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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Social setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nasalised_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasalised_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Nasalised vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasalised_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Poetry example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Proverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindko</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هیندکو دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیندکو دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="হিন্দকো ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দকো ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hindko" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hindko" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hindko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%A7%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Γλώσσα Χίντκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Χίντκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%88" title="زبان هندکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان هندکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindko_bhasa" title="Hindko bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hindko bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hindko" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दको भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दको भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindko" title="Bahasa Hindko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Hindko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hindko" title="Lingua hindko – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua hindko" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Hindko" title="Lingua Hindko – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Hindko" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%88" title="هندکو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هندکو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindko" title="Bahasa Hindko – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Hindko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="ヒンドコ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒンドコ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hindko" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hindko" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B" title="ਹਿੰਦਕੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦਕੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ہندکو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندکو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اېنکو ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېنکو ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindko_(Langue)" title="Hindko (Langue) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hindko (Langue)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hindko" title="Língua hindko – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua hindko" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Хиндко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хиндко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہندکو زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ہندکو زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hindko" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hindko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hindko" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இந்த்கோ மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்த்கோ மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Гіндко – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіндко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ہندکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hindko" title="Tiếng Hindko – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hindko" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindko" title="Bahasa Hindko – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Hindko" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q382273#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hindko" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected until May 21, 2025 at 22:02 UTC."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the people, see <a href="/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazarewal" title="Hazarewal">Hazarewal</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hindki" title="Hindki">Hindki</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Hindko</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ہندکو</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindko.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hindko.svg/110px-Hindko.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hindko.svg/165px-Hindko.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hindko.svg/220px-Hindko.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="451" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><i>Hindko</i> in <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Division" title="Hazara Division">Hazara Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potohar" class="mw-redirect" title="Potohar">Potohar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazarewal" title="Hazarewal">Hazarewal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5–7 million (2017–2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2017census_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e26hno_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26hno-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages">Northwestern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">Punjabi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Hindko</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Peshawari</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohati" title="Kohati">Kohati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awankari_dialect" title="Awankari dialect">Awankari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghebi" title="Ghebi">Ghebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chacchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chacchi">Chacchi</a></li> <li>Hazara Hindko</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hnd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hnd">hnd</a></code> – Southern Hindko<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hno" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hno">hno</a></code> – Northern Hindko</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1271">hind1271</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindko-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hindko-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/320px-Hindko-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hindko-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/480px-Hindko-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hindko-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/640px-Hindko-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The proportion of people with Hindko as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> in each Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">District</a> as of the <a href="/wiki/2017_Pakistan_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Pakistan Census">2017 Pakistan Census</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Zaeem_speaking_Hindko.MTS.webm/220px--Zaeem_speaking_Hindko.MTS.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="Zaeem_speaking_Hindko.MTS.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Zaeem_speaking_Hindko.MTS.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Zaeem_speaking_Hindko.MTS.webm/Zaeem_speaking_Hindko.MTS.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Zaeem_speaking_Hindko.MTS.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Zaeem_speaking_Hindko.MTS.webm/Zaeem_speaking_Hindko.MTS.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Zaeem_speaking_Hindko.MTS.webm/Zaeem_speaking_Hindko.MTS.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A Hindko speaker.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hindko</b> (<span title="Northern Hindko-language text"><span lang="hno"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ہندکو</span></span></span>, <small>romanized:</small> <span title="Northern Hindko-language romanization"><i lang="hno-Latn">Hindko</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ur-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ˈɦɪndkoː]</a></span>) is a cover term for a diverse group of <a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a> dialects spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in several areas in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, primarily in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> and northwestern regions of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a nascent language movement,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1979198_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1979198-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in recent decades Hindko-speaking intellectuals have started promoting the view of Hindko as a separate language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman1996211_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman1996211-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a literary tradition based on <b>Peshawari</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980486,_497,_509_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980486,_497,_509-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the urban variety of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> in the northwest, and another one based on the language of <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a> in the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman1996211–14_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman1996211–14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2017 census of Pakistan, 5.1 million people declared their language to be Hindko,<sup id="cite_ref-2017census_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a 2020 estimate placed the number of speakers at 7 million.<sup id="cite_ref-e26hno_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26hno-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindko to some extent is mutually intelligible with <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman1996211_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman1996211-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has more affinities with the latter than with the former.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1979200–1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1979200–1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differences with other <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi varieties">Punjabi varieties</a> are more pronounced in the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> than in the <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax (linguistics)">syntax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980486_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980486-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Hindko" means "the Indian language" or "language of Hind",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980482_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980482-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Venkatesh2019_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venkatesh2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jaffrelot2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2010_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refers to the Indo-Aryan speech forms spoken in the northern Indian subcontinent,<sup id="cite_ref-Venkatesh2019_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venkatesh2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GeijbelsAddleton_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeijbelsAddleton-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sumra1992_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumra1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian language">Iranic language</a> spoken by the Pashtun people.