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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">13th-century Welsh rebel who survived being hanged</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>William Cragh</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1262 – after 1307</span>) was a medieval Welsh warrior and supporter of <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Maredudd" title="Rhys ap Maredudd">Rhys ap Maredudd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lord">lord</a> of the lands of <a href="/wiki/Ystrad_Tywi" title="Ystrad Tywi">Ystrad Tywi</a>, in his rebellion against King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>. Captured in 1290 by the son of <a href="/wiki/William_de_Braose,_1st_Baron_Braose" title="William de Braose, 1st Baron Braose">William de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cambro-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambro-Norman">Cambro-Norman</a> Lord of <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Gower" title="Lordship of Gower">Gower</a>, he was tried and found guilty of having killed thirteen men. Cragh was hanged just outside Swansea within sight of de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze's <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Castle" title="Swansea Castle">Swansea Castle</a>, twice, as the gallows collapsed during his first hanging. Lady Mary de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">interceded</a> on Cragh's behalf and prayed to the deceased <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Hereford" title="Bishop of Hereford">Bishop of Hereford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Cantilupe" title="Thomas de Cantilupe">Thomas de Cantilupe</a>, requesting him to ask God to bring Cragh back from the dead. Cragh began to show signs of life the day after his execution and over the subsequent few weeks made a full recovery, living at least another eighteen years. </p><p>The main primary source for Cragh's story is the record of the investigation into the canonisation of Thomas de Cantilupe, which is held in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004143_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004143-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cragh's resurrection was one of thirty-eight miracles presented to the papal commissioners who in 1307 were charged with examining the evidence for Cantilupe's saintliness. The hanged man himself gave evidence to the commission, after which nothing more is known of him. Cantilupe was formally canonised by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> on 17 April 1320. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cragh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swansea_Castle.DSC00521.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of castle ruins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Swansea_Castle.DSC00521.JPG/220px-Swansea_Castle.DSC00521.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Swansea_Castle.DSC00521.JPG/330px-Swansea_Castle.DSC00521.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Swansea_Castle.DSC00521.JPG/440px-Swansea_Castle.DSC00521.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Swansea Castle, home of the de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze family, where Cragh was held before his execution</figcaption></figure> <p>William Cragh was born in about 1262 in the Welsh parish of <a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gower#Llanrhidian" title="List of villages in Gower">Llanrhidian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gower_Peninsula" title="Gower Peninsula">Gower</a>, to Rhys ap Gwilym and his wife Swanith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200426_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200426-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1282 and 1283 King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> waged a military campaign in Wales that ended with his annexation of the country. One of Edward's allies, <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Maredudd" title="Rhys ap Maredudd">Rhys ap Maredudd</a>, found the post-war settlement unsatisfactory and launched a rebellion against the king in 1287. Edward's vastly superior forces soon crushed the uprising, but Rhys ap Maredudd remained at liberty until his capture and execution in 1292. Cragh probably took part in the rebellion on the Welsh side. He was apprehended in 1290 by <a href="/wiki/William_de_Braose,_2nd_Baron_Braose" title="William de Braose, 2nd Baron Braose">the son</a> of <a href="/wiki/William_de_Braose,_1st_Baron_Braose" title="William de Braose, 1st Baron Braose">William de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Gower" title="Lordship of Gower">Lord of Gower</a>, who was defending his father's lands against incursions by the rebels still at large.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20044–5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20044–5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cragh was one of fourteen prisoners captured by de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze, twelve of whom were subsequently released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodich200217_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodich200217-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cragh was taken to Swansea Castle, where he was held in the dungeons awaiting trial, accused of killing 13<span class="nowrap"> </span>men.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanska_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">law in Wales at the time</a> permitted condemned men to atone for their crimes by making a payment to their victims. Cragh's friends and family rallied round to offer a hundred cows to de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze for his release, but the offer was refused. The substantial scale of the proposed compensation indicates that Cragh was an important man, although some witnesses described him as a thief rather than a rebel. Historian Jussi Hanska has suggested that de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze's refusal to accept the offer strengthens the case for Cragh being a rebel, as there is no other convincing reason to explain why he should have opted to "decline good income just to hang a thief".<sup id="cite_ref-Hanska_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cragh pleaded innocence of the charges against him, but he was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanska_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Execution">Execution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cragh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisanello_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two upright posts supporting a horizontal beam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pisanello_010.jpg/170px-Pisanello_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pisanello_010.jpg/255px-Pisanello_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pisanello_010.jpg/340px-Pisanello_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3071" /></a><figcaption>The type of gallows on which William Cragh was hanged with Trahaern ap Hywel in 1290, from a fresco painted by <a href="/wiki/Pisanello" title="Pisanello">Pisanello</a>, 1436–1438</figcaption></figure> <p>Cragh was hanged on a hill about a quarter mile (400 metres) outside Swansea, in sight of de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze's Swansea Castle,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200467_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200467-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on Monday, 27 November 1290.