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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Medieval kingdoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_contact_and_colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_contact_and_colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 European contact and colonialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_contact_and_colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Transition to independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Cold_Chop_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Cold_Chop_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Operation Cold Chop and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Cold_Chop_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universal_health_care_and_life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_health_care_and_life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Universal health care and life expectancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_health_care_and_life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Food and drink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 General information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ghana</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 262 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-262" aria-hidden="true" > 262 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Ганэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ганэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%8A%93" title="ጋና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጋና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="घाना – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="घाना" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="غانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="घाना – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="घाना" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1na" title="Gána – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Gána" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qana" title="Qana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="غنا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="غنا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ঘানা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঘানা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="घाना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="घाना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀ་ན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀ་ན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="غانا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="غانا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%A7" title="ގާނާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގާނާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="घाना – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="घाना" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Γκάνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganao" title="Ganao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ganao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaana" title="Gaana – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Gaana" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="غنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1na" title="Gána – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gána" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghaney" title="Yn Ghaney – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghaney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0na" title="Gàna – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gàna" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE" title="ઘાના – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઘાના" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%82%98" title="가나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%81na" title="Gāna – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Gāna" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Գանա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գանա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="घाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="घाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ঘানা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ঘানা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Ганæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ганæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGana" title="IGana – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IGana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="גאנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana" title="Kana – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kana" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE" title="ಘಾನಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಘಾನಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="განა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="განა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%8F%D9%84%DA%A9)" title="گھانا (مُلک) – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گھانا (مُلک)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2" title="ປະເທດການາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດການາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gh%C3%A1na" title="Ghána – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ghána" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="घाना – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="घाना" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan%C3%A0" title="Ganà – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ganà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8" title="ഘാന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഘാന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81na" title="Kāna – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kāna" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="घाना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="घाना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="განა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="განა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="جانا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="غنا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="غنا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%98%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯘꯥꯅꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯘꯥꯅꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mfantse</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဂါနာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂါနာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="घाना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="घाना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="घाना – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="घाना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A" title="ガーナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガーナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9C%DF%AD%DF%8A%DF%A3%DF%8A%DF%AC" title="ߜ߭ߊߣߊ߬ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߜ߭ߊߣߊ߬" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaana" title="Ghaana – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ghaana" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaana" title="Gaana – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Gaana" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaanaa" title="Gaanaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gaanaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ng mw-list-item"><a href="https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Ndonga" lang="ng" hreflang="ng" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Oshiwambo" data-language-local-name="Ndonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oshiwambo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਘਾਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਘਾਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="घाना – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="घाना" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="گھانا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گھانا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ګانا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګانا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaana" title="Gaana – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gaana" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6" title="ហ្គាណា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្គាណា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Eana" title="Ğana – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ğana" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhana" title="Qhana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qhana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ґана – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґана" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="घाना – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="घाना" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan%C3%A4a" title="Ganäa – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Ganäa" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9D%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඝානාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඝානාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="گھانا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گھانا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGana" title="IGana – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IGana" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaana" title="Gaana – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gaana" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="گانا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گانا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="கானா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கானா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%94ana" title="Ɣana – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ɣana" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%94ana" title="Ɣana – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ɣana" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵႃႇၼႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵႃႇၼႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE" title="ఘనా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఘనా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศกานา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศกานา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%8A%93" title="ጋና – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ጋና" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaana" title="Gaana – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Gaana" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="گھانا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گھانا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="گانا جۇمھۇرىيىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گانا جۇمھۇرىيىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan" title="Gan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan%C3%A4n" title="Ganän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ganän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E7%B4%8D" title="迦納 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="迦納" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BA%B3" title="加纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="גהאנע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גהאנע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1n%C3%A0" title="Gánà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gánà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%8D" title="加納 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加納" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gh%C3%A2na" title="Ghâna – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Ghâna" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BA%B3" title="加纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan%C3%A0" title="Ganà – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ganà" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganat%C3%B2" title="Ganatò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Ganatò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kus mw-list-item"><a href="https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Kusaal" lang="kus" hreflang="kus" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Kʋsaal" data-language-local-name="Kusaal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kʋsaal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Moore</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" title="Gana – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Gana" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵖⴰⵏⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵖⴰⵏⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q117#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Ghana</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ghana"><img alt="Flag of Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ghana" title="Flag of Ghana">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ghana"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana" title="Coat of arms of Ghana"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Freedom and Justice"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/God_Bless_Our_Homeland_Ghana" title="God Bless Our Homeland Ghana">God Bless Our Homeland Ghana</a>"<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="58" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Ghana.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/National_Anthem_of_Ghana.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Ghana.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/National_Anthem_of_Ghana.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Ghana.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Ghana.ogg&lang=ee&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ee" label="eʋegbe ‪(ee)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Ghana.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Ghana.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Ghana.ogg&lang=tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tw" label="Twi ‪(tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Ghana"><img alt="Location of Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ghana_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Ghana_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ghana_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Ghana_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ghana_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Ghana_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ghana&params=05_33_18_N_00_11_33_W_type:city">05°33′18″N 00°11′33″W / 5.55500°N 0.19250°W / 5.55500; -0.19250</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Ghanaian_Government_states_that_English_is_the_official_language_for_the_nation-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghana_–_2010_Population_and_Housing_Census-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021 census<a href="#cite_note-statsghana1-3">[3]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>45.7% <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a></li><li>18.5% <a href="/wiki/Mole-Dagbon_people" title="Mole-Dagbon people">Mole-Dagbon</a></li><li>12.8% <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a></li><li>7.1% <a href="/wiki/Ga-Adangbe_people" title="Ga-Adangbe people">Ga-Adangbe</a></li><li>6.4% <a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gurma</a></li><li>3.2% <a href="/wiki/Guang_people" title="Guang people">Guan</a></li><li>2.7% <a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurunsi peoples">Gurunsi</a></li><li>2.0% <a href="/wiki/Mande_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mande people">Mande</a></li><li>1.6% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ghana" title="Demographics of Ghana">other</a> / unspecified</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021 census<a href="#cite_note-statsghana1-3">[3]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>71.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ghana" title="Christianity in Ghana">Christianity</a> <ul><li>49.0% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>22.3% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">19.9% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ghana" title="Islam in Ghana">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">3.2% <a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">traditional faiths</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Ghana" title="Irreligion in Ghana">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">4.5% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">other</a> / unspecified</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian people">Ghanaian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ghana" title="Politics of Ghana">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Ghana" title="Vice-President of Ghana">Vice-President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahamudu_Bawumia" title="Mahamudu Bawumia">Mahamudu Bawumia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Ghana" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana">Speaker of Parliament</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Bagbin" title="Alban Bagbin">Alban Bagbin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ghana" title="Chief Justice of Ghana">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Tokornoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gertrude Tokornoo">Gertrude Tokornoo</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ghana" title="Parliament of Ghana">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">Independence</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 March 1957</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republic </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1960</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">238,540 km2 (92,100 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">80th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.61 (11,000 km2; 4,247 mi2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ghana" title="Demographics of Ghana">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">34,612,532 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">46th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">30,832,019</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">151/km2 (391.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">90th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $227.189 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GH-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">68th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $6,905<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GH-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">136th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $80.577 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GH-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">83rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2,328<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GH-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">149th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2024)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 44<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.602<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">145th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Cedi</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GHS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ghana" title="Telephone numbers in Ghana">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ghana" title="Telephone numbers in Ghana">+233</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GH" title="ISO 3166-2:GH">GH</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.gh" title=".gh">.gh</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ghana,<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. It lies adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the south, sharing a <a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_border" title="Ghana–Ivory Coast border">border</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Region_(Ghana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Region (Ghana)">in the west</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Ghana_border" title="Burkina Faso–Ghana border">in the north</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Togo_border" title="Ghana–Togo border">in the east</a>. Ghana covers an area of 239,567 km2 (92,497 sq mi), spanning diverse <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">ecologies</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a>. With nearly 35 million inhabitants, Ghana is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">second-most populous country</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ghana" title="List of cities in Ghana">largest city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>; other significant <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ghana" title="List of cities in Ghana">cities</a> include <a href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamale,_Ghana" title="Tamale, Ghana">Tamale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sekondi-Takoradi" title="Sekondi-Takoradi">Sekondi-Takoradi</a>. In 1957 Ghana became the first colony in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> to achieve sovereignty, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Universal_Newsreel-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-First_For_Sub-Saharan_Africa-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exploring_Africa_–_Decolonization-10">[9]</a> The earliest kingdoms to emerge in Ghana were the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Kingdom of Dagbon</a> in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Bono_state" title="Bono state">Bonoman</a> in the south, with Bonoman existing in the area during the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a> and other Akan kingdoms in the south emerged over the centuries.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Beginning in the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, followed by other <a href="/wiki/European_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="European Powers">European powers</a>, contested the area for trading rights, until the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> ultimately established control of the coast by the 19th <a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">century</a>. Following more than a century of colonial resistance, the current borders of the country took shape, encompassing four separate British colonial territories: <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_(Crown_Colony)" title="Ashanti (Crown Colony)">Ashanti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territories_of_the_Gold_Coast" title="Northern Territories of the Gold Coast">Northern Territories</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Togoland" title="British Togoland">British Togoland</a>. These were unified as an independent dominion within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. On 6 March 1957 Ghana became the first colony in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> to achieve sovereignty - that is, gain independence.<a href="#cite_note-Universal_Newsreel-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-First_For_Sub-Saharan_Africa-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exploring_Africa_–_Decolonization-10">[9]</a> Under President <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, it became influential in <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation efforts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-African movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ateku-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Ghana is a <a href="/wiki/Multi-ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-ethnic">multi-ethnic</a> country with linguistic and religious groups;<a href="#cite_note-popest-16">[15]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> are the largest ethnic group, they constitute a plurality. Most <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian people">Ghanaians</a> are <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ghana" title="Christianity in Ghana">Christians</a> (71.3%); almost a fifth are <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ghana" title="Islam in Ghana">Muslims</a>; a tenth practice traditional faiths or report no religion.