<sup id="cite_ref-West2010_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GeijbelsAddleton_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeijbelsAddleton-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative local name for this language group is <i>Hindki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch19924_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch19924-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A speaker of Hindko may be referred to as <i>Hindki</i>, <i>Hindkun</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Hindkowan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindkowan">Hindkowan</a></i> (<i>Hindkuwan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a> varieties, Hindko is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni Prakrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution_and_dialects">Geographic distribution and dialects</h2></div> <p>Varieties of Hindko are primarily spoken in a core area in the district of Attock in the northwestern corner of the province of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, and in two neighbouring regions: in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> to the north-west, and <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara</a> to the north-east, both in the province of <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> (formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province). The Hindko of Hazara also extends east into nearby regions of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. </p><p>The central dialect group comprises <a href="/wiki/Kohati" title="Kohati">Kohati</a> (spoken in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a> and a few neighbouring villages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the three closely related dialects of <a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock District</a>, Punjab: <a href="/wiki/Chacchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chacchi">Chacchi</a> (spoken in <a href="/wiki/Attock_Tehsil" title="Attock Tehsil">Attock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haripur_Tehsil" title="Haripur Tehsil">Haripur Tehsils</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ghebi" title="Ghebi">Ghebi</a> (spoken to the south in <a href="/wiki/Pindi_Gheb_Tehsil" title="Pindi Gheb Tehsil">Pindi Gheb Tehsil</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Awankari_dialect" title="Awankari dialect">Awankari</a> (spoken in <a href="/wiki/Talagang_Tehsil" title="Talagang Tehsil">Talagang Tehsil</a>, now part of <a href="/wiki/Chakwal_District" title="Chakwal District">Chakwal District</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980484–86_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980484–86-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch199257,_85_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch199257,_85-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rensch's classification based on lexical similarity<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also assigns to this group the rural dialects of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch199255–56_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch199255–56-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shackle, however, sees most<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of them as closely related to the urban variety of Peshawar City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980497–98_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980497–98-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a group of its own is Peshawari,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestigious</a> urban variety spoken in the city of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> and the one that is promoted as a standardised literary language.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a wide dialectal base<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980497_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980497-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has undergone the influence of <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Punjabi">Standard Punjabi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch199255–56_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch199255–56-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980509_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980509-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A separate group is formed in the northeast by the relatively homogeneous dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara region</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980485_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980485-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch199256_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch199256-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are collectively known as <i>Hazara Hindko</i> or <i>Northern Hindko</i>, with the variety spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kaghan_Valley" title="Kaghan Valley">Kaghan Valley</a> known as <i>Kaghani</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-e26hno_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26hno-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the variety of <a href="/wiki/Tanawal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanawal">Tanawal</a> known variously as <i>Tanoli Hindko</i>, <i>Tanoli</i> or <i>Tinauli</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz20141–4_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz20141–4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindko is also spoken further east into Kashmir. It is the predominant language of the <a href="/wiki/Neelum_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Neelum Valley">Neelum Valley</a>, in the north of Pakistan-administered <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a>, where it is locally known as <i>Parmi</i> (or <i>Pārim</i>; the name likely originated in the Kashmiri word <span title="Kashmiri-language text"><i lang="ks-Latn">apārim</i></span> 'from the other side', which was the term used by the Kashmiris of the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale of Kashmir">Vale of Kashmir</a> to refer to the highlanders, who spoke this language).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtarRehman200768–69_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtarRehman200768–69-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This variety is also spoken across the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> into Indian-administered <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohailRehmanKiani2016_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohailRehmanKiani2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The whole dialect continuum of Hindko is partitioned by <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> into two languages: Northern Hindko (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> code: hno)<sup id="cite_ref-e26hno_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26hno-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the dialects of Hazara, and Southern Hindko (ISO 639-3: hnd)<sup id="cite_ref-e26hnd_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26hnd-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the remaining varieties. This grouping finds support in the results of the intelligibility testing done by Rensch, which also found out that the southern dialects are more widely understood throughout the Hindko area than are the northern ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch199258–62_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch199258–62-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindko dialects gradually transition into other varieties of Lahnda and Punjabi to the south. For example, to the southwest across the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a> are found dialects of <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980484_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980484-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at least one of these – the one spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_District" title="Dera Ismail Khan District">Dera Ismail Khan District</a> – is sometimes also referred to as "Hindko".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch19927–8,_57_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch19927–8,_57-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the southeast, Hindko is in a dialect continuum with <a href="/wiki/Pahari%E2%80%93Pothwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahari–Pothwari">Pahari–Pothwari</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Galyat" title="Galyat">Galyat</a> region of Abbottabad district and the area of <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarabad" title="Muzaffarabad">Muzaffarabad</a> in Azad Kashmir approximately falling on the boundary between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELothersLothers2010_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELothersLothers2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are Hindko <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diasporas</a> in major urban centres like <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in some neighbouring countries. Some Hindu Hindkowans and Sikh Hindowans migrated to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> after the partition of India in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-GeijbelsAddleton_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeijbelsAddleton-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DT2003_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT2003-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Hindko speakers in India identify with the broader <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KVenkatesh_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KVenkatesh-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a small diaspora in <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Afghanistan" title="Indians in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, which includes members of the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Afghanistan" title="Hinduism in Afghanistan">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Sikh</a> community who became established there during the Sikh Empire in the first half of the 19th century. Most of them have emigrated since the rise of the Taliban, and the total population of Sikhs, Hindko-speaking or not, is estimated at around 300 families (as of 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyeth2018_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyeth2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_setting">Social setting</h2></div> <p>There is no generic name for the speakers of Hindko because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>. However, the Hindko-speaking community belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Hazara_Division" title="Hazara Division">Hazara Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> are sometimes recognised collectively as <a href="/wiki/Hazarewal" title="Hazarewal">Hazarewal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of Hindko speakers in the Hazara Division are Pashtuns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of those speak Hindko as their mother tongue while others as a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the <a href="/wiki/Tahirkheli" title="Tahirkheli">Tahirkhelis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swati_(Pashtun_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swati (Pashtun tribe)">Swatis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yusufzais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jadoon" title="Jadoon">Jadoons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tareen" title="Tareen">Tareens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other Hindko speakers include the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awan_(tribe)" title="Awan (tribe)">Awans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal tribe">Mughals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanoli" title="Tanoli">Tanolis</a>, Turks, <a href="/wiki/Qureshi_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qureshi (surname)">Qureshis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gujjars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common second language for Hindko-speakers in Pakistan is <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and the second most common one is <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch199280_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch199280-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley). The relationship between Hindko and its neighbours is not one of stable bilingualism. In terms of <a href="/wiki/Language_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Language domain">domains of use</a> and number of speakers, Hindko is dominant and growing in the north-east; in Hazara for example, it is displacing Pashto as the language in use among the Swati Pathans,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch19924–5_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch19924–5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Neelam Valley of Azad Jammu & Kashmir it is gaining ground at the expense of the minority languages like Kashmiri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtarRehman200769_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtarRehman200769-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the cities of Kohat and Peshawar, on the other hand, it is Hindko that is in a weaker position. With the exodus of the Hindko-speaking Hindus and Sikhs after Partitition and the consequent influx of Pashtuns into the vacated areas of the urban economy, there have been signs of a shift towards Pashto.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GeijbelsAddleton2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeijbelsAddleton2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Awankari and Kohati </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">cʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɟʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Hazara Hindko <br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(parentheses indicate phonemes found only in some dialects)</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alv.