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200459_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200459-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was executed along with another "malefactor", Trahaern ap Hywel. Although the latter was dealt with by the town executioner, Cragh was hanged by one of his own relatives, Ythel Fachan, who was forced into that service by de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanska_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trahaern ap Hywel was a large and powerful man who struggled a great deal as he was hauled up from the ground by his neck, causing the crossbeam of the gallows to break. Although the executioner, John of Baggeham, considered both men to be already dead when they fell to the ground they were nevertheless hanged again, "as an insult to their kin", and because it was the usual custom that hanged men could not be removed from the gallows without the lord's permission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200437_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200437-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The execution took place early in the morning, and the two men were left swinging from the gallows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20045_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20045-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John of Baggeham reported that he cut down Cragh's body at about 4:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm and sent it into the town at the request of William de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze's wife, Lady Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200440–41_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200440–41-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear what became of Trahaern ap Hywel, but his body may have been buried by the gallows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200437_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200437-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The younger William de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze visited the house in Swansea to which Cragh's corpse had been taken that evening, and what he saw convinced him Cragh was dead. Describing the scene some years later he recalled that:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20045–6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20045–6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His [Cragh's] face was black and in parts bloody or stained with blood. His eyes had come out of their sockets and hung outside the eyelids and the sockets were filled with blood. His mouth, neck, and throat and the parts around them, and also his nostrils, were filled with blood, so that it was impossible in the natural course of things for him to breathe<span class="nowrap"> </span>... his tongue hung out of his mouth, the length of a man's finger, and it was completely black and swollen and as thick with the blood sticking to it that it seemed the size of a man's two fists together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20046_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20046-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Witnesses reported that Cragh had voided his bowels and bladder while hanging from the gallows, which was considered at that time to be a sign of death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20042_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20042-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resurrection">Resurrection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cragh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Resurrection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(historian)" title="Robert Bartlett (historian)">Robert Bartlett</a> has commented that "one of the largest uncertainties in the whole story of the death and resurrection of William Cragh is why Lady Mary [de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze] interceded for him," but intercede she did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004102_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John of Baggeham, when questioned about her motivation eighteen years after the event, could only reply that "Lady Mary had sought the body of this William"; he did not know why.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004103_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the execution she had asked her husband to spare the two condemned men, but he refused. Then on hearing that Trahaern ap Hywel was dead, and believing Cragh was still alive, she once again asked that he be handed over to her, but de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze delayed until he was convinced Cragh was also dead. Then "he granted him [Cragh] to the said lady, such as he was, and ordered him to be taken down from the gallows."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20042–3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20042–3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lady Mary had "a special devotion" to Thomas de Cantilupe, the deceased Bishop of Hereford, and in her own words, upon hearing of Cragh's death, "on bended knee, she asked Saint Thomas de Cantilupe to ask God to restore life to William Cragh."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20047–9_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20047–9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hereford_cathedral_024.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hereford_cathedral_024.JPG/220px-Hereford_cathedral_024.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hereford_cathedral_024.JPG/330px-Hereford_cathedral_024.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hereford_cathedral_024.JPG/440px-Hereford_cathedral_024.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Thomas de Cantilupe's tomb in Hereford Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>Cantilupe had died in Italy on 25 August 1282; his flesh was buried in that country after having been boiled from his bones, which were taken back to England. Cantilupe's tomb at Hereford Cathedral soon became the centre of a "pilgrim cult", and miracles began to be attributed to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004117–118_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004117–118-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lady Mary sent one of her <a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting#CITEREF1991" title="Lady-in-waiting">ladies-in-waiting</a> to measure Cragh's body with a length of thread, which implied a promise to offer to the saint a candle the length of the person on whose behalf the saint was being asked to intercede should the intercession be successful, a common practice during the medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20047–9_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20047–9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cragh's recovery began the day after his hanging, but it was some time – one witness said fifteen days – before he was able to stand unaided. That he did not recover more quickly cast doubt on the validity of the miracle, as miracles were supposed to be immediate, but "partial miracles" could be explained by the "lukewarm faith of those who had made the vow".