<a href="#cite_note-statsghana1-3">[3]</a> Ghana is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">constitutional democracy</a> led by a <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">president</a> who is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana:_CIA_World_FactBook-17">[16]</a> For political stability in Africa, Ghana ranked seventh in the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Index_of_African_Governance" title="Ibrahim Index of African Governance">Ibrahim Index of African Governance</a> and fifth in the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Fragile_States_Index" title="Fragile States Index">Fragile States Index</a>. It has maintained since 1993 one of the freest and most stable governments on the continent, and it performs relatively well in <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Ghana" title="Healthcare in Ghana">healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">economic</a> growth, and human development,<a href="#cite_note-Ateku-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> so that it has a significant influence in West Africa and Africa as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-South_America_and_West_Africa-19">[18]</a> Ghana is highly integrated in international affairs, being a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">Group of 24</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name Ghana comes from <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadu</a>, a vast empire in west Africa from the 3rd to 12th centuries; Wagadu was termed Ghana by Arab traders involved in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a>. Ghana is thought to originate from the title Kaya Maghan of the rulers of Wagadu, which translates as ruler of gold. As the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast colony</a> prepared for independence, the nation's leader and first prime minister later first president <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> the one who led Ghana to independence, settled on Ghana, aiming to evoke a sense of unity and liberation among the <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian people">Ghanaian people</a>. The name was a powerful reminder of their shared heritage and the legacy of the ancient empire that once thrived in the wider region. It encapsulated the aspirations of the Ghanaian people for self-governance, progress, and a future marked by dignity and resilience.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">History of Ghana</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_kingdoms">Medieval kingdoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval kingdoms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Kingdom of Dagbon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bono_state" title="Bono state">Bono state</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guinea_from_Milner%27s_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Guinea_from_Milner%27s_Atlas.jpg/220px-Guinea_from_Milner%27s_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Guinea_from_Milner%27s_Atlas.jpg/330px-Guinea_from_Milner%27s_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Guinea_from_Milner%27s_Atlas.jpg/440px-Guinea_from_Milner%27s_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>An 1850 map showing the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ashanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ashanti">Kingdom of Ashanti</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</a> and surrounding regions in West Africa</figcaption></figure> The earliest recorded kingdoms to emerge in modern Ghana were the <a href="/wiki/Mole-Dagbon_people" title="Mole-Dagbon people">Mole-Dagbon</a> states.<a href="#cite_note-col-23">[22]</a> Before the unification of Dagbon, societies were decentralised, and headed by the Tindaamba (singular: tindana).<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> These decentralised states were unified by <a href="/wiki/Naa_Gbewaa" title="Naa Gbewaa">King Gbewaa</a>, who lived a long life, and formed a stable, peaceful society.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Dagbon extended beyond the boundaries of present-day Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Kingdoms that emerged from Dagbon include the <a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">Mossi Kingdoms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bouna,_Ivory_Coast" title="Bouna, Ivory Coast">Bouna Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The kingdom enjoyed great prosperity, establishing Ghana's earliest educational systems,<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> and using a writing script<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> prior to European invasion. Female chiefs who rule over male subjects are present in the kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> and inheritance is both patrilineal and matrilineal.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yaa_Naa" title="Yaa Naa">Yaa Naa</a> is the King of Dagbon and the <a href="/wiki/Gundonaa_Samata_Abudu" title="Gundonaa Samata Abudu">Gundo Naa</a> is the Queen.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The kingdom remained uncolonised. In 1896, Germany invaded Eastern Dagbon (Naya) and burnt down its capital, Yendi,<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adibo" title="Battle of Adibo">Battle of Adibo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lidded_Vessel_(Kuduo)_MET_DP108293.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lidded_Vessel_%28Kuduo%29_MET_DP108293.jpg/170px-Lidded_Vessel_%28Kuduo%29_MET_DP108293.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lidded_Vessel_%28Kuduo%29_MET_DP108293.jpg/255px-Lidded_Vessel_%28Kuduo%29_MET_DP108293.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lidded_Vessel_%28Kuduo%29_MET_DP108293.jpg/340px-Lidded_Vessel_%28Kuduo%29_MET_DP108293.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>18th-century Ashanti brass kuduo. Gold dust and nuggets were kept in kuduo, as were other items of personal value and significance. As receptacles for their owners' kra, or life force, kuduo were prominent features of ceremonies designed to honour and protect that individual.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a>-speaking peoples began to move into what later became Ghana toward the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-col-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> By the 16th century, the Akans were established in the Akan state called <a href="/wiki/Bono_state" title="Bono state">Bonoman</a>, for which the <a href="/wiki/Brong-Ahafo_region" title="Brong-Ahafo region">Brong-Ahafo region</a> was named.<a href="#cite_note-col-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> From the 17th century, Akans emerged from what is believed to have been the Bonoman area, to create Akan states, mainly based on gold trading.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> These states included Bonoman (Brong-Ahafo region), Ashanti (<a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Region" title="Ashanti Region">Ashanti Region</a>), <a href="/wiki/Denkyira" title="Denkyira">Denkyira</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Region_(Ghana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Region (Ghana)">Western North region</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mankessim_Kingdom" title="Mankessim Kingdom">Mankessim Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Region_(Ghana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Region (Ghana)">Central region</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Akwamu" title="Akwamu">Akwamu</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region_(Ghana)" title="Eastern Region (Ghana)">(Eastern region)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-col-23">[22]</a> By the 19th century, the territory of the southern part of Ghana was included in the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Kingdom of Ashanti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-col-23">[22]</a> The government of the Ashanti Empire operated first as a loose network and eventually as a centralised kingdom with a specialised bureaucracy centred in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-col-23">[22]</a> Prior to Akan contact with Europeans, the Akan people created an economy based on principally gold and <a href="/wiki/Gold_bar" title="Gold bar">gold bar</a> <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a>, which were traded with other states in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-col-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The Ga-Dangme and Ewe migrated westward from south-western Nigeria. The Ewe – formerly known as Dogbo- migrated from Oyo area with their Gbe-speaking kinsmen (Adja, Fon, Phla/Phera and Ogun/Gun) and in transition, settled at Ketou in Benin Republic, Tado in Togo, Dogbo Nyigbo in Benin Republic and with Nortsie (a walled town in present-day Togo) as their final dispersal point. Their dispersal from Nortsie was necessitated by the high-handed rule of King Agorkorli (Agɔ Akɔli) who was the reigning monarch of the tribe at that time. The Ewe in Ghana speak three principal dialects: Anlo(along the coast),Tongu(along the Volta river) and Ewedome (in the hill country side).The <a href="/wiki/Ga-Adangbe_people" title="Ga-Adangbe people">Ga-Dangme</a> occupy the Greater Accra Region and parts of the Eastern Region, while the Ewe are found in the <a href="/wiki/Volta_Region" title="Volta Region">Volta Region</a> as well as the neighbouring Togo, Benin Republic and Nigeria (around Badagry area). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_contact_and_colonialism">European contact and colonialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European contact and colonialism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast of West Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Slave Coast</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmina_slave_castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elmina_slave_castle.jpg/220px-Elmina_slave_castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elmina_slave_castle.jpg/330px-Elmina_slave_castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elmina_slave_castle.jpg/440px-Elmina_slave_castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast" title="Portuguese Gold Coast">Portuguese Gold Coast</a> with the construction of <a href="/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Elmina Castle</a> (Castelo da Mina) by <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Azambuja" title="Diogo de Azambuja">Diogo de Azambuja</a> in 1482, making it the oldest <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">European building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>.</figcaption></figure> Akan trade with European states began after contact with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> European contact was by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese people</a>, who came to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast region</a> in the 15th century to trade. The Portuguese then established the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast" title="Portuguese Gold Coast">Portuguese Gold Coast</a> (Costa do Ouro), focused on the availability of gold.<a href="#cite_note-History-47">[46]</a> The Portuguese built a trading lodge at a coastal settlement called Anomansah (the perpetual drink), which they renamed <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">São Jorge da Mina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History-47">[46]</a> In 1481, King <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II of Portugal</a> commissioned <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Azambuja" title="Diogo de Azambuja">Diogo de Azambuja</a> to build the <a href="/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Elmina Castle</a>, which was completed in three years.<a href="#cite_note-History-47">[46]</a> By 1598, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> had joined the Portuguese in the gold trade, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Dutch Gold Coast</a> (Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea – 'Dutch properties at the Guinea coast') and building forts at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Komenda" title="Fort Komenda">Fort Komenda</a> and Kormantsi.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_book-48">[47]</a> In 1617, the Dutch captured the Elmina Castle from the Portuguese and <a href="/wiki/Axim" title="Axim">Axim</a> in 1642 (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Anthony" title="Fort Saint Anthony">Fort St Anthony</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_book-48">[47]</a> European traders had joined in gold trading by the 17th century, including the <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Gold_Coast" title="Swedish Gold Coast">Swedish Gold Coast</a> (Svenska Guldkusten), and <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Gold_Coast" title="Danish Gold Coast">Danish Gold Coast</a> (Danske Guldkyst or Dansk Guinea).<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Ghana-49">[48]</a> European traders participated in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> in this area.<a href="#cite_note-Emmer-50">[49]</a> More than 30 forts and castles were built by the merchants. The Germans established the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Brandenburger Gold Coast</a> or Groß Friedrichsburg.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In 1874, Great Britain established control over some parts of the country, assigning these areas the status of the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">British Gold Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-colestablish-52">[51]</a> Military engagements occurred between British colonial powers and Akan nation-states. The Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a> defeated the British some times in the 100-year-long <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> and eventually lost with the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Golden_Stool" title="War of the Golden Stool">War of the Golden Stool</a> in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chronology_of_world_history-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_independence">Transition to independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transition to independence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Dominion of Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Independence_Act_1957" title="Ghana Independence Act 1957">Ghana Independence Act 1957</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_Independence_overprint_on_Gold_Coast_1s_stamp_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ghana_Independence_overprint_on_Gold_Coast_1s_stamp_1957.jpg/200px-Ghana_Independence_overprint_on_Gold_Coast_1s_stamp_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ghana_Independence_overprint_on_Gold_Coast_1s_stamp_1957.jpg/300px-Ghana_Independence_overprint_on_Gold_Coast_1s_stamp_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ghana_Independence_overprint_on_Gold_Coast_1s_stamp_1957.jpg/400px-Ghana_Independence_overprint_on_Gold_Coast_1s_stamp_1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="460" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Gold Coast postage stamp overprinted for Ghanaian independence in 1957</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ghana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv/200px--Ghana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="150" data-durationhint="56" data-mwtitle="Ghana_(1957-03-07_A_New_Nation).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Ghana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv/Ghana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Ghana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Ghana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv/Ghana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Ghana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv/Ghana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Ghana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv/Ghana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Ghana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv/Ghana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGhana_%281957-03-07_A_New_Nation%29.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">Celebrations marking Ghana's independence on 6 March 1957</div></div></div></div></div> In 1947, the newly formed <a href="/wiki/United_Gold_Coast_Convention" title="United Gold Coast Convention">United Gold Coast Convention</a> led by <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Six_(Ghana)" title="The Big Six (Ghana)">"The Big Six"</a> called for "self-government within the shortest possible time" following the <a href="/wiki/1946_Gold_Coast_general_election" title="1946 Gold Coast general election">1946 Gold Coast legislative election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Ghana-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, a Ghanaian nationalist who led Ghana from 1957 to 1966 as the country's first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ghana" title="Prime Minister of Ghana">prime minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">president</a>, formed the <a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a> in 1949 with the motto "self-government now".<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Ghana-49">[48]</a> The party initiated a "positive action" campaign involving non-violent protests, strikes and non-cooperation with the British authorities. Nkrumah was arrested and sentenced to one year imprisonment during this time. In the Gold Coast's <a href="/wiki/1951_Gold_Coast_general_election" title="1951 Gold Coast general election">1951 general election</a>, he was elected to Parliament and was released from prison.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Ghana-49">[48]</a> He became prime minister in 1952 and began a policy of Africanization.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At midnight of March 6, 1957, the Gold Coast, Ashanti, the Northern Territories, and <a href="/wiki/British_Togoland" title="British Togoland">British Togoland</a> were unified as one single independent dominion within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a> under the name Ghana. This was done under the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Independence_Act_1957" title="Ghana Independence Act 1957">Ghana Independence Act 1957</a>. The current <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ghana" title="Flag of Ghana">flag of Ghana</a>, consisting of the colours red, gold, green, and a black star, dates back to this unification.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_flag_and_description-57">[56]</a> On 1 July 1960, following the <a href="/wiki/1960_Ghanaian_constitutional_referendum" title="1960 Ghanaian constitutional referendum">Ghanaian constitutional referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/1960_Ghanaian_presidential_election" title="1960 Ghanaian presidential election">Ghanaian presidential election</a>, Nkrumah declared Ghana a republic and assumed the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-Universal_Newsreel-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-First_For_Sub-Saharan_Africa-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exploring_Africa_–_Decolonization-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Ghana-49">[48]</a> 6 March is the nation's <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Ghana)" title="Independence Day (Ghana)">Independence Day</a>, and 1 July is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day" title="Republic Day">Republic Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Nkrumah led an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> regime in Ghana, as he repressed political opposition and conducted elections that were not free and fair.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> In 1964, a <a href="/wiki/1964_Ghanaian_constitutional_referendum" title="1964 Ghanaian constitutional referendum">constitutional amendment</a> made Ghana a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>, with Nkrumah as <a href="/wiki/President_for_life" title="President for life">president for life</a> of both the nation and its party.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Nkrumah was the first African head of state to promote the concept of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a>, which he had been introduced to during his studies at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a>, Pennsylvania in the United States, at the time when <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a> was known for his "Back to Africa Movement".<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Ghana-49">[48]</a> He merged the teachings of Garvey, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and the naturalised Ghanaian scholar <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> into the formation of 1960s Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Ghana-49">[48]</a> Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, as he became known, played an instrumental part in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, and in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah_Ideological_Institute" title="Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute">Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute</a> to teach his ideologies of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> His life achievements were recognised by Ghanaians during his centenary birthday celebration, and the day was instituted as a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ghana" title="Public holidays in Ghana">public holiday in Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Founders%27_Day_(Ghana)" title="Founders' Day (Ghana)">Founders' Day</a>).<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Cold_Chop_and_aftermath">Operation Cold Chop and aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operation Cold Chop and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana_(1966%E2%80%931979)" title="History of Ghana (1966–1979)">History of Ghana (1966–1979)</a></div> The government of Nkrumah was subsequently overthrown in a coup by the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Armed_Forces" title="Ghana Armed Forces">Ghana Armed Forces</a>, codenamed "Operation Cold Chop". This occurred while Nkrumah was abroad with <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> in the People's Republic of China, on a mission to <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam, to help end the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The coup took place on 24 February 1966, led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Kwasi_Kotoka" title="Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka">Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka</a> and Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa. The <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Council" title="National Liberation Council">National Liberation Council</a> was formed, chaired by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah" title="Joseph Arthur Ankrah">Joseph A. Ankrah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-political_&_social_thought_of_Kwame_Nkrumah-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> A series of alternating military and civilian governments, often affected by economic instabilities,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> ruled Ghana from 1966, ending with the ascent to power of <a href="/wiki/Flight_lieutenant" title="Flight lieutenant">Flight Lieutenant</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry John Rawlings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Defence_Council" title="Provisional National Defence Council">Provisional National Defence Council</a> in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-Flight_Lieutenant_Jerry_John_Rawlings_(J.J_Rawlings)-71">[70]</a> These changes resulted in the suspension of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ghana" title="Constitution of Ghana">constitution</a> in 1981 and the banning of <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ghana" title="List of political parties in Ghana">political parties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rawlings:_The_legacy-72">[71]</a> The economy soon declined, so Rawlings negotiated a structural adjustment plan, changing many old economic policies, and growth recovered during the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Rawlings:_The_legacy-72">[71]</a> A new constitution restoring <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> politics was promulgated in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Ghanaian_presidential_election" title="1992 Ghanaian presidential election">presidential election of 1992</a>, in which Rawlings was elected, and again in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Ghanaian_general_election" title="1996 Ghanaian general election">general election of 1996</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elections_in_Ghana-73">[72]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Konkomba%E2%80%93Nanumba_conflict" title="Konkomba–Nanumba conflict">tribal war</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Region_(Ghana)" title="Northern Region (Ghana)">Northern Ghana</a> in 1994, between the <a href="/wiki/Konkomba_people" title="Konkomba people">Konkomba</a> and other ethnic groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Nanumba_people" title="Nanumba people">Nanumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagomba_people" title="Dagomba people">Dagomba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonja_people" title="Gonja people">Gonja</a>, between 1,000 and 2,000 people were killed and 150,000 people were displaced.