</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʃʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hindko contrasts <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonants">stop consonants</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> places of articulation. The <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatals</a> have been described as pure stops (/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span>/) in Awankari,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri1963108–9_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri1963108–9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as <a href="/wiki/Affricates" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricates">affricates</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ/</span>) in the varieties of Hazara.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the stop consonants of most varieties of Hindko there is a three-way contrast between voiced (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b<span class="wrap"> </span>d<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ</span>), voiceless (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>k</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Awankari,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri196321–22,_26_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri196321–22,_26-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kohati,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487,_498_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487,_498-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the varieties of Neelum Valley of Kashmir also distinguish <a href="/wiki/Voiced_aspirated" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced aspirated">voiced aspirated</a> stops (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡʱ</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKianiBukhariAhmedHameed2012_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKianiBukhariAhmedHameed2012-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disappearance of the voiced aspirates from most Hindko varieties has been linked to the development of tone (see <a href="#Tone">below</a>). </p><p>Fricatives like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> are found in loans (for example from Persian), but also in native words, often as positional allophones of the corresponding stop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some documented instances include: </p> <ul><li>before other consonants in Kohati (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑːxdɑː/</span> 'saying' versus <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑːkhɑː/</span> 'said'),</li> <li>in the middle or end of words in Peshawari (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nɪɣʊl/</span> 'swallow (verb)'),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487,_499_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487,_499-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>word-medially after stressed vowels in Abbottabad Hindko (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/deːxɽ̃ɑː/</span> 'to look'),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201927_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201927-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>at the ends of words after vowels in the Hindko of Kashmir (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɪx/</span> 'write').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b25_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b25-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Generally, the fricatives can be found in all positions: at the start, the middle, or at the end of the word (Tanoli Hindko: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xrɑːb/</span> 'spoilt', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ləxxət/</span> 'small stick', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃɑːx/</span> 'branch'),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz2014149_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz2014149-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with relatively few exceptions (one being the restriction on word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ</span> in the Hindko of Kashmir).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Labio-dental" class="mw-redirect" title="Labio-dental">labio-dental</a> has been explicitly described as the fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> for the Hindko of Kashmir,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-RashidKhan2014_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-RashidKhan2014-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tanawal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz2014150–153_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz2014150–153-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as the <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a> /<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span>/ in Awankari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri1963_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri1963-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, Hindko dialects distinguish a varying number of other <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal consonants</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal">retroflex nasal</a> is overall shorter than the other nasals,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at least for the Hindko of Abbottabad it has been described as a nasalised <a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">flap</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɽ̃/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201926_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201926-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Hindko of Kashmir it has been asserted to be an allophone of the alveolar nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b28–29_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b28–29-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is phonemic in Awankari<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri1963113–5_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri1963113–5-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tanoli; in both dialects it can occur in the middle and at the end of a word, as illustrated by the following examples from Tanoli: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɑːɳɑ̃ː/</span> 'straight', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑːɳ/</span> 'pride'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz2014128–129_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz2014128–129-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> is phonemic in Tanoli: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bɑːŋ/</span> 'prayer call', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑːŋ/</span> 'fiancée',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz2014128–30_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz2014128–30-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Hindko of Kashmir, and in both cases it is found only in the middle or at the end of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b28_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b28-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the main subdialect of Awankari, the velar nasal is only found before velar stops,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri1963113–5_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri1963113–5-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and similarly, it is not among the phonemes identified for the Hindko of Abbottabad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201922_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201922-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindko varieties have a single <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral consonant</a>: the alveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, unlike Punjabi, which additionally has a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_lateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex lateral">retroflex lateral</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɭ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Awankari dialect, as spoken by Muslims (and not Hindus) and described by Bahri in the 1930s, has a distinctive retroflex lateral, which, however, appears to be in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a> with the alveolar lateral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri1963116–7,_143_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri1963116–7,_143-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two rhotic sounds in Hindko: an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> (with a varying number of vibrations dependent on the phonetic context), and a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex flap">retroflex flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɽ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <table> <caption><b>Vowels</b><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hindko has three short vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, and six long vowels: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span>. The vowels can be illustrated with the following examples from Tanoli: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃɪpp/</span> 'big stone', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʊxx/</span> 'pain', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kəll/</span> 'yesterday', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/biːɽɑː/</span> 'button', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/keː/</span> 'what', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bæːrɑː/</span> 'piece of meat', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɑːr/</span> 'Sunday', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃoːr/</span> 'thief', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kuːɽɑː/</span> 'filth'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz2014199_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz2014199-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Length is strongly contrastive and the long vowels are generally twice as long as the corresponding short vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Awankari dialect distinguishes between open and close "o" (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/poːlɑː/</span> 'soft' vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɔːlɑː/</span> 'shoe').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri196340–46_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri196340–46-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varieties of Hindko also possess a number of <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> (like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai/</span>). Which of the many (typically around a dozen) overt vowel combinations should be seen as representing an underlying single segment (a diphthong) rather than simply a sequence of two separate underlying vowels, has varied with the analysis used and the dialect studied.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nasalised_vowels">Nasalised vowels</h4></div> <p>Hindko dialects possess phonemic <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal vowels">nasal vowels</a> (here marked with a tilde above the vowel: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ̃</span>). For example, in the Hindko of Azad Kashmir <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bɑː/</span> 'animal disease' contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bɑ̃ː/</span> 'arm', and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/toːkeː/</span> 'meat cutters' with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/toːkẽː/</span> 'hindrances'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b94_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b94-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this variety of Hindko, as well as in the Hindko of Tanawal, there are nasal counterparts for all, or almost all,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the long vowels, but none for the short vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Awankari and the Hindko of Abbottabad, on the other hand, there is contrastive nasalisation for short vowels as well: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰɪɖɑː/</span> 'make one play' contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰɪ̃ɖɑ/</span> 'scatter' (in Awankari),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri196361_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri196361-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡəɖ/</span> 'mixing' contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡə̃́ɖ/</span> 'knot').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201944–45_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201944–45-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peshawari and Kohati presumably follow the pattern of Awankari but have historically lost nasalisation from the round vowels (like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>) at the end of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980500_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980500-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, vowels get nasalised <a href="/wiki/Allophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophonic">allophonically</a> when adjacent to a nasal consonant. In the varieties of Tanawal and Kashmir both long and short vowels can be nasalised in this way, but only if they precede the nasal consonant: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dõːn]</span> 'washing', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bẽːn]</span> 'crying'.