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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Public officials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arizona_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arizona_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Arizona law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arizona_law_enforcement-sublist" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2010 border security legislation in Arizona</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Arizona SB 1070</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Seal_of_Arizona.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/State_Seal_of_Arizona.svg/100px-State_Seal_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/State_Seal_of_Arizona.svg/150px-State_Seal_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/State_Seal_of_Arizona.svg/200px-State_Seal_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="712" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature" title="Arizona State Legislature">Arizona State Legislature</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">House voted</th><td class="infobox-data">April 13, 2010 (35–21)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Senate voted</th><td class="infobox-data">April 19, 2010 (17–11)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed into law</th><td class="infobox-data">April 23, 2010</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Brewer" title="Jan Brewer">Jan Brewer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bill</th><td class="infobox-data">SB 1070</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Partially struck down </div></th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JanBrewer_PresObama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/JanBrewer_PresObama.jpg/220px-JanBrewer_PresObama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/JanBrewer_PresObama.jpg/330px-JanBrewer_PresObama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/JanBrewer_PresObama.jpg/440px-JanBrewer_PresObama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Arizona governor <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brewer" title="Jan Brewer">Jan Brewer</a> met with President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in June 2010 in the wake of SB 1070, to discuss immigration and border security issues.<a href="#cite_note-az-wh-meet-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> The Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (introduced as Arizona Senate Bill 1070 and commonly referred to as Arizona SB 1070) is a 2010 legislative <a href="/wiki/Act_(document)" title="Act (document)">Act</a> in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> that was the broadest and strictest anti-<a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal immigration</a> law in the United States when passed.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a> It has received international attention and has spurred considerable controversy.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_LA_boycott-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-az-3mo-4">[4]</a> U.S. federal law requires immigrants older than 18 to possess any certificate of alien registration issued to him or her at all times; violation of this requirement is a federal <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> crime.<a href="#cite_note-usc|8|1304e-5">[5]</a> The Arizona act made it also a state misdemeanor for an alien to be in Arizona without carrying the required documents,<a href="#cite_note-sb1070sect3-6">[6]</a> and required that state law enforcement officers attempt to determine an individual's immigration status during a "lawful stop, detention or arrest" when there is <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion" title="Reasonable suspicion">reasonable suspicion</a> that the individual is an illegal immigrant.<a href="#cite_note-hb2162sect3-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The law barred state or local officials or agencies from restricting enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">immigration laws</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sb1070sect2-9">[9]</a> and imposed penalties on those sheltering, hiring and transporting unregistered aliens.<a href="#cite_note-sb1070sect5-10">[10]</a> The paragraph on intent in the legislation says it embodies an "attrition through enforcement" doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-sb1070sect1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-cis-attr-12">[12]</a> Critics of the legislation say it encourages <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a>, while supporters say the law prohibits the use of race as the sole basis for investigating immigration status.<a href="#cite_note-ap-dissa-2-13">[13]</a> The law was amended by Arizona House Bill 2162 within a week of its signing, with the goal of addressing some of these concerns. There have been protests in opposition to the law in over 70 U.S. cities,<a href="#cite_note-cbc-may1-14">[14]</a> including boycotts and calls for boycotts of Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-boy-15">[15]</a> The Act was signed into law by Governor <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brewer" title="Jan Brewer">Jan Brewer</a> on April 23, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a> It was scheduled to go into effect on July 29, 2010, ninety days after <a href="/wiki/Adjournment_sine_die" title="Adjournment sine die">the end of the legislative session</a>.<a href="#cite_note-geneffdate-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-ars1-103-17">[17]</a> Legal challenges over its <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">constitutionality</a> and compliance with <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> law were filed, including one by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>, that also asked for an injunction against enforcement of the law.<a href="#cite_note-Feds_sue-18">[18]</a> The day before the law was to take effect, federal judge <a href="/wiki/Susan_R._Bolton" title="Susan R. Bolton">Susan R. Bolton</a> issued a preliminary injunction that blocked the law's most controversial provisions.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-blocks-19">[19]</a> In June 2012, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled on the case <a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._United_States" title="Arizona v. United States">Arizona v. United States</a>, upholding the provision requiring immigration status checks during law enforcement stops but striking down three other provisions as violations of the <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-sc-ruling-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Provisions">edit</a>]</div> U.S. federal law requires aliens 14 years old or older who are in the country for longer than 30 days to register with the U.S. government<a href="#cite_note-usc|8|1302-21">[21]</a> and have registration documents in their possession at all times.<a href="#cite_note-usc|8|1304e-5">[5]</a> The Act makes it a state <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> for an illegal alien to be in Arizona without carrying the required documents<a href="#cite_note-sb1070sect3-6">[6]</a> and obligates police to make an attempt, when practicable during a "lawful stop, detention or arrest",<a href="#cite_note-hb2162sect3-7">[7]</a> to determine a person's immigration status if there is <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion" title="Reasonable suspicion">reasonable suspicion</a> that the person is an illegal alien.<a href="#cite_note-sb1070sect2-9">[9]</a> Any person arrested cannot be released without confirmation of the person's legal immigration status by the federal government pursuant to § 1373(c) of <a href="/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 8 of the United States Code">Title 8 of the United States Code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sb1070sect2-9">[9]</a> A first offense carries a fine of up to $100, plus court costs, and up to 20 days in jail; subsequent offenses can result in up to 30 days in jail<a href="#cite_note-hb2162sect4-22">[22]</a> (SB 1070 required a minimum fine of $500 for a first violation, and for a second violation a minimum $1,000 fine and a maximum jail sentence of 6 months).<a href="#cite_note-sb1070sect5-10">[10]</a> A person is "presumed to not be an immigrant who is unlawfully present in the United States" if he or she presents any of the following four forms of identification: a valid Arizona <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver's license in the United States">driver license</a>; a valid Arizona <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license_in_the_United_States#Non-driver_identification_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver's license in the United States">nonoperating identification license</a>; a valid <a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">tribal enrollment card</a> or other tribal identification; or any valid <a href="/wiki/Identity_documents_in_the_United_States" title="Identity documents in the United States">federal, state, or local government-issued identification</a>, if the issuer requires proof of legal presence in the United States as a condition of issuance.<a href="#cite_note-sb1070sect2-9">[9]</a> The Act prohibits state, county, and local officials from limiting or restricting "the enforcement of federal immigration laws to less than the full extent permitted by federal law" and provides that any legal Arizona resident can sue the agencies or officials in question to compel such full enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-sb1070sect2-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-az-signing-23">[23]</a> If the person who brings suit prevails, that person may be entitled to reimbursement of court costs and reasonable attorney fees.<a href="#cite_note-sb1070sect2-9">[9]</a> The Act makes it a crime for anyone, regardless of citizenship or immigration status, to hire or to be hired from a vehicle which "blocks or impedes the normal movement of traffic." Vehicles used in such manner are subject to mandatory immobilization or impoundment. For a person in violation of a criminal law, it is an offense to transport an illegal alien "in furtherance" of the illegal immigrant's unauthorized presence in the U.S., to "conceal, harbor or shield" an illegal alien, or to encourage or induce an illegal alien to immigrate to the state, if the person "knows or recklessly disregards the fact" that the alien is in the U.S. without authorization or that immigration would be unlawful.<a href="#cite_note-sb1070sect5-10">[10]</a> Violation is a class 1 misdemeanor if fewer than ten illegal aliens are involved, and a class 6 felony if ten or more are involved. The offender is subject to a fine of at least $1,000 for each illegal immigrant involved. The transportation provision includes exceptions for child protective services workers, ambulance attendants and emergency medical technicians.<a href="#cite_note-sb1070sect5-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arizona_HB_2162">Arizona HB 2162</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arizona HB 2162">edit</a>]</div> On April 30, 2010, the Arizona legislature passed and Governor Brewer signed, House Bill 2162, which modified the Act that had been signed a week earlier, adding text stating that "prosecutors would not investigate complaints based on race, color or national origin."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The new text also states that police may only investigate immigration status incident to a "lawful stop, detention, or arrest", lowers the original fine from a minimum of $500 to a maximum of $5000,<a href="#cite_note-hb2162sect4-22">[22]</a> and changes incarceration limits for first-time offenders from 6 months to 20 days.<a href="#cite_note-hb2162sect3-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_passage">Background and passage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background and passage">edit</a>]</div> Arizona was the first state to enact such far-reaching legislation.<a href="#cite_note-az-chal-25">[25]</a> Prior law in Arizona, like most other states, did not require law enforcement personnel to ask the immigration status of people they encountered.<a href="#cite_note-ap-dissa-26">[26]</a> Many police departments discourage such inquiries to avoid deterring immigrants from reporting crimes and cooperating in other investigations.<a href="#cite_note-ap-dissa-26">[26]</a> Arizona had an estimated 460,000 illegal immigrants in April 2010,<a href="#cite_note-ap-dissa-26">[26]</a> a fivefold increase since 1990.<a href="#cite_note-ap-oth-border-27">[27]</a> As the state with the most unlawful crossings of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a>, its remote and dangerous deserts are the unlawful entry point for thousands of illegal immigrant Mexicans and Central Americans.<a href="#cite_note-ap-dissa-2-13">[13]</a> By the late 1990s, the Tucson Border Patrol Sector had the highest number of arrests by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">United States Border Patrol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ap-oth-border-27">[27]</a> Whether illegal aliens commit a disproportionate number of crimes is uncertain, with different authorities and academics claiming that the rate for this group was the same, greater, or less than that of the overall population.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-crime-rates-28">[28]</a> There was also anxiety that the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Drug War">Mexican Drug War</a>, which had caused thousands of deaths, would spill over into the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-crime-rates-28">[28]</a> Moreover, by late in the decade 2000, Phoenix was averaging one kidnapping per day, earning it the reputation as America's worst city in that regard.<a href="#cite_note-ap-oth-border-27">[27]</a> Arizona has a history of restricting illegal immigration. In 2007, legislation imposed heavy sanctions on employers hiring undocumented workers.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Measures similar to SB 1070 had been passed by the legislature in 2006 and 2008, only to be vetoed by Democratic Governor <a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-mex-amer-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-battle-31">[31]</a> She was subsequently appointed as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> and was replaced by Republican <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Arizona" title="Secretary of State of Arizona">Secretary of State of Arizona</a> Jan Brewer.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-wkpo-law-32">[32]</a> There is a similar history of referendums, such as the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Proposition_200_(2004)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Proposition 200 (2004)">Arizona Proposition 200 (2004)</a> that sought to restrict illegal immigrants' use of social services. The 'attrition through enforcement' doctrine had been encouraged by think tanks such as the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a> for several years.<a href="#cite_note-cis-attr-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russell_Pearce_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Russell_Pearce_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/220px-Russell_Pearce_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Russell_Pearce_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/330px-Russell_Pearce_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Russell_Pearce_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/440px-Russell_Pearce_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="2611" /></a><figcaption>State senator <a href="/wiki/Russell_Pearce" title="Russell Pearce">Russell Pearce</a>, sponsor of the bill</figcaption></figure> Impetus for SB 1070 was attributed to demographics shifting towards a larger Hispanic population, increased drugs and human smuggling related violence in Mexico and Arizona, and a struggling state economy and <a href="/wiki/Economic_anxiety" title="Economic anxiety">economic anxiety</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">late-2000s recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-az-3mo-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-reasons-33">[33]</a> State residents were frustrated by the lack of federal progress on immigration,<a href="#cite_note-az-3mo-4">[4]</a> which they viewed as even more disappointing given that Napolitano had joined the Obama administration.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-reasons-33">[33]</a> The major sponsor and legislative force behind the bill was state senator <a href="/wiki/Russell_Pearce" title="Russell Pearce">Russell Pearce</a>, who had long been one of Arizona's most vocal opponents of illegal aliens <a href="#cite_note-wkpo-house-34">[34]</a> and who had successfully pushed several prior pieces of tough legislation against those he termed "invaders on the American sovereignty".<a href="#cite_note-npr20080312-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-az-p-k-36">[36]</a> Much of the bill was drafted by <a href="/wiki/Kris_Kobach" title="Kris Kobach">Kris Kobach</a>,<a href="#cite_note-az-p-k-36">[36]</a> a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas_City_School_of_Law" title="University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law">University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law</a><a href="#cite_note-time-bill-37">[37]</a> and a figure long associated with the <a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a> who had drafted immigration bills for many other states.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-legal-38">[38]</a> Pearce and Kobach had worked together on prior immigration legislation, and Pearce contacted Kobach when he was ready to pursue stronger state enforcement of federal immigration laws.<a href="#cite_note-az-p-k-36">[36]</a> A December 2009 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Legislative_Exchange_Council" title="American Legislative Exchange Council">American Legislative Exchange Council</a> (ALEC) in Washington, D.C., produced <a href="/wiki/Model_act" title="Model act">model legislation</a> that embodied the Pearce initiative.<a href="#cite_note-npr-origins-39">[39]</a> One explanation for the impetus behind the bill was that ALEC is largely funded by corporate contributions, including some from the private prison industry such as the <a href="/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrections Corporation of America">Corrections Corporation of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management_and_Training_Corporation" title="Management and Training Corporation">Management and Training Corporation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GEO_Group" title="GEO Group">GEO Group</a>. These companies would benefit from a large increase in the number of illegal immigrants sent to jail.<a href="#cite_note-npr-origins-39">[39]</a> Pearce later denied that he created the bill for any reason other than to stop illegal immigration. He denied that he submitted the idea to ALEC for any reason other than helping it pass in Arizona and, potentially, in other states.<a href="#cite_note-npr-origins-39">[39]</a> The bill was introduced in the Arizona legislature in January 2010 and gained 36 cosponsors.<a href="#cite_note-npr-origins-39">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona State Senate">Arizona State Senate</a> approved an early version of the bill in February 2010.<a href="#cite_note-wkpo-house-34">[34]</a> Saying, "Enough is enough," Pearce stated figuratively that this new bill would remove handcuffs from law enforcement and place them on violent offenders.