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kpetoee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kpetoee.jpg/220px-Kpetoee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kpetoee.jpg/330px-Kpetoee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kpetoee.jpg/440px-Kpetoee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Chieftaincy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftaincy">chiefs</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/2000_Ghanaian_general_election" title="2000 Ghanaian general election">2000 general election</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Kufuor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Patriotic_Party" title="New Patriotic Party">New Patriotic Party</a> became president of Ghana on 7 January 2001 and was <a href="/wiki/2004_Ghanaian_general_election" title="2004 Ghanaian general election">re-elected in 2004</a>, thus also serving two terms (the term limit) as president of Ghana and marking the first time under the fourth republic that power was transferred from one legitimately elected head of state and head of government to another.<a href="#cite_note-Elections_in_Ghana-73">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a>, the ruling party candidate, was defeated in a very close <a href="/wiki/2008_Ghanaian_general_election" title="2008 Ghanaian general election">2008 general election</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">John Atta Mills</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Congress_(Ghana)" title="National Democratic Congress (Ghana)">National Democratic Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Mills died of natural causes and was succeeded by Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a> on 24 July 2012.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2012_Ghanaian_general_election" title="2012 Ghanaian general election">2012 general election</a>, Mahama became president in his own right,<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_President_John_Dramani_Mahama_sworn_in-78">[77]</a> and Ghana was described as a "stable democracy".<a href="#cite_note-OBG2012-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Ghanaian_general_election" title="2016 Ghanaian general election">2016 general election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a> became president on 7 January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> He was re-elected after a tightly contested <a href="/wiki/2020_Ghanaian_general_election" title="2020 Ghanaian general election">election in 2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> To combat deforestation, on 11 June 2021 Ghana inaugurated Green Ghana Day, with the aim of planting five million trees in a concentrated effort to preserve the country's rainforest cover.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Geography of Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Ghana" title="Geology of Ghana">Geology of Ghana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Ghana" title="Biodiversity of Ghana">Biodiversity of Ghana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ghana_Topography.png/174px-Ghana_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ghana_Topography.png/261px-Ghana_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ghana_Topography.png/348px-Ghana_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="931" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topographic map</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_sat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ghana_sat.png/140px-Ghana_sat.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ghana_sat.png/210px-Ghana_sat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ghana_sat.png/280px-Ghana_sat.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="774" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Satellite image</a></div></div></div></div></div> Ghana is located on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>, a few degrees north of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geography_Physical-85">[84]</a> It spans an area of 238,540 km2 (92,101 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-Geography_Physical-85">[84]</a> and has an Atlantic coastline that stretches 560 kilometres (350 miles) on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to its south.<a href="#cite_note-Geography_Physical-85">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dodi_Island" title="Dodi Island">Dodi Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobowasi_Island" title="Bobowasi Island">Bobowasi Island</a> are near the south coast.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_low_plains-86">[85]</a> It lies between latitudes 4°45'N and 11°N, and longitudes 1°15'E and 3°15'W. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">prime meridian</a> passes through Ghana, specifically through <a href="/wiki/Tema" title="Tema">Tema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geography_Physical-85">[84]</a> Ghana is geographically closer to the intersection of the Prime Meridian and the Equator than any other country, since this point, (0°, 0°), is located in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 614 km (382 mi) off the south-east coast of Ghana. Grasslands mixed with south coastal shrublands and forests dominate Ghana, with forest extending northward from the coast 320 kilometres (200 miles) and eastward for a maximum of about 270 kilometres (170 miles) with locations for mining of industrial minerals and timber.<a href="#cite_note-Geography_Physical-85">[84]</a> Ghana is home to five terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Guinean_forests" title="Eastern Guinean forests">Eastern Guinean forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic" title="Guinean forest–savanna mosaic">Guinean forest–savanna mosaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_mangroves" title="Central African mangroves">Central African mangroves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guinean_mangroves" title="Guinean mangroves">Guinean mangroves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-87">[86]</a> It had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 4.53/10, ranking it 112th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-88">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/White_Volta" title="White Volta">White Volta</a> River and its tributary <a href="/wiki/Black_Volta" title="Black Volta">Black Volta</a>, flow south through Ghana to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Volta" title="Lake Volta">Lake Volta</a>, the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_by_volume" title="List of reservoirs by volume">third-largest reservoir by volume</a> and largest by surface area, formed by the hydroelectric <a href="/wiki/Akosombo_Dam" title="Akosombo Dam">Akosombo Dam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> completed in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The Volta flows out of Lake Volta into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The northernmost part of Ghana is Pulmakong and the southernmost part of Ghana is <a href="/wiki/Cape_Three_Points" title="Cape Three Points">Cape Three Points</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geography_Physical-85">[84]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Landmarks, borders, and regions </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#71b37b;width:5px"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana#Plains" title="Geography of Ghana">Coastal Plain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apam" title="Apam">Apam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast">Cape Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakum_National_Park" title="Kakum National Park">Kakum National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokrobite" title="Kokrobite">Kokrobite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nzulezo" title="Nzulezo">Nzulezo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sekondi-Takoradi" title="Sekondi-Takoradi">Sekondi-Takoradi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_Foah" title="Ada Foah">Ada Foah</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> <a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">coastal plain</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">seat of government</a> and capital city, castles and forts and <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#64a0c7;width:5px"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana#Ashanti_Uplands" title="Geography of Ghana">Ashanti-Kwahu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koforidua" title="Koforidua">Koforidua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obuasi" title="Obuasi">Obuasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunyani" title="Sunyani">Sunyani</a> </td> <td>Forested hills and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ashanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ashanti">Kingdom of Ashanti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bf88bf;width:5px"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volta_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta Basin">Volta Basin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamale,_Ghana" title="Tamale, Ghana">Tamale</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Volta" title="Lake Volta">Lake Volta</a>, the river system that feeds it and Ghana eastern <a href="/wiki/Border_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Border crossing">border crossing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#b2be9b;width:5px"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana#High_plains" title="Geography of Ghana">Northern Plains</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wa,_Ghana" title="Wa, Ghana">Wa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolgatanga" title="Bolgatanga">Bolgatanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mole_National_Park" title="Mole National Park">Mole National Park</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">Savanna</a> plains and north Ghana <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade route</a> and <a href="/wiki/Border_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Border crossing">border crossing</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td rowspan="12"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_Regions_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ghana_Regions_map.png/300px-Ghana_Regions_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="448" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ghana_Regions_map.png/450px-Ghana_Regions_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ghana_Regions_map.png/600px-Ghana_Regions_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="2233" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map with <a href="/wiki/National_border" class="mw-redirect" title="National border">national border</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical region">geographical regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">terrestrial plains</a> colour-coded</div></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">Settlements </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat of Government">Seat of Government</a> and Capital city. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolgatanga" title="Bolgatanga">Bolgatanga</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Paga_Crocodile_Pond" title="Paga Crocodile Pond">Paga Crocodile Pond</a> location. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast">Cape Coast</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle" title="Cape Coast Castle">Cape Coast Castle</a> is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Coastal town with <a href="/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Elmina Castle</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koforidua" title="Koforidua">Koforidua</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Aburi_Botanical_Gardens" title="Aburi Botanical Gardens">Aburi Botanical Gardens</a> location. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Traditional centre of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ashanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ashanti">Kingdom of Ashanti</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Obuasi" title="Obuasi">Obuasi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">World's ninth largest <a href="/wiki/Gold_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold mine">gold mine</a> location; and <a href="/wiki/Mining_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining town">mining town</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sekondi-Takoradi" title="Sekondi-Takoradi">Sekondi-Takoradi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a> beaches such as <a href="/wiki/Busua_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Busua Beach">Busua Beach</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11_of_the_world's_most_unusual_surf_spots-92">[91]</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamale,_Ghana" title="Tamale, Ghana">Tamale</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Largest settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Kingdom of Dagbon</a> and gateway to <a href="/wiki/Mole_National_Park" title="Mole National Park">Mole National Park</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yendi,_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yendi, Ghana">Yendi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Traditional Capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Kingdom of Dagbon</a> and seat of <a href="/wiki/Yaa_Naa" title="Yaa Naa">Yaa Naa</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ghana" title="Climate of Ghana">climate of Ghana</a> is <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a>, and there is <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP_Climate-93">[92]</a> Ghana sits at the intersection of three hydro-climatic zones.<a href="#cite_note-:1-94">[93]</a> Changes in rainfall, weather conditions and sea-level rise affect the salinity of coastal waters. This is expected to negatively affect both farming and fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> In 2015, the government produced a document titled "Ghana's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution".<a href="#cite_note-:2-96">[95]</a> Following that, Ghana signed the Paris Climate Agreement in 2016. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ghana" title="Government of Ghana">Government of Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ghana" title="Politics of Ghana">Politics of Ghana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ghana" title="Regions of Ghana">Regions of Ghana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_Parliament_House_%E2%80%93_Ghana_Supreme_Court_%E2%80%93_Osu_Castle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghana_Parliament_House_%E2%80%93_Ghana_Supreme_Court_%E2%80%93_Osu_Castle.JPG/220px-Ghana_Parliament_House_%E2%80%93_Ghana_Supreme_Court_%E2%80%93_Osu_Castle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghana_Parliament_House_%E2%80%93_Ghana_Supreme_Court_%E2%80%93_Osu_Castle.JPG/330px-Ghana_Parliament_House_%E2%80%93_Ghana_Supreme_Court_%E2%80%93_Osu_Castle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghana_Parliament_House_%E2%80%93_Ghana_Supreme_Court_%E2%80%93_Osu_Castle.JPG/440px-Ghana_Parliament_House_%E2%80%93_Ghana_Supreme_Court_%E2%80%93_Osu_Castle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House_of_Ghana" title="Parliament House of Ghana">Parliament House of Ghana</a>, the Supreme Court of Ghana and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ghana" title="Judiciary of Ghana">Judiciary of Ghana</a> buildings and <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_House" title="Jubilee House">Jubilee House</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_palace" title="Presidential palace">presidential palace</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidents_of_Ghana_and_of_the_4th_Republic_of_Ghana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Presidents_of_Ghana_and_of_the_4th_Republic_of_Ghana.JPG/220px-Presidents_of_Ghana_and_of_the_4th_Republic_of_Ghana.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Presidents_of_Ghana_and_of_the_4th_Republic_of_Ghana.JPG/330px-Presidents_of_Ghana_and_of_the_4th_Republic_of_Ghana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Presidents_of_Ghana_and_of_the_4th_Republic_of_Ghana.JPG/440px-Presidents_of_Ghana_and_of_the_4th_Republic_of_Ghana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption> First President of the Republic of Ghana <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a> and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th presidents of the 4th Republic of Ghana <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Rawlings</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">Kufuor</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Evans_Atta_Mills" class="mw-redirect" title="John Evans Atta Mills">Mills</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dramani_Mahama" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dramani Mahama">Mahama</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ghana is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">constitutional democracy</a> with a parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> that is dominated by two parties—the National Democratic Congress (NDC) and the New Patriotic Party (NPP). Ghana alternated between civilian and military governments until January 1993, when the military government gave way to the Fourth Republic of Ghana after <a href="/wiki/1992_Ghanaian_presidential_election" title="1992 Ghanaian presidential election">presidential</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_Ghanaian_parliamentary_election" title="1992 Ghanaian parliamentary election">parliamentary elections</a> in late 1992. The 1992 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ghana" title="Constitution of Ghana">constitution of Ghana</a> divides powers among a <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Armed_Forces" title="Ghana Armed Forces">Ghana Armed Forces</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President of Ghana</a>), parliament (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ghana" title="Parliament of Ghana">Parliament of Ghana</a>), cabinet (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ghana" title="Cabinet of Ghana">Cabinet of Ghana</a>), council of state (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Ghana)" title="Council of State (Ghana)">Ghanaian Council of State</a>), and an independent judiciary (<a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ghana" title="Judiciary of Ghana">Judiciary of Ghana</a>). The government is elected by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> after every four years.<a href="#cite_note-cs-97">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a> won the presidency in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Ghanaian_general_election" title="2016 Ghanaian general election">general election in 2016</a>, defeating incumbent <a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a>. He also won the <a href="/wiki/2020_Ghanaian_general_election" title="2020 Ghanaian general election">2020 election</a> after the presidential election results were challenged at the Supreme Court by flagbearer of the NDC, John Mahama. Presidents are limited to two four-year terms in office. The president can serve a second term only upon re-election. The 2012 <a href="/wiki/Fragile_States_Index" title="Fragile States Index">Fragile States Index</a> indicated that Ghana is ranked the 67th-least fragile state in the world and the fifth-least fragile state in Africa. Ghana ranked 112th out of 177 countries on the index.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Ghana ranked as the 64th-least corrupt and politically corrupt country in the world out of all 174 countries ranked and ranked as the fifth-least corrupt and politically corrupt country in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Transparency International Corruption Perception Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Ghana was ranked seventh in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Index_of_African_Governance" title="Ibrahim Index of African Governance">Ibrahim Index of African Governance</a>. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African government, based on variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> According to 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Ghana is ranked 67th electoral democracy worldwide and 10th <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">electoral democracy in Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ghana" title="Foreign relations of Ghana">Foreign relations of Ghana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kofi_Annan_at_OYW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kofi_Annan_at_OYW.jpg/220px-Kofi_Annan_at_OYW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kofi_Annan_at_OYW.jpg/330px-Kofi_Annan_at_OYW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kofi_Annan_at_OYW.jpg/440px-Kofi_Annan_at_OYW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, Ghanaian diplomat and United Nations Secretary-General 1997–2006</figcaption></figure> Since independence, Ghana has been devoted to ideals of nonalignment and is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. Ghana favours international and regional political and economic co-operation, and is an active member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-H._E._Mr._Ken_Kanda-103">[102]</a> Ghana has a strong relationship with the United States. Three recent U.S. presidents—<a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>—and a Vice President—<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>—have made diplomatic trips to Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Many Ghanaian diplomats and politicians hold positions in international organisations, including Ghanaian diplomat and former <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Akua_Kuenyehia" title="Akua Kuenyehia">Akua Kuenyehia</a>, as well as former President <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry John Rawlings</a> and former President <a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Agyekum Kufuor</a>, who both served as diplomats of the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-cs-97">[96]</a> In September 2010, President <a href="/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">John Atta Mills</a> visited China on an official visit. Mills and China's former President <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> marked the 50th anniversary of diplomatic ties between the two nations, at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hu_Jintao-John_Atta_Mills-105">[104]</a> China reciprocated with an official visit in November 2011, by the vice-chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Tienong" title="Zhou Tienong">Zhou Tienong</a> who visited Ghana and met with Ghana's President <a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Xinhua2011-106">[105]</a> China recently became one of the top investing countries of Ghana, which predominantly focus on infrastructure, natural resources, and manufacturing sectors, have promoted economic growth, job creation, and technology transfer in Ghana. However, concerns regarding the sustainability of Chinese-financed projects, environmental impacts, and the lack of transparency in their investments call for a careful assessment of these collaborations.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Iranian President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> met with Mahama in 2013 to hold discussions on strengthening the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and also co–chair a bilateral meeting between Ghana and Iran at the Ghanaian <a href="/wiki/Presidential_palace" title="Presidential palace">presidential palace</a> <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_House" title="Jubilee House">Flagstaff House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmadinejad-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmadinejad2-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-CPP_welcomes_President_Ahmadinejad_visit_to_Ghana-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghana_welcomed_Iran's_President_Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-President_Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad-112">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Ghana" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Ghana">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDG) were integrated into Ghana's development agenda and the budget. According to reports, the SDGs were implemented through a decentralized planning approach. This allows for stakeholders' participation, such as in UN agencies, traditional leaders, civil society organizations, academia, and others.