporates the White Cliffs of Dover. More than 2,000 ships are believed to have been wrecked on the Goodwin Sands because they lie close to the major <a href="/wiki/Shipping_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping channel">shipping lanes</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Dover" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Dover">Straits of Dover</a>. It went out of service in 1988 and is now owned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_manche_vue_dover.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/France_manche_vue_dover.JPG/260px-France_manche_vue_dover.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/France_manche_vue_dover.JPG/390px-France_manche_vue_dover.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/France_manche_vue_dover.JPG/520px-France_manche_vue_dover.JPG 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>White Cliffs of Dover, seen from France</figcaption></figure> <p>The cliffs have great symbolic value in Britain because they face towards continental Europe across the narrowest part of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> (approximately 20 miles (32 km) between coasts), where invasions have historically threatened and against which the cliffs form a symbolic guard. The <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a> calls the cliffs "an icon of Britain", with "the white chalk face a symbol of home and wartime defence."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because crossing at Dover was the primary route to the continent before the advent of air travel, the white line of cliffs also formed the first or last sight of Britain for travellers. During the Second World War, thousands of allied troops on the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ships_of_Dunkirk" title="Little Ships of Dunkirk">little ships</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a> saw the welcoming sight of the cliffs.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1940, reporters gathered at Shakespeare Cliff to watch aerial <a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">dogfights</a> between German and British aircraft during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESperber1998161_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperber1998161-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lynn" title="Vera Lynn">Vera Lynn</a>, known as "The Forces' Sweetheart" for her 1942 wartime classic "<a href="/wiki/(There%27ll_Be_Bluebirds_Over)_The_White_Cliffs_of_Dover" title="(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover">(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover</a>" celebrated her 100th birthday in 2017. That year she led a campaign for donations to buy 170 acres (0.7 km<sup>2</sup>) of land atop Dover's cliffs when it was feared that they might be sold to developers; the campaign met its target after only three weeks. The National Trust, which owns the surrounding areas, plans to return the land to a natural state of chalk grassland and preserve existing military structures from the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2021, a wildflower meadow on White Cliffs of Dover was named in honour of Dame Vera Lynn.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attractions">Attractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dover_Museum">Dover Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dover Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dover_Museum" title="Dover Museum">Dover Museum</a> was founded in 1836. <a href="/wiki/Dover_Strait_coastal_guns" title="Dover Strait coastal guns">Shelled</a> from France in 1942 during the Second World War, the museum lost much of its collections, including nearly all its natural history collections. Much of the surviving material was left neglected in caves and other stores until 1946. In 1948 a temporary museum was opened and in 1991 a new museum of three storeys, built behind its original Victorian façade, was opened. In 1999, a new gallery on the second floor centred on the <a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a> was opened.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samphire_Hoe_Country_Park">Samphire Hoe Country Park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Samphire Hoe Country Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samphire_Hoe_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Samphire_Hoe_04.jpg/220px-Samphire_Hoe_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Samphire_Hoe_04.jpg/330px-Samphire_Hoe_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Samphire_Hoe_04.jpg/440px-Samphire_Hoe_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3724" data-file-height="2740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samphire_Hoe_Country_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Samphire Hoe Country Park">Samphire Hoe Country Park</a> with local railway and tunnel (not the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> which is nearby)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Samphire_Hoe_Country_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Samphire Hoe Country Park">Samphire Hoe Country Park</a> is a nature reserve on a new piece of land created from the rock excavated during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>. It covers a 74-acre (30 ha) site at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare Cliff">Shakespeare Cliff</a>, between Dover and <a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an education shelter with a classroom and exhibition area. Staff and volunteers are available to answer questions and provide information about the wildlife in the reserve. The building's design incorporates eco-construction criteria. The nature reserve is named after the edible plant <a href="/wiki/Rock_samphire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock samphire">rock samphire</a>, which grows on the cliffs and used to be gathered by hanging ropes over the cliff's edge. <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> mentions rock samphire in his play <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i> and includes a reference to this trade with the lines "Half-way down / Hangs one that gathers samphire; dreadful trade!" (Act IV, Scene VI Lines 14–15). This refers to the dangers involved in collecting rock samphire on sea cliffs. Shakespeare Cliff was named after the reference to this "dreadful trade". