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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Current composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Government of Kazakhstan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazax%C4%B1stan_h%C3%B6kum%C9%99ti" title="Qazaxıstan hökuməti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qazaxıstan hökuməti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%99%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Ҡаҙағстан Хөкүмәте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаҙағстан Хөкүмәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Урад Казахстана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Урад Казахстана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Урад Казахстану – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Урад Казахстану" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlada_Kazahstana" title="Vlada Kazahstana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vlada Kazahstana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Κυβέρνηση του Καζακστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυβέρνηση του Καζακστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D2%AE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Қазақстан Республикасының Үкіметі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қазақстан Республикасының Үкіметі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rz%C4%85d_Kazachstanu" title="Rząd Kazachstanu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rząd Kazachstanu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Правительство Казахстана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правительство Казахстана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan_h%C3%BCk%C3%BBmeti" title="Kazakistan hükûmeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kazakistan hükûmeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Уряд Казахстану – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уряд Казахстану" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3814905#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Politics of Kazakhstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/130px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/195px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/260px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States"><img alt="Commonwealth of Independent States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS member state</a> </p> <hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Constitution</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Human rights</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_Kazakhstan" title="List of leaders of Kazakhstan">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Oljas_Bektenov" title="Oljas Bektenov">Oljas Bektenov</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Kazakhstan" title="Security Council of Kazakhstan">Security Council</a> <dl><dd>Chairman <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Parliament</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan" title="Senate of Kazakhstan">Senate</a> <dl><dd>Chairman <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4ulen_%C3%84%C5%9Fimbaev" title="Mäulen Äşimbaev">Mäulen Äşimbaev</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4jilis" title="Mäjilis">Mäjilis</a> <dl><dd>Chairman <a href="/wiki/Erlan_Qo%C5%9Fanov" title="Erlan Qoşanov">Erlan Qoşanov</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of political parties in Kazakhstan">Political parties</a></li> <li>Recent <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kazakhstan" title="Elections in Kazakhstan">elections</a> <dl><dd>Presidential <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="2015 Kazakh presidential election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="2019 Kazakh presidential election">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="2022 Kazakh presidential election">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Parliamentary <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Kazakh_legislative_election" title="2016 Kazakh legislative election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kazakh_legislative_election" title="2021 Kazakh legislative election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Kazakh_legislative_election" title="2023 Kazakh legislative election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan">Administrative divisions</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan" title="Regions of Kazakhstan">Regions <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>oblıstar</i>)</span></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kazakhstan" title="Districts of Kazakhstan">Districts <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>audandar</i>)</span></a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kazakhstan" title="Foreign relations of Kazakhstan">Foreign relations</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Visa policy of Kazakhstan">Visa policy</a></dd></dl></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Politics of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template talk:Politics of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: <span lang="kk">Қазақстан Республикасының Үкіметі</span>, <i>Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ Ükımetı</i>) oversees a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President of Kazakhstan</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and nominates the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Prime Minister of Kazakhstan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the government. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in both the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">government</a> and the two chambers of parliament. </p><p>According to the 2016 World Development report prepared by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> ranks 28th among 193 countries in the e-Gov development rating. The "Information Kazakhstan – 2020" state program approved in 2013 helped the country transition to the information society.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current cabinet is headed by <a href="/wiki/Oljas_Bektenov" title="Oljas Bektenov">Oljas Bektenov</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Bektenov_Government" title="Bektenov Government">was sworn in as Prime Minister</a> on 6 February 2024. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Executive branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption>Main office-holders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Office </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Party </th> <th scope="col">Since </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Kazakhstan">President</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amanat_(political_party)" title="Amanat (political party)">Amanat</a> </td> <td>20 March 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Prime Minister</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oljas_Bektenov" title="Oljas Bektenov">Oljas Bektenov</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amanat_(political_party)" title="Amanat (political party)">Amanat</a> </td> <td>6 February 2024 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President">President</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: President"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President of Kazakhstan</a></div> <p>The president is elected by popular vote for a single seven-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prime minister and first deputy prime minister are appointed by the president. The Council of Ministers is also appointed by the president. Then-president <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> expanded his presidential powers by decree: only he can initiate <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendments</a>, appoint and dismiss the government, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolve Parliament</a>, call <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> at his discretion, and appoint <a href="/wiki/Akim" title="Akim">administrative heads</a> of <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan" title="Regions of Kazakhstan">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a>. </p><p>The president is the head of state and <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">armed forces</a> and may veto legislation that has been passed by the Parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_minister">Prime minister</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prime minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Prime Minister of Kazakhstan</a></div> <p>The prime minister, who serves at the pleasure of the president, chairs the Council of Ministers and serves as Kazakhstan's head of government. There are three deputy prime ministers and 17 ministers in the council. The