<a href="#cite_note-wkpo-law-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap042310-40">[40]</a> On March 27, 2010, 58-year-old <a href="/wiki/Robert_Krentz" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Krentz">Robert Krentz</a> and his dog were shot and killed while Krentz was doing fence work on his large ranch roughly 19 miles (31 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_-_United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico - United States border">Mexican border</a>. This incident gave a tangible public face to fears about immigration-related crime.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-crime-rates-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanc-bkg-41">[41]</a> Arizona police were unable to name a murder suspect but traced a set of footprints from the crime scene south towards the border. The resulting speculation that the killer was an illegal immigrant increased public support for SB 1070.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-crime-rates-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-battle-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanc-bkg-41">[41]</a> There was talk of naming the law after Krentz.<a href="#cite_note-time-battle-31">[31]</a> Some state legislators (both for and against the law) believed, however, that the impact of the Krentz killing has been overstated as a factor in the law's passage.<a href="#cite_note-az-3mo-4">[4]</a> The bill, with several amendments, passed the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_House_of_Representatives" title="Arizona House of Representatives">Arizona House of Representatives</a> on April 13 by a 35–21 party-line vote.<a href="#cite_note-wkpo-house-34">[34]</a> The revised measure then passed the State Senate on April 19 by a 17–11 vote that also closely followed party lines,<a href="#cite_note-wkpo-law-32">[32]</a> with all but one Republican voting for the bill, ten Democrats voting against it, and two Democrats abstaining.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyrsten_Sinema_at_SB1070_protest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kyrsten_Sinema_at_SB1070_protest.jpg/220px-Kyrsten_Sinema_at_SB1070_protest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kyrsten_Sinema_at_SB1070_protest.jpg/330px-Kyrsten_Sinema_at_SB1070_protest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kyrsten_Sinema_at_SB1070_protest.jpg/440px-Kyrsten_Sinema_at_SB1070_protest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>State representative <a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a>, opponent of the bill, attending a protest at the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Capitol" title="Arizona State Capitol">Arizona State Capitol</a> on the day of the bill's signing</figcaption></figure> After a bill passes, the Arizona governor has five days to either sign, veto, or allow it to pass without the governor's signature.<a href="#cite_note-az-angst-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The question became whether Governor Brewer would sign the bill into law, as she had remained silent on her opinion of SB1070.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-az-angst-43">[43]</a> Immigration had not previously been a focus of her political career, although as secretary of state she had supported <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Proposition_200_(2004)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Proposition 200 (2004)">Arizona Proposition 200 (2004)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-brewer-45">[45]</a> As governor, she had made another push for <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Proposition_100_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Proposition 100 (2010)">Arizona Proposition 100 (2010)</a>, a one percent increase in the state sales tax to prevent cuts in education, health and human services, and public safety, despite opposition from within her own party.<a href="#cite_note-az-angst-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-brewer-45">[45]</a> These political moves, along with a tough upcoming Republican Party primary in the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_gubernatorial_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona gubernatorial election, 2010">2010 Arizona gubernatorial election</a> with other conservative opponents supporting the bill, were considered major factors in her decision.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-az-angst-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-brewer-45">[45]</a> During the bill's development, her staff had reviewed its language line by line with state senator Pearce,<a href="#cite_note-az-angst-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-brewer-45">[45]</a> but she had said she had concerns about several of its provisions.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate (Mexico)">Mexican Senate</a> urged the governor to veto the bill<a href="#cite_note-ap042310-40">[40]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Mexico_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Mexico in Washington, D.C.">Mexican Embassy to the U.S.</a> raised concerns about potential <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a> that may result.<a href="#cite_note-wkpo-law-32">[32]</a> Citizen messages to Brewer, however, were 3–1 in favor of the law.<a href="#cite_note-wkpo-law-32">[32]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Rasmussen_Reports" title="Rasmussen Reports">Rasmussen Reports</a> poll taken between the House and Senate votes showed wide support for the bill among likely voters in the state, with 70 percent in favor and 23 percent opposed.<a href="#cite_note-rr-1-47">[47]</a> The same poll showed 53 percent were at least somewhat concerned that actions taken due to the measures in the bill would violate the civil rights of some American citizens.<a href="#cite_note-rr-1-47">[47]</a> Brewer's staff said that she was considering the legal issues, the impact on the state's business, and the feelings of the citizens in coming to her decision.<a href="#cite_note-az-angst-43">[43]</a> They added that "she agonizes over these things,"<a href="#cite_note-az-angst-43">[43]</a> and the governor also prayed over the matter.<a href="#cite_note-time-battle-31">[31]</a> Brewer's political allies said her decision would cause political trouble no matter what she decided.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-brewer-45">[45]</a> Most observers expected that she would sign the bill, and on April 23 she did.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a> During the wait for a signing decision, there were over a thousand people at the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Capitol" title="Arizona State Capitol">Arizona State Capitol</a> both in support of and opposition to the bill, and some minor civil unrest occurred.<a href="#cite_note-az-signing-23">[23]</a> Against concerns that the measure would promote racial profiling, Brewer stated that no such behavior would be tolerated: "We must enforce the law evenly, and without regard to skin color, accent or social status."<a href="#cite_note-nydn062410-48">[48]</a> She vowed to ensure that police forces had proper training relative to the law and civil rights,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-nydn062410-48">[48]</a> and on the same day as the signing she issued an executive order requiring additional training for all officers on how to implement SB 1070 without engaging in racial profiling.<a href="#cite_note-cnn042810-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Ultimately, she said, "We have to trust our law enforcement."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a> (The training materials developed by the Arizona <a href="/wiki/Peace_Officer_Standards_and_Training" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Officer Standards and Training">Peace Officer Standards and Training</a> Board were released in June 2010.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>) Sponsor Pearce called the law's passage "a good day for America."<a href="#cite_note-az-signing-23">[23]</a> News of the law and the debate around immigration gained national attention, especially on cable news television channels, where topics that attract strong opinions are often given extra airtime.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Nevertheless, the legislators were surprised by the reaction it gained. State Representative Michele Reagan reflected three months later: "The majority of us who voted yes on that bill, myself included, did not expect or encourage an outcry from the public. The majority of us just voted for it because we thought we could try to fix the problem. Nobody envisioned boycotts. Nobody anticipated the emotion, the prayer vigils. The attitude was: These are the laws, let's start following them."<a href="#cite_note-az-3mo-4">[4]</a> State Representative <a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a>, the assistant House minority leader (and current U.S. Senator) tried to stop the bill and voted against it. She similarly reflected: "I knew it would be bad, but no one thought it would be this big. No one."<a href="#cite_note-az-3mo-4">[4]</a> The immigration issue also gained center stage in the re-election campaign of Republican U.S. Senator from Arizona <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, who had been a past champion of federal immigration reform measures such as the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vanc-bkg-41">[41]</a> Also <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Arizona, 2010">faced with a primary battle</a> against the more conservative <a href="/wiki/J._D._Hayworth" title="J. D. Hayworth">J. D. Hayworth</a>, who had made legislation against unlawful immigration a central theme of his candidacy, McCain supported SB 1070 only hours before its passage in the State Senate.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanc-bkg-41">[41]</a> McCain subsequently became a vocal defender of the law, saying that the state had been forced to take action given the federal government's inability to control the border.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In September 2014, U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Susan_Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Bolton">Susan Bolton</a> ordered SB 1070 sponsor Russell Pearce to comply with a subpoena calling for him to turn over his emails and documents about the contentious statute. Challengers of the bill wanted to determine from them whether there was a discriminatory intent in composing the statute.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction">Reaction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reaction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_polls">Opinion polls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opinion polls">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Rasmussen_Reports" title="Rasmussen Reports">Rasmussen Reports</a> poll done nationally around the time of the signing indicated that 60 percent of Americans were in favor of and 31 percent opposed to legislation that allows local police to "stop and verify the immigration status of anyone they suspect of being an illegal immigrant."<a href="#cite_note-rr-3-57">[57]</a> The same poll also indicated that 58 percent are at least somewhat concerned that "efforts to identify and deport illegal immigrants will also end up violating the civil rights of some U.S. citizens."<a href="#cite_note-rr-3-57">[57]</a> A national <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">Gallup Poll</a> found that more than three-quarters of Americans had heard about the law, and of those who had, 51 percent were in favor of it against 39 percent opposed.<a href="#cite_note-csm-polls-58">[58]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Angus_Reid_Public_Opinion" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus Reid Public Opinion">Angus Reid Public Opinion</a> poll indicated that 71 percent of Americans said they supported the notion of requiring their own police to determine people's status if there was "reasonable suspicion" the people were illegal immigrants, and arresting those people if they could not prove they were legally in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-angus-poll-59">[59]</a> A nationwide <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>/<a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> poll found similar results to the others, with 51 percent of respondents saying the Arizona law was "about right" in its approach to the problem of illegal immigration, 36 percent saying it went too far, and 9 percent saying it did not go far enough.<a href="#cite_note-nytcbs-poll-60">[60]</a> Another CBS News poll, conducted a month after the signing, showed 52 percent seeing the law as about right, 28 percent thinking it goes too far, and 17 percent thinking it does not go far enough.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> A 57 percent majority thought that the federal government should be responsible for determining immigration law.<a href="#cite_note-nytcbs-poll-60">[60]</a> A national <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> poll found that 61 percent of respondents thought Arizona was right to take action itself rather than wait for federal action, and 64 percent thought the Obama administration should wait and see how the law works in practice rather than trying to stop it right away.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Experts caution that in general, polling has difficulty reflecting complex immigration issues and law.<a href="#cite_note-csm-polls-58">[58]</a> Another Rasmussen poll, done statewide after several days of heavy news coverage about the controversial law and its signing, found a large majority of Arizonans still supported it, by a 64 percent to 30 percent margin.<a href="#cite_note-rr-4-63">[63]</a> Rasmussen also found that Brewer's approval ratings as governor had shot up, going from 40 percent of likely voters before the signing to 56 percent after, and that her margin over prospective Democratic gubernatorial opponent, State Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Terry_Goddard" title="Terry Goddard">Terry Goddard</a> (who opposes the law) had widened.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> A poll done by <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> researchers found that 81 percent of registered Latino voters in the state opposed SB 1070.<a href="#cite_note-az-backlash-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_officials">Public officials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Public officials">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> In the United States, supporters and opponents of the bill have roughly followed party lines, with most <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> opposing the bill and most <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> supporting it. The bill was criticized by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> who called it "misguided" and said it would "undermine basic notions of fairness that we cherish as Americans, as well as the trust between police and our communities that is so crucial to keeping us safe."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanc-bkg-41">[41]</a> Obama did later note that the HB 2162 modification had stipulated that the law not be applied in a discriminatory fashion, but the president said there was still the possibility of suspected illegal immigrants "being harassed and arrested".<a href="#cite_note-csm-visit-66">[66]</a> He repeatedly called for federal <a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform#Immigration_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reform">immigration reform</a> legislation to forestall such actions among the states and as the only long-term solution to the problem of unlawful immigration.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanc-bkg-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-csm-visit-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs-obama-67">[67]</a> Governor Brewer and President Obama met at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in early June 2010 to discuss immigration and border security issues in the wake of SB 1070; the meeting was termed pleasant, but brought about little change in the participants' stances.<a href="#cite_note-az-wh-meet-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_4.jpg/220px-Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_4.jpg/330px-Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_4.jpg/440px-Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A sign at a rally against the law in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> Secretary of Homeland Security and former Arizona governor <a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a> testified before the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> that she had "deep concerns" about the law and that it would divert necessary law enforcement resources from combating violent criminals.<a href="#cite_note-lat042810-68">[68]</a> (As governor, Napolitano had consistently vetoed similar legislation throughout her term.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-mex-amer-30">[30]</a>) U.S. Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> said the federal government was considering several options, including a court challenge based on the law leading to possible civil rights violations.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-legal-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(lawyer)" title="Michael Posner (lawyer)">Michael Posner</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>, brought up the law in discussions with a Chinese delegation to illustrate human rights areas the U.S. needed to improve on.<a href="#cite_note-fox-china-70">[70]</a> This led McCain and fellow senator from Arizona <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a> to strongly object to any possibly implied comparison of the law to <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the People's Republic of China">human rights abuses in China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fox-china-70">[70]</a> Senior Democratic U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> of New York and Mayor of New York City <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> have criticized the law, with Bloomberg stating that it sends exactly the wrong message to international companies and travelers.<a href="#cite_note-nydn062410-48">[48]</a> In testimony before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Senate Homeland Security Committee</a>, McCain drew out that Napolitano had made her remarks before having actually read the law.<a href="#cite_note-fox-napo-71">[71]</a> Holder also acknowledged that he had not read the statute.<a href="#cite_note-fox-napo-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The admissions by the two cabinet secretaries that they had not yet read SB 1070 became an enduring criticism of the reaction against the law.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-read-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-nydn-puppet-75">[75]</a> Former Alaska governor and vice-presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> accused the party in power of being willing to "criticize bills (and divide the country with ensuing rhetoric) without actually reading them."<a href="#cite_note-cbs-read-74">[74]</a> Governor Brewer's election campaign issued a video featuring a frog hand puppet that sang "reading helps you know what you're talkin' 'bout" and urged viewers to fully read the law.<a href="#cite_note-nydn-puppet-75">[75]</a> In reaction to the question, President Obama told a group of Republican senators that he had in fact read the law.