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fan_Bay_Deep_Shelter">Fan Bay Deep Shelter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fan Bay Deep Shelter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fan_Bay_Deep_Shelter" title="Fan Bay Deep Shelter">Fan Bay Deep Shelter</a> is a series of tunnels constructed during World War II. The tunnels were opened to the public on 20 July 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_song_and_literature">In song and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In song and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>One of the most famous references in English literature to the White Cliffs is in <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i>. In Act IV, Scene VI, Edgar persuades the blinded Earl of Gloucester that he is at the edge of a cliff at Dover. In Act IV, Scene I, Lines 76–8, Gloucester says, "There is a cliff, whose high and bending head looks fearfully in the confinèd deep: Bring me but to the very brim of it." Edgar then fools Gloucester into thinking he is at the cliff edge and describes the scene: "Here's the place! – stand still – how fearful/ And dizzy 'tis, to cast one's eye so low ... halfway down/Hangs one that gathers samphire: dreadful trade!/Methinks he seems no bigger than his head." (Act IV, Scene VI, Lines 11–16).<sup id="cite_ref-dovermuseum.co.uk_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dovermuseum.co.uk-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poems_of_Felicia_Hemans_in_Forget_Me_Not,_1827/The_Cliffs_of_Dover" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Poems of Felicia Hemans in Forget Me Not, 1827/The Cliffs of Dover">'The Cliffs of Dover' by Felicia Hemans.</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>In 1851, English poet <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a> began his lyric poem "<a href="/wiki/Dover_Beach" title="Dover Beach">Dover Beach</a>" by epitomizing the beauty of the Kent coast:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"The sea is calm tonight.</dd> <dd>The tide is full, the moon lies fair</dd> <dd>Upon the straits; on the French coast the light</dd> <dd>Gleams and is gone; the cliffs of England stand,</dd> <dd>Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">verse novel</a> <i>The White Cliffs</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Duer_Miller" title="Alice Duer Miller">Alice Duer Miller</a> encouraged U.S. entry into World War II. The poem was extremely successful on both sides of the Atlantic, selling nearly one million copies – an unusual number for a book of verse. It was broadcast and recorded by British-American actress <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Fontanne" title="Lynn Fontanne">Lynn Fontanne</a> (with a symphonic accompaniment), and the story was made into the 1944 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Cliffs_of_Dover_(film)" title="The White Cliffs of Dover (film)">The White Cliffs of Dover</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Cliff" title="Jimmy Cliff">Jimmy Cliff</a> wrote and recorded the song "<a href="/wiki/Many_Rivers_to_Cross" title="Many Rivers to Cross">Many Rivers to Cross</a>" in 1969. The song included the line "Wandering I am lost, as I travel along the White Cliffs of Dover."</li> <li>The 1941 song "<a href="/wiki/(There%27ll_Be_Bluebirds_Over)_The_White_Cliffs_of_Dover" title="(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover">(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover</a>" is a popular <a href="/wiki/Role_of_music_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of music in World War II">World War II song</a> composed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kent" title="Walter Kent">Walter Kent</a> to lyrics by Nat Burton. It was made famous by <a href="/wiki/Vera_Lynn" title="Vera Lynn">Vera Lynn</a>'s 1942 version.</li> <li>The White Cliffs have long been a landmark for sailors. It is noted as such in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">sea shanty</a> "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Ladies" title="Spanish Ladies">Spanish Ladies</a>":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1986_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1986-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>"The first land we sighted was called the <a href="/wiki/Dodman_Point" title="Dodman Point">Dodman</a>,</dd> <dd>Next <a href="/wiki/Rame_Head" title="Rame Head">Rame Head</a> off <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, off <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Wight</a>;</dd> <dd>We sailed by <a href="/wiki/Beachy_Head" title="Beachy Head">Beachy</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_Glen" title="Fairlight Glen">Fairlight</a> and Dover,</dd> <dd>And then we bore up for the <a href="/wiki/South_Foreland" title="South Foreland">South Foreland</a> light.</dd></dl> <ul><li>The song "Calais to Dover" by <a href="/wiki/Bright_Eyes_(band)" title="Bright Eyes (band)">Bright Eyes</a> from the 2020 album <a href="/wiki/Down_in_the_Weeds,_Where_the_World_Once_Was" title="Down in the Weeds, Where the World Once Was"><i>Down In The Weeds Where The World Once Was</i></a> refers to the cliffs most likely via Shakespeare or Matthew Arnold: "Threw up on the ferry ride from Calais back to Dover/As pale as the white cliffs that we faced/Wasn't afraid, eventualities, just knew that it was over/No brushes with death could keep us sober."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>American guitarist, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Johnson_(guitarist)" title="Eric Johnson (guitarist)">Eric Johnson</a> recorded an instrumental "Cliffs of Dover" in 1990 as part of his album "Ah Via Musicom". "Cliffs of Dover" was voted number 17 in Guitar World magazine's list of 100 Greatest Guitar Solos and won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance in 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Decemberists" title="The Decemberists">The Decemberists</a>'s song "We Both Go Down Together" opens with a couple standing on the cliffs, presumably about to jump: "Here on these cliffs of Dover/So high you can't see over/And while your head is spinning/Hold tight, it's just beginning." The song appears on their 2005 album <a href="/wiki/Picaresque_(album)" title="Picaresque (album)"><i>Picaresque</i></a> and tells the story of either a joint suicide or a murder-suicide; the unreliable narrator is a "sociopath", according to the song's writer, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Meloy" title="Colin Meloy">Colin Meloy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_a_Piece_of_Chalk" title="On a Piece of Chalk">On a Piece of Chalk</a></i> was a lecture by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> presented to the <a href="/wiki/British_Science_Association" title="British Science Association">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a> in 1868 and published later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfle-1967_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfle-1967-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The piece reconstructs the geological history of Great Britain from a simple piece of chalk and demonstrates science as "organized common sense".