<sup id="cite_ref-Hanska_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once sufficiently recovered, Cragh was summoned to appear at Swansea Castle, before Lord and Lady de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze. The chaplain, William of Codineston, was also present. Cragh explained, "with great fear and apprehension" according to the chaplain,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200410_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200410-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that as he was being taken to the gallows he prayed to Thomas de Cantilupe to save him. His fear resulted from his concern that he might be executed again, and he had good reason to be worried. Although those who survived were usually pardoned, it was not unknown for them to be hanged again. Between the time of his hanging and his appearance at the castle Cragh may have convinced himself he had been saved by Cantilupe, or he may simply have decided it would be prudent for him to go along with the story for his own safety.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanska_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cragh went on to claim that as he was hanging from the gallows a bishop dressed all in white appeared and saved him either by supporting his feet or by replacing his tongue in his mouth,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he did not identify the bishop in his vision as Thomas de Cantilupe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200410_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200410-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once he was sufficiently recovered, Cragh undertook a pilgrimage to Hereford, accompanied by Lord and Lady de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze, to thank Cantilupe for restoring his life. He walked barefoot on the three-day trip, wearing the rope he had been hanged with around his neck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200411_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200411-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rope was left at Cantilupe's shrine, after which Cragh said he would make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, although there is some doubt whether he subsequently even left Wales. Jussi Hanska has suggested that Cragh may have invented the pilgrimage story to escape from his companions.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanska_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papal_investigation">Papal investigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cragh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Papal investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinefield" title="Richard Swinefield">Richard Swinefield</a>, Cantilupe's successor as Bishop of Hereford, wrote to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Pope Nicholas IV</a> in a letter dated 19 April 1290 proposing the bishop for canonisation, but it was not until 1307 that an investigation into Cantilupe's saintliness was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a>. For the canonisation process to succeed, convincing evidence of miracles that Cantilupe had performed since his death had to be presented,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20041_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20041-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of which was that William Cragh had been brought back from the dead by the bishop's intercession. Three papal commissioners were appointed to conduct the inquiry: William de Testa, a papal tax collector in England, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Baldock" title="Ralph Baldock">Ralph Baldock</a>, Bishop of London, and William Durand the Younger, Bishop of Mende.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanska_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The investigation opened in London on 14 July 1307. The first three of the nine witnesses to Cragh's hanging to be heard were Lady Mary de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze, William Codineston, and the younger William de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200424_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200424-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his father had died in 1291.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20044_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20044-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commissioners were curious about the details of the execution, because if Cragh had not actually been killed then there could clearly have been no miracle. William de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze was in no doubt that the hanging had been properly conducted and pointed out it was customary that "if any subterfuge or trickery were discovered<span class="nowrap"> </span>... then the executioner himself would be hanged in turn."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200436–37_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200436–37-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He added that any deception could be ruled out because of the hatred that he and his father had for Cragh, whom he described as "the worst of malefactors". The same point was made by William of Codineston: "the lord de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze and his justices, officials, and servants hated William Cragh very much and rejoiced greatly at his hanging and death."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20045_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20045-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the convenience of other witnesses the commission moved to Hereford, where it resumed on 18 August 1307.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200424_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200424-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other six testifying to Cragh's execution included the hanged man himself,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200454_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200454-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite William de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze's stated belief that he had died of natural causes about two years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200411_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200411-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official language of the proceedings was ecclesiastical Latin, but Cragh spoke only Welsh, therefore two Franciscan friars from Hereford – John Young and Maurice of Pencoyd – were recruited as translators. Cragh is identified in the commission's records by his Welsh name, William ap Rhys, "of the parish of Swansea in the diocese of Saint Davids". Of the eight other witnesses called, five testified in French and three in English. In his evidence Cragh said he believed himself to have been about 28 at the time of his hanging and that his last conscious memory as he was dangling at the end of the rope was of the noise made by the crowd when Trahaern was hanged beside him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200426–27_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200426–27-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He denied his earlier story of having seen a vision of a white-clad bishop while he was hanging from the gallows,<sup id="cite_ref-Hanska_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instead claimed that <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">the Virgin Mary</a> had appeared to him on the morning of his execution, accompanied by "a lordly figure" she introduced as "St Thomas", who she said would save him from the gallows. Under questioning Cragh said he presumed the figure to be Cantilupe because he had been on pilgrimage to Cantilupe's shrine in Hereford and because on the day of his imprisonment he had "bent a penny<span class="nowrap"> </span>... to the honour of Saint Thomas so that he should liberate him."