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Hindko of Abbottabad, a vowel at the end of some words can be nasalised if it follows a nasal consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201944_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201944-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Awankari dialect, vowels can be allophonically nasalised both before and after a nasal consonant, but in either case the effect will depend on the position of stress (see <a href="/wiki/Awankari_dialect#Vowels" title="Awankari dialect">Awankari dialect § Vowels</a> for more details).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri196361_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri196361-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3></div> <p>Unlike many Indo-Aryan languages, but in common with other Punjabi varieties, Hindko dialects have a system of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a>, which is commonly referred to as <i>tone</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Punjabi, pitch accent has historically arisen out of the loss of voiced aspirates (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɦ/</span>. Thus in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language#Standard_Punjabi" title="Punjabi language">Standard Punjabi</a>, if a voiced aspirate preceded the stressed vowel, it would lose its aspiration and cause the appearance of a high tone on that vowel: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒiːbʱ/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒíːb/</span> 'tongue'. If it followed the stressed vowel, then it would lead to a high tone and lose its aspiration and, if word-initial, its voicing: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʱoːɽaː/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kòːɽaː/</span> 'horse'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201671–72_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201671–72-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same pattern has been reported for Hazara Hindko, with a low rising tone after historically voiced aspirates (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kòːɽaː/</span> 'horse' < <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʱoːɽaː/</span>), a high falling tone before historic voiced aspirates (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kóːɽaː/</span> 'leper' < <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kóːɽʱaː/</span>), and level tone elsewhere (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/koːɽaː/</span> 'bitter'). According to preliminary observations on the Hazara Hindko variety of Abbottabad, the low tone is less prominent than in <a href="/wiki/Majhi_dialect" title="Majhi dialect">Majhi Punjabi</a>, and a trace of the aspiration is preserved: for example 'horse' would be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k<sup>(h)</sup>òːɽaː/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201947–48_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201947–48-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The variety spoken to the north-east, in Neelam Valley, has preserved voiced aspirates at the start of the word, so presumably the low tone is not established there. However, there are observations of its appearance in the speech of the residents of the main villages along the highway, likely under the influence of Majhi and Hazara Hindko,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtarRehman200769_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtarRehman200769-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has similarly been reported in the villages on the Indian side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohailRehmanKiani2016109_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohailRehmanKiani2016109-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The southern Hindko varieties have similarly developed tone, but only when the voiced aspirate followed the stressed vowel; voiced aspirates preceding the stress have remained unchanged: thus <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋə́d/</span> 'more' (< <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">vədʱ</span>), but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʱiː/</span> 'daughter'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003593–94_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003593–94-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tone is realised as high falling in Kohati<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the eastern subdialect of Awankari, but as high in the northwestern Awankari subdialect.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Kohati, the variety of Peshawar has high falling tone before historic voiced aspirates. However, it has also developed a distinct tone on stressed vowels after historic voiced aspirates, like northern Hindko and Majhi, with a similar loss of aspiration and voicing. But in contrast to Majhi, this tone is also high falling, and it is distinguished by the accompanying <a href="/wiki/Glottalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalisation">glottalisation</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tˀîː/</span> 'daughter', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vəˈtˀɑ̂ːiː/</span> 'congratulations'.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HinkoVaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HinkoVaf.svg/220px-HinkoVaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HinkoVaf.svg/330px-HinkoVaf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HinkoVaf.svg/440px-HinkoVaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1891" /></a><figcaption>"Vaf" is a unique letter of Hindko, and many Indo-Aryan language. <i>Vaf</i> is used from loanwords of Pashto origin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hindko is generally written in a variety of the <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Punjabi alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was created by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rehmat_Aziz_Chitrali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rehmat Aziz Chitrali (page does not exist)">Rehmat Aziz Chitrali</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khowar_Academy_Chitral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khowar Academy Chitral (page does not exist)">Khowar Academy Chitral</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hindko Perso-Arabic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Name of Letter</th> <th>Transcription</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">آ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>waḍḍi alif</i></td> <td>ā</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ا</span></span></span></td> <td><i>alif</i></td> <td>a</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ب</span></span></span></td> <td><i>be</i></td> <td>p</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>pe</i></td> <td>b</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ت</span></span></span></td> <td><i>te</i></td> <td>t</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ṭe</i></td> <td>ṭ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ث</span></span></span></td> <td><i>se</i></td> <td>s</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ج</span></span></span></td> <td><i>jīm</i></td> <td>j</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>če</i></td> <td>č</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ح</span></span></span></td> <td><i>he</i></td> <td>h</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>xe</i></td> <td>x</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڇ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ʄe</i></td> <td>ʄ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʄ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">د</span></span></span></td> <td><i>dāl</i></td> <td>d</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڈ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ḍāl</i></td> <td>ḍ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ذ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>zāl</i></td> <td>(z)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ر</span></span></span></td> <td><i>re</i></td> <td>r</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڑ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ṛe</i></td> <td>ṛ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɽ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ز</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ze</i></td> <td>z</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ݬ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ce</i></td> <td>c</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">س</span></span></span></td> <td><i>sīn</i></td> <td>s</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ش</span></span></span></td> <td><i>šīn</i></td> <td>š</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ص</span></span></span></td> <td><i>svād</i></td> <td>(s)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ض</span></span></span></td> <td><i>zvād</i></td> <td>(z)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ط</span></span></span></td> <td><i>to'e</i></td> <td>(t)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ظ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>zo'e</i></td> <td>(z)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ع</span></span></span></td> <td><i>‘ain</i></td> <td>(‘/'), (a), (e), (ē), (o), (i), (u)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/∅/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">غ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ǧain</i></td> <td>ǧ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ف</span></span></span></td> <td><i>fe</i></td> <td>f</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ق</span></span></span></td> <td><i>qāf</i></td> <td>q</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڨ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>vāf</i></td> <td>v</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ک</span></span></span></td> <td><i>kāf</i></td> <td>k</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>gāf</i></td> <td>g</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ل</span></span></span></td> <td><i>lām</i></td> <td>l</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">م</span></span></span></td> <td><i>mīm</i></td> <td>m</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ن</span></span></span></td> <td><i>nūn</i></td> <td>n</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ں</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ñun</i></td> <td>ñ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ݩ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ñun</i></td> <td>ñ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ݩگ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ngun</i></td> <td>ng</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ݨ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>ṇūn</i></td> <td>ṇ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">و</span></span></span></td> <td><i>wāw</i></td> <td>w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ؤ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>waw-e-hamza</i></td> <td>'w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔu/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٷ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>waw-e-humza-e-dumma</i></td> <td>u</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ہ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>coṭī he</i></td> <td>h</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ھ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>do cašmī he</i></td> <td>_h</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/◌ʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/◌ʱ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ء</span></span></span></td> <td><i>hamza</i></td> <td>'</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ی</span></span></span></td> <td><i>coṭī ye</i></td> <td>y, ī</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ئ</span></span></span></td> <td><i>hamza-e-yeh</i></td> <td>ai</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%"><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ے</span></span></span></td> <td><i>waḍḍi ye</i></td> <td>e, ē</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hindko" title="Special:EditPage/Hindko">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Gandhara Hindko Board is a leading organisation that has been active in the preservation and promotion of the Hindko and culture since 1993. The board was launched in Peshawar in year 1993 to preserve and promote Hindko —the second most spoken of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It brings out four regular publications— <i>Hindkowan</i>, <i>The Gandhara Voice</i>, " Sarkhail" and "Tarey" and a number of occasional publications. Late professor Zahoor Ahmad Awan of Peshawar city, the author of 61 books and publications, was the founding-chairman of the board. Now the board is headed by Ejaz Ahmad Qureshi. The board has published first Hindko dictionary and several other books on a variety of topics. With head office in Peshawar, the organisation has regional offices in other cities of the province where Hindko is spoken and understood. </p><p>In 2003 the Gandhara Hindko Board published first a Hindko dictionary which was compiled by a prominent linguists from Abbottabad, Sultan Sakoon. The board published a second more comprehensive Hindko dictionary in 2007 prepared by Elahi Bakhsh Awan of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>. He is the author of Sarzamin e Hindko, and Hindko Sautiyat. His three booklets on Hindko <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> were published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Peshawar" title="University of Peshawar">University of Peshawar</a> in the late 1970s. </p><p>The Idara-e-Faroghe Hindko based in Peshawar is another body that is promoting Hindko. <a href="/wiki/Riffat_Akbar_Swati" title="Riffat Akbar Swati">Riffat Akbar Swati</a> and Aurangzeb Ghaznavi are main people of this organisation. The Idara has published the first Hindko translation of the Quran by Haider Zaman Haider and the first Ph.D. thesis on Hindko by E.B.A. Awan. A monthly magazine <i>Faroogh</i> is also published regularly from Peshawar under supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi. In Karachi Syed Mehboob is working for the promotion of Hindko. His articles are frequently published in <i>Farogh</i> monthly. He is organiser of Hindko Falahi Forum. </p><p>Many organisations like Bazm-e-Ilm-o-Fun Abbottabad and Halqa-e-Yaraan Shinkyari promote Hindko and literature. Asif Saqib, Sufi Abdur Rasheed, Fazal-e-Akbar Kamal, Sharif Hussain Shah, Muhammad Farid, Yahya Khalid, Nazir Kasalvi, and Muhammad Hanif have contributed a lot in this regard. Sultan Sakoon has written the First Hindko dictionary that has been published by Gandhara Hindko Board. Sultan Sakoon stands out for his literary contribution as he is a prolific writer and his books including those on Hindko proverbs and Hindko riddles have been published. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_example">Poetry example</h3></div> <p>An excerpt from the <i>Kalām</i> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ali_Saayein" title="Ahmad Ali Saayein">Ahmad Ali Saayein</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd" style="font-size: big;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> الف اول ہے عالم ہست سی او <br /> ہاتف آپ پکاریا بسمہ اللہ <br />فیر قلم نوں حکم نوشت ہویا <br />ہس کے قلم سر ماریا بسمہ اللہ <br />نقشہ لوح محفوظ دے وچ سینے <br />قلم صاف اتاریا بسمہ اللہ <br />اس تحریر نوں پڑھ کے فرشتیاں نے <br />سائیاں شکر گزاریا بسمہ اللہ</span></span></span> </p><p><b>Transliteration:</b> <i>Alif-Awal hai Alam e hast sī o</i> <br /><i>Hātif āp pukārā Bismillah</i> <br /><i>Fīr Qalam nū̃ hukum e Nawišt hoyā</i> <br /><i>Hus ke qalam sir māriyā Bismillah</i> <br /><i>Naqšā Loh e Mahfūz dai wic sine</i> <br /><i>Qalam sāf utāriyā Bismillah</i> <br /><i>Is Tahrīr nū̃ paṛah ke Farištiyā̃ ne</i> <br /><i>Sāiyā̃ Šukar guzāriyā Bismillah</i> </p><p><b>Translation:</b> "He is the foremost from the world of existence<br /> Voice of the unseen exclaimed Bismillah <br />The pen was ordered to write <br />Pen carried out the order to write Bismillah <br />When angels read this composition <br />Saaieaan, they showed their thankfulness with Bismillah" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proverbs">Proverbs</h3></div> <p>Hindko has a rich heritage of proverbs (Hindko <i>matlaan</i>, sg. <i>matal</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a proverb: </p><p><span title="Hindko-language text"><span lang="hnd"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جدھر سر ادھر سرہانڑا</span></span></span> </p><p>Transliteration: <i>Jidur sir udur sarhanra</i> </p><p>Translation: "Good person gains respect everywhere." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Indian" here refers to the historic meaning of India as the northern Indian subcontinent, which was known as <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Names_for_India#Hind_.2F_Hindustan" title="Names for India">Hind</a></i>, the word from which the term "Hindko" is derived.<sup id="cite_ref-Venkatesh2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venkatesh2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sumra1992_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumra1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>Hindki</i> normally refers to a Hindko speaker.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lexical similarity was calculated on the basis of a 210-item wordlist elicited in the following localities: <ul><li>the city of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a></li> <li>rural <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar District</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wad_Pagga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wad Pagga (page does not exist)">Wad Pagga</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakha_Gholam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakha Gholam (page does not exist)">Pakha Gholam</a></li> <li>Kohati: the city of <a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a></li> <li>Attock: <a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a> City and <a href="/wiki/Talagang" title="Talagang">Talagang</a></li> <li>Hazara: three settlements of <a href="/wiki/Mansehra_District" title="Mansehra District">Mansehra District</a>: <a href="/wiki/Balakot" title="Balakot">Balakot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherpur,_Mansehra" title="Sherpur, Mansehra">Sherpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansehra" title="Mansehra">Mansehra</a> City; two in <a href="/wiki/Haripur_District" title="Haripur District">Haripur District</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Singo_Di_Garhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singo Di Garhi (page does not exist)">Singo Di Garhi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jammun (page does not exist)">Jammun</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Ghazi,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Ghazi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Ghazi</a>) (<a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch 1992</a>, pp. 53–58)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exception is the divergent <i>Khālsavī</i> dialect of the Tappa Khālsā group of villages east of the city.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The local pronunciation is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɪʃʌori]</span>) (<a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, p. 497).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is uncertainty about the phonemic status of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ͂ː/</span>: it is absent according to <a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz (2014)</a> (for Tanawal) and <a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-RashidAkhtar2012">Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012</a>, pp. 70, 74) (for Azad Kashmir), but an example is adduced by <a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b">Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2017census-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2017census_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2017census_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf">"TABLE 11 - POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116165736/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TABLE+11+-+POPULATION+BY+MOTHER+TONGUE%2C+SEX+AND+RURAL%2F+URBAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2017%2Ftables%2Fpakistan%2FTable11n.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e26hno-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e26hno_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e26hno_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e26hno_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e26hno_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hno">Hindko, Northern</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see <a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch (1992</a>, p. 53); <a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>, pp. 18–19); <a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle (1980</a>, p. 482): the term <i>Hindko</i> is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous.". For the ethnic diversity, see <a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch (1992</a>, pp. 10–11)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1979198-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1979198_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1979">Shackle 1979</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman1996211-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman1996211_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman1996211_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1996">Rahman 1996</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980486,_497,_509-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980486,_497,_509_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, pp. 486, 497, 509: Peshawari is the basis of "an incipient literary standard for the different varieties of <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%932010)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)">NWFP</a> 'Hindko'".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman1996211–14-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman1996211–14_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1996">Rahman 1996</a>, pp. 211–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1979200–1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1979200–1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1979">Shackle 1979</a>, pp. 200–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980486-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980486_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venkatesh2019-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Venkatesh2019_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venkatesh2019_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venkatesh2019_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkatesh2019" class="citation web cs1">Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630202558/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-strange-and-little-known-case-of-hindko-1562400834033.html">"The strange and little-known case of Hindko"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)" title="Mint (newspaper)">Mint</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-strange-and-little-known-case-of-hindko-1562400834033.html">the original</a> on 30 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>The south and west of Lahnda territory he identified as the Seraiki region (though he didn't use the word Seraiki, his description of the tongue matches it), and the northern half as the Hindko region. This was the area, he stated, where the "language of the Hindus" (that is what he interpreted Hindko to mean) was spoken. Hindko, Grierson stated, was the main language of the <a href="/wiki/Hazara_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara division">Hazara division</a> and was also spoken in Peshawar. ... Also, scholars post-Grierson understood Hindko to mean the "language of the people of Hind, i.e. India" and not the Hindus, which was a term used for a religious community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+strange+and+little-known+case+of+Hindko&rft.pub=Mint&rft.date=2019-07-06&rft.aulast=Venkatesh&rft.aufirst=Karthik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fmint-lounge%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-strange-and-little-known-case-of-hindko-1562400834033.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West2010_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2010_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2010_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2010" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara A. (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438119137" title="Special:BookSources/9781438119137"><bdi>9781438119137</bdi></a>. <q>The term <i>Hindko</i> as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic group.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781438119137&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sumra1992-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sumra1992_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sumra1992_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumra1992" class="citation book cs1">Sumra, Mahar Abdul Haq (1992). <i>The Soomras</i>. Beacon Books. p. 36. <q>The India of the ancient times extended from the Hindukush (Hindu meaning Indian, Kush meaning Koh or a mountain)... Apart from the names of places and streams there are many other words also which have 'Hind' as their adjectival parts. ... Hindko (the language of Peshawar and Abbotabad), Hindwana (water-melon), Indi maran (a wrestling skill), Hindvi (language other than Persian and Arabic spoken or written by locals) etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soomras&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Beacon+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Sumra&rft.aufirst=Mahar+Abdul+Haq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980482-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980482_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, p. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot2004-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2004_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Christophe Jaffrelot</a> (2004). <i>A History of Pakistan and Its Origins</i>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843311492" title="Special:BookSources/9781843311492"><bdi>9781843311492</bdi></a>. <q><i>Hindko</i> could mean 'Indian language' as opposed to Pashto, which belongs to the Iranian group.