most recent Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan is <a href="/wiki/Oljas_Bektenov" title="Oljas Bektenov">Oljas Bektenov</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agencies_and_committees">Agencies and committees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Agencies and committees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazakhstan's <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">National Security Committee</a> (NSC) was established on 13 June 1992. It includes the Service of Internal Security, Military Counterintelligence, Border Guard, several Commandos units, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Kazakhstan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Kazakhstan)">Foreign Intelligence (Barlau)</a>. The latter is considered by many as the most important part of NSC. Penitentiary Service Committee is a part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">the Parliament</a> (<i>Parlamenti</i>), has two <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">chambers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assembly">Assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Majilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Majilis">Assembly</a> (<i>Mäjilis</i>) has 98 seats, elected for a five-year term, 69 by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> and 29 in <a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Kazakhstan" title="Electoral districts of Kazakhstan">single-member constituencies</a>. Mäjilis deputies and the government both have the right of legislative initiative, though most legislation considered by the Parliament is proposed by the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate">Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan" title="Senate of Kazakhstan">Senate</a> (<i>Senat</i>) has 47 members, 40 of whom are elected for six-year terms in double-seat constituencies by the local assemblies, half renewed every two years, and 7 presidential appointees. In addition, former presidents are <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio_member" title="Ex officio member"><i>ex officio</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Senator_for_life" title="Senator for life">senators for life</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 65 judges on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan</a>, which sits on top of the judicial hierarchy. Kazakhstan's judiciary also consists of courts of general jurisdiction, criminal courts, which handle grave crimes,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> juvenile courts, economic courts, administrative offenses courts, and administrative justice courts (the last of which was created in 2021). There is an eleven-member Constitutional Court (set up in 2022), even though formally this tribunal is not a part of the judicial branch.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to the legal profession, the Republican Collegiate was created in 2012 and it represents Kazakhstan's lawyers' associations on the national level.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazakhstan is divided into 16 <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">regions</a> and the three municipal regions (cities of republican significance) of <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shymkent" title="Shymkent">Shymkent</a>. Each is headed by an akim (provincial governor) appointed by the president. Municipal akims are appointed by province akims. The Government of Kazakhstan transferred its capital from Almaty to Astana on 10 June 1998. The regions or <i>oblystar</i> (singular — <i>oblys</i>) and cities (<i>qalalar</i>, singular — <i>qala</i>)* are : <a href="/wiki/Abai_Region" title="Abai Region">Abai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Semey" title="Semey">Semey</a>), <a href="/wiki/Almaty_Region" title="Almaty Region">Almaty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qonayev" title="Qonayev">Qonayev</a>), <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Almaty_Region" title="Almaty Region">Akmola</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kokshetau" title="Kokshetau">Kokshetau</a>), <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Aktobe_Region" title="Aktobe Region">Aktobe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aktobe" title="Aktobe">Aktobe</a>), <a href="/wiki/Atyrau_Region" title="Atyrau Region">Atyrau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atyrau" title="Atyrau">Atyrau</a>), <a href="/wiki/West_Kazakhstan_Region" title="West Kazakhstan Region">West Kazakhstan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oral,_Kazakhstan" title="Oral, Kazakhstan">Oral</a>), <a href="/wiki/Baykonur" class="mw-redirect" title="Baykonur">Baykonur</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Mangystau_Region" title="Mangystau Region">Mangystau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aktau" title="Aktau">Aktau</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shymkent" title="Shymkent">Shymkent</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Region" title="Turkistan Region">Turkistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pavlodar_Region" title="Pavlodar Region">Pavlodar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pavlodar" title="Pavlodar">Pavlodar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Karagandy_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagandy Region">Karagandy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karaganda" title="Karaganda">Karaganda</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kostanay_Region" title="Kostanay Region">Kostanay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kostanay" title="Kostanay">Kostanay</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kyzylorda_Region" title="Kyzylorda Region">Kyzylorda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kyzylorda" title="Kyzylorda">Kyzylorda</a>), <a href="/wiki/East_Kazakhstan_Region" title="East Kazakhstan Region">East Kazakhstan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oskemen" title="Oskemen">Oskemen</a>), <a href="/wiki/North_Kazakhstan_Region" title="North Kazakhstan Region">North Kazakhstan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Petropavl" title="Petropavl">Petropavl</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jambyl_Region" title="Jambyl Region">Jambyl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jetisu_Region" title="Jetisu Region">Jetisu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taldykorgan" title="Taldykorgan">Taldykorgan</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ulytau_Region" title="Ulytau Region">Ulytau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jezkazgan" title="Jezkazgan">Jezkazgan</a>). The administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 km<sup>2</sup> (2,317 sq mi) enclosing the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur space launch facilities</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Baikonur" title="Baikonur">Baikonur</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_composition">Current composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Current composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bektenov_Government" title="Bektenov Government">Bektenov Government</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_calculation_index" title="Monthly calculation index">Monthly calculation index</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/governance/expect-no-lines-front-digital-counters?cid=ECA_TT_ECA_EN_EXT">"Expect no lines in front of the digital counters"</a>. <i>blogs.worldbank.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Expect+no+lines+in+front+of+the+digital+counters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.worldbank.org%2Fgovernance%2Fexpect-no-lines-front-digital-counters%3Fcid%3DECA_TT_ECA_EN_EXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akorda.kz/en/constitution-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-50912">Article 41 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrochev2017" class="citation journal cs1">Trochev, Alexei (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cintl50&id=115&div=&collection=">"Between Convictions and Reconciliations: Processing Criminal Cases in Kazakhstani Courts"</a>. <i>Cornell International Law Journal</i>. <b>50</b>: 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornell+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Between+Convictions+and+Reconciliations%3A+Processing+Criminal+Cases+in+Kazakhstani+Courts&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=107&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Trochev&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fcintl50%26id%3D115%26div%3D%26collection%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akorda.kz/en/constitution-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-50912">Article 71 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:15_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/530f03374.pdf">"Independence of the Legal Profession in Central Asia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Commission of Jurists</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Commission+of+Jurists&rft.atitle=Independence+of+the+Legal+Profession+in+Central+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fpdfid%2F530f03374.