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Democrat <a href="/wiki/Linda_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Linda Sánchez">Linda Sánchez</a>, U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/California%27s_39th_congressional_district" title="California's 39th congressional district">California's 39th congressional district</a>, has claimed that <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> groups are in part to blame for the law's passage, saying, "There's a concerted effort behind promoting these kinds of laws on a state-by-state basis by people who have ties to white supremacy groups. It's been documented. It's not mainstream politics."<a href="#cite_note-fox-sanchez-77">[77]</a> Republican Representative <a href="/wiki/Gary_Miller_(politician)" title="Gary Miller (politician)">Gary Miller</a>, from <a href="/wiki/California%27s_42nd_congressional_district" title="California's 42nd congressional district">California's 42nd congressional district</a>, called her remarks "an outrageous accusation [and a] red herring. [She's] trying to change the debate from what the law says."<a href="#cite_note-fox-sanchez-77">[77]</a> Sánchez' district is in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County">Los Angeles County</a> and Miller's district is in both Los Angeles County and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a>. The law has been popular among the Republican Party base electorate; however, several Republicans have opposed aspects of the measure, mostly from those who have represented heavily Hispanic states.<a href="#cite_note-pol-gop-78">[78]</a> These include former Governor of Florida <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pol042710-79">[79]</a> former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives and sitting U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pol042710-79">[79]</a> and former George W. Bush chief political strategist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Some analysts have stated that Republican support for the law gives short-term political benefits by energizing their base and independents, but longer term carries the potential of alienating the growing Hispanic population from the party.<a href="#cite_note-pol-gop-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The issue played a role in several Republican primary contests during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_elections,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional elections, 2010">2010 congressional election</a> season.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> One Arizona Democrat who defended some of the motivation behind the bill was Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Gabby_Giffords" title="Gabby Giffords">Gabby Giffords</a>, who said her constituents were "sick and tired" of the federal government failing to protect the border, that the current situation was "completely unacceptable", and that the legislation was a "clear calling that the federal government needs to do a better job".<a href="#cite_note-cnn042810-49">[49]</a> However, she stopped short of supporting the law itself, saying it "does nothing to secure our border" and that it "stands in direct contradiction to our past and, as a result, threatens our future."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Her opposition to the law became one of the issues in <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Arizona,_2010#District_8" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in Arizona, 2010">her 2010 re-election campaign</a>, in which she narrowly prevailed over her Republican opponent, who supported it.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> included the dispute over SB 1070 in an August 2010 report to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>, as an example to other countries of how fractious issues can be resolved under the rule of law.<a href="#cite_note-fox083010-86">[86]</a> Governor Brewer demanded that the reference to the law be removed from the report, seeing its inclusion as implying that the law was a violation of human rights<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and saying that any notion of submitting U.S. laws to U.N. review was "internationalism run amok".<a href="#cite_note-fox083010-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a>'s office said that "the Mexican government condemns the approval of the law [and] the criminalization of migration."<a href="#cite_note-ap-dissa-2-13">[13]</a> President Calderón also characterized the new law as a "violation of human rights".<a href="#cite_note-wapo-mex-88">[88]</a> Calderón repeated his criticism during a subsequent <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to the White House.<a href="#cite_note-csm-visit-66">[66]</a> The measure was also strongly criticized by Mexican health minister <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_C%C3%B3rdova" title="José Ángel Córdova">José Ángel Córdova</a>, former education minister <a href="/wiki/Josefina_V%C3%A1zquez_Mota" title="Josefina Vázquez Mota">Josefina Vázquez Mota</a>, and Governor of Baja California <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guadalupe_Osuna_Mill%C3%A1n" title="José Guadalupe Osuna Millán">José Guadalupe Osuna Millán</a>, with Osuna saying it "could disrupt the indispensable economic, political and cultural exchanges of the entire border region."<a href="#cite_note-wapo-mex-88">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)" title="Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)">Mexican Foreign Ministry</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Travel_advisory" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel advisory">travel advisory</a> for its citizens visiting Arizona, saying "It must be assumed that every Mexican citizen may be harassed and questioned without further cause at any time."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In response to these comments, Chris Hawley of <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> said that "Mexico has a law that is no different from Arizona's", referring to legislation which gives local police forces the power to check documents of people suspected of being in the country unlawful.<a href="#cite_note-usa-mex-law-91">[91]</a> Immigration and human rights activists have also noted that Mexican authorities frequently engage in racial profiling, harassment, and shakedowns against migrants from Central America.<a href="#cite_note-usa-mex-law-91">[91]</a> The law imperiled the 28th annual, binational <a href="/wiki/Border_Governors_Conference" title="Border Governors Conference">Border Governors Conference</a>, scheduled to be held in Phoenix in September 2010 and to be hosted by Governor Brewer.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-bgc-92">[92]</a> The governors of the six Mexican states belonging to the conference vowed to boycott it in protest of the law, saying SB 1070 is "based on ethnic and cultural prejudice contrary to fundamental rights," and Brewer said in response that she was canceling the gathering.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-bgc-92">[92]</a> Governors <a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> of New Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> of California, U.S. border governors who oppose the law, supported moving the conference to another state and going forward with it,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-bgc-92">[92]</a> and it was subsequently held in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a> without Brewer attending.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arizona_law_enforcement">Arizona law enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arizona law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> Arizona's law enforcement groups have been split on the bill,<a href="#cite_note-wkpo-law-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-wkpo-enf-94">[94]</a> with statewide rank-and-file police officer groups generally supporting it and police chief associations opposing it.<a href="#cite_note-az-signing-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-pol-split-95">[95]</a> The Arizona Association of Chiefs of Police criticized the legislation, calling the provisions of the bill "problematic" and expressing that it will negatively affect the ability of law enforcement agencies across the state to fulfill their many responsibilities in a timely manner.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Additionally, some officers have repeated the past concern that undocumented immigrants may come to fear the police and not contact them in situations of emergency or in instances where they have valuable knowledge of a crime.<a href="#cite_note-ap-pol-split-95">[95]</a> However, the Phoenix Law Enforcement Association, which represents the city's police officers, has supported the legislation and lobbied aggressively for its passage.<a href="#cite_note-wkpo-enf-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-pol-split-95">[95]</a> Officers supporting the measure say they have many indicators other than race they can use to determine whether someone may be an illegal immigrant, such as absent identification or conflicting statements made.<a href="#cite_note-ap-pol-split-95">[95]</a> The measure was hailed by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Arpaio" title="Joe Arpaio">Joe Arpaio</a>, Sheriff of <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa County, Arizona</a> – known for his tough crackdowns on undocumented immigration within his own jurisdiction – who hoped the measure would cause the federal action to seal the border.<a href="#cite_note-ap-dissa-3-97">[97]</a> Arpaio said, "I think they'll be afraid that other states will follow this new law that's now been passed."<a href="#cite_note-ap-dissa-3-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_organizations_and_perspectives">Religious organizations and perspectives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious organizations and perspectives">edit</a>]</div> Activists within the church were present on both sides of the immigration debate,<a href="#cite_note-slct-faith-98">[98]</a> and both proponents and opponents of the law appealed to religious arguments for support.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneapolis_protest_against_Arizona_immigrant_law_SB_1070.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Minneapolis_protest_against_Arizona_immigrant_law_SB_1070.jpg/170px-Minneapolis_protest_against_Arizona_immigrant_law_SB_1070.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Minneapolis_protest_against_Arizona_immigrant_law_SB_1070.jpg/255px-Minneapolis_protest_against_Arizona_immigrant_law_SB_1070.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Minneapolis_protest_against_Arizona_immigrant_law_SB_1070.jpg/340px-Minneapolis_protest_against_Arizona_immigrant_law_SB_1070.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A protest against SB 1070 by a coalition of community organizations in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></figcaption></figure> State Senator Pearce, a devout member of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, which has a substantial population in Arizona, frequently said that his efforts to push forward this legislation was based on that church's <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">13 Articles of Faith</a>, one of which instructs in obeying the law.<a href="#cite_note-slct-faith-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-az-faith-100">[100]</a> This association caused a backlash against The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and threatened its proselytizing efforts among the area's Hispanic population.<a href="#cite_note-az-faith-100">[100]</a> The church emphasized that it took no position on the law or immigration in general and that Pearce did not speak for it.<a href="#cite_note-slct-faith-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-az-faith-100">[100]</a> It later endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a> on immigration<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and in the following year, took an official position on the issue which opposed Pearce's approach to immigration, saying, "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is concerned that any state legislation that only contains enforcement provisions is likely to fall short of the high moral standard of treating each other as children of God. The Church supports an approach where undocumented immigrants are allowed to square themselves with the law and continue to work without this necessarily leading to citizenship."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops">U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> denounced the law, characterizing it as draconian and saying it "could lead to the wrongful questioning and arrest of U.S. citizens."<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches</a> also criticized the law, saying that it ran counter to centuries of biblical teachings regarding justice and neighborliness.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Other members of the Christian clergy differed on the law.<a href="#cite_note-renw-churches-105">[105]</a> United Methodist Church Bishop <a href="/wiki/Minerva_G._Carca%C3%B1o" title="Minerva G. Carcaño">Minerva G. Carcaño</a> of Arizona's Desert Southwest Conference opposed it as "unwise, short sighted and mean spirited"<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and led a mission of prominent religious figures to Washington to lobby for comprehensive immigration reform.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-rns-boy-108">[108]</a> But others stressed the Biblical command to follow laws.<a href="#cite_note-renw-churches-105">[105]</a> While there was a perception that most Christian groups opposed the law, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Tooley" title="Mark Tooley">Mark Tooley</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_on_Religion_and_Democracy" title="Institute on Religion and Democracy">Institute on Religion and Democracy</a> said that immigration was a political issue that "Christians across the spectrum can disagree about" and that liberal churches were simply more outspoken on this matter.<a href="#cite_note-renw-churches-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concerns_over_potential_civil_rights_violations">Concerns over potential civil rights violations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Concerns over potential civil rights violations">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Latino_Elected_and_Appointed_Officials" title="National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials">National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials</a> said the legislation was "an unconstitutional and costly measure that will violate the civil rights of all Arizonans."<a href="#cite_note-hindu-109">[109]</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coleman_(politician)" title="Chris Coleman (politician)">Chris Coleman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a>, labeled it as "draconian" as did Democratic <a href="/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">Texas House of Representatives</a> member <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Coleman" title="Garnet Coleman">Garnet Coleman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-draco-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Edwin Kneedler, the U.S. Deputy Solicitor General, also criticized the legislation for its potential infringement on the civil liberties of Arizona's citizens and lawful permanent residents.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Proponents with the law have rejected such criticism, and argued that the law was reasonable, limited, and carefully crafted.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Baker" title="Stewart Baker">Stewart Baker</a>, a former Homeland Security official in the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush administration</a>, said, "The coverage of this law and the text of the law are a little hard to square. There's nothing in the law that requires cities to stop people without cause, or encourages racial or ethnic profiling by itself."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-legal-38">[38]</a> Republican member with the Arizona House of Representatives <a href="/wiki/Steve_Montenegro" title="Steve Montenegro">Steve Montenegro</a> supported the law, saying that "This bill has nothing to do with race or profiling. It has to do with the law. We are seeing a lot of crime here in Arizona because of the open borders that we have."<a href="#cite_note-ksaz-monte-114">[114]</a> Montenegro, who legally immigrated to the U.S. from <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> with his family when he was four, stated, "I am saying if you here illegally, get in line, come in the right way."<a href="#cite_note-ksaz-monte-114">[114]</a> As one of the main drafters of the law, Kobach has stated that the way the law has been written makes any form of <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a> unlawful. In particular, Kobach references the phrase in the law that directly states that officers "may not solely consider race, color, or national origin."<a href="#cite_note-Kobach_NYT-115">[115]</a> Kobach also disagrees that the "reasonable suspicion" clause of the bill specifically allows for racial profiling, replying that the term "reasonable suspicion" has been used in other laws prior and therefore has "legal precedent".<a href="#cite_note-Kobach_NYT-115">[115]</a> However, there are ongoing arguments in legal journal articles that racial profiling does exist and threatens <a href="/wiki/Human_security" title="Human security">human security</a>, particularly community security of the Mexicans living in the United States. India Williams argues that the Border Patrol is very likely to stop anyone if a suspect resembles "Mexican appearance" and states that such generalization of unchangeable physical features threatens the culture and the heritage of the ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Andrea Nill argues that it is only a small portion of Mexicans and Latinos that are undocumented immigrants, but there is a demonization and illogical discrimination of Latino community by giving less respect, rights, and freedoms, whereas white American citizens will never have to worry about being stopped by the police due to their skin color.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Some Latino leaders compared the law to <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American internment">Japanese American internment</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-az-signing-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The law's aspect that officers may question the immigration status of those they suspect are in the country unlawfully became characterized in some quarters as the "show me your papers" or "your papers, please" provision.<a href="#cite_note-spero-smyp-pp-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-cw-pp-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-smyp-clear-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc15-smyp-122">[122]</a> This echoed a common trope regarding Germans in World War II films.<a href="#cite_note-spero-smyp-pp-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs-smyp-123">[123]</a> Such an association was explicitly made by Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a> of Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-smyp-123">[123]</a> Congressman <a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Jared Polis</a> of Colorado and Los Angeles Councilwoman <a href="/wiki/Janice_Hahn" title="Janice Hahn">Janice Hahn</a> also said the law's requirement to carry papers all the time was reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_legislation_in_prewar_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany">anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany</a> and feared that Arizona was headed towards becoming a <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lat042810-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mahony" title="Roger Mahony">Roger Mahony</a> of Los Angeles said, "I can't imagine Arizonans now reverting to German Nazi and Russian Communist techniques whereby people are required to turn one another in to the authorities on any suspicion of documentation."