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200426–27_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200426–27-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After hearing his testimony the commissioners physically examined Cragh, to confirm that he was indeed the man who had been hanged eighteen years earlier. Although they found no marks around his neck, they did discover some scarring on his tongue, according to Cragh caused by him having bitten it while hanging.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanska_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The investigation was conducted in an inquisitorial style; witnesses were not expected to make statements but only to respond to questions asked of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004108_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004108-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bartlett has observed that some of the questions asked by the commissioners were leading. During Cragh's interrogation, for instance, he was asked if "in his country after the time of his hanging, it was publicly and commonly ascribed, and still is ascribed, to a miracle performed by the merits of the Lord Saint Thomas that he obtained and recovered life after the hanging." Cragh of course had no motivation to answer other than "yes", which he did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004109_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004109-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cragh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nothing more is known of Cragh after his testimony to the papal commission in 1307. Thirty-eight posthumous miracles attributed to Thomas de Cantilupe were examined by the commissioners and submitted for consideration by the pope and his advisors. Twelve were rejected after further analysis, including Cragh's resurrection, but no reasons were recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanska_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> formally announced Cantilupe's canonisation on 17 April 1320, thirty-eight years after the new saint's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004120–123_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004120–123-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cragh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cragh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other names include <b>William the Scabby</b> (<i>cragh</i> means "scabby" in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a><sup id="cite_ref-LRB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or <b>William ap Rhys</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian Jussi Hanska gives the date as 12 November 1291,<sup id="cite_ref-Hanska_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a contemporary account written by the <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canons</a> of Hereford says the de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze party, which included William Cragh, ended their pilgrimage to Cantilupe's shrine on 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>December 1290.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200457_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200457-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Witness accounts vary; Lady Mary and the chaplain reported that the bishop supported Cragh's feet, but the younger William de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Briouze said the bishop put Cragh's tongue back in his mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200410_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200410-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of a hanged man being supported by his feet on the gallows by a saint was well known in medieval times.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanska_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cragh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LRB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LRB_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeen2004" class="citation cs2">Keen, Maurice (5 August 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n15/maurice-keen/why-did-lady-mary-care-about-william-cragh">"Why did Lady Mary care about William Cragh?"</a>, <i>London Review of Books</i>, <b>26</b> (15)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Why+did+Lady+Mary+care+about+William+Cragh%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=15&rft.date=2004-08-05&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv26%2Fn15%2Fmaurice-keen%2Fwhy-did-lady-mary-care-about-william-cragh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cragh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004143-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004143_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200426-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200426_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20044–5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20044–5_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, pp. 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodich200217-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodich200217_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodich2002">Goodich (2002)</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanska-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanska_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanska_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanska_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanska_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanska_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanska_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanska_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanska_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanska_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanska_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanska_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanska_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanska_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanska2001" class="citation cs2">Hanska, Jussi (2001), "The hanging of William Cragh: anatomy of a miracle", <i>Journal of Medieval History</i>, <b>27</b> (2): 121–138, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-4181%2801%2900006-9">10.1016/S0304-4181(01)00006-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159515918">159515918</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=The+hanging+of+William+Cragh%3A+anatomy+of+a+miracle&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-138&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0304-4181%2801%2900006-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159515918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hanska&rft.aufirst=Jussi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cragh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200467-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200467_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200459-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200459_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200457-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200457_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200437-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200437_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200437_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20045-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20045_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20045_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200440–41-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200440–41_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, pp. 