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The 17 SDGs are a global call to action to end poverty among others, and the UN and its partners in the country are working towards achieving them.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> According to the President <a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a>, Ghana was "the first sub-Saharan African country to achieve the goal of halving poverty, as contained in Goal 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>".<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Armed_Forces" title="Ghana Armed Forces">Ghana Armed Forces</a></div> In 1957, the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Armed_Forces" title="Ghana Armed Forces">Ghana Armed Forces</a> (GAF) consisted of its headquarters, support services, three battalions of infantry and a reconnaissance squadron with armoured vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-Canada's_Military_Assistance-116">[115]</a> President Nkrumah aimed at rapidly expanding the GAF to support the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a> ambitions. Thus, in 1961, 4th and 5th Battalions were established, and in 1964 6th Battalion was established, from a <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">parachute</a> <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne unit</a> originally raised in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Today, Ghana is a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_hegemony" title="Regional hegemony">regional hegemon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-South_America_and_West_Africa-19">[18]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/Shake_Hands_with_the_Devil_(book)" title="Shake Hands with the Devil (book)">Shake Hands with the Devil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Forces</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire" title="Roméo Dallaire">Roméo Dallaire</a> highly rated the GAF soldiers and military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-Canada's_Military_Assistance-116">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">military operations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">military doctrine</a> of the GAF are conceptualised in the constitution, Ghana's Law on Armed Force Military Strategy, and <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_International_Peacekeeping_Training_Centre" title="Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre">Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre</a> agreements to which GAF is attestator.<a href="#cite_note-Defence-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghana's_Regional_Security_Policy-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-KAIPTC-120">[119]</a> GAF military operations are executed under the auspices and imperium of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Ghana)" title="Ministry of Defence (Ghana)">Ministry of Defence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Defence-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vision_&_Mission-121">[120]</a> Although Ghana is relatively peaceful and is often considered being one of the least violent countries in the region, Ghana has experienced political violence in the past and 2017 has thus far seen an upward trend in incidents motivated by political grievances.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ghana" title="Law enforcement in Ghana">Law enforcement in Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ghana" title="Crime in Ghana">Crime in Ghana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_Police_Service_Motorbikes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ghana_Police_Service_Motorbikes.jpg/220px-Ghana_Police_Service_Motorbikes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ghana_Police_Service_Motorbikes.jpg/330px-Ghana_Police_Service_Motorbikes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Ghana_Police_Service_Motorbikes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Militarized_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Militarized police">Militarized police</a> Unit of the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service" title="Ghana Police Service">Ghana Police Service</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service" title="Ghana Police Service">Ghana Police Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department" title="Criminal Investigation Department">Criminal Investigation Department</a> are the main law enforcement agencies, responsible for the detection of crime, maintenance of law and order and the maintenance of internal peace and security.<a href="#cite_note-MINT-123">[122]</a> The Ghana Police Service has eleven specialised police units, including a <a href="/wiki/Militarized_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Militarized police">Militarized police</a> <a href="/wiki/Rapid_deployment_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid deployment force">Rapid deployment force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service#Marine_Police_Unit" title="Ghana Police Service">Marine Police Unit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNIT-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-POLICE-125">[124]</a> The Ghana Police Service operates in 12 divisions: ten covering the regions of Ghana, one assigned specifically to the seaport and industrial hub of <a href="/wiki/Tema" title="Tema">Tema</a>, and the twelfth being the Railways, Ports and Harbours Division.<a href="#cite_note-POLICE-125">[124]</a> The Ghana Police Service's Marine Police Unit and Division handles issues that arise from the country's offshore <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry">oil and gas industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-POLICE-125">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Prisons_Service" title="Ghana Prisons Service">Ghana Prisons Service</a> and the sub-division <a href="/wiki/Borstal_Institute_for_Juveniles" title="Borstal Institute for Juveniles">Borstal Institute for Juveniles</a> administers incarceration.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_Prisons_Service_General_Information-126">[125]</a> Ghana retains and exercises the death penalty for treason, corruption, robbery, piracy, drug trafficking, rape, and homicide.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_–_Death_Penalty-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Criminal_Code_and_Courts-128">[127]</a> The new sustainable development goals adopted by the United Nations call for the international community to come together to promote the rule of law; support equal access to justice for all; reduce corruption; and develop effective, accountable, and transparent institutions at all levels.<a href="#cite_note-DIPNote:_Promoting_Peace,_Justice,_and_Strong_Institutions_in_the_Great_Lakes-129">[128]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drugtrade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Drugtrade.png/220px-Drugtrade.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Drugtrade.png/330px-Drugtrade.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Drugtrade.png/440px-Drugtrade.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Ghana is among the sovereign states of West Africa used by <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartels</a> and drug traffickers (shown in orange).</figcaption></figure> Ghana is used as a key narcotics industry transshipment point by traffickers, usually from South America as well as some from other African nations.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_hit_by_illegal_drug_trade-130">[129]</a> In 2013, the UN chief of the Office on Drugs and Crime stated that "West Africa is completely weak in terms of border control and the big drug cartels from <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> have chosen Africa as a way to reach Europe."<a href="#cite_note-DW_Made_for_minds:_Illegal_drug_use_on_the_rise_in_Africa-131">[130]</a> There is not a wide or popular knowledge about the narcotics industry and intercepted narcotics within Ghana, since it is an <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">underground economy</a>. The social context within which narcotic trafficking, storage, transportation, and repacking systems exist in Ghana and the state's location along the Gulf of Guinea makes Ghana an attractive country for the narcotics business.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_hit_by_illegal_drug_trade-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghana_could_be_taken_over_by_drug_barons_if-132">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Board_(Ghana)" title="Narcotics Control Board (Ghana)">Narcotics Control Board</a> has impounded container ships at the Sekondi Naval Base in the <a href="/wiki/Takoradi_Harbour" title="Takoradi Harbour">Takoradi Harbour</a>. These ships were carrying thousands of kilograms of cocaine, with a street value running into billions of <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Ghana cedis</a>. However, drug seizures saw a decline in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_hit_by_illegal_drug_trade-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghana_could_be_taken_over_by_drug_barons_if-132">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">Drug cartels</a> are using new methods in narcotics production and narcotics exportation, to avoid Ghanaian security agencies.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_hit_by_illegal_drug_trade-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghana_could_be_taken_over_by_drug_barons_if-132">[131]</a> Underdeveloped institutions, porous open borders, and the existence of established smuggling organisations contribute to Ghana's position in the narcotics industry.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_hit_by_illegal_drug_trade-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghana_could_be_taken_over_by_drug_barons_if-132">[131]</a> President Mills initiated ongoing efforts to reduce the role of airports in Ghana's drug trade.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_hit_by_illegal_drug_trade-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ghana" title="Human rights in Ghana">Human rights in Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ghana">LGBT rights in Ghana</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual acts</a> are prohibited by law in Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> According to a 2013 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 96% of Ghanaians believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.<a href="#cite_note-pewglobal.org-134">[133]</a> Sometimes elderly <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">women in Ghana</a> are accused of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, particularly in rural Ghana. Issues of witchcraft mainly remain as speculations based on superstitions within families. In some parts of northern Ghana, there exist what are called <a href="/wiki/Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">witch camps</a>. These are said to house a total of around 1,000 people accused of witchcraft.<a href="#cite_note-Camps-135">[134]</a> The Ghanaian government has announced that it intends to close the camps.<a href="#cite_note-Camps-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Economy of Ghana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ghana" title="Agriculture in Ghana">Agriculture in Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Ghana#Automobile_manufacturing" title="Manufacturing in Ghana">Manufacturing in Ghana § Automobile manufacturing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Change in per capita GDP, 1870–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ghana_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/290px-Ghana_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ghana_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/435px-Ghana_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ghana_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/580px-Ghana_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>A proportional representation of exports, 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_Export_Trends.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ghana_Export_Trends.jpg/220px-Ghana_Export_Trends.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ghana_Export_Trends.jpg/330px-Ghana_Export_Trends.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ghana_Export_Trends.jpg/440px-Ghana_Export_Trends.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Ghana Petroleum and <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a>; exports in <a href="/wiki/Percentage" title="Percentage">percentage</a></figcaption></figure> Ghana possesses <a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>. It is an emerging designated <a href="/wiki/Digital_economy" title="Digital economy">digital economy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> hybridisation and an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">emerging market</a>. It has an economic plan target known as the "Ghana Vision 2020". This plan envisions Ghana as the first African country to become a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> between 2020 and 2029 and a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">newly industrialised country</a> between 2030 and 2039.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> This excludes fellow <a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">Group of 24</a> member and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a> country South Africa, which is a newly industrialised country.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Ghana's economy has ties to the <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Chinese yuan renminbi</a> along with Ghana's vast gold reserves. In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ghana" title="Bank of Ghana">Bank of Ghana</a> began circulating the renminbi throughout Ghanaian state-owned banks and to the Ghana public as <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a> along with the national <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Ghanaian cedi</a> for second national trade currency.<a href="#cite_note-BoG_introduce_Chinese_Yuan_onto_the_FX_market-138">[137]</a> Between 2012 and 2013, 38% of rural dwellers were experiencing poverty whereas only 11% of urban dwellers were.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Urban areas hold greater opportunity for employment, particularly in informal trade, while nearly all (94 percent) of "rural poor households" participate in the agricultural sector.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Volta_River_Authority" title="Volta River Authority">Volta River Authority</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Ghana National Petroleum Corporation">Ghana National Petroleum Corporation</a>, both state-owned, are the two major electricity producers.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_–_Gross_Domestic_Product-141">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Akosombo_Dam" title="Akosombo Dam">Akosombo Dam</a>, built on the Volta River in 1965, along with the <a href="/wiki/Bui_Dam" title="Bui Dam">Bui Dam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kpong_Dam" title="Kpong Dam">Kpong Dam</a> and several other hydroelectric dams, provide <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-New_fuel_for_faster_development-143">[142]</a> In addition, the government sought to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Ghana" title="Nuclear power in Ghana">build the second nuclear power plant in Africa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Stock_Exchange" title="Ghana Stock Exchange">Ghana Stock Exchange</a> is the fifth largest on continental Africa and 3rd largest in sub-saharan Africa with a <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Cedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghana Cedi">GH¢</a> 57.2 billion or <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">CN¥</a>180.4 billion in 2012 with the South Africa <a href="/wiki/JSE_Limited" title="JSE Limited">JSE Limited</a> as first.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Stock_Exchange" title="Ghana Stock Exchange">Ghana Stock Exchange</a> was the second best performing <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> in sub-saharan Africa in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Ghana produces high-quality <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_Entering_A_Sweet,_Golden_Era-146">[145]</a> It is the second largest producer of cocoa globally and its <a href="/wiki/International_Cocoa_Organization" title="International Cocoa Organization">ICCO</a> membership helps in its international cocoa trade.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Ghana is classified as a middle income country.<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GH-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Services</a> account for 50% of GDP, followed by <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">manufacturing</a> (24.1%), <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">extractive industries</a> (5%), and taxes (20.9%).<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_–_Gross_Domestic_Product-141">[140]</a> Ghana has an increasing primary manufacturing economy and export of digital technology goods along with assembling and exporting automobiles and ships, diverse resource rich exportation of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial minerals</a>, agricultural products primarily cocoa, petroleum and natural gas,<a href="#cite_note-Ghana's_Jubilee_oil_field_nears_output_plateau_-operator-149">[148]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Private industry">industries</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a> primarily via Ghana's state digital technology corporation <a href="/wiki/Rlg_Communications" title="Rlg Communications">Rlg Communications</a> which manufactures <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a> with <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_–_Gross_Domestic_Product-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Top_5_Countries_for_ICT_in_Africa-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban car">Urban</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric cars</a> have been manufactured in Ghana since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> It announced plans to issue government debt by way of social and green bonds in Autumn 2021, making it the first African country to do so.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> The country, which was planning to borrow up to $5 billion in international markets,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] would use the proceeds from these sustainable bonds to refinance debt used for social and environmental projects and pay for educational or health. Only a few other nations have sold them so far, including <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>. The country will use the proceeds to forge ahead with a free secondary-school initiative started in 2017 among other programs, despite having recorded its lowest economic growth rate in 37 years in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jubilee_Oil_Field_of_the_Ghana_National_Petroleum_Corporation_(GNPC)_and_National_Petroleum_Authority.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Jubilee_Oil_Field_of_the_Ghana_National_Petroleum_Corporation_%28GNPC%29_and_National_Petroleum_Authority.png/220px-Jubilee_Oil_Field_of_the_Ghana_National_Petroleum_Corporation_%28GNPC%29_and_National_Petroleum_Authority.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Jubilee_Oil_Field_of_the_Ghana_National_Petroleum_Corporation_%28GNPC%29_and_National_Petroleum_Authority.png/330px-Jubilee_Oil_Field_of_the_Ghana_National_Petroleum_Corporation_%28GNPC%29_and_National_Petroleum_Authority.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Jubilee_Oil_Field_of_the_Ghana_National_Petroleum_Corporation_%28GNPC%29_and_National_Petroleum_Authority.png 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Oil_Field" title="Jubilee Oil Field">Jubilee Oil Field</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Ghana National Petroleum Corporation">Ghana National Petroleum Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Petroleum_Authority" title="National Petroleum Authority">National Petroleum Authority</a>, located off the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Region_(Ghana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Region (Ghana)">Western Region</a></figcaption></figure> It produces and exports <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet crude oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Five_Countries_to_Watch-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> The 100%-state-owned <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">filling station</a> company, <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Oil_Company" title="Ghana Oil Company">Ghana Oil Company</a>, is the number 1 petroleum and gas filling station, and the 100%-state-owned state oil company <a href="/wiki/Ghana_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Ghana National Petroleum Corporation">Ghana National Petroleum Corporation</a> oversees <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">hydrocarbon exploration</a> and production of petroleum and natural gas reserves. Ghana aims to further increase the output of oil to 2.2 million barrels (350,000 m3) per day and gas to 34,000,000 cubic metres (1.2×10<s style="display:none">^</s>9 cu ft) per day.<a href="#cite_note-cs2-158">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Oil_Field" title="Jubilee Oil Field">Jubilee Oil Field</a>, which contains up to 3 billion barrels (480,000,000 m3) of sweet crude oil, was discovered in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Ghana is believed to have up to 5 billion barrels (790,000,000 m3) to 7 billion barrels (1.1×109 m3) of petroleum in reserves,<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> which is the fifth-largest in Africa and the 21st-to-25th-<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">largest proven reserves</a> in the world. It also has up to 1.7×1011 cubic metres (6×10<s style="display:none">^</s>12 cu ft) of natural gas in reserves.<a href="#cite_note-Atuabo_gas_project_to_propel_more_growth-161">[160]</a> The government has drawn up plans to <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalise</a> petroleum and natural gas reserves to increase government revenue.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> As of 2019, Ghana was the 7th largest producer of gold in the world, producing ~140 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> that year.<a href="#cite_note-CEIC-163">[162]</a> This record saw Ghana surpass South Africa in output for the first time, making Ghana the largest gold producer in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> In addition to gold, Ghana exports <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, timber, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, and has other mineral deposits.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Ghana ranks 9th in the world in diamond export and reserve size.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The government has drawn up plans to <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalize</a> mining industry to increase government revenue.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> "Shortages" of electricity in 2015 and 2016 led to <a href="/wiki/Dumsor" title="Dumsor">dumsor</a> ("persistent, irregular and unpredictable" electric power outages),<a href="#cite_note-germany-169">[168]</a> increasing the interest in renewables.<a href="#cite_note-graphic1-170">[169]</a> As of 2019, there is a surplus of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ghana" title="Judiciary of Ghana">judicial system of Ghana</a> deals with corruption, economic malpractice and lack of economic transparency.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_Economy_–_heritage-172">[171]</a> According to Transparency International's <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> of 2018, out of 180 countries, Ghana was ranked 78th, with a score of 41 on a scale where a 0–9 score means highly corrupt, and a 90–100 score means very clean. This was based on perceived levels of public sector corruption.