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakespeare%27s_Cliff,_Dover,_England-LCCN2002696724.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shakespeare Cliff, Dover c. 1905"><img alt="Shakespeare Cliff, Dover c. 1905" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shakespeare%27s_Cliff%2C_Dover%2C_England-LCCN2002696724.jpg/243px-Shakespeare%27s_Cliff%2C_Dover%2C_England-LCCN2002696724.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shakespeare%27s_Cliff%2C_Dover%2C_England-LCCN2002696724.jpg/364px-Shakespeare%27s_Cliff%2C_Dover%2C_England-LCCN2002696724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shakespeare%27s_Cliff%2C_Dover%2C_England-LCCN2002696724.jpg/486px-Shakespeare%27s_Cliff%2C_Dover%2C_England-LCCN2002696724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3679" data-file-height="2727" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shakespeare Cliff, Dover <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1905</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lighthouse_in_Dover.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lighthouse in Dover"><img alt="Lighthouse in Dover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lighthouse_in_Dover.JPG/271px-Lighthouse_in_Dover.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lighthouse_in_Dover.JPG/407px-Lighthouse_in_Dover.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lighthouse_in_Dover.JPG/542px-Lighthouse_in_Dover.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lighthouse in Dover</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dover_Castle_(EH)_20-04-2012_(7217044814).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dover Castle"><img alt="Dover Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Dover_Castle_%28EH%29_20-04-2012_%287217044814%29.jpg/274px-Dover_Castle_%28EH%29_20-04-2012_%287217044814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Dover_Castle_%28EH%29_20-04-2012_%287217044814%29.jpg/411px-Dover_Castle_%28EH%29_20-04-2012_%287217044814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Dover_Castle_%28EH%29_20-04-2012_%287217044814%29.jpg/547px-Dover_Castle_%28EH%29_20-04-2012_%287217044814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1347" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dover Castle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Cliffs_of_Dover_(264098158).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White Cliffs of Dover footpath"><img alt="White Cliffs of Dover footpath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_%28264098158%29.jpg/240px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_%28264098158%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_%28264098158%29.jpg/360px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_%28264098158%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_%28264098158%29.jpg/480px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_%28264098158%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">White Cliffs of Dover footpath</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Folkestone_and_Dover_from_ISS_2013-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folkestone and Dover from the International Space Station, showing the White Cliffs and the tracks of ferries"><img alt="Folkestone and Dover from the International Space Station, showing the White Cliffs and the tracks of ferries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Folkestone_and_Dover_from_ISS_2013-03.jpg/271px-Folkestone_and_Dover_from_ISS_2013-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Folkestone_and_Dover_from_ISS_2013-03.jpg/407px-Folkestone_and_Dover_from_ISS_2013-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Folkestone_and_Dover_from_ISS_2013-03.jpg/543px-Folkestone_and_Dover_from_ISS_2013-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a> and Dover from the International Space Station, showing the White Cliffs and the tracks of ferries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-K%C3%BCste,_England,_Kreidefelsen,_Dover-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-007494.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Vintage photo taken by Walter Mittelholzer, Swiss photographer and aviator, 1933"><img alt="Vintage photo taken by Walter Mittelholzer, Swiss photographer and aviator, 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/ETH-BIB-K%C3%BCste%2C_England%2C_Kreidefelsen%2C_Dover-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-007494.tif/lossy-page1-255px-ETH-BIB-K%C3%BCste%2C_England%2C_Kreidefelsen%2C_Dover-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-007494.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/ETH-BIB-K%C3%BCste%2C_England%2C_Kreidefelsen%2C_Dover-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-007494.tif/lossy-page1-383px-ETH-BIB-K%C3%BCste%2C_England%2C_Kreidefelsen%2C_Dover-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-007494.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/ETH-BIB-K%C3%BCste%2C_England%2C_Kreidefelsen%2C_Dover-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-007494.tif/lossy-page1-510px-ETH-BIB-K%C3%BCste%2C_England%2C_Kreidefelsen%2C_Dover-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-007494.