<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> called for an end to the comparisons with Nazi Germany, saying that no matter how odious or unconstitutional the Arizona law might be, it did not compare to the role that Nazi identity cards played in what eventually became the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">extermination of European Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In its final form, HB 2162 limits the use of race. It states: "A law enforcement official or agency of this state or a county, city, town or other political subdivision of this state may not consider race, color or national origin in implementing the requirements of this subsection except to the extent permitted by the United States or Arizona Constitution."<a href="#cite_note-hb2162sect3-7">[7]</a> The U.S. and Arizona supreme courts have held that race may be considered in enforcing immigration law. In <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce">United States v. Brignoni-Ponce</a>, the U.S. Supreme Court found: "The likelihood that any given person of Mexican ancestry is an alien is high enough to make Mexican appearance a relevant factor."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The Arizona Supreme Court agrees that "enforcement of immigration laws often involves a relevant consideration of ethnic factors."<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Both decisions say that race alone, however, is an insufficient basis to stop or arrest. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests">Protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Protests">edit</a>]</div> Thousands of people staged protests in state capital <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> over the law around the time of its signing, and a pro-immigrant activist called the measure "racist".<a href="#cite_note-ap042310-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs042610-129">[129]</a> Passage of the HB 2162 modifications to the law, although intended to address some of the criticisms of it, did little to change the minds of the law's opponents.<a href="#cite_note-nytcbs-poll-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs050510-130">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_7.jpg/220px-Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_7.jpg/330px-Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_7.jpg/440px-Immigration_Reform_Leaders_Arrested_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Protesters being arrested as part of the May 1, 2010, civil disobedience display in front of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> </figcaption></figure> Tens of thousands of people demonstrated against the law in over 70 U.S. cities on May 1, 2010, a day <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">traditionally used around the world to assert workers' rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cbc-may1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-may1-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-may1-132">[132]</a> A rally in Los Angeles, attended by Cardinal Mahoney, attracted between 50,000 and 60,000 people, with protesters waving Mexican flags and chanting "<a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD_se_puede" title="Sí se puede">Sí se puede</a>".<a href="#cite_note-cbc-may1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-may1-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-lat-may1-133">[133]</a> The city had become the national epicenter of protests against the Arizona law.<a href="#cite_note-lat-may1-133">[133]</a> Around 25,000 people were at a protest in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, and more than 5,000 were in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, while rallies in other cities generally attracted around a thousand people or so.<a href="#cite_note-ap-may1-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-may1-132">[132]</a> Democratic U.S. Congressman from Illinois <a href="/wiki/Luis_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Luis Gutiérrez">Luis Gutiérrez</a> was part of a 35-person group arrested in front of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in a planned act of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> that was also urging President Obama to push for comprehensive immigration reform.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> There and in some other locations, demonstrators expressed frustration with what they saw as the administration's lack of action on immigration reform, with signs holding messages such as "Hey Obama! Don't deport my mama."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-may1-132">[132]</a> Protests both for and against the Act took place over <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day_Weekend" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Day Weekend">Memorial Day Weekend</a> in Phoenix and commanded thousands of people.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-memday-135">[135]</a> Those opposing it, mostly consisting of Latinos, marched five miles to the State Capitol in high heat, while those supporting it met in a stadium in an event arranged by elements of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-memday-135">[135]</a> Protests against the law extended to the arts and sports world as well. Colombian pop singer <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a> came to Phoenix and gave a joint press conference against the bill with Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Gordon_(politician)" title="Phil Gordon (politician)">Phil Gordon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a>, of part Mexican descent and raised in Arizona, also appeared in Phoenix and said, "Mexican-Americans are not going to take this lying down."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> A concert of May 16 in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo" title="Zócalo">Zócalo</a>, called Prepa Si Youth For Dignity: We Are All Arizona, drew some 85,000 people to hear <a href="/wiki/Molotov_(band)" title="Molotov (band)">Molotov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaguares_(rock_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaguares (rock band)">Jaguares</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maldita_Vecindad" title="Maldita Vecindad">Maldita Vecindad</a> headline a seven-hour show in protest against the law.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Players_Association" title="Major League Baseball Players Association">Major League Baseball Players Association</a>, of whose members one quarter are born outside the U.S., said that the law "could have a negative impact on hundreds of major league players," especially since many teams come to Arizona for <a href="/wiki/Spring_training" title="Spring training">spring training</a>, and called for it to be "repealed or modified promptly."<a href="#cite_note-lat-mlb-139">[139]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> game at <a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Field" title="Wrigley Field">Wrigley Field</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks" title="Arizona Diamondbacks">Arizona Diamondbacks</a> were visiting the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a> saw demonstrators protesting the law.<a href="#cite_note-espn-move-140">[140]</a> Protesters focused on the Diamondbacks because owner <a href="/wiki/Ken_Kendrick" title="Ken Kendrick">Ken Kendrick</a> had been a prominent fundraiser in Republican causes, but he in fact opposed the law.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Suns" title="Phoenix Suns">Phoenix Suns</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> wore their "Los Suns" uniforms normally used for the league's "Noche Latina" program for their May 5, 2010 (<a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a>) <a href="/wiki/2010_NBA_Playoffs" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 NBA Playoffs">playoff game</a> against the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs" title="San Antonio Spurs">San Antonio Spurs</a> to show their support for Arizona's Latino community and to voice disapproval of the immigration law.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The Suns' political action, rare in American team sports, created a firestorm and drew opposition from many of the teams' fans;<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> President Obama highlighted it, while conservative radio commentator <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> called the move "cowardice, pure and simple."<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boycotts">Boycotts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Boycotts">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Arizona boycott" redirects here. For the late 1980s–early 1990s boycott of Arizona related to Martin Luther King Jr. Day, see <a href="/wiki/Evan_Mecham#Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Evan Mecham">Evan Mecham § Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day#Reluctance_to_observe" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day § Reluctance to observe</a>.</div> <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycotts</a> of Arizona were organized in response to SB 1070, with resolutions by city governments being among the first to materialize.<a href="#cite_note-lat042810-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt042710-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-nydn043010-147">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_San_Francisco" title="Government of San Francisco">government of San Francisco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council" title="Los Angeles City Council">Los Angeles City Council</a>, and city officials in <a href="/wiki/Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland">Oakland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> all took specific action, usually by banning some of their employees from work-related travel to Arizona or by limiting city business done with companies headquartered in Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_LA_boycott-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-draco-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-nydn043010-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In an attempt to push back against the Los Angeles City Council's action, which was valued at $56 million,<a href="#cite_note-CNN_LA_boycott-3">[3]</a> Arizona Corporation Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Gary_Pierce" title="Gary Pierce">Gary Pierce</a> sent a letter to Los Angeles Mayor <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Villaraigosa" title="Antonio Villaraigosa">Antonio Villaraigosa</a>, suggesting that he'd "be happy to encourage Arizona utilities to renegotiate your power agreements so that Los Angeles no longer receives any power from Arizona-based generation."<a href="#cite_note-az-la-149">[149]</a> Such a move was infeasible for reasons of ownership and governance, and Pierce later stated that he was not making a literal threat to cut power to the city.<a href="#cite_note-az-la-149">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_Convention_Center_-_South_on_3rd_St_-_2009-07-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Phoenix_Convention_Center_-_South_on_3rd_St_-_2009-07-06.jpg/220px-Phoenix_Convention_Center_-_South_on_3rd_St_-_2009-07-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Phoenix_Convention_Center_-_South_on_3rd_St_-_2009-07-06.jpg/330px-Phoenix_Convention_Center_-_South_on_3rd_St_-_2009-07-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Phoenix_Convention_Center_-_South_on_3rd_St_-_2009-07-06.jpg/440px-Phoenix_Convention_Center_-_South_on_3rd_St_-_2009-07-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6785" data-file-height="2267" /></a><figcaption>Arizona's convention business, such as here at the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Convention_Center" title="Phoenix Convention Center">Phoenix Convention Center</a>, was a prime target of boycott efforts.</figcaption></figure> U.S. Congressman <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Grijalva" title="Raúl Grijalva">Raúl Grijalva</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Arizona%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Arizona's 7th congressional district">Arizona's 7th congressional district</a>, had been the first prominent officeholder to call for an <a href="/wiki/Economic_boycott" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic boycott">economic boycott</a> of his state, by industries from manufacturing to tourism, in response to SB 1070.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> His call was echoed by <a href="/wiki/La_Opini%C3%B3n" title="La Opinión">La Opinión</a>, the nation's largest Spanish-language newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-nyt042710-145">[145]</a> Calls for various kinds of boycotts were also spread through <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> sites, and there were reports of individuals or groups changing their plans or activities in protest of the law.<a href="#cite_note-cbs042610-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt042710-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-az042710-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The prospect of an adverse economic impact made Arizonan business leaders and groups nervous,<a href="#cite_note-lat042810-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs042610-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-az042710-151">[151]</a> and Phoenix officials estimated that the city could lose up to $90 million in hotel and convention business over the next five years due to the controversy over the law.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Phoenix Mayor Gordon urged people not to punish the entire state as a consequence.<a href="#cite_note-nyt042710-145">[145]</a> Major organizations opposing the law, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_La_Raza" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of La Raza">National Council of La Raza</a>, refrained from initially supporting a boycott, knowing that such actions are difficult to execute successfully and even if done cause broad economic suffering, including among the people they are supporting.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-boy-15">[15]</a> Arizona did have a past case of a large-scale boycott during the late 1980s and early 1990s, when it lost many conventions and several hundred million dollars in revenues after Governor <a href="/wiki/Evan_Mecham#Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Evan Mecham">Evan Mecham's cancellation</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a> state holiday and a subsequent failed initial referendum to restore it.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-boy-15">[15]</a> La Raza subsequently switched its position regarding SB 1070 and became one of the leaders of the boycott effort.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-rnc-154">[154]</a> The Arizona Hispanic Chamber of Commerce opposed both the law and the idea of boycotting, saying the latter would only hurt small businesses and the state's economy, which was already badly damaged by the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2010">collapse of real estate prices</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">late-2000s recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Other state business groups opposed a boycott for the same reasons.<a href="#cite_note-atl-boy-156">[156]</a> Religious groups opposed to the law split on whether a boycott was advisable, with Bishop Carcaño saying one "would only extend our recession by three to five years and hit those who are poorest among us."<a href="#cite_note-rns-boy-108">[108]</a> Representative Grijalva said he wanted to keep a boycott restricted to conferences and conventions and only for a limited time: "The idea is to send a message, not grind down the state economy."<a href="#cite_note-wapo-boy-15">[15]</a> Governor Brewer said that she was disappointed and surprised at the proposed boycotts – "How could further punishing families and businesses, large and small, be a solution viewed as constructive?" – but said that the state would not back away from the law.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> President Obama took no position on the matter, saying, "I'm the president of the United States, I don't endorse boycotts or not endorse boycotts. That's something that private citizens can make a decision about."<a href="#cite_note-cbs-obama-67">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chase_Field_-_2011-07-11_-_Interior_North_Upper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chase_Field_-_2011-07-11_-_Interior_North_Upper.jpg/220px-Chase_Field_-_2011-07-11_-_Interior_North_Upper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chase_Field_-_2011-07-11_-_Interior_North_Upper.jpg/330px-Chase_Field_-_2011-07-11_-_Interior_North_Upper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chase_Field_-_2011-07-11_-_Interior_North_Upper.jpg/440px-Chase_Field_-_2011-07-11_-_Interior_North_Upper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Calls to boycott the <a href="/wiki/2011_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="2011 Major League Baseball All-Star Game">2011 Major League Baseball All-Star Game</a> were ineffective.</figcaption></figure> Sports-related boycotts were proposed as well. U.S. congressman from New York <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Enrique_Serrano" class="mw-redirect" title="José Enrique Serrano">José Serrano</a> asked baseball commissioner <a href="/wiki/Bud_Selig" title="Bud Selig">Bud Selig</a> to move the <a href="/wiki/2011_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="2011 Major League Baseball All-Star Game">2011 Major League Baseball All-Star Game</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chase_Field" title="Chase Field">Chase Field</a> in Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-espn-move-140">[140]</a> The manager of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago White Sox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozzie_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Ozzie Guillén">Ozzie Guillén</a>, stated that he would boycott that game "as a Latin American" and several players indicated they might as well.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-huffpo-allstargame-159">[159]</a> Selig refused to move the game and it took place as scheduled a year later, with no players or coaches staying away.<a href="#cite_note-huffpo-allstargame-159">[159]</a> Two groups protesting outside the stadium drew little interest from fans eager to get into the game.<a href="#cite_note-huffpo-allstargame-159">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Council" title="World Boxing Council">World Boxing Council</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, said it would not schedule Mexican boxers to fight in the state.<a href="#cite_note-espn-move-140">[140]</a> A boycott by musicians saying they would not stage performances in Arizona was co-founded by Marco Amador, a Chicano activist and independent media advocate and <a href="/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Zack de la Rocha</a>, the lead singer of <a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a> and the son of <a href="/wiki/Beto_de_la_Rocha" class="mw-redirect" title="Beto de la Rocha">Beto de la Rocha</a> of Chicano art group <a href="/wiki/Los_Four" title="Los Four">Los Four</a>, who said, "Some of us grew up dealing with racial profiling, but this law (SB 1070) takes it to a whole new low."