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ghana" title="Transport in Ghana">Transport in Ghana</a></div> The trans-African automobile route – the <a href="/wiki/Dakar-Lagos_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakar-Lagos Highway">Dakar-Lagos Highway</a> passes through Ghana. There are several <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Ghana" title="List of airports in Ghana">airports in Ghana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ghana" title="Rail transport in Ghana">Rail transport in Ghana</a> have a gauge of 1067 mm (<a href="/wiki/Cape_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape gauge">Cape gauge</a>). Sea transportation is developed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> Ghana launched a cellular mobile network in 1992. It was later connected to the Internet and introduced ADSL broadband services.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaweb-174">[173]</a> It was ranked 99th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre" title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre</a> (GSSTC) and Ghana Space Agency (GhsA) oversee <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> and space programmes. GSSTC and GhsA worked to have a <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">observational satellite</a> launched into orbit in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-BBCSpace-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Ghana's annual space exploration expenditure has been 1% of its GDP, to support research in science and technology. In 2012, Ghana was elected to chair the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Science_and_Technology_for_Sustainable_Development_in_the_South" title="Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South">Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South</a> (Comsats); Ghana has a joint effort in space exploration with the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">South African National Space Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCSpace-178">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ghana" title="Tourism in Ghana">Tourism in Ghana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surfers_Surfing_at_Busua_Beach_in_Western_region,_Ghana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Surfers_Surfing_at_Busua_Beach_in_Western_region%2C_Ghana.jpg/220px-Surfers_Surfing_at_Busua_Beach_in_Western_region%2C_Ghana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Surfers_Surfing_at_Busua_Beach_in_Western_region%2C_Ghana.jpg/330px-Surfers_Surfing_at_Busua_Beach_in_Western_region%2C_Ghana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Surfers_Surfing_at_Busua_Beach_in_Western_region%2C_Ghana.jpg/440px-Surfers_Surfing_at_Busua_Beach_in_Western_region%2C_Ghana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Surfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfer">Surfers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Busua_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Busua Beach">Busua Beach</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Region_(Ghana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Region (Ghana)">Western Region</a><a href="#cite_note-11_of_the_world's_most_unusual_surf_spots-92">[91]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2011, tourists visiting Ghana numbered 1,087,000,<a href="#cite_note-WAO-180">[179]</a> with arrivals including South Americans, Asians, Europeans, and North Americans.<a href="#cite_note-Trade_Expo_International_Ghana-181">[180]</a> Among the attractions and tourist destinations are waterfalls such as <a href="/wiki/Kintampo_waterfalls" title="Kintampo waterfalls">Kintampo waterfalls</a> and the largest waterfall in west Africa, <a href="/wiki/Wli_waterfalls" title="Wli waterfalls">Wli waterfalls</a>, the coastal palm-lined sandy beaches, caves, mountains, rivers, and reservoirs and lakes such as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bosumtwi" title="Lake Bosumtwi">Lake Bosumtwi</a> and the largest human-made lake in the world by surface area, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Volta" title="Lake Volta">Lake Volta</a>, dozens of <a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ghana" title="List of castles in Ghana">forts and castles</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>, nature reserves and national parks.<a href="#cite_note-Trade_Expo_International_Ghana-181">[180]</a> Notable castles are <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle_Museum" title="Cape Coast Castle Museum">Cape Coast Castle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Elmina Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Castles mark where blood was shed in the slave trade and preserve and promote the African heritage stolen and destroyed through the slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-Centre-183">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Convention</a> of UNESCO named Ghana's castles and forts as World Heritage Monuments, based on the criterion: "The Castles and Forts of Ghana shaped not only Ghana’s history but that of the world over four centuries as the focus of first the gold trade and then the slave trade. They are a significant and emotive symbol of European-African encounters and of the starting point of the African Diaspora."<a href="#cite_note-Centre-183">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> statistics in 2010 showed that out of the world's favourite tourist destinations, Ghana was ranked 108th out of 139 countries.<a href="#cite_note-RANK-184">[183]</a> The country had moved two places up from the 2009 rankings. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> magazine published that Ghana was ranked the 11th most friendly country in the world. The assertion was based on a survey in 2010 of a cross-section of travellers. Of all the African countries that were included in the survey, Ghana ranked highest.<a href="#cite_note-RANK-184">[183]</a> Tourism is the fourth highest earner of foreign exchange for the country.<a href="#cite_note-RANK-184">[183]</a> In 2024, Ghana ranked as the <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">55th most peaceful country</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Up and down the coastline, surfing spots have been identified and cultivated by locals and internationals. Surfers have made trips to the country to sample the waves. Surfers carried their boards amid <a href="/wiki/Traditional_fishing_boat" title="Traditional fishing boat">traditional fishing vessels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> According to Destination Pride<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a>—a data-driven search platform used to visualize the world's LGBTQ+ laws, rights and social sentiment—Ghana's Pride score is 22 (out of 100).<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ghana" title="Demographics of Ghana">Demographics of Ghana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian people">Ghanaian people</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnic Groups in Ghana</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnic Groups</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Akan</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:47.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">47.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Mole-Dagbani</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:16.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">16.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Ewe</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:13.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">13.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Ga-Dangme</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:7.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Gurma</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:5.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Guan</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:3.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.7%</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Grusi</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:white; width:2.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Mande</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:maroon; width:1.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgray; width:1.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.4%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit">[update]</a> United Nations' reports, Ghana has a population of 34,581,288.<a href="#cite_note-:0-189">[188]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit">[update]</a>, around 29% of the population is under the age of 15, while persons aged 15–64 make up 57.8% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-databank.worldbank.org-190">[189]</a> The 2010 census reported that the largest ethnic groups are the Akan (47.3%), the Mole-Dagbani (16.6%), the Ewe (13.9%), the Ga-Dangme (7.4%), the Gurma (5.7%) and the Guan (3.7%).<a href="#cite_note-statsghana.gov.gh-191">[190]</a>As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit">[update]</a> United Nations' reports, the median age of Ghanaian citizens is 21 years old.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Ghana contributes 0.42% to the total world population.<a href="#cite_note-:0-189">[188]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Ghana" title="Immigration to Ghana">recent legal immigration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Skilled_worker" title="Skilled worker">skilled workers</a> who possess <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Card" title="Ghana Card">Ghana Cards</a>, there is a small population of Chinese, Malaysian, Indian, Middle Eastern and European nationals. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Immigration_Service" title="Ghana Immigration Service">Ghana Immigration Service</a> reported many <a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">economic migrants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Ghana" title="Illegal immigration to Ghana">Illegal immigrants inhabiting Ghana</a>: 14.6% (or 3.1 million) of Ghana's 2010 population (predominantly Nigerians, Burkinabe citizens, Togolese citizens, and Malian citizens). In 1969, under the "Ghana Aliens Compliance Order" enacted by then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Abrefa_Busia" title="Kofi Abrefa Busia">Kofi Abrefa Busia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_Owes_no_Apology_to_Anybody_for_Aliens_Compliance_Order-193">[192]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Unit" title="Border Guard Unit">Border Guard Unit</a> deported more than 3,000,000 aliens and illegal immigrants in three months as they made up 20% of the population at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_Owes_no_Apology_to_Anybody_for_Aliens_Compliance_Order-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Ghana's_1969_Aliens_Compliance_Order-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> In 2013, there was a mass deportation of illegal miners, more than 4,000 of whom were Chinese nationals.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Ghana <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2021 Ghana census</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ghana" title="List of cities in Ghana">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ghana" title="Regions of Ghana">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Accra" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Accra">Greater Accra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,964,264 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Region" title="Ashanti Region">Ashanti Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,468,609 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tamale,_Ghana" title="Tamale, Ghana">Tamale, Ghana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Region_(Ghana)" title="Northern Region (Ghana)">Northern Region (Ghana)</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">360,579 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Takoradi" class="mw-redirect" title="Takoradi">Takoradi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Region_(Ghana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Region (Ghana)">Western Region (Ghana)</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">232,919 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sunyani" title="Sunyani">Sunyani</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bono_Region" title="Bono Region">Bono Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">202,932 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Teshie" title="Teshie">Teshie</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Accra" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Accra">Greater Accra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">176,597 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast">Cape Coast</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region_(Ghana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Region (Ghana)">Central Region (Ghana)</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">143,015 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sekondi-Takoradi" title="Sekondi-Takoradi">Sekondi-Takoradi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region_(Ghana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Region (Ghana)">Central Region (Ghana)</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">138,872 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Obuasi" title="Obuasi">Obuasi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Region" title="Ashanti Region">Ashanti Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">137,856 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Koforidua" title="Koforidua">Koforidua</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region_(Ghana)" title="Eastern Region (Ghana)">Eastern Region (Ghana)</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">130,810 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Languages of Ghana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Predominant_tribe_in_the_area_-_(Ghana)_LOC_88692692.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Predominant_tribe_in_the_area_-_%28Ghana%29_LOC_88692692.jpg/260px-Predominant_tribe_in_the_area_-_%28Ghana%29_LOC_88692692.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Predominant_tribe_in_the_area_-_%28Ghana%29_LOC_88692692.jpg/390px-Predominant_tribe_in_the_area_-_%28Ghana%29_LOC_88692692.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Predominant_tribe_in_the_area_-_%28Ghana%29_LOC_88692692.jpg/520px-Predominant_tribe_in_the_area_-_%28Ghana%29_LOC_88692692.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3602" data-file-height="4985" /></a><figcaption>Map of Ghana's ethno-linguistic areas.</figcaption></figure> English is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-USA-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Additionally, there are eleven languages that have the status of government-sponsored languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Akan languages">Akan languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asante_dialect" title="Asante dialect">Asante Twi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akuapem_Twi" class="mw-redirect" title="Akuapem Twi">Akuapem Twi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fante_dialect" title="Fante dialect">Fante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bono language">Bono</a> which have a high degree of mutual intelligibility, and <a href="/wiki/Nzema_language" title="Nzema language">Nzema</a>, which is less intelligible with the above)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangme_language" title="Dangme language">Dangme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_language" title="Gua language">Guan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasena_language" title="Kasena language">Kasem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole%E2%80%93Dagbani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole–Dagbani languages">Mole–Dagbani languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dagaare" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagaare">Dagaare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbanli</a>)<a href="#cite_note-NCA-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a></li></ul> Of these, Asante Twi is the most widely spoken.<a href="#cite_note-Introduction_To_The_Verbal_and_Multi-Verbalsystem_of_Akan-202">[201]</a> Because Ghana is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_French_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where French is an official language">French-speaking countries</a>, French is widely taught in schools and used for commercial and international economic exchanges. Since 2005, Ghana has been an associate member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> the global organisation that unites French-speaking countries (84 nations on six continents). In 2005, more than 350,000 Ghanaian children studied French in schools. Since then, its status has been progressively updated to a mandatory language in every junior high school,<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> and it is in the process of becoming an official language.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_English" title="Ghanaian Pidgin English">Ghanaian Pidgin English</a>, also known as Kru English (or in Akan, kroo brofo), is a variety of <a href="/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_English" title="West African Pidgin English">West African Pidgin English</a> spoken in Accra and in the southern towns.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1999_p139-207">[206]</a> It can be divided into two varieties, referred to as "uneducated" or "non-institutionalized" pidgin and "educated" or "institutionalized" pidgin, the former associated with uneducated or illiterate people and the latter acquired and used in institutions such as universities.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1999_p138-153-208">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Religion in Ghana</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the largest religion in Ghana, with 71.3% of the population being members of various <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> as of the 2021 census.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is practised by 20% of the total population. According to a 2012 report by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a>, 51% of Muslims are followers of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, while approximately 16% belong to the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> movement and around 8% identify with <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Islam, while the remainder are <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominational Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TheWorld'sMuslims:UnityandDiversity-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-rs-211">[210]</a> There is "no significant link between ethnicity and religion in Ghana".<a href="#cite_note-stte.gov-212">[211]</a> Ghana has around 150,000 Jehovah's Witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_health_care_and_life_expectancy">Universal health care and life expectancy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Universal health care and life expectancy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ghana" title="Health in Ghana">Health in Ghana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eye_care_in_Ghana" title="Eye care in Ghana">Eye care in Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optometry_in_Ghana" title="Optometry in Ghana">Optometry in Ghana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Life_expectancy_in_Ghana.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Life_expectancy_in_Ghana.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Life_expectancy_in_Ghana.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of life expectancy, 1921 to 2019</figcaption></figure> Ghana has a <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system, <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Insurance_Scheme_(Ghana)" title="National Health Insurance Scheme (Ghana)">National Health Insurance Scheme</a> (NHIS), which is strictly designated for <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian people">Ghanaian nationals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Health care is variable throughout Ghana and in 2012, more than 12 million Ghanaian nationals were covered by the NHIS.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana:_National_Health_Insurance_Scheme_(NHIS)-215">[214]</a> Urban centres are well served and contain most of the hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies. There are more than 200 hospitals, and Ghana is a destination for <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> In 2010, there were 0.1 physicians per 1,000 people and as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit">[update]</a>, 0.9 hospital beds per 1,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-databank.worldbank.org-190">[189]</a> In 2010, 5.2% of Ghana's GDP was spent on health.<a href="#cite_note-Field_Listing:_Health_expenditures-217">[216]</a> In 2020, the WHO announced Ghana became the second country in the WHO African Region to attain regulatory system "maturity level 3", the second-highest in the four-tiered WHO classification of <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_medicines_regulatory_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National medicines regulatory systems (page does not exist)">National medicines regulatory systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Life expectancy at birth in 2024 was 69 for a female and 64 for a male.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> was to 39 per 1,000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-Listing:_Infant_mortality_rate-219">[218]</a> Sources vary on life expectancy at birth; the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) estimated 62 years for men and 64 years for women born in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> The fertility rate declined from 3.99 (2000) to 3.28 (2010) with 2.78 in urban region and 3.94 in rural region.<a href="#cite_note-statsghana.gov.gh-191">[190]</a> The United Nations reports a fertility decline from 6.95 (1970) to 4.82 (2000) to 3.93 live births per woman in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> prevalence was estimated at 1.40% among adults aged 15–49.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Education in Ghana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Outreach_in_Ghana_6.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wikimedia_Outreach_in_Ghana_6.jpeg/220px-Wikimedia_Outreach_in_Ghana_6.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wikimedia_Outreach_in_Ghana_6.jpeg/330px-Wikimedia_Outreach_in_Ghana_6.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wikimedia_Outreach_in_Ghana_6.jpeg/440px-Wikimedia_Outreach_in_Ghana_6.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Education system's implementation of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a></figcaption></figure> The education system is divided into three parts: basic education, secondary cycle, and tertiary education. "Basic education" lasts 11 years (ages 4‒15).<a href="#cite_note-GEScurr-223">[222]</a> It is divided into kindergarten (two years), primary school (two modules of three years) and junior high (three years). Junior high school ends with the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Education_Certificate_Examination" title="Basic Education Certificate Examination">Basic Education Certificate Examination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GEScurr-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-GEScurr2-224">[223]</a> Once certified, the pupil can proceed to the secondary cycle.<a href="#cite_note-BECE-225">[224]</a> Hence, the pupil has the choice between general education (offered by the senior high school) and vocational education (offered by the technical senior high school or the technical and vocational institutes). Senior high school lasts 3 years and leads to the <a href="/wiki/West_African_Senior_School_Certificate_Examination" title="West African Senior School Certificate Examination">West African Senior School Certificate Examination</a>, which is a prerequisite for enrollment in a university bachelor's degree programme.<a href="#cite_note-nab.gov.gh-226">[225]</a>: 7  Polytechnics are open to vocational students.<a href="#cite_note-UNEVOC-227">[226]</a> A bachelor's degree requires four years of study. It can be followed by a one- or two-year master's degree programme, which can be followed by a PhD programme of at least three years.<a href="#cite_note-nab.gov.gh-226">[225]</a>: 9  A polytechnic programme lasts two or three years.