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5073" data-file-height="3582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vintage photo taken by Walter Mittelholzer, Swiss photographer and aviator, 1933</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a>, a name for Britain possibly derived from the colour of the cliffs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Head" title="Beachy Head">Beachy Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kap_Arkona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kap Arkona">Kap Arkona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8ns_Klint" title="Møns Klint">Møns Klint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaford_Head_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaford Head Nature Reserve">Seaford Head Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters,_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters, Sussex">Seven Sisters, Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Cliff_Halt_railway_station" title="Shakespeare Cliff Halt railway station">Shakespeare Cliff Halt railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-20219991">"White cliffs of Dover to be bought by National Trust"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=White+cliffs+of+Dover+to+be+bought+by+National+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-kent-20219991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Cliffs+of+Dover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteDetail.aspx?SiteCode=S1003577&SiteName=dover&countyCode=&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea=">"Designated Sites View: Dover to Kingsdown Cliffs"</a>. Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Designated+Sites+View%3A+Dover+to+Kingsdown+Cliffs&rft.series=Sites+of+Special+Scientific+Interest&rft.pub=Natural+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdesignatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk%2FSiteDetail.aspx%3FSiteCode%3DS1003577%26SiteName%3Ddover%26countyCode%3D%26responsiblePerson%3D%26SeaArea%3D%26IFCAArea%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Cliffs+of+Dover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteGeneralDetail.aspx?SiteCode=UK0030330&SiteName=dover&countyCode=&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea=">"Designated Sites View: Dover to Kingsdown Cliffs"</a>. Special Area of Conservation. Natural England<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Designated+Sites+View%3A+Dover+to+Kingsdown+Cliffs&rft.series=Special+Area+of+Conservation&rft.pub=Natural+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdesignatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk%2FSiteGeneralDetail.aspx%3FSiteCode%3DUK0030330%26SiteName%3Ddover%26countyCode%3D%26responsiblePerson%3D%26SeaArea%3D%26IFCAArea%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Cliffs+of+Dover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2012-04-10/uks-landmarks-featured-on-new-collection-of-stamps">"UK landmarks featured on new collection of stamps"</a>. <i>ITV</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1988), <i>Dictionary of Medieval Knighthood and Chivalry</i>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25347-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25347-8"><bdi>978-0-313-25347-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Medieval+Knighthood+and+Chivalry&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-313-25347-8&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Bradford+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Cliffs+of+Dover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCathcart_King1983" class="citation cs2">Cathcart King, David J. (1983), <i>Catellarium Anglicanum: An Index and Bibliography of the Castles in England, Wales and the Islands. Volume I: Anglesey–Montgomery</i>, Kraus International Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catellarium+Anglicanum%3A+An+Index+and+Bibliography+of+the+Castles+in+England%2C+Wales+and+the+Islands.+Volume+I%3A+Anglesey%E2%80%93Montgomery&rft.pub=Kraus+International+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Cathcart+King&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Cliffs+of+Dover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoad2007" class="citation cs2">Coad, Jonathan (2007), <i>Dover Castle</i>, English Heritage, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905624-21-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905624-21-8"><bdi>978-1-905624-21-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dover+Castle&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-905624-21-8&rft.aulast=Coad&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Cliffs+of+Dover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerr1984" class="citation cs2">Kerr, Nigel (1984), <i>A Guide to Norman Sites in Britain</i>, Granada, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08445-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08445-8"><bdi>978-0-586-08445-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Norman+Sites+in+Britain&rft.pub=Granada&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-586-08445-8&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Cliffs+of+Dover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1986" class="citation cs2">Palmer, Roy (1986), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordbookofseas00palm"><i>The Oxford Book of Sea Songs</i></a></span>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214159-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214159-0"><bdi>978-0-19-214159-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Book+of+Sea+Songs&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-214159-0&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordbookofseas00palm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Cliffs+of+Dover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSperber1998" class="citation cs2">Sperber, A. M. (1998), <i>Murrow, His Life and Times</i>, <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1881-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1881-3"><bdi>978-0-8232-1881-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murrow%2C+His+Life+and+Times&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-1881-3&rft.aulast=Sperber&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Cliffs+of+Dover" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs_of_Dover&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:White_Cliffs_of_Dover" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:White Cliffs of Dover">White Cliffs of Dover</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6R7uRTspgY"><span class="plainlinks">Aerial view of the cliffs and surrounding area</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dovermuseum.co.uk/Information-Resources/Articles--Factsheets/White-Cliffs-of-Dover.aspx">Dover Museum information on the cliffs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitecliffsofdover.co.uk">White Cliffs of Dover website</a></li></ul> <div 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