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-zack-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs-zack-161">[161]</a> Called the Sound Strike, artists signing on with the effort included <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hill" title="Cypress Hill">Cypress Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massive_Attack" title="Massive Attack">Massive Attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conor_Oberst" title="Conor Oberst">Conor Oberst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Satriani" title="Joe Satriani">Joe Satriani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rise_Against" title="Rise Against">Rise Against</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenacious_D" title="Tenacious D">Tenacious D</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Coup" title="The Coup">The Coup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gogol_Bordello" title="Gogol Bordello">Gogol Bordello</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Los_Tigres_del_Norte" title="Los Tigres del Norte">Los Tigres del Norte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-zack-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs-zack-161">[161]</a> Some other Spanish-language artists did not join this effort but avoided playing in Arizona on their tours anyway; these included <a href="/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)" title="Pitbull (rapper)">Pitbull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisin_%26_Yandel" title="Wisin & Yandel">Wisin & Yandel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conjunto_Primavera" title="Conjunto Primavera">Conjunto Primavera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-zack-160">[160]</a> The Sound Strike boycott failed to gain support from many area- or stadium-level acts, and no country music acts signed on.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a> very publicly opposed such efforts, saying at a concert performance in Tucson: "We are all very pleased to be playing in Arizona. I have read that some of the artists won't come here. They are fuckwits! Let's face it: I still play in California, and as a gay man I have no legal rights whatsoever. So what's the fuck up with these people?"<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> By November 2010, Pitbull had announced a change of heart, playing a show in Phoenix because large parts of the law had been stopped by the judicial action.<a href="#cite_note-pnt-fu1-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/My_Chemical_Romance" title="My Chemical Romance">My Chemical Romance</a>, an original Sound Strike participant, supposedly dropped out and scheduled a show in the state as well<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> (however, the following day the show was cancelled and the band apologized, explaining that it was an error with tour scheduling and it should not have been booked in the first place due to "the band's affiliation with The Sound Strike" ).<a href="#cite_note-pnt-fu3-166">[166]</a> De la Rocha said Sound Strike would continue despite the injunction against large parts of SB 1070 in order to battle Arizona's "racist and fear mongering state government" and until the Obama administration stopped participating in federal actions such as the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">287(g) program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States#Secure_Communities" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Secure Communities</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a> policies.<a href="#cite_note-pnt-fu1-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-pnt-fu3-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In reaction to the boycott talk, proponents of the law advocated making a special effort to buy products and services from Arizona in order to indicate support for the law.<a href="#cite_note-apm-buy-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc15-buy-169">[169]</a> These efforts, sometimes termed a "buycott", were spread by social media and talk radio as well as by elements of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apm-buy-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc15-buy-169">[169]</a> Some supporters of the law and legal scholars have also suggested that the city government boycotts of Arizona represent an unconstitutional violation of the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate Commerce Clause">Interstate Commerce Clause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> By early May, the state had lost a projected $6–10 million in business revenue, according to the Arizona Hotel & Lodging Association.<a href="#cite_note-atl-boy-156">[156]</a> However, an increase in leisure travel and an overall economic recovery more than compensated for the business travel loss; by July, overall hotel occupancy rates and revenues were up from the same period in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-fox-hotels-172">[172]</a> The president of the Greater Phoenix Economic Council said, "Fundamentally, the boycotts have been unsuccessful."<a href="#cite_note-fox-hotels-172">[172]</a> A November 2010 study by the progressive-oriented <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a> stated that the boycott had so far cost the state economy as much as $141 million in lost revenues, including $45 million in the lodging industry.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> However, an examination at the same time by the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> found that while the boycott had been disruptive in some areas, it had had nowhere near the effect some had originally imagined.<a href="#cite_note-ap-boy-nov-174">[174]</a> Visitors at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon National Park</a> were up from the year before, several well-known Arizona-based companies that were targeted said they had seen no effect from it, and the actions by the San Francisco and Los Angeles city governments had resulted in few practical consequences.<a href="#cite_note-ap-boy-nov-174">[174]</a> Sports-related boycotts, such as of the <a href="/wiki/Fiesta_Bowl" title="Fiesta Bowl">Fiesta Bowl</a>, sponsor <a href="/wiki/Frito-Lay" title="Frito-Lay">Frito-Lay</a> and beer distributor <a href="/wiki/Hensley_%26_Co." title="Hensley & Co.">Hensley & Co.</a>, had also had no effect.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In September 2011 La Raza and two associated groups called off their boycott, saying that the action had been successful in discouraging some other states from passing SB 1070-like laws and that continuing the boycott would only punish businesses and workers.<a href="#cite_note-laraza-end-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arizona">Arizona</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arizona">edit</a>]</div> Some Christian churches in Arizona with large immigrant congregations reported a 30 percent drop in their attendance figures.<a href="#cite_note-rns-boy-108">[108]</a> Schools, businesses, and health care facilities in certain areas also reported sizable drops in their numbers.<a href="#cite_note-ap-leaving-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-apr-leaving-178">[178]</a> That and the prevalence of yard sales suggested illegal immigrants were leaving Arizona, with some returning to Mexico and others moving to other U.S. states.<a href="#cite_note-ap-leaving-177">[177]</a> A November 2010 study by <a href="/wiki/BBVA_Bancomer" class="mw-redirect" title="BBVA Bancomer">BBVA Bancomer</a> based upon <a href="/wiki/Current_Population_Survey" title="Current Population Survey">Current Population Survey</a> figures stated that there were 100,000 fewer Hispanics in Arizona than before the debate about the law began; it said Arizona's poor economic climate could also be contributing to the decline.<a href="#cite_note-ap-pop-decl-179">[179]</a> The government of Mexico reported that over 23,000 of its citizens returned to the country from Arizona between June and September 2010.<a href="#cite_note-ap-pop-decl-179">[179]</a> A report by Seminario Niñez Migrante found that about 8,000 students entered into <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> public schools in 2009–2011 with families quoting the American economy and SB 1070 as the main causes.<a href="#cite_note-Karim-180">[180]</a> The weeks after the bill's signing saw a sharp increase in the number of Hispanics in the state registering their party affiliations as Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-az-backlash-65">[65]</a> Some immigration experts said the law might make workers with <a href="/wiki/H-1B_visa" title="H-1B visa">H-1B visas</a> vulnerable to being caught in public without their hard-to-replace paperwork, which they are ordinarily reluctant to carry with them on a daily basis, and that as a consequence universities and technology companies in the state might find it harder to recruit students and employees.<a href="#cite_note-cw-pp-120">[120]</a> Some college and university administrators shared this fear, and President <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Shelton" title="Robert N. Shelton">Robert N. Shelton</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> expressed concern regarding the withdrawal of a number of honor roll students from the university in reaction to this bill.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Some women with questionable immigration status avoided domestic abuse hotlines and shelters for fear of deportation.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Some critics of SB 1070 feared that it will serve as a roadblock to victims getting needed support, while supporters said such concerns were unfounded and that the Act was directed towards criminals, not victims.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> While a few provisions of the law were left standing following the July 2010 blockage of the most controversial parts, authorities often kept following existing local ordinances in those areas in preference to using the new SB 1070 ones.<a href="#cite_note-az-tr-year-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-wt-year-185">[185]</a> One county sheriff said, "The whole thing is still on the shelf until the Supreme Court hears it."<a href="#cite_note-wt-year-185">[185]</a> By mid-2012, those provisions had still rarely been made use of.<a href="#cite_note-ap-smyp-clear-121">[121]</a> The training that police forces had gone through to avoid racial profiling and understand federal immigration policies still had a beneficial effect overall.<a href="#cite_note-az-tr-year-184">[184]</a> A 2016 study found that the legislation "significantly reduced the flow of illegal workers into Arizona from Mexico by 30 to 70 percent."<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In April 2020, plans were announced to build a new mural at the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Capitol_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Capitol Museum">Arizona Capitol Museum</a> honoring those harmed by the law.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_states">Other states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other states">edit</a>]</div> The Arizona legislation was one of several reasons pushing Democratic congressional leaders to introduce a proposal addressing immigration.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Senator Schumer sent a letter to Governor Brewer asking her to delay the law while Congress works on comprehensive immigration reform, but Brewer quickly rejected the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Bills similar to SB 1070 were introduced in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ap-jun-other-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> None of them went to final votes in 2010; politicians in nearly twenty states had proposed introducing similar legislation during their 2011 legislative calendars.<a href="#cite_note-ap-jun-other-190">[190]</a> Such proposals drew strong reaction both for and against.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> The other states along the Mexican border – Texas, New Mexico, and California – generally showed little interest in following Arizona's path.<a href="#cite_note-ap-oth-border-27">[27]</a> This was due to their having established, powerful Hispanic communities, deep cultural ties to Mexico, past experience with bruising political battles over the issue (such as with <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_187_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 187 (1994)">California Proposition 187</a> in the 1990s), and the perception among their populations that illegal immigration was less severe a problem.<a href="#cite_note-ap-oth-border-27">[27]</a> By March 2011, Arizona-like bills had been defeated or had failed to progress in at least six states and momentum had shifted against such imitative efforts.<a href="#cite_note-lat-no-mo-193">[193]</a> Reasons ranged from opposition from business leaders to fear among legislators of the legal costs of defending any adopted measure.<a href="#cite_note-lat-no-mo-193">[193]</a> One state that did pass a law based partly on SB 1070, Utah, combined it with a guest worker program that went in the other direction<a href="#cite_note-lat-no-mo-193">[193]</a> (and fit into the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a>). Even in Arizona itself, additional tough measures against undocumented immigration were having a difficult time gaining passage in the Arizona Senate.<a href="#cite_note-lat-no-mo-193">[193]</a> Other states were still waiting to see what the outcome of the legal battles would be.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-9thpanel-194">[194]</a> By September 2011, Indiana, Georgia, and South Carolina had passed somewhat similar measures and were facing legal action.<a href="#cite_note-laraza-end-176">[176]</a> Another anti-illegal immigration measure, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56</a>, was considered tougher even than SB 1070; it was signed into law in June 2011.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> However, federal courts subsequently blocked many of the key provisions of these laws in those states, and other provisions were dropped following settlements of lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_careers">Political careers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political careers">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Do the sources say they succeeded or failed because of their involvement with SB 1070? Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> State senator Pearce rose to become <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Arizona_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Arizona Senate">President of the Arizona Senate</a> in January 2011. He subsequently suffered a major defeat when he lost a November 2011 <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-az-recall-197">[197]</a> Among the reasons given for his loss were the desire for greater civility in politics and a lessening of the tension over <a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration policy">immigration policy</a>, and a loss of support for Pearce among LDS Church members based on character issues.<a href="#cite_note-az-recall-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Other reasons for the defeat, such as concerns over Pearce's ethics in taking free trips or the involvement of a third candidacy in the recall election, had little to do with SB 1070.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> In August 2012, Pearce lost a comeback bid in the Republican primary for the nomination for a state senate seat to businessman Bob Worsley.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Pearce was given another government job by the Maricopa County Treasurer.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Drafter of the law Kris Kobach won election as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Kansas" title="Secretary of State of Kansas">Secretary of State of Kansas</a>, first defeating two other candidates in a Republican primary,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> then winning the general election against Democratic incumbent <a href="/wiki/Chris_Biggs" title="Chris Biggs">Chris Biggs</a> by a wide margin. Sheriff <a href="/wiki/Joe_Arpaio" title="Joe Arpaio">Joe Arpaio</a> was among those who campaigned for Kobach.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> State attorney general Goddard did get the Democratic nomination in the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_gubernatorial_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona gubernatorial election, 2010">2010 Arizona gubernatorial election</a>. Governor Jan Brewer went on to defeat him by a 54 to 42 percent margin in the November 2010 general election. A 2016 study found that the up-tick in Brewer's approval ratings due to the legislation "proved enduring enough to turn a losing race for re-election into a victory".<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_challenges">Legal challenges</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legal challenges">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supremacy_Clause_vs._concurrent_enforcement">Supremacy Clause vs. concurrent enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Supremacy Clause vs. concurrent enforcement">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> (ACLU) criticized the statute as a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, which states that federal law, so long as it is constitutional, is paramount over state laws.<a href="#cite_note-az-chal-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-aclu-sec-206">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chemerinsky" title="Erwin Chemerinsky">Erwin Chemerinsky</a>, a constitutional scholar and dean of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine_School_of_Law" title="University of California, Irvine School of Law">University of California, Irvine School of Law</a> said, "The law is clearly pre-empted by federal law under Supreme Court precedents."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-legal-38">[38]</a> According to Kobach, the law embodies the doctrine of "concurrent enforcement" (the state law parallels applicable federal law without any conflict),<a href="#cite_note-nyt-legal-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-NLJKobachInterview-207">[207]</a> and Kobach stated that he believed that it would thus survive any challenge: "There are some things that states can do and some that states can't do, but this law threads the needle perfectly.... Arizona only penalizes what is already a crime under federal law."<a href="#cite_note-time-bill-37">[37]</a> State senator Pearce noted that some past state laws on immigration enforcement had been upheld in federal courts.<a href="#cite_note-az-chal-25">[25]</a> In Gonzales v. City of Peoria (9th Cir. 1983),<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> a court held that the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration and Naturalization Act">Immigration and Naturalization Act</a> precludes local enforcement of the Act's civil provisions but not the Act's criminal provisions. The <a href="/wiki/US_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="US Attorney General">US Attorney General</a> may enter a written agreement with a state or local government agency under which that agency's employees perform the function of an immigration officer in relation to the investigation, apprehension, or detention of aliens in the United States;<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> however, such an agreement is not required for the agency's employees to perform those functions.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> On the other hand, various legal experts were divided on whether the law would survive a court challenge, with one law professor saying it "sits right on that thin line of pure state criminal law and federally controlled immigration law."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-legal-38">[38]</a> Past lower court decisions in the area were not always consistent, and a decision on the bill's legality from the <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> was one possible outcome.