<a href="#cite_note-UNEVOC-227">[226]</a> Ghana possesses colleges of education.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> Some of the universities are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology">Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Coast" title="University of Cape Coast">University of Cape Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> There are more than 95% of children in school.<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF_–_Basic_Education_and_Gender_Equality-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> The female and male ages 15–24 years literacy rate was 81% in 2010, with males at 82%,<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> and females at 80%.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> A education system annually attracts <a href="/wiki/Foreign_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign student">foreign students</a> particularly in the university sector.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> Ghana has a <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free education</a> six-year primary school education system beginning at age 6.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_Lauded_for_Free_Primary_School_Program-236">[235]</a> The government largely funds basic education comprising public primary schools and public junior high schools. Senior high schools were subsidised by the government until September 2017/2018 academic year that senior high education became free.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> At the higher education level, the government funds more than 80% of resources provided to public universities, polytechnics and teacher training colleges. As part of the Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education, Fcube, the government supplies all basic education schools with all their textbooks and other educational supplies, like exercise books. Senior high schools are provided with all their textbook requirements by the government. Private schools acquire their educational material from private suppliers.<a href="#cite_note-KoinzerNikolai2017-238">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FB_20151104_19_47_22_Saved_Picture(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/FB_20151104_19_47_22_Saved_Picture%281%29.jpg/220px-FB_20151104_19_47_22_Saved_Picture%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/FB_20151104_19_47_22_Saved_Picture%281%29.jpg/330px-FB_20151104_19_47_22_Saved_Picture%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/FB_20151104_19_47_22_Saved_Picture%281%29.jpg/440px-FB_20151104_19_47_22_Saved_Picture%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hogbetsotso_festival" title="Hogbetsotso festival">Hogbetsotso festival</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Volta_Region" title="Volta Region">Volta Region</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ghana" title="Culture of Ghana">Culture of Ghana</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Food and drink">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian cuisine</a> includes an assortment of soups and stews with varied seafoods; most Ghanaian soups are prepared with vegetables, meat, poultry or fish.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_cuisine,_banku,_okra_and_soup-239">[238]</a> Fish is important in the diet, with tilapia, roasted and fried <a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">whitebait</a>, smoked fish and crayfish, all being common components of Ghanaian dishes.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_cuisine,_banku,_okra_and_soup-239">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Banku_(dish)" title="Banku (dish)">Banku</a> (akple) is a common starchy food made from ground corn (maize),<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_cuisine,_banku,_okra_and_soup-239">[238]</a> and cornmeal based staples kɔmi (<a href="/wiki/Kenkey" title="Kenkey">kenkey</a>) and banku (akple) are usually accompanied by some form of fried fish (chinam) or grilled tilapia and a very spicy condiment made from raw red and green chillies, onions and tomatoes (pepper sauce).<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_cuisine,_banku,_okra_and_soup-239">[238]</a> Banku and tilapia is a combo served in most restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_cuisine,_banku,_okra_and_soup-239">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">Fufu</a> is the most common exported Ghanaian dish and is a delicacy across the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_cuisine,_banku,_okra_and_soup-239">[238]</a> Rice is an established staple meal across the country, with various rice-based dishes serving as breakfast, lunch and dinner, the main variants are waakye, plain rice and stew (eight kontomire or tomato gravy), fried rice and <a href="/wiki/Jollof_rice" title="Jollof rice">jollof rice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_literature" title="Ghanaian literature">Ghanaian literature</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_literature&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_literature" title="Ghanaian literature">Ghanaian literature</a> is literature produced by authors from Ghana or in the <a href="/wiki/Ghanaians" title="Ghanaians">Ghanaian diaspora</a>. It starts with a long oral tradition, was influenced heavily by western literature during colonial rule, and became prominent with a post-colonial nationalist tradition in the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_literature_:0-242">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_literature_:1-243">[242]</a> The current literary community continues with a diverse network of voices both within and outside the country, including in film, theatre, and modern digital formats such as blogging.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_literature_:0-242">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_literature_:1-243">[242]</a> The most prominent authors are novelists <a href="/wiki/J._E._Casely_Hayford" title="J. E. Casely Hayford">J. E. Casely Hayford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayi_Kwei_Armah" title="Ayi Kwei Armah">Ayi Kwei Armah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nii_Ayikwei_Parkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nii Ayikwei Parkes">Nii Ayikwei Parkes</a>, who gained international acclaim with the books <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_Unbound" title="Ethiopia Unbound">Ethiopia Unbound</a> (1911), <a href="/wiki/The_Beautyful_Ones_Are_Not_Yet_Born" title="The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born">The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born</a> (1968) and Tail of the Blue Bird (2009), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_literature_LIT-244">[243]</a> In addition to novels, other literary arts and genres such as theatre and poetry have also had a very good development and support at the national level with prominent playwrights, poets and historians <a href="/wiki/Joe_de_Graft" title="Joe de Graft">Joe de Graft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Efua_Sutherland" title="Efua Sutherland">Efua Sutherland</a>. The Ghanaian national literature radio programme and accompanying publication <a href="/wiki/Voices_of_Ghana" title="Voices of Ghana">Voices of Ghana</a> (1955-1957) was one of the earliest on the African continent, and helped establish the scope of the contemporary literary tradition in Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> Scholarship of Anglophone Africa sometimes favours literatures from other geographies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">literature of Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Clothing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adinkra_motifs_Rattray_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Adinkra_motifs_Rattray_1927.jpg/220px-Adinkra_motifs_Rattray_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Adinkra_motifs_Rattray_1927.jpg/330px-Adinkra_motifs_Rattray_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Adinkra_motifs_Rattray_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra symbols</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sutherland_Rattray" title="Robert Sutherland Rattray">Robert Sutherland Rattray</a></figcaption></figure> During the 13th century, Ghanaians developed their unique art of <a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">adinkra</a> printing. Hand-printed and hand-embroidered adinkra clothes were made and used exclusively by royalty for devotional ceremonies. Each of the motifs that make up the <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> of adinkra symbolism has a name and meaning derived from a proverb, a historical event, human attitude, <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_life-form" title="Plant life-form">plant life-form</a>, or shapes of inanimate and man-made objects. The meanings of the motifs may be categorised into aesthetics, ethics, human relations, and concepts.<a href="#cite_note-LIT-247">[246]</a> The Adinkra symbols have a decorative function as tattoos but also represent objects that encapsulate evocative messages that convey traditional wisdom, aspects of life, or the environment. There are many symbols with distinct meanings, often linked with proverbs. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Anthony Appiah</a>, they were one of the means in a pre-literate society for "supporting the transmission of a complex and nuanced body of practice and belief".<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kent_wove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kent_wove.jpg/170px-Kent_wove.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kent_wove.jpg/255px-Kent_wove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kent_wove.jpg/340px-Kent_wove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Kente cloth, the traditional or national cloth of Ghana, is worn by most southern Ghanaian ethnic groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ga-Adangbe_people" title="Ga-Adangbe people">Ga</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>.</figcaption></figure> Along with the adinkra cloth, Ghanaians use many cloth fabrics for their traditional attire.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_Kente_Cloth-249">[248]</a> The different ethnic groups have their own individual cloth. The most well known is the <a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_Kente_Cloth-249">[248]</a> Kente is a very important national costume and clothing, and these clothes are used to make traditional and modern Kente attire.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_Kente_Cloth-249">[248]</a> Different symbols and different colours mean different things.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_Kente_Cloth-249">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente</a> is the most famous of all the Ghanaian clothes.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_Kente_Cloth-249">[248]</a> Kente is a ceremonial cloth hand-woven on a horizontal <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">treadle loom</a> and strips measuring about 4 inches wide are sewn together into larger pieces of cloths.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_Kente_Cloth-249">[248]</a> Cloths come in various colours, sizes and designs and are worn during very important social and religious occasions.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_Kente_Cloth-249">[248]</a> In a cultural context, kente is more important than just a cloth as it is a visual representation of history and also a form of written language through weaving.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_Kente_Cloth-249">[248]</a> The term kente has its roots in the Akan word kɛntɛn which means a basket and the first kente weavers used raffia fibres to weave cloths that looked like kenten (a basket); and thus were referred to as kenten ntoma; meaning basket cloth.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_Kente_Cloth-249">[248]</a> The original Akan name of the cloth was nsaduaso or nwontoma, meaning "a cloth hand-woven on a loom"; however, "kente" is the most frequently used term today. Kente is also woven by the Ewe people (Ewe Kente) in the Volta Region. The main weaving centres are Agortime area and Agbozume. Agbozume has a vibrant kente market attracting patrons from all over west Africa and the diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanaian_Kente_Cloth-249">[248]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Comtemporary_Ghanaian_men_fashion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Comtemporary_Ghanaian_men_fashion.jpg/150px-Comtemporary_Ghanaian_men_fashion.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Comtemporary_Ghanaian_men_fashion.jpg/225px-Comtemporary_Ghanaian_men_fashion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Comtemporary_Ghanaian_men_fashion.jpg/300px-Comtemporary_Ghanaian_men_fashion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Contemporary Ghanaian men's fashion with Kente and other traditional styles</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Comtemporary_Ghanaian_womenswear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Comtemporary_Ghanaian_womenswear.jpg/150px-Comtemporary_Ghanaian_womenswear.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Comtemporary_Ghanaian_womenswear.jpg/225px-Comtemporary_Ghanaian_womenswear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Comtemporary_Ghanaian_womenswear.jpg/300px-Comtemporary_Ghanaian_womenswear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Contemporary Ghanaian women's fashion with African print/Ankara and other fabrics</div></div></div></div></div> Contemporary Ghanaian fashion includes traditional and modern styles and fabrics and has made its way into the African and global fashion scene. The cloth known as <a href="/wiki/African_wax_prints" title="African wax prints">African print fabric</a> was created out of Dutch wax textiles. It is believed that in the late 19th century, Dutch ships on their way to Asia stocked with machine-made textiles that mimicked Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> stopped at many West African ports on the way. The fabrics did not do well in Asia. However, in West Africa—mainly Ghana where there was an already established market for cloths and textiles—the client base grew and it was changed to include local and traditional designs, colours and patterns to cater to the taste of the new consumers.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> Today outside of Africa it is called "Ankara", and it has a client base well beyond Ghana and Africa as a whole. It is popular among Caribbean peoples and African Americans; celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/Solange_Knowles" title="Solange Knowles">Solange Knowles</a> and her sister <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> have been seen wearing African print attire.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> Many designers from countries in North America and Europe are now using African prints, and they have gained a global interest.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> British luxury fashion house <a href="/wiki/Burberry" title="Burberry">Burberry</a> created a collection around Ghanaian styles.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> American musician <a href="/wiki/Gwen_Stefani" title="Gwen Stefani">Gwen Stefani</a> has repeatedly incorporated African prints into her clothing line and can often be seen wearing it.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> Internationally acclaimed Ghanaian-British designer <a href="/wiki/Ozwald_Boateng" title="Ozwald Boateng">Ozwald Boateng</a> introduced African print suits in his 2012 collection.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Music and dance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Azonto" title="Azonto">Azonto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kpanlogo" title="Kpanlogo">Kpanlogo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Traditional_Adowa_dance_form_and_music_performance.ogv/220px--Traditional_Adowa_dance_form_and_music_performance.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="293" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Traditional_Adowa_dance_form_and_music_performance.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Traditional_Adowa_dance_form_and_music_performance.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Traditional_Adowa_dance_form_and_music_performance.ogv/Traditional_Adowa_dance_form_and_music_performance.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Traditional_Adowa_dance_form_and_music_performance.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="640" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Traditional_Adowa_dance_form_and_music_performance.ogv/Traditional_Adowa_dance_form_and_music_performance.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="180" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Traditional_Adowa_dance_form_and_music_performance.ogv/Traditional_Adowa_dance_form_and_music_performance.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="270" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Traditional_Adowa_dance_form_and_music_performance.ogv/Traditional_Adowa_dance_form_and_music_performance.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adowa_dance" title="Adowa dance">Adowa dance</a> form and music performance.</figcaption></figure> Music incorporates types of musical instruments such as the talking drum ensembles, <a href="/wiki/Akan_Drum" title="Akan Drum">Akan Drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goje" title="Goje">goje</a> fiddle and koloko lute, court music, including the Akan <a href="/wiki/Seperewa" title="Seperewa">Seperewa</a>, the Akan atumpan, the Ga kpanlogo styles, and log <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophones</a> used in asonko music.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana:_From_Highlife_to_Hiplife-256">[255]</a> African jazz was created by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Warren" title="Guy Warren">Kofi Ghanaba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> A form of secular music is <a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">highlife</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana:_From_Highlife_to_Hiplife-256">[255]</a> Highlife originated in the 19th and 20th centuries and spread throughout West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana:_From_Highlife_to_Hiplife-256">[255]</a> In the 1990s, a genre of music was created incorporating the influences of highlife, Afro-reggae, <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana:_From_Highlife_to_Hiplife-256">[255]</a> This hybrid was called <a href="/wiki/Hiplife" title="Hiplife">hiplife</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana:_From_Highlife_to_Hiplife-256">[255]</a> There are dances for occasions.<a href="#cite_note-Dance,_Ghana-258">[257]</a> Dances for celebrations include the <a href="/wiki/Adowa_dance" title="Adowa dance">Adowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kpanlogo" title="Kpanlogo">Kpanlogo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azonto" title="Azonto">Azonto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klama (page does not exist)">Klama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agbadza" title="Agbadza">Agbadza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borborbor" title="Borborbor">Borborbor</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bamaya (page does not exist)">Bamaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dance,_Ghana-258">[257]</a> The Nana Otafrija Pallbearing Services, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Dancing_Pallbearers" title="Dancing Pallbearers">Dancing Pallbearers</a>, come from the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Prampram" title="Prampram">Prampram</a>. The group was featured in a BBC feature story in 2017, and footage from the story became part of an Internet meme in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 world pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ghana" title="Mass media in Ghana">Mass media in Ghana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg/220px-Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg/330px-Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg/440px-Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Mass media, news and information provided by television.</figcaption></figure> Chapter 12 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana guarantees <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> and independence of the media, while Chapter 2 prohibits censorship.<a href="#cite_note-gov-260">[259]</a> Post-independence, private outlets closed during the military governments, and media laws prevented criticism of government.<a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-261">[260]</a> Press freedoms were restored in 1992, and after the election in 2000 of Kufuor, the tensions between the private media and government decreased. Kufuor supported press freedom and repealed a <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">libel</a> law, and maintained that the media had to act responsibly.<a href="#cite_note-pr-262">[261]</a> The media have been described as "one of the most unfettered" in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-263">[262]</a> In 1948, the Gold Coast Film Unit was set up in the Information Services Department.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ghana%27s_material_cultural_heritage" title="Ghana's material cultural heritage">Ghana's material cultural heritage</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Ghana" title="List of museums in Ghana">Ghanaian museums</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_drone_footage_of_Accra_central,_Ghana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_drone_footage_of_Accra_central%2C_Ghana.jpg/220px-A_drone_footage_of_Accra_central%2C_Ghana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_drone_footage_of_Accra_central%2C_Ghana.jpg/330px-A_drone_footage_of_Accra_central%2C_Ghana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_drone_footage_of_Accra_central%2C_Ghana.jpg/440px-A_drone_footage_of_Accra_central%2C_Ghana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/High-rise_building" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise building">High-rise buildings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, the capital</figcaption></figure> There are two types of construction: the series of adjacent buildings in an enclosure around a common, and the round huts with grass roof.<a href="#cite_note-ARC-265">[264]</a> The round huts with grass roof architecture are situated in the northern regions, while the series of adjacent buildings are in the southern regions. <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">high-tech architecture</a> buildings are in the southern regions, while heritage sites are evident in the more than 30 forts and castles in the country, such as <a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_Ghana" title="Fort William, Ghana">Fort William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Amsterdam,_Ghana" title="Fort Amsterdam, Ghana">Fort Amsterdam</a>. Ghana has museums that are situated inside castles, and two are situated inside a fort.<a href="#cite_note-Museums_and_Monuments_Board-266">[265]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Museum_(Ghana)" title="Armed Forces Museum (Ghana)">Military Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ghana" title="National Museum of Ghana">National Museum</a> organise temporary exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-Museums_and_Monuments_Board-266">[265]</a> Ghana has museums that allow an in-depth look at specific regions, with a number of museums providing insight into the traditions and history of the geographical areas.<a href="#cite_note-Museums_and_Monuments_Board-266">[265]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle" title="Cape Coast Castle">Cape Coast Castle</a> Museum and St. Georges Castle (<a href="/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Elmina Castle</a>) Museum offer guided tours. The <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology">Museum of Science and Technology</a> provides its visitors with a look into the domain of scientific development, through exhibits of objects of scientific and technological interest.<a href="#cite_note-Museums_and_Monuments_Board-266">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Ghana" title="Sports in Ghana">Sports in Ghana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Opening_Ceremony_-_Ghana_entering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/2010_Opening_Ceremony_-_Ghana_entering.jpg/170px-2010_Opening_Ceremony_-_Ghana_entering.