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Pakistan+and+Its+Origins&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781843311492&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeijbelsAddleton-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GeijbelsAddleton_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeijbelsAddleton_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeijbelsAddleton_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan</i>. Christian Study Centre. p. 38. <q>Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language" and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country". Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+and+development+of+Urdu+and+the+importance+of+regional+languages+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Christian+Study+Centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, p. 482; <a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch 1992</a>, pp. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch19924-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch19924_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch 1992</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz 2014</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, p. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesthrie2018" class="citation book cs1">Mesthrie, Rajend (2018-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUEiEAAAQBAJ&dq=en&pg=PA15"><i>Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa</i></a>. Routledge. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-78579-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-78579-5"><bdi>978-0-429-78579-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230831165529/https://books.google.com/books?id=eUEiEAAAQBAJ&dq=en&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-13</span></span>. <q>The outer languages descend from various sources: The Eastern group from Magadhi Prakrit, Marathi from Maharastri Prakrit (which was a sub-division of Ardha-Māgadhi Prakrit, leaning more towards Māgadhi than Sauraseni), while Sindhi and Lahnda, whose early histories are not entirely clear, seem to be derived from Apabhramsas which show Sauraseni influence .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+Indenture%3A+A+Sociolinguistic+History+of+Bhojpuri-Hindi+in+South+Africa&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft.isbn=978-0-429-78579-5&rft.aulast=Mesthrie&rft.aufirst=Rajend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeUEiEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Den%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKudva1972" class="citation book cs1">Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x0NuAAAAMAAJ&q=lahnda+shauraseni"><i>History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats</i></a>. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. p. 218. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230831165457/https://books.google.com/books?id=x0NuAAAAMAAJ&q=lahnda+shauraseni">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-05</span></span>. <q>The Outer branch includes Lahnda spoken in West Punjab, Sindhi, Marathi, Briya Bahari (including its dialect Maithili), Bengali and Assamese. They are derived from Sauraseni Prakrit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Dakshinatya+Saraswats&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Samyukta+Gowda+Saraswata+Sabha&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Kudva&rft.aufirst=Venkataraya+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx0NuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlahnda%2Bshauraseni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980484–86-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980484–86_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, pp. 484–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch199257,_85-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch199257,_85_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch 1992</a>, pp. 57, 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch199255–56-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch199255–56_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch199255–56_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch 1992</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980497–98-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980497–98_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, pp. 497–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For its literature and status in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, see <a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle (1980</a>, pp. 486, 509); for the emerging prestige of Peshawari in Hazara, see <a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch (1992</a>, pp. 76–77).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980497-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980497_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, p. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980509-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980509_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, p. 509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980485-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980485_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch199256-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch199256_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch 1992</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz20141–4-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz20141–4_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz 2014</a>, pp. 1–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtarRehman200768–69-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtarRehman200768–69_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkhtarRehman2007">Akhtar & Rehman 2007</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESohailRehmanKiani2016-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohailRehmanKiani2016_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSohailRehmanKiani2016">Sohail, Rehman & Kiani 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e26hnd-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e26hnd_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hnd">Hindko, Southern</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch199258–62-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch199258–62_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch 1992</a>, pp. 58–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980484-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980484_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch19927–8,_57-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch19927–8,_57_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch 1992</a>, pp. 7–8, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELothersLothers2010-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELothersLothers2010_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLothersLothers2010">Lothers & Lothers 2010</a>. The speech of Muzaffarabad is locally called "Hindko", but in its vocabulary it is closer to Pahari.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFPierce2011">Pierce (2011)</a> for a study of a community of Hazara Hindko speakers in Karachi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DT2003-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DT2003_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-12-2003_pg7_25">"Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family"</a>. Daily Times. 29 December 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120724145202/www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-12-2003_pg7_25">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peshawarites+still+remember+the+Kapoor+family&rft.pub=Daily+Times&rft.date=2003-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3Dstory_29-12-2003_pg7_25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KVenkatesh-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KVenkatesh_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkatesh2019" class="citation web cs1">Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630202558/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-strange-and-little-known-case-of-hindko-1562400834033.html">"The strange and little-known case of Hindko"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)" title="Mint (newspaper)">Mint</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-strange-and-little-known-case-of-hindko-1562400834033.html">the original</a> on 30 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>. <q>In India, Hindko is little known, and while there are Hindko speakers in parts of Jammu and Kashmir as well as among other communities who migrated to India post Partition, by and large it has been absorbed under the broad umbrella of Punjabi...There is also a strong sense of a Hindko identity, as the Pakistani state realized when the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010. The loudest opposition to the renaming came from Hindkowans who feared being submerged in the Pashtun identity of the newly named state. It also prompted calls for a separate state for Hindko speakers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+strange+and+little-known+case+of+Hindko&rft.pub=Mint&rft.date=2019-07-06&rft.aulast=Venkatesh&rft.aufirst=Karthik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fmint-lounge%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-strange-and-little-known-case-of-hindko-1562400834033.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyeth2018-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyeth2018_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWyeth2018">Wyeth 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/694407/four-years-on-the-voice-of-hazara-martyrs-still-resonates">"Four years on, the voice of Hazara 'martyrs' still resonates"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 2014-04-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035016/http://tribune.com.pk/story/694407/four-years-on-the-voice-of-hazara-martyrs-still-resonates/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Four+years+on%2C+the+voice+of+Hazara+%27martyrs%27+still+resonates&rft.date=2014-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F694407%2Ffour-years-on-the-voice-of-hazara-martyrs-still-resonates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenschO'LearyHallberg1992" class="citation book cs1">Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRxiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Hindko and Gujari</i></a>. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 10–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240805020727/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRxiAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-28</span></span>. <q>Members of a variety of ethnic groups speak the language called Hindko. A large number of Hindko speakers in Hazara Division (Mansehra and Abbottabad Districts) are Pashtoons. Some of those speak Hindko as a second language; many others speak it as their mother tongue. These include the Tahir Kheli Pashtoons, who claim to have migrated to Hazara Division from Afghanistan during the eighteenth century. Many other mother- tongue speakers of Hindko are Swati Pathans, who are said to have formerly spoken Pashto while living in the lower Swat valley. After migrating across the Indus River into Hazara Division, which Ahmed dates around A.D. 1515, the Swatis adopted the Hindko language. There are also Pashtoons belonging to three other groups, the Yusufzai, the Jadun and the Tarin, who have replaced Pashto with Hindko. Many speakers of Hindko belong to groups other than the Pashtoons: Some of these are Saiyids, said to have come to the area in the early centuries of Islamic history, many of whom live in the Peshawar area. Large numbers of Hindko speakers are Avans, particularly in Attock District and Hazara Division. Still others belong to groups of Moughals, Bulghadris, Turks and Qureshis. In Jammun significant numbers of Gujars have adopted Hindko as their first language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistic+Survey+of+Northern+Pakistan%3A+Hindko+and+Gujari&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Pakistan+Studies%2C+Quaid-i-Azam+University&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Rensch&rft.aufirst=Calvin+Ross&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+Clare+F.&rft.au=Hallberg%2C+Calinda+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRxiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch199280-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch199280_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch 1992</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensch19924–5-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensch19924–5_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch 1992</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtarRehman200769-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtarRehman200769_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtarRehman200769_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkhtarRehman2007">Akhtar & Rehman 2007</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRensch1992">Rensch 1992</a>, pp. 4–5; <a href="#CITEREFShackle1983">Shackle 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeijbelsAddleton2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GeijbelsAddleton2_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan</i>. Christian Study Centre. p. 38. <q>Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language" and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country". Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+and+development+of+Urdu+and+the+importance+of+regional+languages+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Christian+Study+Centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri1963108–9-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri1963108–9_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahri1963">Bahri 1963</a>, pp. 108–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawazAfsar2016">Nawaz & Afsar 2016</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBashirConners2019">Bashir & Conners 2019</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015a">Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashirConners2019">Bashir & Conners 2019</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz 2014</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b">Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri196321–22,_26-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri196321–22,_26_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahri1963">Bahri 1963</a>, pp. 21–22, 26. In some subdialects there is a tendency for the loss of the aspiration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487,_498-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487,_498_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, pp. 487, 498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKianiBukhariAhmedHameed2012-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKianiBukhariAhmedHameed2012_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKianiBukhariAhmedHameed2012">Kiani et al. 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487,_499-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980487,_499_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, pp. 487, 499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201927-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201927_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashirConners2019">Bashir & Conners 2019</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b25-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b25_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b">Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz2014149-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz2014149_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz 2014</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-RashidKhan2014">Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Khan 2014</a>, p. 73. There is no such restriction in the Hindko of Tanawal: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rɑ:ɦ/</span> 'plough' (<a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz 2014</a>, p. 149).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-RashidKhan2014-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-RashidKhan2014_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-RashidKhan2014">Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Khan 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz2014150–153-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz2014150–153_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz 2014</a>, pp. 150–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri1963-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri1963_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahri1963">Bahri 1963</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example <a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz (2014</a>, p. 130).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201926-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201926_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashirConners2019">Bashir & Conners 2019</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b28–29-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b28–29_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b">Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b</a>, pp. 28–29, but see also <a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015a">Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a</a>, p. 199) for the nasalised flap.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri1963113–5-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri1963113–5_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri1963113–5_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahri1963">Bahri 1963</a>, pp. 113–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz2014128–129-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz2014128–129_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz 2014</a>, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz2014128–30-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz2014128–30_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz 2014</a>, pp. 128–30. Word-finally, the velar nasal contrasts with nasal + stop sequences: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kə̃ŋɡ/</span> 'annoyance', and with other nasals: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃənn/</span> 'moon'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b28-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b28_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b">Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201922-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201922_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashirConners2019">Bashir & Conners 2019</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashirConners2019">Bashir & Conners (2019</a>, p. 26) for Hazara Hindko, <a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle (1980</a>, p. 487) for Kohati.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri1963116–7,_143-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri1963116–7,_143_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahri1963">Bahri 1963</a>, pp. 116–7, 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz 2014</a>, pp. 180–84; <a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015a">Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a</a>, pp. 198–200; <a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b">Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-RashidAkhtar2012">Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-RashidAkhtar2013">Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2013</a>, pp. 73–78. <a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz (2014</a>, pp. 212–13) states that phonetically the most accurate IPA symbol for the central vowel is not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐ/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz2014199-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz2014199_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz 2014</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz 2014</a>, pp. 207–10; <a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b">Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b</a>, pp. 76–79; <a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-RashidAkhtar2012">Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBahri1963">Bahri (1963</a>, pp. 48–53) has a more elaborate classification of vowels by length.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri196340–46-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri196340–46_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahri1963">Bahri 1963</a>, pp. 40–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz (2014</a>, pp. 220ff) features a phonemic analysis for the Hazara Hindko of Tanawal; a similar analysis with different conclusions is carried out by <a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-RashidAkhtar2012">Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012</a>, pp. 71–73) for a variety of Azad Kashmir; <a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b">Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b</a>, pp. 100–11) presents an acoustic analysis of the same variety with yet different results. An exhaustive catalogue of vowel sequences is found in <a href="#CITEREFBahri1963">Bahri (1963)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b94-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b94_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b">Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b">Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b</a>, pp. 92–95; <a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz 2014</a>, pp. 227–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahri196361-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri196361_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahri196361_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahri1963">Bahri 1963</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201944–45-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201944–45_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashirConners2019">Bashir & Conners 2019</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1980500-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1980500_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle 1980</a>, p. 500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b">Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b</a>, pp. 92–93; <a href="#CITEREFNawaz2014">Nawaz 2014</a>, pp. 227–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201944-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201944_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashirConners2019">Bashir & Conners 2019</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the characterisation of Punjabi tone as pitch accent, see <a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj2016">Bhardwaj (2016</a>, pp. 67–70).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201671–72-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201671–72_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj2016">Bhardwaj 2016</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201947–48-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirConners201947–48_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashirConners2019">Bashir & Conners 2019</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESohailRehmanKiani2016109-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohailRehmanKiani2016109_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSohailRehmanKiani2016">Sohail, Rehman & Kiani 2016</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2003593–94-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2003593–94_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShackle2003">Shackle 2003</a>, pp. 593–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the analysis by <a href="#CITEREFBahl1957">Bahl (1957)</a>. But see also <a href="#CITEREFBahri1963">Bahri (1963</a>, pp. 189–91).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the interpretation in <a href="#CITEREFShackle1980">Shackle (1980</a>, pp. 498–99). <a href="#CITEREFAwan1974">Awan (1974)</a> presents a different, much more detailed analysis, where tone is treated as a feature of the whole phrase, not the individual word, and where the exact phonetic realisation may vary significantly.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokumen.tips/documents/hindko-qaida-by-rehmat-aziz-chitrali-published-by-khowar-academy-chitral.html">"Hindko Qaida by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali published by Khowar Academy Chitral"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721204124/https://dokumen.tips/documents/hindko-qaida-by-rehmat-aziz-chitrali-published-by-khowar-academy-chitral.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindko+Qaida+by+Rehmat+Aziz+Chitrali+published+by+Khowar+Academy+Chitral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdokumen.tips%2Fdocuments%2Fhindko-qaida-by-rehmat-aziz-chitrali-published-by-khowar-academy-chitral.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJRi_eVdMMU">"الف اول ہے عالم ہست سی او"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200424132909/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJRi_eVdMMU&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84+%DB%81%DB%92+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%DB%81%D8%B3%D8%AA+%D8%B3%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D9%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DiJRi_eVdMMU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindko2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia_Ud_Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zia Ud Din (page does not exist)">Hindko, Matlaan</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/291243-hindko-language-proverbs-published-in-dictionary-form"><i>Hindko Matlaa'n: 151 Hindko Proverbs</i></a>. Gandhara Hindko Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616103658/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/291243-hindko-language-proverbs-published-in-dictionary-form">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindko+Matlaa%27n%3A+151+Hindko+Proverbs&rft.pub=Gandhara+Hindko+Board&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hindko&rft.aufirst=Matlaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F291243-hindko-language-proverbs-published-in-dictionary-form&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilmkidunya.com/edunews/the-gandhara-hindko-academy-launched-an-app-of-the-hindko-language-proverbs-22848.aspx">"The Gandhara Hindko Academy Launched an App of the Hindko language proverbs"</a>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616103702/https://www.ilmkidunya.com/edunews/the-gandhara-hindko-academy-launched-an-app-of-the-hindko-language-proverbs-22848.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Gandhara+Hindko+Academy+Launched+an+App+of+the+Hindko+language+proverbs&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilmkidunya.com%2Fedunews%2Fthe-gandhara-hindko-academy-launched-an-app-of-the-hindko-language-proverbs-22848.