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-legal-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_court_actions">Initial court actions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Initial court actions">edit</a>]</div> On April 27, 2010, Roberto Javier Frisancho, a natural-born citizen and resident of Washington, D.C., who planned to visit Arizona, filed the first lawsuit against S.B. 1070.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> On April 29, 2010, the National Coalition of Latino Clergy and Christian Leaders and a Tucson police officer, Martin Escobar, filed suit against SB 1070, both doing so separately in federal court.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-lat-suits-213">[213]</a> The National Coalition's filing claimed that the law usurped federal responsibilities under the Supremacy Clause that it led to racial profiling by imposing a "reasonable suspicion" requirement upon police officers to check the immigration status of those they come in official conduct with, which would, in turn, be subject to too much personal interpretation by each officer.<a href="#cite_note-lat-suits-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Escobar's suit argued that there was no race-neutral criteria available to him to suspect that a person was an illegal alien and that implementation of the law would hinder police investigations in areas that were predominantly Hispanic.<a href="#cite_note-ap-pol-split-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-ads-suit2-215">[215]</a> The suit also claimed the Act violated federal law because the police and the city have no authority to perform immigration-related duties.<a href="#cite_note-ads-suit2-215">[215]</a> The Tucson police department insisted that Escobar was not acting on its behalf and that it had received many calls from citizens complaining about his suit.<a href="#cite_note-ads-suit2-215">[215]</a> A Phoenix police officer, David Salgado, quickly followed with his own federal suit, claiming that to enforce the law would require him to violate the rights of Hispanics.<a href="#cite_note-az-suit3-216">[216]</a> He also said that he would be forced to spend his own time and resources studying the law's requirements and that he was liable to being sued whether he enforced the law or not.<a href="#cite_note-az-suit3-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> On May 5, <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a> became the first two cities to authorize legal action against the state over the Act.<a href="#cite_note-cbs050510-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Luis,_Arizona" title="San Luis, Arizona">San Luis</a> later joined them.<a href="#cite_note-fox-suit-218">[218]</a> However, as of mid-late May, none of them had actually filed a suit.<a href="#cite_note-az-joint-219">[219]</a> In late May, however, the city of Tucson filed a <a href="/wiki/Cross-claim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-claim">cross-claim</a> and joined Officer Escobar in his suit.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> On May 17, a joint <a href="/wiki/Class_action_lawsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Class action lawsuit">class action lawsuit</a>, Friendly House et al. v. Whiting, was filed in U.S. District Court on behalf of ten individuals and fourteen labor, religious, and civil rights organizations.<a href="#cite_note-abc15-buy-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-fox-suit-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-az-joint-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-aclu-joint-221">[221]</a> The legal counsel filing the action, the largest of those filed, was a collaboration of the ACLU, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_Legal_Defense_and_Educational_Fund" title="Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund">Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Law_Center" title="National Immigration Law Center">National Immigration Law Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Day_Laborer_Organizing_Network" title="National Day Laborer Organizing Network">National Day Laborer Organizing Network</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Pacific_American_Legal_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Pacific American Legal Center">Asian Pacific American Legal Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-az-joint-219">[219]</a> The suit seeks to prevent SB 1070 from going into effect by charging: <ul><li>It violates the federal Supremacy Clause by attempting to bypass federal immigration law;</li> <li>It violates the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> rights of racial and national origin minorities by subjecting them to stops, detentions, and arrests based on their race or origin;</li> <li>It violates the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> rights of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">freedom of speech</a> by exposing speakers to scrutiny based on their language or accent;</li> <li>it violates the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a>'s prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures because it allows for warrantless searches in absence of probable cause;</li> <li>It violates the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause by being impermissibly vague;</li> <li>It infringes on constitutional provisions that protect the right to travel without being stopped, questioned, or detained.<a href="#cite_note-az-joint-219">[219]</a></li></ul> This suit named County's Attorney and Sheriffs as defendants, rather than the State of Arizona or Governor Brewer, as the earlier suits had.<a href="#cite_note-fox-suit-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-az-joint-219">[219]</a> On June 4, the ACLU and others filed a request for an <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a>, arguing that the Act's scheduled start date of July 29 should be postponed until the underlying legal challenges against it were resolved.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Arizona Attorneys for Criminal Justice, the state affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Criminal_Defense_Lawyers" title="National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers">National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers</a>, alleged in an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus curiae</a> brief for the ACLU et al. case that the prolonged detentions mandated by the law if reasonable suspicion that someone subject to a lawful stop was an undocumented immigrant are not justifiable except under the <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> standard and so the law requires violations of Fourth Amendment rights.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-aacj-224">[224]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> also filed an amicus curiae brief in support of the case.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Mexico">Government of Mexico</a> said that the law was unconstitutional and would lead to unlawful discrimination against Mexican citizens and damage to relations between the two nations.<a href="#cite_note-mex-chal-226">[226]</a> Indeed, so many amicus curiae briefs have been filed regarding the law that size limits were imposed upon them.<a href="#cite_note-ap-donations-227">[227]</a> Kobach remained optimistic that the suits would fail: "I think it will be difficult for the plaintiffs challenging this. They are heavy on political rhetoric but light on legal arguments."<a href="#cite_note-az-p-k-36">[36]</a> In late May 2010, Governor Brewer issued an executive order to create the Governor's Border Security and Immigration Legal Defense Fund to handle suits over the law.<a href="#cite_note-ap-donations-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Brewer got into a dispute with Arizona Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Terry_Goddard" title="Terry Goddard">Terry Goddard</a> over whether he would defend the law against legal challenges, as a state attorney general normally would.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-memday-135">[135]</a> Brewer accused Goddard, who opposed the law personally and was one of Brewer's possible rivals in the gubernatorial election, of colluding with the US Justice Department as it deliberated whether to challenge the law in court.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-memday-135">[135]</a> Goddard subsequently agreed to withdraw from the state's defense.<a href="#cite_note-ap-donations-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Department_of_Justice_lawsuit">Department of Justice lawsuit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Department of Justice lawsuit">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America_v._Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America v. Arizona">United States of America v. Arizona</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> filed a lawsuit against the state of Arizona in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_District_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona">U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona</a> on July 6, 2010, asking for the law to be declared invalid since it interferes with the immigration regulations "exclusively vested in the federal government."<a href="#cite_note-Feds_sue-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs-feds-229">[229]</a> In a brief to the press, the department's lawyers referenced the notion of <a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">federal preemption</a> and stated, "The Constitution and the federal immigration laws do not permit the development of a patchwork of state and local immigration policies throughout the country....<a href="#cite_note-wapo-feds-230">[230]</a> The immigration framework set forth by Congress and administered by federal agencies reflects a careful and considered balance of national law enforcement, foreign relations, and humanitarian concerns – concerns that belong to the nation as a whole, not a single state."<a href="#cite_note-Feds_sue-18">[18]</a> That pointed to an additional practical argument: the law would result in federal authorities losing focus on their broader priorities to deal with an influx of deportations from Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-feds-230">[230]</a> The Justice Department requested for the federal courts to enjoin enforcement of the law before it could go into effect.<a href="#cite_note-Feds_sue-18">[18]</a> The suit did not argue that the law will lead to racial profiling, but department officials said they would continue to monitor that aspect if the measure went into effect.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-feds-230">[230]</a> A direct suit of a state by the federal government is rare, and the action held possible political consequences for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2010">2010 U.S. midterm elections</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-feds-230">[230]</a> It was also seen as a pre-emptive measure to discourage other states considering similar laws from moving forward with them.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-feds-231">[231]</a> Immediate reaction to the Justice Department's decision was highly split, with liberal groups hailing it but with Governor Brewer calling it "nothing more than a massive waste of taxpayer funds."<a href="#cite_note-wapo-feds-230">[230]</a> Senators Kyl and McCain released a joint statement noting that "the American people must wonder whether the Obama Administration is really committed to securing the border when it sues a state that is simply trying to protect its people by enforcing immigration law."<a href="#cite_note-cbs-feds-229">[229]</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Issa" title="Darrell Issa">Darrell Issa</a>, one of 19 Republicans to sign a letter criticizing the suit on the day that it was announced, said, "For President Obama to stand in the way of a state which has taken action to stand up for its citizens against the daily threat of violence and fear is disgraceful and a betrayal of his Constitutional obligation to protect our citizens."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-feds-231">[231]</a> The federal action also led to a surge in contributions to the governor's defense fund for the law. By July 8, total donations were over $500,000, with the large majority of them being for $100 or less and coming from around the nation.<a href="#cite_note-ap-donations-227">[227]</a> The Arizona Latino Republican Association became the first Latino organization to come out in support of SB 1070 and filed a motion to intervene against the Justice Department's lawsuit challenging it.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> An attempt in the US Senate to block funding for the Justice Department's lawsuit lost by a 55–43 vote that was mostly along party lines.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_hearings_and_rulings">Initial hearings and rulings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Initial hearings and rulings">edit</a>]</div> Hearings on three of the seven lawsuits were held on July 15 and 22, 2010, before U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Susan_Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Bolton">Susan Bolton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ads-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-hearings-2-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-blocks-236">[236]</a> Bolton asked pointed questions of each side during both hearings but gave no indication of how or when she would rule.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-hearings-2-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-hearings-1-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> On July 28, 2010, Bolton issued a ruling on the Justice Department suit, <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America_v._Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America v. Arizona">United States of America v. Arizona</a>, granting a <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_injunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Preliminary injunction">preliminary injunction</a> that blocked the most key and controversial portions of SB 1070 from going into effect.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-blocks-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-blocks-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> They included requiring police to check the immigration status of those arrested or stopped, which the judge ruled would overwhelm the federal government handling of immigration cases and could mean that legal immigrants would be wrongly arrested.<a href="#cite_note-judgeblocks-240">[240]</a> She wrote, "Federal resources will be taxed and diverted from federal enforcement priorities as a result of the increase in requests for immigration status determination that will flow from Arizona."<a href="#cite_note-judgeblocks-240">[240]</a> Her ruling was not a final decision but was based on the belief that the Justice Department was likely to win a full later trial in federal court on these aspects.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-blocks-236">[236]</a> Bolton made no rulings in the other six lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-blocks-236">[236]</a> Governor Brewer said that the injunction would be appealed,<a href="#cite_note-cnn-blocks-19">[19]</a> and on July 29, that was done in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> State senator Pearce predicted that the legal battle would eventually end up in the Supreme Court and likely be upheld by a 5–4 margin.<a href="#cite_note-fox-blocks-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-azrepublic100728-244">[244]</a> Judge Bolton's ruling let a number of other aspects of the law take effect on July 29, including the ability to prevent state officials from maintaining "<a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_city" title="Sanctuary city">sanctuary city</a>" policies and allowing civil suits against those policies, the mandating that state officials work with federal officials on matters related to illegal immigration, and the prohibition of stopping a vehicle in traffic to pick up day laborers.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-blocks-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-fox-blocks-243">[243]</a> Those parts of the law were challenged not by the Justice Department but by some of the other suits.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-blocks-236">[236]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm/220px--10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="4012" data-mwtitle="10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm/10-16645_USA_v._State_of_Arizona.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Recording of oral arguments in the appeal to the Ninth Circuit</figcaption></figure> A three-judge panel from the Ninth Circuit heard arguments in the appeal case on November 1, 2010, and it gave indications that it might reinstate but weaken parts of the law.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> In February 2011, Arizona filed a countersuit against the federal government in the United States v. Arizona case, accusing it of failing to secure the Mexican border against large numbers of illegal immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-counter-246">[246]</a> Arizona Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Tom_Horne" title="Tom Horne">Tom Horne</a> acknowledged that precedent surrounding <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Sovereign immunity in the United States">sovereign immunity in the United States</a> made the state's case difficult, but he said, "We're asking the 9th Circuit to take a second look."<a href="#cite_note-wapo-counter-246">[246]</a> On April 11, 2011, the Ninth Circuit panel upheld the district court's ban on parts of the law taking effect, thus ruling in favor of the Obama administration and against Arizona. Judge <a href="/wiki/Richard_Paez" title="Richard Paez">Richard Paez</a> gave the majority opinion in which Judge <a href="/wiki/John_T._Noonan_Jr." title="John T. Noonan Jr.">John T. Noonan Jr.</a> joined; Judge <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bea" title="Carlos Bea">Carlos Bea</a> dissented in part.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-9thpanel-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-9thpanel-247">[247]</a> Paez agreed with the administration's view that the state had intruded upon federal prerogatives. Noonan wrote in his concurrence: "The Arizona statute before us has become a symbol. For those sympathetic to immigrants to the United States, it is a challenge and a chilling foretaste of what other states might attempt."<a href="#cite_note-wapo-9thpanel-247">[247]</a> On May 9, 2011, Governor Brewer announced that Arizona would appeal directly to the US Supreme Court, rather than request a hearing <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a> before the Ninth Circuit.<a href="#cite_note-azcentral-directappeal-248">[248]</a> That appeal was filed on August 10, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ap-filed-249">[249]</a> In response, the Justice Department requested for the Supreme Court to stay out of the case and said that the lower courts' actions were appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Observers thought it likely that the Supreme Court would take up the matter,<a href="#cite_note-ap-filed-249">[249]</a> but if it declined to step in, the case most likely would be returned to the trial judge in the District Court to review the case on its merits and determine whether the temporary injunction that blocked the law's most controversial provisions should become permanent.