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/2010_Opening_Ceremony_-_Ghana_entering.jpg/255px-2010_Opening_Ceremony_-_Ghana_entering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/2010_Opening_Ceremony_-_Ghana_entering.jpg/340px-2010_Opening_Ceremony_-_Ghana_entering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>Ghanaian <a href="/wiki/Winter_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter sport">winter sports</a> Olympic team at the <a href="/wiki/Opening_ceremony" title="Opening ceremony">opening ceremony</a> of the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is the top spectator sport in Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_thrilled_by_historic_title-267">[266]</a> Ghana has won the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</a> four times, the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_U-20_World_Cup" title="FIFA U-20 World Cup">FIFA U-20 World Cup</a> once, and has participated in four consecutive <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cups</a> (2006, 2010, 2014 and 2022) and has also won the FIFA U-17 World Cup twice.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_thrilled_by_historic_title-267">[266]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Football_History_%26_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of Football History & Statistics">International Federation of Football History and Statistics</a> crowned Asante Kotoko SC as the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Football_History_%26_Statistics#Continental_Clubs_of_the_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of Football History & Statistics">African club of the 20th century</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Africa's_club_of_the_Century-268">[267]</a> Ghana competes in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, sending athletes in every edition since <a href="/wiki/1954_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1954</a> (except for the <a href="/wiki/1986_Commonwealth_Games" title="1986 Commonwealth Games">1986 games</a>). Ghana has won 57 medals at the Commonwealth Games, including 15 gold, with all but one of their medals coming in athletics and boxing. The country has also produced a number of boxers, including <a href="/wiki/Azumah_Nelson" title="Azumah Nelson">Azumah Nelson</a> a three-time world champion,<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top_5_Ghanaian_Boxers-270">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nana_Konadu" title="Nana Konadu">Nana Yaw Konadu</a> also a three-time world champion,<a href="#cite_note-Top_5_Ghanaian_Boxers-270">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ike_Quartey" title="Ike Quartey">Ike Quartey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Top_5_Ghanaian_Boxers-270">[269]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Clottey" title="Joshua Clottey">Joshua Clottey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Top_5_Ghanaian_Boxers-270">[269]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ghana-related_articles" title="Index of Ghana-related articles">Index of Ghana-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ghana" title="Outline of Ghana">Outline of Ghana</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡɑːnə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e4\/En-us-Ghana.ogg\/En-us-Ghana.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Ghana.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-Ghana.ogg/En-us-Ghana.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Ghana.ogg" title="File:En-us-Ghana.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">GAH-nə</a>; <a href="/wiki/Twi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Twi language">Twi</a>: Gaana, <a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>: Gana, Dagbani: Gana </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-The_Ghanaian_Government_states_that_English_is_the_official_language_for_the_nation-1"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Ghanaian_Government_states_that_English_is_the_official_language_for_the_nation_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion">"Language and Religion"</a>. Ghana Embassy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301155437/https://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017. <q>English is the official language of Ghana and is universally used in schools in addition to nine other local languages. The most widely spoken local languages are Dagbani, Ewe, Ga and Twi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+and+Religion&rft.pub=Ghana+Embassy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghanaembassy.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dlanguage-and-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghana_–_2010_Population_and_Housing_Census-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Ghana_–_2010_Population_and_Housing_Census_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925192147/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf">"Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census"</a> (PDF). Government of Ghana. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Ghana&rft.atitle=Ghana+%E2%80%93+2010+Population+and+Housing+Census&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statsghana.gov.gh%2Fdocfiles%2F2010phc%2FCensus2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statsghana1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statsghana1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statsghana1_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statsghana1_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf">"2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics"</a> (PDF). Ghana Statistical Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227194122/https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ghana+Statistical+Service&rft.atitle=2021+PHC+General+Report+Vol+3C%2C+Background+Characteristics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensus2021.statsghana.gov.gh%2Fgssmain%2FfileUpload%2Freportthemelist%2F2021%2520PHC%2520General%2520Report%2520Vol%25203C_Background%2520Characteristics_181121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.GH-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GH_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GH_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GH_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GH_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GH_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=652,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Ghana)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021173139/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=652,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Ghana%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D652%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1165084/gini-index-forecast-in-ghana">"Ghana: gini index 2014–2029"</a>. statista.com. Statista. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statista.com&rft.atitle=Ghana%3A+gini+index+2014%E2%80%932029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fforecasts%2F1165084%2Fgini-index-forecast-in-ghana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Universal_Newsreel-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Universal_Newsreel_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Universal_Newsreel_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Universal_Newsreel_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation">Video: A New Nation: Gold Coast becomes Ghana In Ceremony, 1957/03/07 (1957)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Newsreel" title="Universal Newsreel">Universal Newsreel</a>. 1957. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128113959/http://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video%3A+A+New+Nation%3A+Gold+Coast+becomes+Ghana+In+Ceremony%2C+1957%2F03%2F07+%281957%29&rft.pub=Universal+Newsreel&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1957-03-07_A_New_Nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-First_For_Sub-Saharan_Africa-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-First_For_Sub-Saharan_Africa_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_For_Sub-Saharan_Africa_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_For_Sub-Saharan_Africa_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml">"First For Sub-Saharan Africa"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101135716/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 29 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+For+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fafrica%2Ffeatures%2Fstoryofafrica%2F14chapter3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exploring_Africa_–_Decolonization-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Exploring_Africa_–_Decolonization_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exploring_Africa_–_Decolonization_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exploring_Africa_–_Decolonization_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602212136/http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg">"Exploring Africa – Decolonization"</a>. Exploring Africa – Michigan State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg">the original</a> on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 29 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+Africa+%E2%80%93+Decolonization&rft.pub=Exploring+Africa+%E2%80%93+Michigan+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu%2Fimages%2Fdecolinization.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerowitz1975" class="citation book cs1">Meyerowitz, Eva L. R. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3lyAAAAMAAJ">The Early History of the Akan States of Ghana</a>. Red Candle Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780608390352" title="Special:BookSources/9780608390352"><bdi>9780608390352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Akan+States+of+Ghana&rft.pub=Red+Candle+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780608390352&rft.aulast=Meyerowitz&rft.aufirst=Eva+L.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3lyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanver2015" class="citation book cs1">Danver, Steven L (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues</a>. Routledge. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46400-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46400-6"><bdi>978-1-317-46400-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105202/https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. 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International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Research. 8 (2): 57–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37745%2Fijsar.15%2Fvol8n2pp5781">10.37745/ijsar.15/vol8n2pp5781</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017145653/https://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/Female-Chiefs-in-Dagbon-Traditional-Area.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2023. 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Retrieved 13 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanatu+Zambang&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Adibo+fought+in+1896&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanatuzambang.info%2F2020%2F04%2F20%2Fthe-battle-of-adibo-fought-in-1896%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141122214748/http://www.pdmhs.com/PDFs/ScannedBulletinArticles/Bulletin%2013-4%20-%20Pre-European%20Gold%20Mining%20at%20Ashanti,%20Ghana.pdf">"Pre-European Mining at Ashanti, Ghana"</a> (PDF) (PDF). Pdmhs.com. October 1996. 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Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Africa+Report&rft.atitle=Ghana+now+Africa%27s+largest+gold+producer%2C+but+reforms+await&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft.au=Whitehouse%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F18245%2Fghana-now-africas-largest-gold-producer-but-reforms-await%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U49Q8BgiarkC&q=Ghana%20minerals%20granite&pg=PA70">Ghana Mineral and Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide</a>. 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Africa World Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-551-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-551-3">978-0-86543-551-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-pr-262"><a href="#cite_ref-pr_262-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressreference.com/Fa-Gu/Ghana.html">Basic Data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116031932/http://www.pressreference.com/Fa-Gu/Ghana.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. pressreference.com </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-263"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_263-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm#media">BBC Country Profile: Ghana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615131247/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm#media">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialfilm.org.uk/production-company/gold-coast-film-unit">"Gold Coast Film Unit"</a>. Colonialfilm.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141117123221/http://colonialfilm.org.uk/production-company/gold-coast-film-unit">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+Coast+Film+Unit&rft.pub=Colonialfilm.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colonialfilm.org.uk%2Fproduction-company%2Fgold-coast-film-unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARC-265"><a href="#cite_ref-ARC_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countriesquest.com/africa/ghana/culture/art_and_architecture.htm">"Culture, Art and Architecture: Ghana"</a>. Countriesquest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150304203925/http://www.countriesquest.com/africa/ghana/culture/art_and_architecture.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Countriesquest&rft.atitle=Culture%2C+Art+and+Architecture%3A+Ghana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countriesquest.com%2Fafrica%2Fghana%2Fculture%2Fart_and_architecture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Museums_and_Monuments_Board-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Museums_and_Monuments_Board_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museums_and_Monuments_Board_266-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museums_and_Monuments_Board_266-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museums_and_Monuments_Board_266-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghanamuseums.org/index.php">"Ghana Museums and Monuments Board"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140130235605/http://www.ghanamuseums.org/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghana+Museums+and+Monuments+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghanamuseums.org%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghana_thrilled_by_historic_title-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghana_thrilled_by_historic_title_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghana_thrilled_by_historic_title_267-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/8311948.stm">"Ghana thrilled by historic title"</a>. BBC Sport. 17 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216171504/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/8311948.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ghana+thrilled+by+historic+title&rft.date=2009-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Ffootball%2Fafrica%2F8311948.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Africa's_club_of_the_Century-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Africa's_club_of_the_Century_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iffhs.de/?c813f0e03790c443e0f40390b41be8b01f05fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb883dcfc5ff0b">"Africa's club of the Century"</a>. IFFHS official website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921110231/http://www.iffhs.de/?c813f0e03790c443e0f40390b41be8b01f05fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb883dcfc5ff0b">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFFHS+official+website&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+club+of+the+Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iffhs.de%2F%3Fc813f0e03790c443e0f40390b41be8b01f05fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb883dcfc5ff0b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Errol_Barnett" title="Errol Barnett">Barnett, Errol</a> (10 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/07/sport/azumah-nelson-boxing-ghana/">"Is Azumah Nelson Africa's greatest boxer?"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606213758/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/07/sport/azumah-nelson-boxing-ghana/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+Azumah+Nelson+Africa%27s+greatest+boxer%3F&rft.date=2012-08-10&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Errol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F08%2F07%2Fsport%2Fazumah-nelson-boxing-ghana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top_5_Ghanaian_Boxers-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Top_5_Ghanaian_Boxers_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top_5_Ghanaian_Boxers_270-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top_5_Ghanaian_Boxers_270-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top_5_Ghanaian_Boxers_270-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proboxing-fans.com/boxing-101/best-of-a-nation/top-5-ghanaian-boxers/">"Top 5 Ghanaian Boxers"</a>. proboxing-fans.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222940/http://www.proboxing-fans.com/boxing-101/best-of-a-nation/top-5-ghanaian-boxers/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Top+5+Ghanaian+Boxers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proboxing-fans.com%2Fboxing-101%2Fbest-of-a-nation%2Ftop-5-ghanaian-boxers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Arhin, Kwame, The Life and Work of Kwame Nkrumah (Africa Research & Publications, 1995)</li> <li>Babatope, Ebenezer, The Ghana Revolution: From Nkrumah to Jerry Rawlings (Fourth Dimension Publishing, 1982)</li> <li>Birmingham, David, Kwame Nkrumah: Father Of African Nationalism (<a href="/wiki/Ohio_University_Press" title="Ohio University Press">Ohio University Press</a>, 1998)</li> <li>Boafo-Arthur, Kwame, Ghana: One Decade of the Liberal State (<a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>, 2007)</li> <li>Briggs, Philip, Ghana (Bradt Travel Guide) (Bradt Travel Guides, 2010)</li> <li>Clark, Gracia, African Market Women: Seven Life Stories from Ghana (<a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Davidson" title="Basil Davidson">Davidson, Basil</a>, Black Star: A View of the Life and Times of Kwame Nkrumah (<a href="/wiki/James_Currey" title="James Currey">James Currey</a>, 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyin_Falola" title="Toyin Falola">Falola, Toyin</a>, and Salm, Stephen J, Culture and Customs of Ghana (Greenwood, 2002)</li> <li>Grant, Richard, Globalizing City: The Urban and Economic Transformation of Accra, Ghana (Syracuse University Press, 2008)</li> <li>Hadjor, Kofi Buenor, Nkrumah and Ghana (Africa Research & Publications, 2003)</li> <li>Hasty, Jennifer, The Press and Political Culture in Ghana (Indiana University Press, 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James, C.L.R.</a>, Kwame Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution (<a href="/wiki/Allison_%26_Busby" title="Allison & Busby">Allison & Busby</a>, 1977)</li> <li>Kuada, John, and Chachah Yao, Ghana. Understanding the People and their Culture (Woeli Publishing Services, 1999)</li> <li>Miescher, Stephan F, Making Men in Ghana (Indiana University Press, 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Milne" title="June Milne">Milne, June</a>, Kwame Nkrumah, A Biography (Panaf Books, 2006)</li> <li>Nkrumah, Kwame, Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah (International Publishers, 1971)</li> <li>Utley, Ian, Ghana – Culture Smart!: the essential guide to customs & culture (Kuperard, 2009)</li> <li>Various, Ghana: An African Portrait Revisited (Peter E. Randall Publisher, 2007)</li> <li>Younge, Paschal Yao, Music and Dance Traditions of Ghana: History, Performance and Teaching (Mcfarland & Co Inc., 2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkeArmando_García_Schmidt2013" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Laura; Armando García Schmidt (2013). Ghana: Staying on Track in a Challenging Environment. Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh. pp. 127–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86793-491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86793-491-6"><bdi>978-3-86793-491-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghana%3A+Staying+on+Track+in+a+Challenging+Environment&rft.pages=127-147&rft.pub=Verlag+Bertelsmann+Stiftung%2C+G%C3%BCtersloh&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-86793-491-6&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Armando+Garc%C3%ADa+Schmidt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Ghana at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Ghana">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ghana" class="extiw" title="c:Ghana">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Ghana" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Ghana">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ghana" class="extiw" title="q:Ghana">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Ghana">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Ghana">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Ghana">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ghana" class="extiw" title="voy:Ghana">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghana.gov.gh/">Ghana</a> site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.gh/">The Parliament of Ghana</a> site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/">National Commission on Culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430215319/http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/">Archived</a> 30 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> site</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: General information">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm">Country Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana">Ghana</a> from <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084858/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ghana.htm">Ghana</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/">Ghana</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129112144/http://www.africa.com/ghana/">Ghana</a> profile from <a href="/wiki/Africa.com" title="Africa.com">Africa.com</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Ghana" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Ghana">Wikimedia Atlas of Ghana</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africanactivist.msu.edu/">African Activist Archive Project</a> website has photographs of the All Africa People's Conference held in Accra, Ghana, 5–13 December 1958 including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=476">Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana</a>, addressing the conference, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=85">American Committee on Africa delegation</a> meeting with Nkrumah, and of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=470">Patrick Duncan and Alfred Hutchinson</a> of South Africa at the conference.