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20045–6-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20045–6_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, pp. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20046-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20046_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20042-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20042_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004102-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004102_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004103-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004103_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20042–3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20042–3_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20047–9-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20047–9_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20047–9_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, pp. 7–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004117–118-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004117–118_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, pp. 117–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200410-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200410_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200410_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200410_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200411-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200411_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200411_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20041-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20041_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200424-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200424_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200424_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett20044-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett20044_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200436–37-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200436–37_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, pp. 36–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200454-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200454_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200426–27-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200426–27_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200426–27_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, pp. 26–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004108-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004108_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004109-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004109_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004120–123-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2004120–123_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett (2004)</a>, pp. 120–123</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cragh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(historian)" title="Robert Bartlett (historian)">Bartlett, Robert</a> (2004), <i>The Hanged Man: A Story of Miracle, Memory, and Colonialism in the Middle Ages</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11719-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11719-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11719-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hanged+Man%3A+A+Story+of+Miracle%2C+Memory%2C+and+Colonialism+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11719-5&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cragh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodich2002" class="citation cs2">Goodich, Michael (2002), "Foreigner, Foe, and Neighbor: The Religious Cult as a Forum for Political Reconciliation", in Classen, Albrecht (ed.), <i>Meeting the Foreign in the Middle Ages</i>, Routledge, pp. 11–26, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93002-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93002-4"><bdi>978-0-415-93002-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreigner%2C+Foe%2C+and+Neighbor%3A+The+Religious+Cult+as+a+Forum+for+Political+Reconciliation&rft.btitle=Meeting+the+Foreign+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=11-26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93002-4&rft.aulast=Goodich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cragh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cragh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Richter, Michael (1998), "William ap Rhys, William de Braose, and the lordship of Gower, 1289 and 1307", <i>Studia Celtica</i>, <b>XXXII</b>: 189–209</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Celtica&rft.atitle=William+ap+Rhys%2C+William+de+Braose%2C+and+the+lordship+of+Gower%2C+1289+and+1307&rft.volume=XXXII&rft.pages=189-209&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cragh" class="Z3988"></span>: the Latin account of the depositions made by Cragh, the Braoses, and some others to the papal commission in 1307. English introduction, but no translation. The original manuscript is in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, catalogue number Lat. 4015.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medievalswansea.ac.uk/en/index.html">City Witness: a web-based project using the witness accounts in Vatican Library Lat.4015</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Cragh&oldid=1182002539">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Cragh&oldid=1182002539</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Carmarthenshire" title="Category:People from Carmarthenshire">People from Carmarthenshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_rebels" title="Category:Welsh rebels">Welsh rebels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1260s_births" title="Category:1260s births">1260s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:14th-century_deaths" title="Category:14th-century deaths">14th-century deaths</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_September_2014" title="Category:EngvarB from September 2014">EngvarB from September 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2014">Use dmy dates from September 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_uncertain" title="Category:Year of birth uncertain">Year of birth uncertain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Year_of_death_unknown" title="Category:Year of death unknown">Year of death unknown</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 October 2023, at 14:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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