<a href="#cite_note-9thCirAZSB1070-251">[251]</a> The Supreme Court announced in December 2011 that it had granted a petition for writ of certiorari, and oral arguments took place on April 25, 2012. Bolton's court continued to oversee the other lawsuits;<a href="#cite_note-nyt-9thpanel-194">[194]</a> by early 2012 three of the seven were still active.<a href="#cite_note-ap-leapday-252">[252]</a> On February 29, 2012, Bolton ruled in favor of an action led by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund and blocked provisions of the law that allowed for the arrest of day workers who block traffic in an effort to gain employment.<a href="#cite_note-ap-leapday-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_Supreme_Court_ruling">US Supreme Court ruling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: US Supreme Court ruling">edit</a>]</div> On June 25, 2012, the US Supreme Court issued a ruling in the case <a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._United_States" title="Arizona v. United States">Arizona v. United States</a>. It determined, by a 5–3 majority, with Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> writing the opinion, that Sections 3, 5(C), and 6 of SB 1070 were pre-empted by federal law.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Those sections made it a state misdemeanor for an immigrant not to be carrying documentation of lawful presence in the country, allowed state police to arrest without a warrant in some situations, and made it unlawful under state law for an individual to apply for employment without federal work authorization.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-sc-ruling-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> All of the justices agreed to uphold the portion of the law allowing Arizona state police to investigate the immigration status of an individual stopped, detained, or arrested if there is reasonable suspicion that individual is in the country unlawfully.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-sc-ruling-258">[258]</a> However, Justice Kennedy specified in the majority opinion that state police may not detain the individual for a prolonged amount of time for not carrying immigration documents and that cases based upon allegations of racial profiling may proceed through the courts if such cases happen later.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-sc-ruling-258">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Justice_Scalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice Scalia">Justice Scalia</a> dissented and said that he would have upheld the entire law.<a href="#cite_note-az-sc-ruling-259">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Justice Thomas</a> likewise stated that he would have upheld the entire law and that it was not pre-empted by federal law.<a href="#cite_note-az-sc-ruling-259">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Justice_Alito" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice Alito">Justice Alito</a> agreed with Justices Scalia and Thomas on Sections 5(C) and 6 but joined with the majority in finding Section 3 pre-empted.<a href="#cite_note-az-sc-ruling-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_rulings_and_challenges">Further rulings and challenges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further rulings and challenges">edit</a>]</div> On September 5, 2012, Judge Bolton cleared the way for police to carry out the 2010 law's requirement that officers, while enforcing other laws, may question the immigration status of those they suspect are in the country unlawfully.<a href="#cite_note-ap-smyp-clear-121">[121]</a> She said that the Supreme Court had clearly stated that the provision "cannot be challenged further on its face before the law takes effect," but that constitutionality challenges on other grounds could take place in the future.<a href="#cite_note-ap-smyp-clear-121">[121]</a> Later that month, the first arrest received some news attention.<a href="#cite_note-abc15-smyp-122">[122]</a> In November 2013, the ACLU filed the first legal challenge to this provision.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/32px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/48px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/64px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arizona" title="Portal:Arizona">Arizona portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Roundup" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandler Roundup">Chandler Roundup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigration in the United States">Illegal immigration in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_SB_2179" title="Mississippi SB 2179">Mississippi SB 2179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Order_40" title="Special Order 40">Special Order 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Senate_Bill_4" title="Texas Senate Bill 4">Texas Senate Bill 4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-az-wh-meet-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-az-wh-meet_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-az-wh-meet_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRough,_Ginger2010" 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/37116159">the original</a> on January 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Other+border+states+shun+Arizona%27s+immigration+law&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft.au=Spagat%2C+Elliot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F37116159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-crime-rates-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-crime-rates_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-crime-rates_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-crime-rates_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-crime-rates_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibold,_Randal_C.2010" class="citation news cs1">Archibold, Randal C. 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cs1">Condon, Stephanie (May 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/musicians-boycott-arizona-to-protest-immigration-law/">"Musicians Boycott Arizona to Protest Immigration Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Musicians+Boycott+Arizona+to+Protest+Immigration+Law&rft.date=2010-05-28&rft.au=Condon%2C+Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fmusicians-boycott-arizona-to-protest-immigration-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohter,_Larry2010" class="citation news cs1">Rohter, Larry (May 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700083335/AZ-boycott-over-immigration-law-sees-mixed-results.html">the original</a> on October 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=AZ+boycott+over+immigration+law+sees+mixed+results&rft.date=2010-11-18&rft.au=Christie%2C+Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F700083335%2FAZ-boycott-over-immigration-law-sees-mixed-results.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunnucks,_MikeDucey,_Lynn2010" class="citation news cs1">Sunnucks, Mike; Ducey, Lynn (October 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2010/10/04/story13.html">"Arizona businesses look for signs SB 1070 immigration law boycotts losing steam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Business_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Business Journal">Phoenix Business Journal</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Arizona+businesses+look+for+signs+SB+1070+immigration+law+boycotts+losing+steam&rft.date=2010-10-04&rft.au=Sunnucks%2C+Mike&rft.au=Ducey%2C+Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fphoenix%2Fstories%2F2010%2F10%2F04%2Fstory13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-laraza-end-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laraza-end_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laraza-end_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard,_BettyNeighbor,_Megan2011" class="citation news cs1">Beard, Betty; Neighbor, Megan (September 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2011/09/09/20110909arizona-boycott-called-off-la-raza.html#ixzz1ZcoNzH3N">"National Council of La Raza calls off boycott"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic" title="The Arizona Republic">The Arizona Republic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=National+Council+of+La+Raza+calls+off+boycott&rft.date=2011-09-09&rft.au=Beard%2C+Betty&rft.au=Neighbor%2C+Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Farizonarepublic%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2011%2F09%2F09%2F20110909arizona-boycott-called-off-la-raza.html%23ixzz1ZcoNzH3N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap-leaving-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ap-leaving_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap-leaving_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers,_Amanda_Lee2010" class="citation news cs1">Myers, Amanda Lee (June 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903185224/http://www.statesman.com/news/nation/evidence-suggests-many-immigrants-leaving-arizona-over-new-765543.html">"Evidence suggests many immigrants leaving Arizona over new law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Austin_American-Statesman" title="Austin American-Statesman">Austin American-Statesman</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statesman.com/news/nation/evidence-suggests-many-immigrants-leaving-arizona-over-new-765543.html">the original</a> on September 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Austin+American-Statesman&rft.atitle=Evidence+suggests+many+immigrants+leaving+Arizona+over+new+law&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft.au=Myers%2C+Amanda+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statesman.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fevidence-suggests-many-immigrants-leaving-arizona-over-new-765543.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apr-leaving-178"><a href="#cite_ref-apr-leaving_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler,_Jeff2010" class="citation news cs1">Tyler, Jeff (May 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2010/06/14/pm-hispanics-leave-arizona-over-immigrant-law/">"Hispanics leave AZ over immigrant law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marketplace_(radio_program)" title="Marketplace (radio program)">Marketplace</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Media" title="American Public Media">American Public Media</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marketplace&rft.atitle=Hispanics+leave+AZ+over+immigrant+law&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft.au=Tyler%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarketplace.publicradio.org%2Fdisplay%2Fweb%2F2010%2F06%2F14%2Fpm-hispanics-leave-arizona-over-immigrant-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-ap-pop-decl-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ap-pop-decl_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap-pop-decl_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson,_Mark2010" class="citation news cs1">Stevenson, Mark (November 11, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna40141843">"Study: 100,000 Hispanics leave Arizona after immigration law debated"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Study%3A+100%2C000+Hispanics+leave+Arizona+after+immigration+law+debated&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna40141843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karim-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Karim_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2011" class="citation journal cs1">Reed, Karim (2011). 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Sues Arizona Over Its Immigration Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justice+Dept.+Sues+Arizona+Over+Its+Immigration+Law&rft.pages=A3&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft.au=Preston%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F07%2Fus%2F07immig.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Joshua_Rhett2010" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Joshua Rhett (July 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/hispanic-gop-group-to-announce-support-for-arizona-immigration-law/">"Hispanic GOP Group to Announce Support for Arizona Immigration Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hispanic+GOP+Group+to+Announce+Support+for+Arizona+Immigration+Law&rft.date=2010-07-21&rft.au=Miller%2C+Joshua+Rhett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fhispanic-gop-group-to-announce-support-for-arizona-immigration-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupree,_Jamie2010" class="citation news cs1">Dupree, Jamie (July 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724131812/http://blogs.ajc.com/jamie-dupree-washington-insider/2010/07/22/arizona-immigration-vote/?cxntfid=blogs_jamie_dupree_washington_insider">"Arizona Immigration Vote"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Journal-Constitution">Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.ajc.com/jamie-dupree-washington-insider/2010/07/22/arizona-immigration-vote/?cxntfid=blogs_jamie_dupree_washington_insider">the original</a> on July 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Arizona+Immigration+Vote&rft.date=2010-07-22&rft.au=Dupree%2C+Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ajc.com%2Fjamie-dupree-washington-insider%2F2010%2F07%2F22%2Farizona-immigration-vote%2F%3Fcxntfid%3Dblogs_jamie_dupree_washington_insider&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ads-234"><a href="#cite_ref-ads_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCombs,_Brady2010" class="citation news cs1">McCombs, Brady (July 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azstarnet.com/news/local/border/article_8c8e75a9-6af4-5392-b68b-4ee44ad6d547.html">"Judge is known as fair, thorough"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star" title="Arizona Daily Star">Arizona Daily Star</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Judge+is+known+as+fair%2C+thorough&rft.date=2010-07-21&rft.au=McCombs%2C+Brady&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazstarnet.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fborder%2Farticle_8c8e75a9-6af4-5392-b68b-4ee44ad6d547.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo-hearings-2-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-hearings-2_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-hearings-2_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkon,_Jerry2010" class="citation news cs1">Markon, Jerry (July 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/22/AR2010072201548.html">"Hearing on Arizona immigration law begins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hearing+on+Arizona+immigration+law+begins&rft.date=2010-07-23&rft.au=Markon%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F07%2F22%2FAR2010072201548.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-blocks-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-blocks_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-blocks_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-blocks_236-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-blocks_236-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-blocks_236-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-blocks_236-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibold,_Randal_C.2010" class="citation news cs1">Archibold, Randal C. (July 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/29/us/29arizona.html">"Judge Blocks Arizona's Law on Immigrants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Judge+Blocks+Arizona%27s+Law+on+Immigrants&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.au=Archibold%2C+Randal+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F29%2Fus%2F29arizona.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-hearings-1-237"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-hearings-1_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibold,_Randal_C.2010" class="citation news cs1">Archibold, Randal C. (July 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/16/us/politics/16arizona.html">"Debate Over Arizona Immigration Law Comes to U.S. Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Debate+Over+Arizona+Immigration+Law+Comes+to+U.S.+Court&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.au=Archibold%2C+Randal+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F16%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F16arizona.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiccardi,_Nicholas2010" class="citation news cs1">Riccardi, Nicholas (July 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-arizona-immigration-20100723,0,3498774.story">"Judge doubts constitutionality of a portion of Arizona's immigration law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Judge+doubts+constitutionality+of+a+portion+of+Arizona%27s+immigration+law&rft.date=2010-07-23&rft.au=Riccardi%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fnation%2Fla-na-arizona-immigration-20100723%2C0%2C3498774.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> United States v. Arizona, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azd.uscourts.gov/azd/courtinfo.nsf/983700DFEE44B56B0725776E005D6CCB/$file/10-1413-87.pdf?openelement">Order on Preliminary Injunction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100730092449/http://www.azd.uscourts.gov/azd/courtinfo.nsf/983700DFEE44B56B0725776E005D6CCB/%24file/10-1413-87.pdf?openelement">Archived</a> July 30, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-judgeblocks-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-judgeblocks_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-judgeblocks_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinan,_Stephen2010" class="citation news cs1">Dinan, Stephen (July 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jul/28/judge-blocks-key-parts-ariz-immigration-law/">"Judge blocks key parts of Ariz. immigration law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Judge+blocks+key+parts+of+Ariz.+immigration+law&rft.date=2010-07-28&rft.au=Dinan%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Fjul%2F28%2Fjudge-blocks-key-parts-ariz-immigration-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie,_Bob2010" class="citation news cs1">Christie, Bob (July 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/07/30/amid_protests_arizona_appeals_ruling_on_state_immigration_law/">"Amid protests, Arizona appeals ruling on state immigration law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Amid+protests%2C+Arizona+appeals+ruling+on+state+immigration+law&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft.au=Christie%2C+Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2010%2F07%2F30%2Famid_protests_arizona_appeals_ruling_on_state_immigration_law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Documents related to the appeal in USA v. State of Arizona, No. 10-16645, are available on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/">web site</a> for the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals: Judge Bolton's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2010/07/30/10-16645_order.pdf">Order</a> granting the preliminary injunction, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2010/07/29/10-16645Motion.pdf">Motion to Expedite Briefing and Hearing Schedule</a> by the State of Arizona, and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2010/07/29/10-16645Response.pdf">Response to Motion to Expedite</a> by the United States. </li> <li id="cite_note-fox-blocks-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fox-blocks_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fox-blocks_243-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100801153353/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/28/supporters-arizonas-immigration-law-solace-remaining-portions/">"Arizona Immigration Law Still a 'Powerful Deterrent,' Supporters Say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. July 28, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/28/supporters-arizonas-immigration-law-solace-remaining-portions/">the original</a> on August 1, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arizona+Immigration+Law+Still+a+%27Powerful+Deterrent%2C%27+Supporters+Say&rft.date=2010-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2010%2F07%2F28%2Fsupporters-arizonas-immigration-law-solace-remaining-portions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-azrepublic100728-244"><a href="#cite_ref-azrepublic100728_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRau,_Alia_BeardRough,_GingerHensley,_JJ.2010" class="citation news cs1">Rau, Alia Beard; Rough, Ginger; Hensley, JJ. 