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GH">Key Development Forecasts for Ghana</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Trade">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/GHA/Year/2012/Summary">Ghana 2012 Summary Trade Statistics</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ghana_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ghana_topics" title="Template:Ghana topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ghana_topics" title="Template talk:Ghana topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ghana_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ghana topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ghana_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghana</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ghana-related_articles" title="Index of Ghana-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ghanaian_history" title="Timeline of Ghanaian history">Historical timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Ghana" title="Early history of Ghana">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_state" title="Bono state">Bono state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumah_government" title="Nkrumah government">First Republic (1960–1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Council" title="National Liberation Council">National Liberation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Abrefa_Busia" title="Kofi Abrefa Busia">Kofi Busia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Kutu_Acheampong" title="Ignatius Kutu Acheampong">Ignatius Kutu Acheampong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Revolutionary_Council,_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, Ghana">Armed Forces Revolutionary Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilla_Limann" title="Hilla Limann">Hilla Limann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Defence_Council" title="Provisional National Defence Council">Provisional National Defence Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">John Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ghana" title="Economic history of Ghana">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Ghana" title="Political history of Ghana">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Ghana" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Ghana" title="Template:Borders of Ghana">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ghana" title="List of cities in Ghana">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ghana" title="Climate of Ghana">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ghana" title="Climate change in Ghana">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Ghana" title="Category:Forests of Ghana">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Ghana" title="Category:Mountains of Ghana">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Ghana" title="List of national parks of Ghana">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Ghana" title="Category:Protected areas of Ghana">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ghana" title="List of rivers of Ghana">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of Ghana">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ghana" title="Politics of Ghana">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ghana" title="Administrative divisions of Ghana">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ghana" title="Constitution of Ghana">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ghana" title="Cabinet of Ghana">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ghana" title="Elections in Ghana">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ghana" title="Foreign relations of Ghana">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ghana" title="Government of Ghana">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ghana" title="Human rights in Ghana">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ghana">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ghana" title="Judiciary of Ghana">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ghana" title="Law enforcement in Ghana">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Armed_Forces" title="Ghana Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ghana" title="List of political parties in Ghana">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ghana" title="Parliament of Ghana">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ghana" title="Prime Minister of Ghana">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ghana" title="Agriculture in Ghana">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Cedi (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ghana" title="Bank of Ghana">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Ghana" title="Electricity sector in Ghana">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Ghana">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ghana" title="Trade unions in Ghana">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Ghana" title="Manufacturing in Ghana">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Ghana" title="Mining industry of Ghana">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Ghana" title="Oil reserves in Ghana">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Stock_Exchange" title="Ghana Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ghana" title="Tourism in Ghana">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ghana" title="Transport in Ghana">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ghana" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ghana">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ghana" title="Category:Society of Ghana">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ghana" title="Abortion in Ghana">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ghana" title="Crime in Ghana">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime_in_Ghana" title="Cybercrime in Ghana">Cybercrime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ghana" title="Demographics of Ghana">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_Ghana" title="Discrimination in Ghana">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Ghana" title="Domestic violence in Ghana">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Ghana" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Ghana">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ghana" title="Health in Ghana">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ghana" title="Human trafficking in Ghana">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Ghana" title="Illegal immigration to Ghana">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_justice_in_Ghana" title="Mob justice in Ghana">Mob justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Ghana" title="Polygamy in Ghana">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ghana" title="Prostitution in Ghana">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_children_in_Ghana" title="Street children in Ghana">Street children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ghana" title="Squatting in Ghana">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ghana" title="Culture of Ghana">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%27s_material_cultural_heritage" title="Ghana's material cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Ghana">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Bless_Our_Homeland_Ghana" title="God Bless Our Homeland Ghana">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pledge_Of_Ghana" title="National Pledge Of Ghana">National pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ghana" title="Public holidays in Ghana">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Ghana" title="Sports in Ghana">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conduct_in_Ghana" title="Social conduct in Ghana">Social conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Ghana" title="Video games in Ghana">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ghana" title="Outline of Ghana">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ghana-related_articles" title="Index of Ghana-related articles">Index</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Further_reading">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ghana" title="Category:Ghana">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Ghana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Ghana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Ghana</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Ghana_(1950s–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Ghana" title="Template:Years in Ghana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Ghana" title="Template talk:Years in Ghana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Ghana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Ghana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Ghana_(1950s–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of years in Ghana">Years</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghana</a> (1950s–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:100px;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1900s_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1900s in Ghana (page does not exist)">1900s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1910s_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1910s in Ghana (page does not exist)">1910s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1920s_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1920s in Ghana (page does not exist)">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1930s_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1930s in Ghana (page does not exist)">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1940s_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1940s in Ghana (page does not exist)">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Ghana" title="1950s in Ghana">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Ghana" title="1960s in Ghana">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Ghana" title="1970s in Ghana">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Ghana" title="1980s in Ghana">1980s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:100px;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_Ghana" title="1990 in Ghana">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Ghana" title="1991 in Ghana">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_Ghana" title="1992 in Ghana">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_Ghana" title="1993 in Ghana">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_Ghana" title="1994 in Ghana">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_Ghana" title="1995 in Ghana">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_Ghana" title="1996 in Ghana">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_Ghana" title="1997 in Ghana">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_Ghana" title="1998 in Ghana">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_Ghana" title="1999 in Ghana">1999</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:100px;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_Ghana" title="2000 in Ghana">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_Ghana" title="2001 in Ghana">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_Ghana" title="2002 in Ghana">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_Ghana" title="2003 in Ghana">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_Ghana" title="2004 in Ghana">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Ghana" title="2005 in Ghana">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Ghana" title="2006 in Ghana">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Ghana" title="2007 in Ghana">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Ghana" title="2008 in Ghana">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Ghana" title="2009 in Ghana">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:100px;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Ghana" title="2010 in Ghana">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Ghana" title="2011 in Ghana">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Ghana" title="2012 in Ghana">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Ghana" title="2013 in Ghana">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Ghana" title="2014 in Ghana">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Ghana" title="2015 in Ghana">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Ghana" title="2016 in Ghana">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Ghana" title="2017 in Ghana">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Ghana" title="2018 in Ghana">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Ghana" title="2019 in Ghana">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:100px;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Ghana" title="2020 in Ghana">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Ghana" title="2021 in Ghana">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Ghana" title="2022 in Ghana">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Ghana" title="2023 in Ghana">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Ghana" title="2024 in Ghana">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2025_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2025 in Ghana (page does not exist)">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2026_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2026 in Ghana (page does not exist)">2026</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2027_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2027 in Ghana (page does not exist)">2027</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2028_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2028 in Ghana (page does not exist)">2028</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2029_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2029 in Ghana (page does not exist)">2029</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ghana&#124;link=Ghana_Ghana_governments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ghana_governments" title="Template:Ghana governments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ghana_governments" title="Template talk:Ghana governments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ghana_governments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ghana governments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ghana&#124;link=Ghana_Ghana_governments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ghana_governments" title="List of Ghana governments">Ghana governments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumah_government" title="Nkrumah government">Nkrumah government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busia_government" title="Busia government">Busia government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limann_government" title="Limann government">Limann government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawlings_government" title="Rawlings government">Rawlings government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufuor_government" title="Kufuor government">Kufuor government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mills_government_ministers" title="List of Mills government ministers">Mills government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mahama_government_ministers" title="List of Mahama government ministers">Mahama government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Akufo-Addo_government_ministers_and_political_appointees" title="List of Akufo-Addo government ministers and political appointees">Akufo-Addo government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Council" title="National Liberation Council">National Liberation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Redemption_Council" title="National Redemption Council">National Redemption Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_(Ghana)" title="Supreme Military Council (Ghana)">Supreme Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Revolutionary_Council_(Ghana)" title="Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (Ghana)">Armed Forces Revolutionary Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Defence_Council" title="Provisional National Defence Council">Provisional National Defence Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_membership" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="International_membership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International membership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template talk:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ECOWAS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ECOWAS" title="Template:ECOWAS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ECOWAS" title="Template talk:ECOWAS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ECOWAS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ECOWAS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ECOWAS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">ECOWAS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansana_Cont%C3%A9" title="Lansana Conté">Conté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Buhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Babangida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawda_Jawara" title="Dawda Jawara">Jawara</a> <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Compaoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawda_Jawara" title="Dawda Jawara">Jawara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Soglo" title="Nicéphore Soglo">Soglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_John_Rawlings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry John Rawlings">Rawlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">Abacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar" title="Abdulsalami Abubakar">Abubakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Oumar_Konar%C3%A9" title="Alpha Oumar Konaré">Konaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Wade" title="Abdoulaye Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Agyekum_Kufuor" class="mw-redirect" title="John Agyekum Kufuor">Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Tandja" title="Mamadou Tandja">Tandja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Compaoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umaru_Yar%27Adua" class="mw-redirect" title="Umaru Yar'Adua">Yar'Adua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Ouattara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dramani_Mahama" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dramani Mahama">Mahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Sall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Johnson Sirleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Gnassingbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Buhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamadou_Issoufou" title="Mahamadou Issoufou">Issoufou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Akufo Addo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the Commission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive Secretaries (1975–2006)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboubakar_Diaby_Ouattara" title="Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara">Ouattara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momodu_Munu" title="Momodu Munu">Munu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abass_Bundu" title="Abass Bundu">Bundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Benjamin" title="Édouard Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansana_Kouyat%C3%A9" title="Lansana Kouyaté">Kouyaté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ibn_Chambas" title="Mohamed Ibn Chambas">Chambas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents (2007–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ibn_Chambas" title="Mohamed Ibn Chambas">Chambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Victor_Gbeho" class="mw-redirect" title="James Victor Gbeho">Gbeho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadr%C3%A9_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Ou%C3%A9draogo" title="Kadré Désiré Ouédraogo">Ouédraogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Alain_de_Souza" title="Marcel Alain de Souza">de Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Brou" title="Jean-Claude Brou">Brou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UEMOA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WAMZ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ECOWAS only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco_(currency)" title="Eco (currency)">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_rail" title="ECOWAS rail">ECOWAS rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States_Monitoring_Group" title="Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group">ECOMOG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_Bank_for_Investment_and_Development" title="ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development">ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="ECOWAS Parliament">ECOWAS Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_Court" title="ECOWAS Court">ECOWAS Community Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_Policy_on_Science_and_Technology_(ECOPOST)" class="mw-redirect" title="ECOWAS Policy on Science and Technology (ECOPOST)">ECOPOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEMOA_Tournament" title="UEMOA Tournament">UEMOA Tournament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template talk:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Members,_observers_and_guests" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Members</a> and the NAM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Cyprus and the Non-Aligned Movement">Cyprus</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Malta and the Non-Aligned Movement">Malta</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Sri Lanka and the Non-Aligned Movement">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Tanzania and the Non-Aligned Movement">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Yugoslavia</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bureau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Bureau_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement">Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Centre_for_South-South_Technical_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation">Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Center for Human Rights and Cultural Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Youth_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Youth Organization">NAM Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAM_News_Network" title="NAM News Network">NAM News Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_News_Agencies_Pool" title="Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool">News Agencies Pool</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Josip_Broz_Tito%22_Art_Gallery_of_the_Nonaligned_Countries" title=""Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries">"Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement_Summits" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement Summits">Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Meeting" title="Brioni Meeting">Brioni Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="5th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="19th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Non-Alignment" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno#Figurehead_president" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser#Adoption_of_neutralism" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene#Foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro#Foreign_wars_and_NAM_Presidency:_1975–1979" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#Foreign_affairs" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ denotes a former member state of the Non-Aligned Movement</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Geographic_locale" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="25px_Geographic_locale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/38px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/50px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> Geographic locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Lat. and Long.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ghana&params=05_33_18_N_00_11_33_W_">05°33′18″N 00°11′33″W / 5.55500°N 0.19250°W / 5.55500; -0.19250</a> (Accra) <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Lat. and Long.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ghana&params=06_42_00_N_01_37_30_W_">06°42′00″N 01°37′30″W / 6.70000°N 1.62500°W / 6.70000; -1.62500</a> (Kumasi)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012114305X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159421741">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208741/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrwWdFrtwYQThrFvRGJXd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4020949-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061117">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12173775m">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950750c">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12173775m">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950750c">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562221">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129188&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575416">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90791693">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548185405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/cf48f4b4-28f0-39ab-9104-650324a1d1c8">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/45117593-9f3a-42c3-83b2-304de6fce4f5">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/ZrCjG006">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027475166">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003443">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035708">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ghana&params=8.03_N_1.08_W_">8°02′N 1°05′W / 8.03°N 1.08°W / 8.03; -1.08</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&oldid=1261148936#Further_reading">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&oldid=1261148936#Further_reading</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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