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddleton1986" class="citation journal cs1">Addleton, Jonathan S. (1986). "The Importance of Regional Languages in Pakistan". <i>Al-Mushir</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 58–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Mushir&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Regional+Languages+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=58-80&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Addleton&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtarRehman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley". <i>Kashmir Journal of Language Research</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 65–84. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-6640">1028-6640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kashmir+Journal+of+Language+Research&rft.atitle=The+Languages+of+the+Neelam+Valley&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-84&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1028-6640&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Raja+Nasim&rft.au=Rehman%2C+Khawaja+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwan1974" class="citation thesis cs1">Awan, Elahi Bakhsh Akhtar (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28660/"><i>The phonology of the verbal phrase in Hindko</i></a> (PhD). SOAS, University of London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418140244/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28660/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+phonology+of+the+verbal+phrase+in+Hindko&rft.inst=SOAS%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Awan&rft.aufirst=Elahi+Bakhsh+Akhtar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F28660%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span> A detailed study based on the dialect of the city of Peshawar. A version was published in 1994 by Idara Farogh-e-Hindko, Peshawar.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahl1957" class="citation journal cs1">Bahl, Kalicharan (1957). "A Note on Tones in Western Punjabi (Lahanda)". <i>Indian Linguistics</i>. <b>18</b>: 30–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+Tones+in+Western+Punjabi+%28Lahanda%29&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=30-34&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Bahl&rft.aufirst=Kalicharan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahri1963" class="citation book cs1">Bahri, Hardev (1963). <i>Lahndi Phonetics: With Special Reference to Awáṇkárí</i>. Allahabad: Bharati Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lahndi+Phonetics%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Aw%C3%A1%E1%B9%87k%C3%A1r%C3%AD&rft.place=Allahabad&rft.pub=Bharati+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Bahri&rft.aufirst=Hardev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashirConners2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bashir" title="Elena Bashir">Bashir, Elena</a>; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). <i>A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki</i>. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614512257">10.1515/9781614512257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-296-7"><bdi>978-1-61451-296-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203090889">203090889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Descriptive+Grammar+of+Hindko%2C+Panjabi%2C+and+Saraiki&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203090889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781614512257&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-296-7&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Conners%2C+Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhardwaj2016" class="citation book cs1">Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016). <i>Panjabi</i>. 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"Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments". <i>Kashmir Journal of Language Research</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 191–202. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-6640">1028-6640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kashmir+Journal+of+Language+Research&rft.atitle=Acoustics+of+Hindko+Affricate%2C+Nasal%2C+Liquid+and+Glide+Segments&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=191-202&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1028-6640&rft.au=Haroon-Ur-Rashid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaroon-Ur-Rashid2015b" class="citation thesis cs1">Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/6906"><i>Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko</i></a> (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229221218/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/6906">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Syllabification+and+stress+patterns+in+Hindko&rft.inst=University+of+Azad+Jammu+and+Kashmir%2C+Muzaffarabad&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Haroon-Ur-Rashid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprr.hec.gov.pk%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F6906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaroon-Ur-RashidAkhtar2012" class="citation journal cs1">Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". <i>Kashmir Journal of Language Research</i>. <b>15</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-6640">1028-6640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kashmir+Journal+of+Language+Research&rft.atitle=Hindko+Vowel+System&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1028-6640&rft.au=Haroon-Ur-Rashid&rft.au=Akhtar%2C+Raja+Nasim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaroon-Ur-RashidAkhtar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2013). 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"Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Stops". <i>Kashmir Journal of Language Research</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 135–150. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-6640">1028-6640</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1370361471">1370361471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kashmir+Journal+of+Language+Research&rft.atitle=Acoustic+Analysis+of+Hindko+Stops&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-150&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1028-6640&rft.aulast=Kiani&rft.aufirst=Zafeer+Hussain&rft.au=Bukhari%2C+Nadeem&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Jamil&rft.au=Hameed%2C+Nouman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLothersLothers2010" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/9130">Pahari and Pothwari: a sociolinguistic survey</a> (Report). 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International Islamic University, Islamabad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229221221/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/2283">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+descriptive+study+of+segmental+and+selected+suprasegmental+features+of+Hindko+dialect+spoken+in+Tanawal%2C+Hazara&rft.inst=International+Islamic+University%2C+Islamabad&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Nawaz&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprr.hec.gov.pk%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F2283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawazAfsar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Nawaz, Muhammad; Afsar, Ayaz (2016). 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Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut. pp. 175–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language%2C+Dialect+and+Local+Identity+in+Northern+Pakistan&rft.btitle=Pakistan+in+Its+Fourth+Decade%3A+Current+Political%2C+Social+and+Economic+Situation+and+Prospects+for+the+1980s&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.series=Mitteilungen+des+Deutschen+Orient-Instituts&rft.pages=175-87&rft.pub=Deutsches+Orient-Institut&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackle2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Shackle" title="Christopher Shackle">Shackle, Christopher</a> (2003). "Panjabi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). <i>The Indo-Aryan languages</i>. Routledge language family series. Y. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=A+Precarious+State%3A+the+Sikh+Community+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Wyeth&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalaffairs.org.au%2Faustralianoutlook%2Fprecarious-state-the-sikh-community-in-afghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>2004: Hindko Sautiyat, Dr E.B.A. Awan, published by Gandhara Hindko Board Peshawar in 2004.</li> <li>2005: Hindko Land - a thesis presented by Dr E.B.A. Awan at the World Hindko Conference at Peshawar in 2005.</li> <li>1978: "Rival linguistic identities in Pakistan Punjab." Rule, protest, identity: aspects of modern South Asia (ed. P. Robb & D. Taylor), 213–34. London: Curzon</li> <li>Monthly Farogh Peshawar Hindko magazine March 2010.</li> <li>Karachi main Hindko zaban o adab Dr.Syed Mehboob ka kirdar " by Kamal Shah</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToker2014" class="citation book cs1">Toker, Halil (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADAwAAQBAJ"><i>A practical guide to Hindko Grammar</i></a>. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4907-2379-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4907-2379-2"><bdi>978-1-4907-2379-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+practical+guide+to+Hindko+Grammar&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4907-2379-2&rft.aulast=Toker&rft.aufirst=Halil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oADAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindko" class="Z3988"></span> (based on the Hindko of Peshawar)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="incubator:Wp/hno">Northern Hindko test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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dialect">Doabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_dialect" title="Majhi dialect">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwai_dialect" title="Malwai dialect">Malwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puadhi_dialect" title="Puadhi dialect">Puadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a><br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jatki_language" title="Jatki language">Jatki language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhani_dialect" title="Dhani dialect">Dhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhangvi_dialect" title="Jhangvi dialect">Jhangvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubanki_dialect" title="Lubanki dialect">Lubanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahpuri_dialect" title="Shahpuri dialect">Shahpuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindko</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awankari_dialect" title="Awankari dialect">Awankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhachi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhachi dialect">Chhachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghebi" title="Ghebi">Ghebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohati" title="Kohati">Kohati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riasti_dialect" title="Riasti dialect">Riasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thali_dialect" title="Thali dialect">Thali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Baar_di_Boli" class="mw-redirect" title="Baar di Boli">Baar di Boli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baahar_di_boli" title="Baahar di boli">Baahar di boli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derawali_dialect" title="Derawali dialect">Derawali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_bole" title="Khalsa bole">Khalsa bole</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(by <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">administrative unit</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Badeshi language">Badeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha-mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamviri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamviri dialect">Kamviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekhani dialect">Shekhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristani_dialect" title="Waziristani dialect">Wazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabutra_language" title="Kabutra language">Kabutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaya_language" title="Bhaya language">Bhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_language" title="Jogi language">Jogi</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Pakistani Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_in_Pakistan" title="Hindi in Pakistan">Pakistani Hindi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382273#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382273#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382273#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/957004/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85060895">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560563805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindko&oldid=1258834372">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindko&oldid=1258834372</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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