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Jr. (June 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/26/us/supreme-court-rejects-part-of-arizona-immigration-law.html">"Supreme Court Rejects Part of Arizona Immigration Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Rejects+Part+of+Arizona+Immigration+Law&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Cushman%2C+Adam+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F26%2Fus%2Fsupreme-court-rejects-part-of-arizona-immigration-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-az-sc-ruling-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-az-sc-ruling_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-az-sc-ruling_259-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-az-sc-ruling_259-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRau2012" class="citation news cs1">Rau, Alia Beard (June 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/2012/06/03/20120603arizona-immigration-law-supreme-court-opinion.html">"Arizona Immigration Law: Supreme Court Upholds Key Portion of Senate Bill 1070: Three Other Parts of Controversial Immigration Law Ruled Unconstitutional"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic" title="The Arizona Republic">The Arizona Republic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Arizona+Immigration+Law%3A+Supreme+Court+Upholds+Key+Portion+of+Senate+Bill+1070%3A+Three+Other+Parts+of+Controversial+Immigration+Law+Ruled+Unconstitutional&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft.aulast=Rau&rft.aufirst=Alia+Beard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticles%2F2012%2F06%2F03%2F20120603arizona-immigration-law-supreme-court-opinion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosseau2013" class="citation news cs1">Brosseau, Carli (November 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.azstarnet.com/news/local/border/aclu-files-lawsuit-precursor-in-sb-challenge-case/article_24900305-4cd5-5edb-a408-81a7aa70ea9f.html?mobile_touch=true">"ACLU files lawsuit precursor in SB 1070 challenge case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star" title="Arizona Daily Star">Arizona Daily Star</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=ACLU+files+lawsuit+precursor+in+SB+1070+challenge+case&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.aulast=Brosseau&rft.aufirst=Carli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.azstarnet.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fborder%2Faclu-files-lawsuit-precursor-in-sb-challenge-case%2Farticle_24900305-4cd5-5edb-a408-81a7aa70ea9f.html%3Fmobile_touch%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: General references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212134049/http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/legtext/49leg/2r/laws/0113.htm">"State of Arizona: 2010 Arizona Session Laws, Chapter 113, Forty-ninth Legislature, Second Regular Session: Senate Bill 1070: House Engrossed Senate Bill: immigration; law enforcement; safe neighborhoods (NOW: safe neighborhoods; immigration; law enforcement)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature" title="Arizona State Legislature">Arizona State Legislature</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/legtext/49leg/2r/laws/0113.htm">the original</a> on December 12, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+Arizona%3A+2010+Arizona+Session+Laws%2C+Chapter+113%2C+Forty-ninth+Legislature%2C+Second+Regular+Session%3A+Senate+Bill+1070%3A+House+Engrossed+Senate+Bill%3A+immigration%3B+law+enforcement%3B+safe+neighborhoods+%28NOW%3A+safe+neighborhoods%3B+immigration%3B+law+enforcement%29&rft.pub=Arizona+State+Legislature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azleg.gov%2FFormatDocument.asp%3FinDoc%3D%2Flegtext%2F49leg%2F2r%2Flaws%2F0113.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/legtext/49leg/2R/laws/0211.htm">"State of Arizona: Forty-ninth Legislature, Second Regular Session 2010: Session Laws, Chapter 211, House Bill 2162: Conference Version"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature" title="Arizona State Legislature">Arizona State Legislature</a>. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+Arizona%3A+Forty-ninth+Legislature%2C+Second+Regular+Session+2010%3A+Session+Laws%2C+Chapter+211%2C+House+Bill+2162%3A+Conference+Version&rft.pub=Arizona+State+Legislature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azleg.gov%2FFormatDocument.asp%3FinDoc%3D%2Flegtext%2F49leg%2F2R%2Flaws%2F0211.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArizona+SB+1070" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Support_Our_Law_Enforcement_and_Safe_Neighborhoods_Act" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act">Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azleg.gov/DocumentsForBill.asp?Bill_Number=1070&image.x=6&image.y=7">Documents for SB 1070 at the Arizona State Legislature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518125950/http://www.azleg.gov/DocumentsForBill.asp?Bill_Number=1070&image.x=6&image.y=7">Archived</a> May 18, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azleg.gov/DocumentsForBill.asp?Bill_Number=HB2162">Documents for HB 2162 at the Arizona State Legislature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118081442/http://www.azleg.gov/DocumentsForBill.asp?Bill_Number=HB2162">Archived</a> January 18, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azleg.gov/alispdfs/council/SB1070-HB2162.PDF">SB1070 as amended by HB 2162 (combined version), unofficial but provided by Arizona State Legislature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527090816/http://www.azgovernor.gov/dms/upload/SB_1070_Signed.pdf">House Engrossed Senate Bill SB 1070, as enacted</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azgovernor.gov/">Arizona Governor website</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azgovernor.gov/dms/upload/HB_2162Signed.pdf">Conference engrossed Bill HB 2162 Amending SB 1070, as enacted</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527090854/http://www.azgovernor.gov/dms/upload/HB_2162Signed.pdf">Archived</a> May 27, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azgovernor.gov/">Arizona Governor website</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode08/usc_sup_01_8.html">United States Code Title 8 – Aliens and Nationality</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azpost.state.az.us/SB1070infocenter.htm">SB1070 Public Information Center – Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training Board</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_J._Chin" title="Gabriel J. Chin">Gabriel J. Chin</a>, Carissa Byrne Hessick, Toni Massaro & Marc Miller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1617440">Arizona Senate Bill 1070: A Preliminary Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">Social Science Research Network</a></li> <li>Tito Rodriguez, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306171602/http://www.mexican-american.org/history/2010/arizona/immigration-law/SB-1070_p1.html">Governor Jan Brewer Signs (SB 1070) Toughest Illegal Immigration Law in the U.S.</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexican-american.org">Mexican-American.org (4/23/10)</a></li> <li>Keith Gaddie and Kelly Damphousse (eds.), Social Science Quarterly virtual issue: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507153718/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1540-6237/homepage/virtual_issue__immigration.htm">Immigration on the One Year Anniversary of Arizona SB 1070</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707053335/http://www.mexicanos.co/2010/fact-sheet-for-s-b-1070/">Fact sheet for S.B. 1070</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707055221/http://www.mexicanos.co/2010/hoja-de-datos-para-sb-1070/">Hoja de resumen para la S.B. 1070</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616130123/https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/11-182.pdf">Arizona, et al. v. United States U.S. Supreme Court oral arguments transcript</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_audio_detail.aspx?argument=11-182">audio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528161107/http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_audio_detail.aspx?argument=11-182">Archived</a> May 28, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131218121656/http://www.castlibrary.com/audio_books/united-states-supreme-court-arizona-vs-united-states">Arizona v. United States Audio Book</a> Bookmarkable .m4b audio book of the arguments in Arizona v. United States</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a> and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Relevant colonial era, United States and international laws</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_in_the_American_Colonies" title="Nationality law in the American Colonies">Nationality law in the American Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act 1790</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">1795</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">1798</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Law_of_1802" title="Naturalization Law of 1802">Naturalization Law 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_Encourage_Immigration" title="An Act to Encourage Immigration">Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act (1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1907" title="Immigration Act of 1907">Immigration Act 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act" title="Filipino Repatriation Act">Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program (1942–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act (1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">UN Refugee Convention (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act 1952</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_212(f)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 212(f)">Section 212(f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Section 287(g)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Fairness" title="Family Fairness">Family Fairness (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act" title="American Homecoming Act">American Homecoming Act (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Technical_Corrections_Act_of_1994" title="Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994">Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Adjustment_and_Central_American_Relief_Act" title="Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act">Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Immigration_Family_Equity_Act" title="Legal Immigration Family Equity Act">Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">DACA (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Parents_of_Americans" title="Deferred Action for Parents of Americans">DAPA (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ending_Discriminatory_Bans_on_Entry_to_The_United_States" title="Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States">Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Families_Together_(United_States_immigration_policy)" title="Keeping Families Together (United States immigration policy)">Keeping Families Together (KFT) (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visas and policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">Permanent residence (Green card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">Temporary protected status (TPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Green Card Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Minors_Program" title="Central American Minors Program">Central American Minors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_authorization_document" title="Employment authorization document">Employment authorization document (EAD card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_action" title="Deferred action">Deferred action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)" title="Parole (United States immigration)">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_of_status" title="Adjustment of status">Adjustment of status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_removal" title="Expedited removal">Expedited removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Detention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Family immigration detention in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Alien_Children" title="Unaccompanied Alien Children">Unaccompanied children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration family separation policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/BORTAC" title="BORTAC">BORTAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals" title="Board of Immigration Appeals">Board of Immigration Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_immigration_and_naturalization_case_law" title="Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law">Supreme Court cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">US v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States">Ozawa v. US (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind">US v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce">US v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Whiting" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting">Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_v._Barr" title="Barton v. Barr">Barton v. Barr (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California">DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Vidal" title="Wolf v. Vidal">Wolf v. Vidal</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz-Chavez_v._Garland" title="Niz-Chavez v. Garland">Niz-Chavez v. Garland (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchez_v._Mayorkas" title="Sanchez v. Mayorkas">Sanchez v. Mayorkas (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz">Department of State v. Muñoz (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related issues and events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests" title="2006 United States immigration reform protests">2006 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks County, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Effects of immigration to the United States">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">Guest worker program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Human smuggling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyotaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotaje">Coyotaje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_deported_or_removed_from_the_United_States" title="List of people deported or removed from the United States">List of people deported from the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage#add_Labor_shortage" title="Shortage">Labor shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_America" title="March for America">March for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">Illegal immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse immigration in the United States">Reverse immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">Unaccompanied minors from Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act (2001–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">H.R. 4437 (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">McCain–Kennedy (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Through_Regularized_Immigration_and_a_Vibrant_Economy_Act_of_2007" title="Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007">STRIVE Act (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act" title="Uniting American Families Act">Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_SAFE_Act_of_2015" title="American SAFE Act of 2015">SAFE Act (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE_Act" title="RAISE Act">RAISE Act (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Citizenship_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="US Citizenship Act of 2021">US Citizenship Act of 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigration stations and points of entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_Immigration_Station" title="Angel Island Immigration Station">Angel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Immigration_Station" title="East Boston Immigration Station">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Immigration_Station" title="Washington Avenue Immigration Station">Washington Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">"Wetback" (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">"Babylift" (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">"Gatekeeper" (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">"Endgame" (2003–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">"Front Line" (2004–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">"Streamline" (2005–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Return_to_Sender" title="Operation Return to Sender">"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">"Jump Start" (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">"Phalanx" (2010–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act (2006–2010)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arizona SB 1070 (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56 (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-governmental organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Border_Recon" title="Arizona Border Recon">Arizona Border Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coalition_for_Immigration_Reform" title="California Coalition for Immigration Reform">California Coalition for Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Migration_Studies_of_New_York" title="Center for Migration Studies of New York">Center for Migration Studies of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Humane_Immigrant_Rights_of_Los_Angeles" title="Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles">Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform" title="Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform">Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Change" title="Community Change">Community Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improve_The_Dream" title="Improve The Dream">Improve The Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexica_Movement" title="Mexica Movement">Mexica Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_Without_Borders" title="Mexicans Without Borders">Mexicans Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Korean_American_Service_%26_Education_Consortium" title="National Korean American Service & Education Consortium">National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Deaths" title="No More Deaths">No More Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_State" title="Save Our State">Save Our State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borderland_(TV_series)" title="Borderland (TV series)">Borderland (TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_in_Brooks_County" title="Missing in Brooks County">Missing in Brooks County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&oldid=1256435817">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_SB_1070&oldid=1256435817</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arizona_statutes" 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