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5487.htm">U.S. Relations With Kazakhstan</a> at the US Department of State</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kazakhstan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Template:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Template talk:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kazakhstan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles" title="Index of Kazakhstan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimek_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek Khanate">Kimek Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">White Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek Khanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Since 1465</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakh_khans" title="List of Kazakh khans">List of Kazakh khans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCz" title="Jüz">Jüz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Alash Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Kazakh ASSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan#Republic_of_Kazakhstan_(1991–present)" title="History of Kazakhstan">Republic of Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Kazakhstan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Kazakhstan">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kazakhstan" title="Coat of arms of Kazakhstan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/240px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktogay_Canyon" title="Aktogay Canyon">Aktogay Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altay (Altai) Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Karakum_Desert" title="Aral Karakum Desert">Aral Karakum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Borders of Kazakhstan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Tengri" title="Khan Tengri">Khan Tangiri Shyngy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharyn_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharyn Canyon">Sharyn Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tien (Tian) Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of cities in Kazakhstan">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kazakhstan" title="Districts of Kazakhstan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan" title="Regions of Kazakhstan">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kazakhstan" title="Elections in Kazakhstan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kazakhstan" title="Foreign relations of Kazakhstan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Kazakhstan" title="Freedom of speech in Kazakhstan">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kazakhstan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Law enforcement in Kazakhstan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of political parties in Kazakhstan">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kazakhstan" title="Agriculture in Kazakhstan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Kazakhstan">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Bank of Kazakhstan">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Stock_Exchange" title="Kazakhstan Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kazakhstan" title="Science and technology in Kazakhstan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Tenge <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Transport in Kazakhstan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meni%C3%B1_Qazaqstan%C4%B1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Meniñ Qazaqstanım">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_clothing" title="Kazakh clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan" title="Emblem of Kazakhstan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kazakhstan" title="Flag of Kazakhstan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Kazakhstan" title="Internet in Kazakhstan">Kaznet <span style="font-size:85%;">(Internet)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakhs" title="List of Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kazakhstan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Sport in Kazakhstan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Kazakhstan" title="Squatting in Kazakhstan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kazakhstan" title="Television in Kazakhstan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wedding_ceremony" title="Kazakh wedding ceremony">Wedding ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_Kazakh_tribes" title="Y-DNA haplogroups in Kazakh tribes">Y-DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh tribes">Kazakh tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Kazakhstan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Kazakhstan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kazakhstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Kazakhstan" title="Germans of Kazakhstan">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Greeks in Kazakhstan">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Kazakhstan">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Kazakhstan" title="Poles in Kazakhstan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Kazakhstan" title="Tatars of Kazakhstan">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Turks in Kazakhstan">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kazakhstan" title="Uyghurs in Kazakhstan">Uyghurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kazakhstan" title="Outline of Kazakhstan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles" title="Index of Kazakhstan-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kazakhstan" title="Category:Kazakhstan">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governments_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governments_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governments of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Afghanistan" title="Government of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Brunei" title="Government of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Korea" title="Government of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kuwait" title="Government of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mongolia" title="Government of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nepal" title="Government of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Syria" title="Government of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uzbekistan" title="Government of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Ossetia" title="Government of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Government of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governments_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governments_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governments of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Austria" title="Government of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belarus" title="Government of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bulgaria" title="Government of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Croatia" title="Government of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Government of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Latvia" title="Government of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Lithuania" title="Government of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malta" title="Government of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Moldova" title="Government of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Montenegro" title="Government of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Romania" title="Government of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Serbia" title="Government of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Slovakia" title="Government of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Slovenia" title="Government of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kosovo" title="Government of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Ossetia" title="Government of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Transnistria" title="Government of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_%C3%85land" title="Government of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gibraltar" title="Government of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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